Finite element method for structural dynamic

and stability analyses

Module-9

Structural stability analysis

Lecture-26 Introduction

Prof C S Manohar
Department of Civil Engineering
IISc, Bangalore 560 012 India

1
Ball rolling on a surface.
To the ball at A, B, and C, impart
a small perturbation.
(impart a force that results in
small displacement and velocity)
What is stability?
The surface has zero curvature
normal to the plane of the screen.
The ball moves under the influence
of gravity.
Friction exists between ball and the
surface.

B
g "Unstable"
Final position: C
Independent of "Neutral"
magnitude of disturbance

A Final position: Dependent on

"Stable" magnitude of disturbance
Final position: Independent of
magnitude of disturbance
 I

 
H  

E
D Stable in small and unstable in large
E Unstable in small and stable in large
 
D F Unstable in small and unstable in large
D
G Stable in small and unstable in large
H Stable in small and stable in large
F F
I Unstable in small and unstable in large



G
3
How do structural systems carrying loads
respond to perturbations?

OR

What is the influence of perturbations on equilibrium

States of structures?

Do the responses due to perturbations

• Vanish?
• Grow?
• Remain constant?

Loss of stability is undesirable

in structural systems 4
 P P
Maximum P depends
Crushes upon yield strength


P P
Buckles
 
P Max P  P  E , I , L, BCs 
Double material strength
Short columns Pcr  Pcr does not change.
Long columns     



 

Geometry of deformation
produces nonlinearities which
amplify the stresses. 5
 P
0 

Loading P  
Loading 

Pcr Loading
Unloading
0 
1 1
Unloading
Pcr

Unloading

How do we know
how close is a shell roof
close to snap through?
Stability of steady state motions
mx  cx  kx   x 3  P cos t ; x  0   x0 ; x  0   x0
lim x  t   X cos  3t     x*  t 
t 

x  t   x*  t     t     t  is "small"

m  c  k   3 x*2  t    0
lim   t   ?
t 

7
 A Steady state of An externally imposed
rest disturbance
periodic motion
 perturbation 
random motion

The state is stable if

response to perturbation Original state
dies and original state is not restored
is restored
Motion grows Motion neither
without limit grows nor decays:
 The state is  The state is
unstable unstable or stable?
 Beam columns

q  x
P P



What are the new issues that crop up due to the

action of additional compressive loads?

9
 q  x

A
EIy  M  x 

q  x
P P
B
EIy  Py  M  x 
q  x 
C EIy iv  q  x 

q  x
P P EIy iv  Py  q  x 
D

 A  y  ax  b  PI 
 B y  a cos  x  b sin  x  PI P
 C  y  ax3  bx 2  cx  d  PI 
EI
 D  y  a cos  x  b sin  x  cx  d  PI
Remarks

The nature of complementary function changes dramatically

due to presence of axial load P. Trigonomentric terms involving P
appear. y  x  becomes nonlinear function of P.
The PI continues to be linear function of q ( x).
  C  and  D  more general since BCs other than slope and deflection
can be specified. Suitable for statically indeterminate structures.
Beam-columns: beams which carry lateral loads and at the same time
carry axial compressive loads.

11
 

Beam column action is present in

12
framed structures
 q  x
P P


Remarks
 y  x   y  x, q , P  .
Double q  y  x  doubles. Double P  y  x  does not double.
First casualty: principle of superposition.
 EIy  Py  M  x 
Py : this force is written based on deformed geometry
M  x  : this force is independent of deformed geometry.
Thus produces dramatic effects.
Amplification factor 
Transverse load   y  x  computed based on   
y  x     calculated based on 
 parameter. Linear. undeformed geometry   
deformed geometry  13
 W1 W2

P P


 W2
W1



P P



Traditional principle of superposition 14

breaks down
 W1 W2

P P

 
W1

P P



W2

P P



A new version of principle of superposition

15
 Analysis of a beam column

Q
A D B
P P

l c c 
  
Q l  c 
Qc
RA 
l RB 
l

Qcx Qcx
AD : EIy1    Py1  y1   y1  
2

l EIl
Q  l  c  l  x  Q  l  c  l  x 
DB : EIy2    Py2  y2   y2  
2

l EIl
P
2 
EI
16
 Qcx
y1   2 y1   ;0  x  l  c
EIl
Q  l  c  l  x 
y2   y2  
2
;l  c  x  l
EIl
Qcx
y1  x   A cos  x  B sin  x  2 ;0  x  l  c
 EIl
Q  l  c  l  x 
y2  x   C cos  x  D sin  x  ;l  c  x  l
 EIl
2

Qcx
y1  0   0  A  0  y1  x   B sin  x  2
 EIl
y2  l   0  C cos l  D sin l  C   D tan l
Q  l  c  l  x 
y2  x   D   tan l cos  x  sin  x  
 2 EIl

17
 Qcx Q  l  c  l  x 
y1  x   B sin  x  ; y2  x   D   tan l cos  x  sin  x  
Pl Pl
Continuity conditions
y1  l - c   y2  l - c 
y1  l - c   y2  l - c 
Qc Q l  c 
y1  x   B cos  x  ; y2  x   D   tan l sin  x   cos  x  

Pl Pl
Q Q sin  c
D sin   l  c  & B 
P P sin l
Q sin  c Qcx
 y1  x   sin  x 
P sin l Pl
Q Q  l  c  l  x 
y2  x    sin   l  c   tan l cos  x  sin  x  
P Pl
Q Q  l  c  l  x 
 sin   l  c  sin   l  x  
P sin l Pl 18
Special case
l l
c= ; x 
2 2
Q sin  c Qcx
y1  x   sin  x 
Pl sin l Pl
l 2 l
sin sin
Q 
2 sin  l Qcl Q 2 Qcl
  
Pl sin l 2 2 Pl Pl 2sin l cos  l 2 Pl
2 2
Q  l l 
  tan  
2 P  2 2
l  l 
Put u  ; y    
2 2
Q
  tan u  u
2 P
Ql 3
Recall P  0,   0  19
48 EI
 Ql 3 48EI Q
 tan u  u
48EI Ql 2 P
3

24 1
  0 3 3 tan u  u
l 
24 l 3  l 2u 
  0 3 3 tan u  u  u     
l 8u  2 l 

3tan u  u 3tan u  u
  0 3
= 0   u  with   u  
u u3
u 3 2u 5
tan u  u   
3 15
tan u  u 1 2u 2
 3
  
u 3 15
tan u  u 1
lim 
u 0 u3 3
lim   u   1 20
u 0
 3tan u  u 3tan u  u
  0 3
= 0   u  with   u  
u u3
lim   u   

u
2

 l  P l 
u    
2
2 2 EI 2 2
 2 EI
 Pcr  2
l
Q sin  c Qcx
y  x  sin  x 
P sin l Pl
dy Q sin  c Qc
  cos  x 
dx P sin l Pl
l l
c &x
2 2
l
sin
dy  l  Q 2 l Ql
  cos  0 21
dx  2  P sin l 2 2 Pl
 l l
sin sin
dy Q Q Q Q
 0  2  

2


dx P sin l 2 P 2 P 2sin cos l l 2P
2 2
 
dy Q  1 
  0    1
dx 2 P  cos l 
 2 
dy Ql 2
For P=0,  0    0
dx 16 EI
 
dy Ql 16 EI Q  1
2
 8  1  cos u  8 l 2  1  cos u 
 0    1   0 2 2    0 2 2  
dx 16 EI Ql 2 P  cos l
2
  l  cos u  l 4u  cos u 
 2 

2 1  cos u 
  0   0  u  with   u  
u 2 cos u 22
d2y Q sin  c sin  x

dx 2
P sin l
l l
c &x
2 2
l
Q sin 2
d2y 2 Q l
 EI 2   EI  tan
dx P sin l 2 2
l  Ql  2 l tan u
M       tan  M 0
2  4  l 2 u

l tan u
M    M 0  u  with   u  
2 u

23
Summary
3tan u  u
  0 3
= 0   u 
u
2 1  cos u 
  0   0 2
  0  u 
u cos u
l tan u
M    M0  M 0  u 
2 u

24
 2
10
chi
epsilon
xi
Stability functions

1
10

0
10


10
-1 2
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 25
u
Remarks
   u  ,   u  , &  u  are known as the stability functions.
As u  0, that is, as P  0,   u  ,   u  , &  u   1. This means
that as P  0there would be no modification to the response- which is
as it should be.
  2 EI
As u  , P  Pcr  2
&   u  ,   u  , &  u   
2 l
Responses are not linear function of P. The main feature of linear
analysis thus breaks down.
 EIy  Py  M  x 
Py : this force is written based on deformed geometry
M  x  : this force is independent of deformed geometry.
 y  x   y0  x , P  0    x , P 
  x, P   Modification factor
Nonlinear function of P. Not well behaved for all P. At some P, MF  
26
 Remarks  continued 
A Q1 Q2
New form of principle of
P P
c1 c2 superposition
 Q1c1 Qc
 A  EIy  Py   x 2 2 x
Q1 l l
P  B P   1
B EIy   Py  
Q1c1
x
1
l
c1
 Q2 c2
 C  EIy2  Py2  
 x
Q2 l
 C Add  B  &  C 
P P
c2 EI  y1  y2   P  y1  y2  
 Q1c1 Qc
 x 2 2 x
l l
 y  y1  y2
Case A can be handled
27
by using solutions for the case of single load.
 Beam carrying distributed load

q  x
P P



Q  q  c  dc

P c P



dy  x   q  c  dc  x, c  for 0  x  l - c
dy  x   q  c  dc  x, c  for l - c  x  l
28
dy  x   q  c  dc  x, c  for 0  x  l - c
dy  x   q  c  dc  x, c  for l - c  x  l
lx l
y  x   q  c    x, c  dc   q  c    x, c  dc
0 lx

l
Special case: q  x   q0 & x 
2
 5q0l 4  12  sec u  2  u  
2

 max   4

 384 EI   5u

 q0l 3   3  tan u  u  
 max   3 
 24 EI  u 
 q0l 2   2 1  cos u  
BM max   2 
 8  u cos u 
29
Bending of beam with end couple

P P
A 
M

Q
 B
c
P P



lim  B   A 
c 0
Qc  M

30
Consider  B 
Q sin  c Qc
y  x  sin  x  x;0  x  l  c
P sin  l Pl
As c  0,sin  c   c
M  sin  x Mx M  sin  x x 
lim y  x       
c 0
Qc  M
P sin  l Pl P  sin l l 
dy M   cos  x 1 
   
dx P  sin l l
dy M  1
 0  a    
dx P  sin l l 
dy M   cos l 1 
  l   b     
dx P  sin l l
Ml Ml
Recall, for P=0,  a  & b  
6 EI 3EI 31
 3 1 1 3 1 1 
 a  a0    & b  b 0 
u  sin 2u 2u  2u  2u tan 2u 

Denote
3 1 1
 u     
u  sin 2u 2u 
3 1 1 
 u   
2u  2u tan 2u 

32
 P P

Mb

M a


P P



Mb

P P

M a


33
 M  sin  x x  M a  sin   l  x  l  x 
y  x  b  sin l  l   P  sin l  l 
P  
M al M bl
a   u    u 
3EI 6 EI
M bl M al
b   u    u 
3EI 6 EI
 l l 
 u   u  
 a   3EI 6 EI M a 
   
b   l   u  l
 u    Mb 
 6 EI 3EI 
 l l 
 3EI   6 EI   
 u  u
S   Modified flexibility matrix
 l  u  l
  u 
 6 EI 3EI 
34
 P P
e e


M a  M b  Pe  M 0
 sin  x sin   l  x  
M0 l 2 1  cos u 
y  x     1  y     0
P sin  l sin  l   2  u 2
cos u
dy M 0   cos  x  sin   l  x   dy M 0   1  cos u  
      0   
dx P  sin l sin l  dx P  sin 2u 
d 2 y M 0   2 sin  x  cos   l  x  
2
d2y M0
    2  sec u
dx 2
P  sin l sin l  dx EI
d2y
BM max   EI 2  M 0 sec u
dx 35
 d2y
BM max   EI 2  M 0 sec u
dx
P Pe  l P  P  ec  l P 
 max   sec    1  2 sec  
A I  2 EI  A  r  2 EI 
Remarks
Axial stress in presence of eccentrically applied axial loads
In the neighbourhood of critical load, slightest eccenctricity would
dramatically amplify the stresses
 
 1 
The amplification factor can be approximated by  
1  P 
 Pcr 

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 A B
P P



A B
Case I P P



A
 B
Case II P P

 M

Select M such that net rotation at B=0

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 q0l 3 3  tan u  u  q0l 3
Rotation at B in case I= 3
  u 
24 EI u 24 EI
M 0l 3  1 1  M 0l
Rotation at B in case II=     u 
3EI 2u  2u tan 2u  3EI
q0l 3 M 0l
M 0 must be such that  u    u   0
24 EI 3EI

q0l 3 3EI   u  q0l 3   u 
M0   
24 EI l   u  8  u 

38
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