BIOLOGY INVESTIGATORY PROGECT

DRUG ADDICTION
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that this “Biology

Investigatory Project” on the topic “Drug
addiction” has been successfully completed
by Rudra Pratap Singh of class XII-C under
the guidance of Mrs. Madhavi Goswami in
particular fulfillment of the curriculum of
Central Board Of Secondary Education
{CBSE} leading to the ward of annual
examination of the year 2019-2020

Teacher-In-Charge External Examiner

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I have taken efforts in this project. However, it would not have

been possible without the kind support and help of many
individuals.

I would like to thank my principle Mrs. Manju Rana and school for
providing me with facilities required to do my projects.

I am highly indebted to my Biology teacher, Mrs. Madhavi

Goswami, for her invaluable guidance which has sustained my
efforts in all the stages of this project.

I would also like to thank my parents for their continuous support

and encouragement.

My thanks and appreciations also go to my fellow classmates and

the laboratory assistant in developing the project and to the
people who have willingly helped me out with their abilities.
 CONTENTS

certificate ................................................................................................................................................................................... 1
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................................................................................ 3
Abstract ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 5
Classification of Drugs ........................................................................................................................................................ 6
TYPE OF DRUG ..................................................................................................................................................................... 6
Some Harmful Drugs ............................................................................................................................................................ 7
1. Heroin: ........................................................................................................................................................................... 7
2. Cannabinoids: ............................................................................................................................................................. 7
3. Cocaine: ......................................................................................................................................................................... 7
How drug addiction Begin?............................................................................................................................................... 8
Smoking, Drinking and Use of Drugs ........................................................................................................................... 8
Short-Term Effects................................................................................................................................................................. 8
Long-Term Effects.................................................................................................................................................................. 9
Harm caused by Drugs:....................................................................................................................................................... 9
Effec ts of c ommon drugs ........................................................................................................................................ 10
(i) Cannabis (hash, pot, dope, weed, grass, skunk, marijuana): ................................................................. 10
(ii) Cocaine (powder cocaine, coke, blow, Charlie, crack): ....................................................................... 10
(iii) Mephedrone (meow meow, m-cat, plant food, bubble, meph): ...................................................... 11
(iv) Ecstasy (MDMA, pills, E, eckies):.................................................................................................................. 11
(v) Speed (amphetamine, billy, whizz): ........................................................................................................... 11
(vi) Ice (crystal meth, shabu, crystal, glass, shard, P): ................................................................................. 12
Tobacco ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 12
Sources:................................................................................................................................................................................. 12
Modes of Use:...................................................................................................................................................................... 13
Effect of Nicotine:.............................................................................................................................................................. 13
Harmful components of Tobacco Smoke: ............................................................................................................... 13
Other Effects: ...................................................................................................................................................................... 13
a) Smoking affects economy: ................................................................................................................................... 13
b) Smoking mars personality: ................................................................................................................................. 14
c) Smoking is annoying to others: ......................................................................................................................... 14
Alcohol ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 14
Reasons for Drinking: ..................................................................................................................................................... 14
Impact of Drinking Alcohol:.......................................................................................................................................... 15
 Health Problems: .............................................................................................................................................................. 15
Sources:................................................................................................................................................................................. 15
Modes of Use:...................................................................................................................................................................... 16
Effects of a 'come down' .................................................................................................................................................... 16
Where to get help ................................................................................................................................................................. 16
CONCLUSIONS......................................................................................................................................................................... 17
 ABSTRACT
Drug abuse, also called substance abuse or chemical abuse, is a disorder that is
characterized by a destructive pattern of using a substance that leads to significant problems
or distress. Teens are increasingly engaging in prescription drug abuse, particularly narcotics
(which are prescribed to relieve severe pain), and stimulant medications, which treat
conditions like attention deficit disorder and narcolepsy.

Any substance, other than food, used in the prevention, diagnosis, all aviation or treatment of
a disease is called a drug. Drug is also known as a medicine. Generally, the term drugs
applied to any stimulating or depressing substance that can be habituating or addictive. A
drug, broadly speaking, can be categorized in many ways; hard or soft, uppers or downers,
addictive or non-addictive, most harmful or least harmful, legal or illegal.

CLASSIFICATION OF DRUGS
There are a large number of drugs on which people become dependent. These are classifies
into four major groups: sedatives and tranquillizers, opiate narcotics, stimulations and
hallucinogens.

S.NO. TYPE OF DRUG EXAMPLES EFFECTS

1. Sedatives and Barbiturates, Depress CNS activity give

Tranquillizers Benzodiazepines feeling of calmness,
relaxation, drowsiness

2. Opiate Narcotics Opium, Morphine, Codeine, Suppress brain activity,

Heroin relaxed pain

3. Stimulants Amphetamines, Caffeine, Make a person more

Cocaine wakeful alert and active,
cause excitement

4. Hallucinogens LSQ, Mescaline, Psilocybin, Alter thoughts, feeling and

Ganja, Charas, Hashish perceptions
 SOME HARMFUL DRUGS
1. HEROIN:
Commonly used as smack Heroin is chemically diacetylmorphine which is a white, odorless,
bitter crystalline compound. This is obtained by acetylation of morphine which is extracted
from latex of poppy plant Papaver Somniferum. Generally taken by snorting and injection,
heroin is a depressant and slows down body function.

HEROIN
2. CANNABINOIDS:
Natural cannabinoids are obtained from the inflorescences of the plant Cannabis sativa. The
flower tops, leaves and the resin of the plant are used in various combinations to produce
marijuana, hashish, charas and ganja. Generally taken by inhalation and oral ingestion, these
are known for their effects on cardiovascular system of the body.

CANNABINOIDS

3. COCAINE:
It is obtained from coca plant Erythroxylum coca, native to South America. It interferes with
the transport of the neurotransmitter dopamine. Cocaine, commonly called coke or crack is
usually snorted. It has the potent stimulating action on central nervous system, producing
sense of euphoria and increased energy. Excessive dosage of cocaine causes hallucinations.

Erythroxylum coca
 HOW DRUG ADDICTION BEGIN?
There are many factors that lead people to drug addiction.

1. Curiosity: Frequent references to drugs by public media create curiosity for having a
personal experience of the drugs.
2. Friend’s pressure: Frequent appreciation of drug experience by friends allures others to
start the use of drugs.
3. Frustration and Depression: Some people start taking drugs to get relief from frustration
and depression.
4. Desire for More Work: Students sometimes take drugs to keep awake the whole night
to prepare for examination. It is not desirable as it may cause mental breakdown.
5. Looking for a Different World: A wrong notion that the drugs open up a new world
tempts some young pupils to start taking-drugs.
6. Relief from Pain: A prolonged use of pain-relieving drugs with physician’s advice at times
leads to addiction.
7. Family History: Children may take to drugs by seeing their elders in the family.
8. Excitement and Adventure: The young take to drugs to satisfy their instinct for
excitement and adventure.

SMOKING, DRINKING AND USE OF

DRUGS
Smoking and drinking and use of drugs frequently or regularly are social diseases. Young
people take to these habits for fun, show off or curiosity, as an adventure or feeling of
freedom, or as a gesture of defiance against the elders who themselves indulge in these
activities but check the youngsters. Temporary escape from the life problems and mental
relaxation felt on taking the drugs in the beginning increase people’s interest in them. Soon
they become habitual and find in difficult to leave. The daily dose to get the desired effect
increases with time.

SHORT-TERM EFFECTS
• Loss of appetite
• Increased heart rate, blood pressure, body temperature
 • Contracted blood vessels
• Increased rate of breathing
• Dilated pupils
• Disturbed sleep patterns
• Nausea
• Hyper stimulation
• Bizarre, erratic, sometimes violent behavior
• Hallucinations, hyper excitability, irritability
• Tactile hallucination that creates the illusion of bugs burrowing under the skin
• Intense euphoria
• Anxiety and paranoia
• Depression
• Intense drug craving
• Panic and psychosis
• Convulsions, seizures and sudden death from high doses (even one time)

LONG-TERM EFFECTS
• Permanent damage to blood vessels of ear and brain, high blood pressure, leading to heart
attacks, strokes and death
• Liver, kidney and lung damage
• Respiratory failure
• Infectious diseases and abscesses if injected
• Malnutrition, weight loss
• Auditory and tactile hallucinations
• Sexual problems, reproductive damage and infertility (for both men and women)
• Disorientation, apathy, confused exhaustion
• Irritability and mood disturbances
• Increased frequency of risky behavior
• Delirium or psychosis
• Severe depression
• Tolerance and addiction (even after just one use)

HARM CAUSED BY DRUGS:

Different types of drugs affect your body in different ways, and the effects associated with drugs
can vary from person to person. How a drug effects an individual is dependent on a variety of
factors including body size, general health, the amount and strength of the drug, and whether
any other drugs are in the system at the same time.
 Buprenorphine
LSD Harm to users
Ecstasy Harm to others
Anabolic Steroids
Qat/Khat
Butane
Mephedrone
Methadone
Ketamine
Benzodiazepenes
GHB
Cannabis
Amphetamine
Tobacco
Cocaine
Methamphetamine
Crack Cocaine
Heroin
Alcohol

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

EFFECTS OF COMMON DRUGS

(I) CANNABIS (HASH, POT, DOPE, WEED, GRASS, SKUNK, MARIJUANA):
 may cause relaxation and altered perception
 can lead to increased heart rate and low blood pressure
 Can make you feel relaxed and happy, but can also cause lethargy, anxiety, paranoia, and
psychosis in extreme cases. A history or family history of mental illness may increase the
possibility of more extreme psychotic reactions
 is linked to mental health problems such as schizophrenia and, when smoked, to lung diseases
such as asthma, chronic bronchitis and lung, throat, mouth and tongue cancer
 Affects how your brain works. Regular use can make it hard for you to concentrate, learn and
retain information
 reduces your fertility
 When mixed with tobacco, is likely to increase the risk of heart disease and lung cancer.

(II) COCAINE (POWDER COCAINE, COKE, BLOW, CHARLIE, CRACK):

 gives you increased energy
 Makes you feel happy, awake, confident and less inhibited, but have a nasty 'come down' that
makes you feel depressed and unwell. (Using depressant drugs to help with the severity of
come downs can increase the chances of the development of negative cycles of dependence.)
 can overstimulated the heart and nervous system and lead to a seizure, brain hemorrhage,
stroke or heart attack (people have died from cocaine-induced heart failure)
 reduces your pain perception and may result in injury
 carries greater risk if mixed with alcohol or other stimulants, especially if you have high blood
pressure or if you have an existing heart condition
 can harm your baby during pregnancy, and may cause miscarriage
 can increase the risk of mental health issues such a s anxiety, paranoia and psychosis
 if snorted, can cause damage to the lining of the nasal passage and nose
 If injected, can cause vein collapse and increased risk of HIV and hepatitis infection.

(III) MEPHEDRONE (MEOW MEOW, M-CAT, PLANT FOOD, BUBBLE, MEPH):

 can induce feelings of happiness, euphoria and confidence, but can also cause anxiety and
paranoia
 causes vomiting, sweating and headaches in some users
 can overstimulated your heart and nervous system
 can cause periods of insomnia
 can lead to fits and agitated and hallucinatory states
 if used in large amounts, can cause tingling of the hands and feet, seizure and respiratory
failure
 has been linked to a number of deaths
 If injected, can cause vein collapse and increases the risk of HIV and hepatitis infection.

(IV) ECSTASY (MDMA, PILLS, E, ECKIES):

 can make you feel alert, warm and chatty
 can make sounds and colours seem more intense
 may cause anxiety, confusion, paranoia and even psychosis
 is linked (in cases of long-term use) to memory loss, depression and anxiety
 can lead to overheating and dehydration
 Tends to stop your body producing enough urine, so your body retains fluid.

(V) SPEED (AMPHETAMINE, BILLY, WHIZZ):

 can make you feel alert, confident and energetic
 can reduce appetite
 may make you agitated and aggressive
 may cause confusion, paranoia and even psychosis
 can make you very depressed and lethargic for hours or days, when used a lot
 can cause high blood pressure and heart attacks
 is more risky if mixed with alcohol, or if you have blood pressure or heart problems
 Puts you at risk of overdose, vein and tissue damage, and infectious disease (such as hepatitis
C and HIV), if you inject speed.

(VI) ICE (CRYSTAL METH, SHABU, CRYSTAL, GLASS, SHARD, P):

 may create feelings of pleasure and confidence
 can make you feel alert and energetic
 can cause you to repeat simple things like itching and scratching
 can cause enlarged or dilated pupils and a dry mouth
 may make you grind your teeth
 can cause excessive sweat
 can increase your heart rate and breathing
 may reduce your appetite
 may increase your sex drive
 puts you at risk of infectious diseases (such as hepatitis B, hepatitis C and HIV) if you inject it
 can damage your nasal passages and cause nose bleeds if you snort it.

TOBACCO
SOURCES:

It is a native of South Africa, where the Red Indian first started smoking. Now the tobacco plant
has spread the world over. It has large, quote to Lancelot leaves and terminal clusters of
tubular, white or pink flowers.
MODES OF USE:

Tobacco is used for smoking, chewing and snuffing. Its main stimulating component is
poisonous volatile alkaloid nicotine, which causes addiction. Nicotine synthesis occurs in the
roots of the plant but it is stored in the leaves. The leaves contain 2 to 8% nicotine. Inhaling
tobacco smoke from cigars, cigarettes, biddies, pipes and hubble-bubble is called smoking.
Cigar is a roll of tobacco leaf. Cigarette is cut tobacco wrapped in paper. Bidi is tobacco
wrapped. In a piece of leaf. Tobacco smoke is drawn directly from pipe and through water is
hubble-bubble. Smoking may give some temporary relief to the strained nerves but in the long
run it proves a dangerous health hazard. The quantity of nicotine contained in one cigar may
prove fatal if injected intravenously into a person. When smoked only 10% of the smoke is
inhaled. Hence, no immediate ill effect is observed. Smokers may develop a physiological
craving for nicotine and then they cannot give up smoking.

EFFECT OF NICOTINE:

Nicotine is a low concentration.

(i) Stimulates conduction of nerve impulses.

(ii) Relaxes the muscles.
(iii) Releases adrenaline, increasing heart beat rate and pressure.
(iv) Increased blood pressure due to smoking chances the risk of heart diseases.
(v) Retards fetal growth in expecting mothers and
(vi) Causes tobacco addiction. High concentration of nicotine paralyses nerve cells.

HARMFUL COMPONENTS OF TOBACCO SMOKE:

Besides the poisonous nicotine, the tobacco smoke contains carbon-monoxide, polycyclic
aromatic hydrocarbons and tar.

OTHER EFFECTS:

A) SMOKING AFFECTS ECONOMY:

 A smoker not only waste money, but also runs risk of burns and fires.

B) SMOKING MARS PERSONALITY:

Teeth may become stained. Lips may get discolored and breath becomes foul. A person
with a cigarette hanging from the mouth look odd.

C) SMOKING IS ANNOYING TO OTHERS:

Cigarette smoke is quite annoying to non-smokers. It may prove even more harmful to
them. A smoker should avoid smoking, when in the company of non-smokers. A smoker
makes the nearby people passive smokers through inhaling smoke released by him.

ALCOHOL
An alcoholic beverage is a drink containing ethanol, commonly known as alcohol, although in
chemistry the definition of alcohol includes many other compounds. Ethanol is a centrally-
acting drug with a depressant effect. Beer is an alcoholic beverage and thus has the same
harmful effects as other kinds of alcohol, depending on the quantity consumed.

REASONS FOR DRINKING:

• Psychological factors are curiosity, poor stress

control, escape from reality, poor impulse control, low self – esteem, positive attitudes towards
alcohol, to get rid of problems, to overcome loneliness, relief from tension and to gain courage.

• Social factors are peer pressure, modeling, easy availability of alcohol in the market, party
culture, family environment (Parent/s drinking alcohol), lack of family support, to keep up
social norms and to show their masculinity.
• Biological factors are genetic vulnerability like family history of alcoholism in parents or near
relatives and to get sleep.
IMPACT OF DRINKING ALCOHOL:

Unlike other foods, alcohol does not require digestion. When one drinks, alcohol is absorbed
directly into the bloodstream through the walls of the stomach and the intestine.

Once alcohol enters the bloodstream it circulates throughout the body. Alcohol is metabolized
in the liver and is changed to carbon dioxide, water and some calories of energy which gets
converted into fat. A small amount of alcohol goes out of the body through breath, urine and
sweat. Regular, excessive use of alcohol causes acute and chronic problems related to
health, occupation, family and social relationships.

HEALTH PROBLEMS:

Alcohol can damage every system of our body.

Gastro intestinal system (stomach and intestines): Increased acid secretion leading to
acidity, ulcers, gastritis, and cancer

Liver: Hepatitis, jaundice and vomiting of blood due to cirrhosis of liver, liver cancer, acute
liver failure.

Pancreas : Pancreatic damage due to inflammation of pancreas and acute pancreatitis

leading to sudden death.

Central nervous system: (brain and spinal cord): Permanent damage of brain resulting in
memory disturbances, other nervous problems, fits and mental illnesses.

Cardio vascular system: High blood pressure, increased tendency to heart attacks,
enlargement of the heart.

Hangovers: Excessive drinking can lead to hangovers, thus causing problems like
headache, nausea, vomit and body aches.

Weight gain: alcohol consumption in larger quantities can lead to weight gain, because
alcoholic beverages are usually high in calories.

Weak immune system: alcohol consumption makes your immune system weak, thus
making your body more susceptible to infections.

Cancer: alcohol when consumed in excessive quantities puts you at a higher risk of
developing cancer

Fetal alcohol syndrome: Drinking alcohol in pregnancy may cause the Fetal Alcohol
Syndrome (physical abnormalities, growth retardation and developmental delay).

SOURCES:

Ethyl alcohol, or ethanol, flammable, colorless liquid having a penetrating odor and burning
taste. It is one of the products of the distillation of fermented grains, fruit juices and starches
with the help of yeast enzymes. It is the principal constituent and the in toxicating principle of
wines.
 MODES OF USE:

Alcohol is taken in low concentration, as the beer, toddy and wine and in relatively high
concentration as arrack, brandy, whisky, rum, gin, vodka etc.

EFFECTS OF A 'COME DOWN'

A 'come down' is your body's reaction to the substances that you have taken, after the
initial reaction. In other words, it is the after effect.

How long it lasts, and how bad it is, depends on the type of drug (stimulant or
depressant) and your age, sex and tolerance.

Common after effects are flatness, depression and exhaustion. Or you may feel:
 shaky, dizzy, sweaty
 headache
 nauseous
 fatigued
 not hungry
 Sleepy or unable to sleep.

WHERE TO GET HELP

 Alcohol and Drug Foundation - Tel. - 1300 85 85 84
 DirectLine - Tel. - 1800 888 236 ‒ to speak to a confidential telephone counselor about
any drug issue
 DrugInfo - Tel. - 1300 85 85 84, Email - druginfo@adf.org.au ‒ for information about
drugs and drug prevention
 ReachOut NextStep - an anonymous online tool that recommends relevant support
options based on the help that you want
 CONCLUSIONS
Drug use and addiction cause a lot of disease and disability in the world. Recent
advances in neuroscience may help improve policies to reduce the harm that the use of
tobacco, alcohol and other psychoactive drugs impose on society