Thesis Sample

Document No.
:
MANUEL L. QUEZON UNIVERSITY
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School of Engineering and IT
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COMPARATIVE STUDY OF USING SALTWATER AND
TAP WATER IN CONCRETE CURING
CHAPTER 1
PROBLEM AND IT’S BACKGROUND
1.1 Introduction and Background of the study
Concrete failures at site are associated to several reasons; right from concrete mix
design, properties of materials used, mixing, placing, compaction, curing procedures and
many more. There are many misconceptions about the duration of curing of concrete,
especially when we refer to site conditions. On many occasions, it is found that the curing
period of concrete elements, plasters, brickwork, is left to the carefulness of the site staff.
Improper curing is considered as one of the significant reasons for concrete failures in
columns, beams, slabs, pavements and others, evident in the form of cracks, which are
easily noticeable by the naked eyes. The vertical member like a column, in particular, is
one of the most victimized reinforced concrete elements which must be carefully cured,
as the entire load from the slabs and beams are supported by columns and transferred to
the foundations. Unfortunately, adequate curing is not given much importance at most of
the sites leading to reduction in the durability of the structure.
Curing plays an important role on strength development and durability of concrete.
Curing takes place immediately after concrete placing and finishing, and involves
maintenance of desired moisture and temperature conditions, both at depth and near the
surface, for extended periods of time. Properly cured concrete has an adequate amount of
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moisture for continued hydration and development of strength, volume stability,
resistance to freezing and thawing, and abrasion and scaling resistance.
The importance of curing is for controlling the rate and extent of moisture loss from
concrete to ensure an uninterrupted hydration of Portland cement after concrete has been
placed and finished in its final position. Curing also ensures to maintain an adequate
temperature of concrete in its early ages, as this directly affects the rate of hydration of
cement and eventually the strength gain of concrete or mortars.
There are several important reasons why concrete should be cure. The first one is the
concrete strength gain. Concrete strength increase with age as moisture and a convenient
temperature is present for hydration of cement. The second one is to improved durability
of concrete. The durability of concrete is affected by a number of factors including its
permeability or the ability of the substance to allow gases or liquids to go through,
porosity and absorptivity or the degree of the concrete to absorbs water or other
substances. Well cured concrete can minimize thermal, plastic & drying shrinkage cracks,
making concrete more water tight, thus preventing moisture and water borne chemicals
from entering into the concrete and thereby increasing its durability. And lastly is the
enhanced serviceability, or to allow the concrete to dry out quickly undergoes
considerable early age shrinkage. Poor curing contributes to weak and dusty surfaces
having a poor abrasion resistance.

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Seawater, water that makes up the oceans and seas, covering more than 70 percent of
earth’s surface. Seawater is a complex mixture of 96.5 percent water, 2.5 percent salts,
and 1 percent of other substances, including dissolved inorganic and organic materials,
particulates, and a few atmospheric gases.
Seawater constitutes a rich source of various commercially important chemical
elements. Much of the world’s magnesium is recovered from seawater, as are large
quantities of bromine. In certain parts of the world, sodium chloride or known as table
salt is still obtained by evaporating seawater. In addition, water from the sea, when
desalted, can furnish a limitless supply of drinking water. Many large desalination plants
have been built in dry areas along seacoasts in the Middle East and elsewhere to relieve
shortages of fresh water.
Concrete has an excellent structural performance and durability, but is affected by
early failure when subjected to a marine environment. The most common cause of failure
is corrosion of the steel reinforcement, with coming sapling of concrete. Therefore the
selection of materials, mix design, and proper detailing of reinforcement are essential
parameters in producing a durable concrete structure.
The durability of concrete is generally regarded as its ability to resist the effects and
influences of the environment, while performing its desired function. The chemical
deterioration of concrete subjected to seawater has been a topic of interest to concrete

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researchers in the last few decades, and the findings have revealed some very important
facts, but still it remains to be a dynamic subject for further study and research. The
primary chemical constituents of seawater are the ions of chloride, sodium, magnesium,
calcium and potassium. In seawater containing up to 35,000 ppm of dissolved salts,
sodium chloride is by far the predominant salt about 88% by weight of salts. The
potential value of seawater varies between 7.4 and 8.4. Corrosion of reinforcing steel
occurs below a potential of hydrogen value of 11. Therefore, in cases where concrete is
subjected to a highly severe environment, the cement must supply alkalinity.
The chemical reactions of seawater on concrete are mainly due to the attack by
magnesium sulphate. The mode of attack is crystallization. Potassium and magnesium
sulphate present in salt water can cause sulphate attack on concrete because they can
initially react with calcium hydroxide, which is present in the set cement formed by the
hydration of dicalcium silicate and tricalcium silicate. The attack of magnesium sulphate
is particularly damaging, forming soluble magnesium hydroxide, which forces the
reaction to form gypsum. Chloride ions can penetrate into the concrete and cause
accelerated corrosion of the reinforcement. The chemical reaction of the cement paste
with the high-chloride content of seawater is generally slight and not a primary cause of
concern. Sodium and potassium ions may produce or intensify the alkali aggregate
reaction if reactive types are used, and sulphate and magnesium ions cause a weakening
action on the cement paste . According to the American Concrete Institute Building Code
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318-83, sulphate exposure to seawater is classified as moderate, while sulphate attack is
classified as severe, when the sulphate ion concentration is higher than 1500 mg/l.
A number of studies have shown the effects of the mixing and curing of seawater on
the compressive strength of cement–sand mortars and corresponding concrete. One of
this research made by Olufunke Olanike Akinkurolere, an Nigerian engineer, indicates
that seawater is not suitable for the mixing and curing of both plain and reinforced
concrete in marine conditions . However, concrete made with the seawater may have a
higher early strength than normal concrete and the reduction in strength with age can be
compensated by reducing the water–cement ratio and that the microstructural
examination of concrete detected chloroaluminate salts in some cracks reported that
adding loam to a concrete mix can increase the compressive strength of the concrete
under normal conditions and enhance the performance of hardened concrete to resist the
aggressive mediums of salty seawater. Also a study made by Hsien-KuangLiu, a Chinese
engineering educator, showed that composites have ever proved to be resistant to marine
environment and that the level of fine aggregate replacement by ground blast furnace slag
and ground basaltic pumice had a beneficial effect on the compressive strength loss due
to seawater attack and abrasion value reported on the influence of different
concentrations of chemical solutions, the quality class of concretes, the load level of
applied stress on the strengths of concrete, and the mechanism of steel reinforcement
corrosion.
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Bertil Persson studied the sulphate resistance of self-compacting concrete at ages of
28 and 90 days. The investigation shows that the concrete cured in a solution with sodium
sulphate suffered from a larger loss of concrete mass due to the limestone filler content in
the concrete mixes. More recent study observed the performance of concrete under
sulphate attack. The research shows that performance needs to be divided into several
phenomena: absorption and diffusion of sulphate and the influence of environmental
conditions. A study conducted affirms the importance of controlling the water–cement
ratio and permeability of concrete in maximizing concrete durability. The study
confirmed the importance of the proper ratio of water to total cementitious materials and
the resulting permeability as the primary factors determining performance in outdoor
exposures. Furthermore, the use of low water–cement ratios provides the greatest
resistance to sulphate attack on concrete, and the composition of Portland cement is less
important as it relates to performance in sulphate solutions. In addition, the salt
crystallization process of concrete is a major cause for concern as compared to the
chemical reaction of aluminates from cement hydration and sulphate from external
sources. In effect, concrete can deteriorate by stresses caused by the crystallization of
salts in the pores.
A study made by C.F Ferraris show that the cement content can mitigate the
aggressive effect of low water–cement ratios, giving more workability to the mix as well
as enhancing the bond strength among concrete components. With high cement contents,
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the action of micro-cracking works together with the action of crystallization, resulting in
strength loss at earlier ages than is supposed to happen if the crystallization action is the
only governing factor judgement concerning the possible sulphate aggression should be
passed on the basis of the prediction of the hydrochemistry of the water that washes
against the structure during its service.
Further investigation and work is recommended on this subject of using seawater for
concrete mixes, as the planet earth is experiencing noticeable shortage of pure clean
water as per World Health Organization. Sources for future construction work, and the
use of seawater to develop durable concrete of lasting performance will be greatly
beneficial.
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1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Specifically, this study aims to answer the following:
1. What are the characteristics of saltwater in terms of physical and chemical
properties that can affect the strength and durability of concrete?
2. How the use of saltwater in curing of concrete affects its compressive strength
compared to the use of tap water?
3. What are the possible advantages and disadvantages of using saltwater instead of
freshwater for curing?
4. Is there a possibility of using saltwater in curing of concrete?
1.3 OBJECTIVES
The main objective of the study is to compare series of cylinders cured with saltwater
as well as tap water.
Specifically, this study aims:
1. To be able to study the different properties of saltwater that can affect the strength
and durability of concrete.
2. To study the effects of using saltwater in curing of concrete.

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3. To discuss and elaborate the advantages and disadvantages of using saltwater in
curing of concrete.
4. To suggest the possibility of using saltwater in curing of concrete.
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The significance of this study is to know and discuss what are the effects and benefits
of using saltwater instead of freshwater in concrete curing process.
We all know that the primary need of a community is clean and potable water, in this
study, the community and environment can benefit through reducing the use of potable
water by using seawater as a substitute to normal water in curing process of concrete
specifically immersion method. The government and industry can also benefit in this
study by introducing the use of saltwater for there future projects in curing process of
concrete. This study also have a significance to the future researchers because they may
be encourage to conduct more studies to improve this idea.

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1.5 SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
This research study is entitled “Comparative Study of Using Saltwater and Tap
Water in Concrete Curing”. The study will be conducted by the researchers in Manuel L.
Quezon University, Quezon City during the second semester of Academic Year
2018-2019.
The purpose of the study is to know the capability of concrete when the water used in
curing is seawater as the concrete hardened and gained its compressive strength.
The researchers gathered seawater that would be sufficient for the research study. It
was then followed by mixing concrete to a desired ratio and made samples in comparing
the effect of tap water and seawater in curing of concrete.
The researchers choose to compare saltwater and tap water in curing of concrete to
be able to introduce alternate method which result into the possibility of using saltwater
which is abundant in the country.

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1.6 DEFINITION OF TERMS
For purposes of clarity, the following terms are defined within the context of their
use in the study.
American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standards - It is an international
standards organization that develops and publishes voluntary consensus technical
standards for a wide range of materials, products, systems, and services.
Cement - is a binder, a substance used for construction that sets hardens, and adheres to
other materials to bind them together. Cement is seldom used on its own, but rather to
bind sand and gravel together. Cement mixed with fine aggregate produces mortar for
masonry, or with sand and gravel, produces concrete. Cement is the most widely used
material in existence and is only behind water as the planet's most-consumed resource.
Compressive Strength - The resistance of any material to failure under the action of
compressive forces.
Concrete Cylinder Molds - Are used to create cylinder test specimens. The cylinder
molds are constructed of plastic or steel.
Concrete Curing Age - It refers to the process of achieving the desired strength and
hardness of concrete to withstand load application.

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Curing - Curing of concrete is defined as providing adequate moisture, temperature, and
time to allow the concrete to achieve the desired properties for its intended use.
Design mix - It means the standard concrete mix base on American Society for Testing
and Material.
Gravel - is a loose aggregation of rock fragments. Gravel is classified by particle
size range and includes size classes from granule to boulder-sized fragments.
Tap water - water from a piped supply.
Testing - is a procedure used to determine the development and compressive strength of
concrete using the Universal Testing Machine.
Sand - is a granular material composed of finely divided rock and mineral particles. It is
defined by size, being finer than gravel and coarser than silt. Sand can also refer to
a textural class of soil or soil type; for example a soil containing more than 85 percent
sand-sized particles by mass.
Seawater – or also known as saline water is water with salt in it. It often means the
water from the seas (sea water) and oceans.
Universal Testing machine (UTM) - refers to an equipment where compressive strength
of concrete is being tested.

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CHAPTER 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURES
This chapter provides information, evidences and rationale of the study from various
literature and studies.
2.1 Related Literature
Seawater
Seawater constitutes a rich source of various commercially important chemical
elements. Much of the world’s magnesium is recovered from seawater, as are large
quantities of bromine. In certain parts of the world, sodium chloride (table salt) is still
obtained by evaporating seawater. In addition, water from the sea, when desalted, can
furnish a limitless supply of drinking water. Many large desalination plants have been
built in dry areas along seacoasts in the Middle East and elsewhere to relieve shortages of
fresh water.
Chemical And Physical Properties Of Seawater
The six most abundant ions of seawater are chloride (Cl−), sodium (Na+), sulfate
(SO24−), magnesium (Mg2+), calcium (Ca2+), and potassium (K+). By weight these
ions make up about 99 percent of all sea salts. The amount of these salts in a volume of
seawater varies because of the addition or removal of water locally (e.g., through
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precipitation and evaporation). The salt content in seawater is indicated by salinity (S),
which is defined as the amount of salt in grams dissolved in one kilogram of seawater and
expressed in parts per thousand. Salinities in the open ocean have been observed to range
from about 34 to 37 parts per thousand (0/00 or ppt), which may also be expressed as 34
to 37 practical salinity units (psu).
Inorganic carbon, bromide, boron, strontium, and fluoride constitute the other major
dissolved substances of seawater. Of the many minor dissolved chemical constituents,
inorganic phosphorus and inorganic nitrogen are among the most notable, since they are
important for the growth of organisms that inhabit the oceans and seas. Seawater also
contains various dissolved atmospheric gases, chiefly nitrogen, oxygen, argon, and
carbon dioxide. Some other components of seawater are dissolved organic substances,
such as carbohydrates and amino acids, and organic-rich particulates. These materials
originate primarily in the upper 100 metres (330 feet) of the ocean, where dissolved
inorganic carbon is transformed by photosynthesis into organic matter. Many of the
characteristics of seawater correspond to those of water in general, because of their
common chemical and physical properties. For example, the molecular structure of
seawater, like that of fresh water, favours the formation of bonds among molecules. Some
of the distinctive qualities of seawater are attributable to its salt content. The viscosity
(i.e., internal resistance to flow) of seawater, for example, is higher than that of fresh
water because of its higher salinity. The density of seawater also is higher for the same
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reason. Seawater’s freezing point is lower than that of pure water, and its boiling point is
higher.
Chemical composition
The chemical composition of seawater is influenced by a wide variety of chemical
transport mechanisms. Rivers add dissolved and particulate chemicals to the oceanic
margins. Wind-borne particulates are carried to mid-ocean regions thousands of
kilometres from their continental source areas. Hydrothermal solutions that have
circulated through crustal materials beneath the seafloor add both dissolved and
particulate materials to the deep ocean. Organisms in the upper ocean convert dissolved
materials to solids, which eventually settle to greater oceanic depths. Particulates in
transit to the seafloor, as well as materials both on and within the seafloor, undergo
chemical exchange with surrounding solutions. Through these local and regional
chemical input and removal mechanisms, each element in the oceans tends to exhibit
spatial and temporal concentration variations. Physical mixing in the oceans
(thermohaline and wind-driven circulation) tends to homogenize the chemical
composition of seawater. The opposing influences of physical mixing and of
biogeochemical input and removal mechanisms result in a substantial variety of chemical
distributions in the oceans. (https://www.britannica.com/science/seawater)

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Significance of curing of concrete for durability of structures
Concrete failures at site are associated to several reasons; right from concrete mix
design, properties of materials used, mixing, placing, compaction, curing procedures and
many more. There are many misconceptions about the duration of curing of concrete,
especially when we refer to site conditions. On many occasions, it is found that the curing
period of concrete elements, plasters, brickwork, etc is left to the discretion of the site
staff. Improper curing is considered as one of the significant reasons for concrete failures
in columns, beams, slabs, pavements, etc, evident in the form of cracks, which are easily
noticeable by the naked eyes. The vertical member like a column, in particular, is one of
the most victimized RCC elements which must be carefully cured, as the entire load from
the slabs and beams are supported by columns and transferred to the foundations.
Unfortunately, adequate curing is not given much importance at most of the sites leading
to reduction in the durability of the structure.
Curing of concrete plays a major role in developing the microstructure and pore
structure of concrete. Curing of concrete means maintaining moisture inside the body of
concrete during the early ages and beyond in order to develop the desired properties in
terms of strength & durability. A good curing practice involves keeping the concrete
damp until the concrete is strong enough to do its job. However, good curing practices
are not always religiously followed in most of the cases, leading to a weak concrete. This
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article summarizes various aspects of curing of concrete which can be of valuable
assistance in adopting good construction practices at site.
Importance of Curing
Curing is the process of controlling the rate and extent of moisture loss from concrete
to ensure an uninterrupted hydration of Portland cement after concrete has been placed
and finished in its final position. Curing also ensures to maintain an adequate temperature
of concrete in its early ages, as this directly affects the rate of hydration of cement and
eventually the strength gain of concrete or mortars.
Curing of concrete must begin as soon as possible after placement & finishing and
must continue for a reasonable period of time as per the relevant standards, for the
concrete to achieve its desired strength and durability. Uniform temperature should also
be maintained throughout the concrete depth to avoid thermal shrinkage cracks. Also
protective measures to control moisture loss from the concrete surface are essential to
prevent plastic shrinkage cracks.
In a nut shell, curing process is designed primarily to keep the concrete moist by
controlling the loss of moisture from the body of concrete, during the given period in
which it gains strength.

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Reasons to Cure Concrete
There are several important reasons why one should cure concrete:
FIGURE 2.1: Effect of duration of water curing on strength of concrete(CCAA, data
sheet, April 2006)
Concrete strength gain - Concrete strength increase with age as moisture and a favorable
temperature is present for hydration of cement. An experimental investigation was
conducted by "Cement, Concrete & Aggregates Australia" (CCAA) and the same was
published in their data sheet on "Curing of Concrete," which has been included in this
article for reference. Figure-1 illustrates a comparison of the strength of concrete at 180
days of moist curing with various periods of moist curing (0, 3, 7, 14 & 28 days) and then
allowing it to dry out. From the graph below, it can be observed that concrete allowed to
dry out immediately, achieves only 40% of the strength of the same concrete water cured
for the full period of 180 days.

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Improved durability of concrete – The durability of concrete is affected by a number of
factors including its permeability, porosity and absorptivity. Well cured concrete can
minimize thermal, plastic & drying shrinkage cracks, making concrete more water tight,
thus preventing moisture and water borne chemicals from entering into the concrete and
thereby increasing its durability.
Enhanced serviceability - Concrete that is allowed to dry out quickly undergoes
considerable early age shrinkage. Inadequate curing contributes to weak and dusty
surfaces having a poor abrasion resistance.
Improved microstructure - Material properties are directly related to their microstructure.
Curing assists the cement hydration reaction to progress steadily and develops calcium
silicate hydrate gel, which binds the aggregates leading to a rock solid mass, makes the
concrete denser, decreases the porosity and enhances the physical and mechanical
properties of concrete.
Methods to Cure Concrete
Methods of curing concrete broadly fall into the following categories:
Water curing - preventing the moisture loss from the concrete surface by
continuously wetting the exposed surface of concrete.

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Membrane curing- minimizing moisture loss from the concrete surface by covering it
with an impermeable membrane.
Steam curing- keeping the surface moist and raising the temperature of concrete to
accelerate the rate of strength gain.
Water Curing - is done by spraying or sprinkling water over the concrete surface to
ensure that the concrete surface remains continuously moist. This prevents the moisture
from the body of concrete from evaporating and contributes to the strength gain of
concrete.
Ponding - This is the most common and inexpensive method of curing flat surfaces
such as floor slabs, flat roofs, pavements and other horizontal surfaces. A dike around the
edge of the slab, which may be sub-divided into smaller dikes, is erected and water is
filled to create a shallow pond. Care must be taken to ensure that the water in the pond
does not dry up, as it may lead to an alternate drying and wetting condition.
Sprinkling, fogging & mist curing - Using a fine spray or fog or mist of water can be
an efficient method of supplying water to the concrete surface especially during hot
weather, which helps to reduce the temperature of concrete, eventually conserving
moisture inside the body of concrete.
Wet coverings - Water absorbent fabrics such as hessian, burlaps, cotton mats, rugs
etc. may be used to maintain water on the concrete surface by completely covering the
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surface immediately after the concrete has set. They must be continuously kept moist to
prevent the fabric from absorbing water from the body of concrete, due to capillary action.
In rural areas, straw sprinkled with water regularly can be used to cure concrete. Care
must be taken when using straw, as dry straw can fly away if the wind velocity is very
high and it can also cause fire hazards. Moist earth, sand or saw dust can be used to cure
horizontal surfaces. However, staining of the surface can occur due to certain organic
matter, if present.
(https://www.nbmcw.com/tech-articles/concrete/25057-significance-of-curing-of-concret
e-for-durability-of-structures.html)
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Compressive strength of concrete after 7 and 28 days
Strength of hardened concrete measured by the compression test. The compression
strength of concrete is a measure of the concrete's ability to resist loads which tend to
compress it. The compressive strength of concrete is measured by crushing cylindrical
concrete specimens in compression testing machine.
TABLE2.1: Compressive Strength of Different Concrete Mixes
The compressive strength of concrete can be calculated by the failure load divided
with the cross sectional area resisting the load and reported in pounds per square inch in
US customary units and mega pascals (MPa) in SI units. Concrete's compressive strength
requirements can vary from 2500 psi (17 MPa) for residential concrete to 4000psi (28
MPa) and higher in commercial structures. Higher strengths up to and exceeding 10,000
psi (70 MPa) are specified for certain applications.
Importance of Determining the Compressive Strength:
Compressive strength results are primarily used to determine that the concrete
mixture as delivered on site meets the requirements of the specified strength, fc', in the
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job specification. Cylinders tested for acceptance and quality control are made and cured
in accordance with procedures described for standard-cured specimens in ASTM C-31,
Standard Practice for Making and Curing Concrete Test Specimens in the Field. For
estimating the in place concrete strength, ASTM C-31 provides procedures for
field-cured specimens. Cylindrical specimens are tested in accordance with ASTM C-39,
standard Test Method for Compressive Strength of Cylindrical Concrete Specimens.
A test result is the average of at least two standard-cured strength specimens made
from the same concrete batch and tested at the same age. In most cases strength
requirements for concrete are at 28 days.
(https://www.aboutcivil.org/compressive-strength-of-concrete.html )
ASTM C31 - Making and Curing Concrete Test Specimens in the Field
Concrete cylinder samples are made for your lab technician to break in a hydraulic
press machine and find the compressive strength of the concrete that is being poured for a
specific part of a structure. You will get a representative sample of freshly mixed
concrete from the truck or mixer, perform slump, temperature, and air content tests on it,
and then make cylinders that will be taken back to the lab.
These samples provide quality control for architects and engineers and allow them to
determine if they will be able to put that concrete into service for their structure, or if they
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need to remove what they have poured. The cylinders' curing process will help those in
charge of the project determine how to best protect the concrete in the structure as it cures
and gives them a set of limits for form and shoring removal time. While you are out on
site making cylinders, you can keep lookout for errors in the mixing and pouring of the
concrete; field technicians are expected to report things that go wrong to the site
superintendent, project manager, or other point of contact for that job.
(https://owlcation.com/humanities/ASTM-C31-Making-Concrete-Cylinders-For-Compre
ssive-Strength-Test)
ASTM C39 Concrete Cylinder Compression Testing
ASTM C39 determines the compressive strength of cylindrical concrete specimens
such as molded cylinders and drilled cores. It is limited to concrete having a unit weight
in excess of 50 lb/ft3 (800 kg/m3).
A compressive axial load is applied to molded cylinders or cores until failure occurs.
The compressive strength of the specimen is calculated by dividing the maximum load
achieved during the test by the cross-sectional area of the specimen. The results of this
test method are used as a basis for quality control of concrete.
A testing machine, capable of providing the load rates as prescribed in the standard
should be equipped with two steel bearing blocks, one of which is a spherically seated
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block that will bear on the upper surface of the specimen, and the other a solid block on
which the specimen will be placed on. Before conducting ASTM C39, it is important to
read the entire specification in the relevant ASTM publication.
(https://www.admet.com/testing-applications/testing-standards/astm-c39-concrete-cylind
er-compression-testing)
Galvanized iron sheets
Galvanization is the process of applying a protective zinc coating to steel or iron in
order to prevent it from rusting. The term is derived from the name of Italian scientist
Luigi Galvani. Galvanized iron (GI) sheets are steel sheets which are basically coated
with zinc and include a range of hot dip galvanized and electro-galvanized steel sheets.
Zinc weathers at a very slow rate, so the coating generally has a long life. Zinc has a
greater electro-negativity than iron and hence provides cathodic (or sacrificial) protection
to the steel. This results in the zinc corroding in preference to the steel if the coating is
chipped or damaged to expose the base metal.
The galvanized iron (GI) sheets are produced as plain coils / sheets (GP) and
corrugated sheets (GC). Corrugated sheets are also known as corrugated galvanized iron
(CGI) sheets. These are value added steel products which are tough, sturdy, light weight,
bright, corrosion resistant and easy to transport. These are usually produced in the
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thickness range of 0.15 mm to 2.0 mm and width range of 800 mm to 1560 mm. The
weight of zinc coating varies from 100 grams square meter (gsm) to 750 grams square
meter. The weight of zinc coating varies with the thickness of the steel sheet and the
application of the GI sheet. (http://ispatguru.com/galvanized-iron-sheets/)
Role of concrete curing
Curing plays an important role on strength development and durability of concrete.
Curing takes place immediately after concrete placing and finishing, and involves
maintenance of desired moisture and temperature conditions, both at depth and near the
surface, for extended periods of time. Properly cured concrete has an adequate amount of
moisture for continued hydration and development of strength, volume stability,
resistance to freezing and thawing, and abrasion and scaling resistance.
The length of adequate curing time is dependent on the following factors:
 Mixture proportions
 Specified strength
 Size and shape of concrete member
 Ambient weather conditions

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 Future exposure conditions
Slabs on ground (e.g. pavements, sidewalks, parking lots, driveways, floors, canal
linings) and structural concrete (e.g. bridge decks, piers, columns, beams, slabs, small
footings, cast-in-place walls, retaining walls) require a minimum curing period of seven
days for ambient temperatures above 40 degrees Fahrenheit1.
American Concrete Institute (ACI) Committee 301 recommends a minimum curing
period corresponding to concrete attaining 70 percent of the specified compressive
strength2. The often specified seven-day curing commonly corresponds to approximately
70 percent of the specified compressive strengths. The 70 percent strength level can be
reached sooner when concrete cures at higher temperatures or when certain
cement/admixture combinations are used. Similarly, longer time may be needed for
different material combinations and/or lower curing temperatures.
For this reason, ACI Committee 308 recommends the following minimum curing
periods:
 ASTM C 150 Type I cement seven days
 ASTM C 150 Type II cement ten days
 ASTM C 150 Type III cement three days
 ASTM C 150 Type IV or V cement 14 days

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 ASTM C 595, C 845, C 1157 cements variable
Effect of curing duration on compressive strength development is presented in Figure 1.
FIGURE 2.2. Moist Curing Time and Compressive Strength Gain
Higher curing temperatures promote an early strength gain in concrete but may
decrease its 28-day strength. Effect of curing temperature on compressive strength
development is presented in Figure 2.
Figure 2. Effect of Curing Temperature on Compressive Strength

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There are three main functions of curing:
1) Maintaining mixing water in concrete during the early hardening process
Ponding and immersion - Ponding is typically used to cure flat surfaces on smaller
jobs. Care should be taken to maintain curing water temperature at not more than 20
degrees Fahrenheit cooler than the concrete to prevent cracking due to thermal stresses.
Immersion is mainly used in the laboratory for curing concrete test specimens.
Spraying and fogging - Spraying and fogging are used when the ambient
temperatures are well above freezing and the humidity is low. Fogging can minimize
plastic shrinkage cracking until the concrete attains final set.
Saturated wet coverings - Wet coverings saturated with water should be used after
concrete has hardened enough to prevent surface damage. They should be kept constantly
wet.
Left in Place Forms - Left in place forms usually provide satisfactory protection
against moisture loss for formed concrete surfaces. The forms are usually left in place as
long as the construction schedule allows. If the forms are made of wood, they should be
kept moist, especially during hot, dry weather.
2) Reducing the loss of mixing water from the surface of the concrete
Covering concrete with impervious paper or plastic sheets

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Impervious paper and plastic sheets can be applied on thoroughly wetted concrete.
The concrete surface should be hard enough to prevent surface damage from placement
activities.
Applying membrane-forming curing compounds
Membrane-forming curing compounds are used to retard or reduce evaporation of
moisture from concrete. They can be clear or translucent and white pigmented.
White-pigmented compounds are recommended for hot and sunny weather conditions to
reflect solar radiation. Curing compounds should be applied immediately after final
finishing. Curing compound shall comply with ASTM C3094 or ASTM C13155.
3) Accelerating strength gain using heat and additional moisture
Live steam - Live steam at atmospheric pressure and high-pressure steam in
autoclaves are the two methods of steam curing. Steam temperature for live steam at
atmospheric pressure should be kept at about 140 degrees Fahrenheit or less until the
desired concrete strength is achieved.
Heating coils - Heating coils are usually used as embedded elements near the surface
of concrete elements. Their purpose is to protect concrete from freezing during cold
weather concreting.
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Electrical heated forms or pads - Electrical heated forms or pads are primarily used
by precast concrete producers.
Concrete blankets - Concrete insulation blankets are used to cover and insulate
concrete surfaces subjected to freezing temperatures during the curing period. The
concrete should be hard enough to prevent surface damage when covering with concrete
blankets.
Other forms of curing include internal moist curing with lightweight aggregates or
absorbent polymer particles. For mass concrete elements (usually thicker than 3 feet), a
thermal control plan is usually developed to help control thermal stresses. Additional
information can be found in ACI Committee 308 report Guide to Curing Concrete3. For
specialty concretes, it is recommended to refer to other ACI reports as follows:
 Refractory concrete ACI 547.1R
 Refractory concrete ACI 547.1R
 Insulating concrete ACI 523.1R
 Expansive cement concrete ACI 223
 Roller-compacted concrete ACI 207.5R
 Architectural concrete ACI 303R

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 Shotcrete ACI 506.2
 Fiber-reinforced concrete ACI 544.3R
 Vertical slipform construction ACI 313
Curing in either cold or hot weather requires additional attention. In cold weather,
some of the procedures include heated enclosures, evaporation reducers, curing
compounds, and insulating blankets. The temperature of fresh concrete shall be above 50
degrees Fahrenheit. The curing period for cold weather concrete is longer than the
standard period due to reduced rate of strength gain. Compressive strength of concrete
cured and maintained at 50 degrees Fahrenheit is expected to gain strength half as quickly
as concrete cured at 73 degrees Fahrenheit. In hot weather, curing and protection are
critical due to rapid moisture loss from fresh concrete. The curing actually starts before
concrete is placed by wetting substrate surfaces with water. Sunscreens, windscreens,
fogging, and evaporation retardants can be used for hot weather concrete placements.
Since concrete strength gain in hot weather is faster, curing period may be reduced.
Additional information can be found in ACI 306.1, Standard Specification for Cold
Weather Concreting, ACI 306R, Cold Weather Concreting, ACI 305.1, Specification for
Hot Weather Concreting, and ACI 305R, Hot Weather Concreting

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Curing Concrete Test Specimens
Curing of concrete test specimens is usually different from concrete placed during
construction. American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) has developed two
standards for making and curing concrete specimens. ASTM C1926 is intended for
laboratory samples while ASTM C317 is intended for field samples. Both documents
provide standardized requirements for making, curing, protecting, and transporting
concrete test specimens under field or laboratory conditions, respectively.
ASTM C192 provides procedures for evaluation of different mixtures in laboratory
conditions. It is usually used in the initial stage of the project, or for research purposes.
ASTM C31 is used for acceptance testing and can also be used as a decision tool for form
or shoring removal. Depending on its intended purpose, the standard defines two curing
regimes: standard curing for acceptance testing and field curing for form/shoring removal.
Variation in standard curing of test specimens can dramatically affect measured concrete
properties. According to the National Ready Mix Concrete Association8 (NRMCA),
strength for concrete air cured for one day followed by 27 days moist cured will be
approximately 8 percent lower than for concrete moist cured for the entire period. The
strength reduction is 11 percent and 18 percent for concrete specimens initially cured in
air for three days and seven days, respectively. For the same air/moist curing
combinations, but 100 degrees Fahrenheit air curing temperature, the 28-day strength will
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be approximately 11 percent, 22 percent, and 26 percent lower, respectively.
(https://www.cement.org/learn/concrete-technology/concrete-construction)
2.2 SYNTHESIS
Curing of cement in construction industry is one of important factor to maintain its
strength condition. This process remain constant in every construction site. In this case ,
we are going to compare the strength capability in curing of concrete by using salt water
and normal water. Base on the research and conceptual literature, the researchers came up
with the different ideas that could helped the thesis be possible.
The literature about the saltwater and curing of concrete helped the researchers came
up with an idea about curing process and how the saltwater will helped strengthen the
concrete. In the early ages, structures are so durable because they usually use saltwater.
More likely in the seaside like ports and harbor the foundation is stronger than other
because its exposed to the saltwater. In that case the researchers conclude that the
seawater can help the structure be stronger.
The researchers will test if the idea what they came up if possible to change the
normal way of curing the concrete by using the saltwater than the normal water. The
researchers will expose the sample ( cylindrical concrete molds ) in the saltwater and
normal water then cure it in the curing stages of 7 days, 14 days, 21 days and 28 days.
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After curing, the researchers will test all the sample in the Universal Testing Machine and
when the result is collected, the researchers will compare the result of the saltwater and
normal water. And when the comparison of the result shows that the saltwater is more
effective than normal water in concrete curing and make the concrete more stronger, it
can be an option of the companies who is in the construction to use saltwater in concrete
curing. This study can help future researchers if they wish to improve this idea.
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2.3 FRAMEWORK OF THE STUDY
The overall concept of the study, is to identify the effectiveness of saltwater in
concrete curing, and if makes the concrete more stronger than normal water.
PROCESS:
INPUT: OUTPUT:
 Making of improvised
Sand cylindrical molds Effectiveness of
saltwater in
Gravel  Mixing of raw materials
concrete curing
Cement  Pouring of concrete mix into
the molds
Saltwater
 Let the sample dry before
Normal water
removing the molds
GI Sheet
 Soak the samples in
saltwater and normal water
 Test the samples for

compressive strength
 Date and Results
 Conclusion and
recommendation
FIGURE 1.1 RESEARCH PARADIGM
After the process of mixing, molding, drying and soaking, the samples were tested
for compressive strength. Among physical properties of cement, compressive strength is
the most important property. When cement is used for important structures, Compressive
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Strength Test always carried out to a certain quality of cement, strength test is not made
on plain cement due to excess shrinkage and cracking of plain cement test.
Thus, the researchers will know how effective saltwater is in concrete curing. The
saltwater we used was tested for us to know its properties and for us to know how this
properties will affect the concrete.

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CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter discussed the presentation, analysis, and interpretation of the data. It
include design results.
3.1 Research Method
In this research, the experimental method of research was used in comparing
saltwater and tap water used in curing of concrete within the ages of 7, 14 and 28 days.
The researchers also include the material used in the experiment.
3.2 Methodology
1. Analyzing the Project Title.
2. Study of the Properties of Materials.
3. Material Collection and Equipment used.
4. Mix Design.
5. Casting of Specimens.
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6. Curing Process.
7. Testing of Specimens.
8. Results.
3.3 Materials
There are many types of concrete available, created by main ingredients varying the
proportion of fine and coarse aggregate bonded together with cement that hardens into
concrete and gains strength in time to form the rock-like mass known as concrete.
Saltwater
Saltwater is water with salt in it. It often means the water from the seas (sea water)
and oceans. Almost all the water on Earth is saline.

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Gravel
Gravel, aggregate of more or less rounded rock fragments coarser than sand. Gravel
beds in some places contain accumulations of heavy metallic ore minerals, such as
cassiterite (a major source of tin), or native metals, such as gold, in nuggets or flakes.
Gravels are widely used building materials.
Sand
Sand is a granular material composed of finely divided rock and mineral particles. It
is defined by size, being finer than gravel and coarser than silt.
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Cement
Cement is a binder, a substance used in construction that sets, hardens and
adheres to other materials, binding them together. Cement is seldom used solely, but is
used to bind sand and gravel (aggregate) together. Cement is used with fine aggregate to
produce mortar for masonry, or with sand and gravel aggregates to produce concrete.
Material Mix Design: IS10262-2009
Size of Mold: 152.40 mm x 300 mm
Volume of Materials required for 21 molds
Cement: 0.03192 cu.m
Sand: 0.04788 cu.m
Aggregates: 0.09576 cu.m
Water Cement Ratio: 0.50

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3.4 PROCEDURE:
Collecting
 Collecting of sea water and normal water of curing in Tanza, Cavite around 3:00
pm, February 17, 2019.
FIGURE 3.1: Collected sea water sample.
Making of improvised molds
 Making of an improvised molds using galvanized iron sheet to form a cylindrical
shape and a rivets to attach both side of it, measuring 15cm diameter and 30cm
height.
FIGURE 3.2: Creating improvise cylindrical molds.

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Mixing
 Adding quantity of sand and cement in the platform and mix it by a shovel until
it’s color became uniformly even. Add the coarse aggregates and make a crater
like a volcano so that the water will not break through the crater. Then, shovel
the edge to mix the water with the dry mixture. Eventually the mixture will
became more distributed.
FIGURE 3.3: Mixing sand, gravel, cement, and water.

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Molding
 Filling of mixed fresh concrete in the cylindrical molds for test samples to be
cured in sea water and normal water.
FIGURE 3.4: Creating a cylindrical concrete samples.
Drying
 Removing of molds in the cylindrical samples after 48 hours of initial curing, to
be placed in the final curing.
FIGURE 3.5: Removing of molds to the hardened concrete.

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Curing
 After 48 hours of initial curing, storing of samples in sea water and normal water
for 7, 14, and 28 days respectively.
FIGURE 3.6: Placing the concrete samples for curing.
Testing
 The specimens were tested using Universal Testing Machine for compressive
strength.
FIGURE 3.7: Testing of specimens.

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3.5 STATISTICAL TREATMENT OF DATA
After collecting the data needed, the researchers analyzed the gathered data with the
help of statistical tools used in this study together with the corresponding formula.
 The data gathered determined by using mean.
∑P
M=
Where:
P = percentage
n = number of treatment
M = Mean
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CHAPTER IV
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
This chapter contains the result and discussion of data gathered from the experiment
conducted at the Department of Public Works and Highways, regarding various testing of
material used in the study and from the responses of the saltwater as substitute to
concrete curing.
4.1 RESULTS
After gathering all the data, information and details of the three concrete samples in
water curing and concrete samples in salt water curing, the following results were
tabulated according to the curing period days.
AGE OF MAXIMUM COMPRESSIVE

AREA
SAMPLE CURING LOAD STRENGTH Psi
(m2)
(days) (KN) (MPa)
TW 1.1 7 18241.51 321.620 17.6 2552
TW 1.2 7 18241.51 339.145 18.6 2697
TW 1.3 7 18241.51 330.619 18.1 2624.50
TABLE 4.1: Results of cylindrical samples for 7 days curing in tap water.
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AREA
(m2)
(days) (KN) (MPa)
SW 1.1 7 18241.51 393.970 21.6 3132
SW 1.2 7 18241.51 360.262 19.7 2856.50
SW 1.3 7 18241.51 375.796 20.6 2987
TABLE 4.2: Results of cylindrical samples for 7 days curing in salt water.

AREA
(m2)
(days) (KN) (MPa)
TW 2.1 14 18241.51 344.092 18.9 2740.50
TW 2.2 14 18241.51 341.713 18.7 2711.50
TW 2.3 14 18241.51 14.329 0.80 116
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AREA
(m2)
(days) (KN) (MPa)
SW 2.1 14 18241.51 446.059 24.5 3552.50
SW 2.2 14 18241.51 393.843 21.6 3132
SW 2.3 14 18241.51 370.098 20.3 2943.50

AREA
(m2)
(days) (KN) (MPa)
TW 3.1 28 18241.51 415.951 22.8
TW 3.2 28 18241.51 561.014 28.3
TW 3.3 28 18241.51 394.411 21.6
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AREA
(m2)
(days) (KN) (MPa)
SW 3.1 28 18241.51 470.137 25.8
SW 3.2 28 18241.51 495.077 27.1
SW 3.3 28 18241.51 492.115 27.0
Statistical Treatment of Data
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH (MPa)
AGE IN CURING
SAMPLE MEAN (MPa)
7 DAYS
1 2 3
TW 17.60 18.60 18.10 18.10
SW 21.60 19.70 20.60 20.63
TABLE 4.7: Mean compressive strength of saltwater and tap water in 7 days of curing.
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AGE IN CURING
SAMPLE MEAN (MPa)
14 DAYS
1 2 3
TW 18.90 18.70 0.80 12.80
SW 24.50 21.60 20.30 22.13
AGE IN CURING
SAMPLE MEAN (MPa)
28 DAYS
1 2 3
TW 22.80 28.30 21.60 24.23
SW 25.80 27.10 27.00 26.63
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4.2 DISCUSSION
The presentation of data based on the outlined questions from chapter I
1. Physical and Chemical properties of saltwater.
The researchers determine the physical and chemical properties of the saltwater by
conducting several researches on the related study of their experiment:
Physical Property:
Sea water has a number of unique properties that considerably distinguish it from
other fluids. One of the important physical properties of sea water are a high thermal
capacity, high dissolving ability, density, low heat conductivity, transmission of light
and sound and good electrical connectivity.

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Chemical Properties:
Sea water has chemical constituent elements mainly: ions of chloride, sodium,
magnesium, calcium and potassium.
Sea Water % Content
Content
NaCl 78%
MgCl 3.74%
MgSO 2.34%
CaSO 2.34%
KSO 1.8%
CaCO 0.22%
MgBr, NaCl & 0.2%
MgCl
TABLE 4.10: Chemical Properties of saltwater
The chemical reactions of seawater on concrete are mainly due to the attack by
magnesium sulphate. The mode of attack is crystallization. Potassium and magnesium
sulphate present in salt water can cause sulphate attack on concrete because they can
initially react with calcium hydroxide, which is present in the set cement formed by
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the hydration. The attack of magnesium sulphate is particularly damaging, forming
soluble magnesium hydroxide. Chloride ions can penetrate into the concrete and
cause accelerated corrosion of the reinforcement.
2. Effects of using saltwater in curing of concrete in its compressive strength.
Based on the test results, the researchers observed an appreciable increase and
early compressive strengths were gained for saltwater than tap water up to an age of 7
days. At 14 days, all concrete mixes recorded a slight increase in compressive
strength. At 28 days, the rate of strength gained was still increasing, and an
appreciable compressive strength was noticed for all mixes. However, based on
research, the use of saltwater in concrete decreased strength at 90 days. This may due
to the crystallization of salt in seawater.
3. What are the possible advantages and disadvantages of using saltwater in
curing of concrete.
Based on the study and testing done, researchers came up with the advantages of
using saltwater in curing of concrete. This advantages are:
 Using saltwater in curing of concrete is more convenient in coastal area.
 The use of saltwater in curing of concrete shows a great increase in the
compressive strength of concrete.

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The main disadvantage of using saltwater, based on research of related literature,
is the sulphate attack on reinforcement.
4. The possibility of using saltwater in concrete curing.
Base on the study made by the researchers, using of saltwater in curing of
concrete can be possible especially near the coastal areas. However, when using
saltwater for curing of concrete proper care must be observed in the mixing process
of concrete.
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CHAPTER V
This chapter presents the highlight of the study, summary of findings, conclusions
and recommendations. It attempts to investigate the comparison between normal water
and saltwater for concrete curing and its effect in the compressive strength.
5.1 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS
1. Saltwater affects the gain of strength of concrete when use in curing.
2. On the first test conducted with the 7 days cured samples, the compressive
strength gain of concrete when cured in saltwater is slightly higher than the
compressive strength gain of concrete when cured in tap water. This shows that
there is an early strength gain when using saltwater in curing of concrete.
3. On the second test conducted with the 14 days cured samples, both compressive
strength of concrete cured in saltwater and tap water increased but the samples
cured in saltwater showed an appreciable increase than the samples cured in tap
water.
4. On the last test conducted with the 28 days cured samples, both samples cured in
saltwater and tap water showed a great increase in compressive strength. The test
results showed that the samples cured in saltwater is gaining more compressive
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strength than the samples cured in tap water during the 7, 14, and 28 days of
curing.
5. Based on the result of the test, the average compressive stress of the normal
water and saltwater water in 7 days are 18.1 Mpa and 20.6. Mpa respectively;
For normal water and salt water in 14 days are 12.8 Mpa and 22.13 Mpa
respectively; and for the 28 days are 24.3 Mpa and 26.33 Mpa respectively.
From the results, it is clear that there is a great increase in the compressive
strength of using saltwater than using tap water.
5.2 CONCLUSIONS
The concrete cylindrical samples were cured in saltwater and tap water undergo tests
in different ages, specifically 7, 14, and 28 days. Based on the results, the conclusions
drawn are, there is a significant increase in compressive strength in concrete samples
cured in saltwater than the concrete samples cured in tap water and also the researchers
conclude that there is a possibility of using saltwater in concrete curing based on the
findings above.
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5.3 RECOMMENDATIONS
Based on the findings of this research, the following suggestions are made:
1. The use of saltwater in concrete curing should be welcome in the construction
industry.
2. Conduct different type of tests to fully understand the effects of using saltwater in
concrete.
3. Further study should be made to prevent the sulphate attack on reinforcement.

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REFERENCES
https://www.nbmcw.com/tech-articles/concrete/25057-significance-of-curing-of-concrete
-for-durability-of-structures.html
https://www.miconcrete.org/cylinders
https://www.britannica.com/science/seawater
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19373260.2010.521048
https://www.britannica.com/science/seawater
https://www.nbmcw.com/tech-articles/concrete/25057-significance-of-curing-of-concrete
-for-durability-of-structures.html
https://www.aboutcivil.org/compressive-strength-of-concrete.html
https://owlcation.com/humanities/ASTM-C31-Making-Concrete-Cylinders-For-Compres
sive-Strength-Test
https://www.admet.com/testing-applications/testing-standards/astm-c39-concrete-cylinde
r-compression-testing
http://ispatguru.com/galvanized-iron-sheets/
https://www.cement.org/learn/concrete-technology/concrete-construction
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APPENDIX A
(MATERIALS, EQUIPMENTS & APPARATUS
PICTORIALS)
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FIGURE A.1: Collected saltwater
FIGURE A.2: Improvised molds using galvanized sheet

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FIGURE A.3: Gravel
FIGURE A.4: Sand

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FIGURE A.5: Cement
FIGURE A.6: Shovel

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FIGURE A.7: Tap Water
FIGURE A.8: Universal Testing Machine

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APPENDIX B
(COLLECTING OF MATERIALS &
PROCEDURE PICTORIALS)
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FIGURE B.1: Collecting of saltwater.
FIGURE B.2: Creating of improvised molds.

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FIGURE B.3: Mixing of raw materials.
FIGURE B.4: Molding

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FIGURE B.5: Removing of improvised molds.
FIGURE B.6: Curing.

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APPENDIX C
(COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TESTING
PICTORIALS)
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FIGURE C.1: Test specimens are loaded with transverse loading until failure occur.
FIGURE C.2: Failures occured in the test specimens.

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APPENDIX D
(GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF
COMPRESIVE STRENGTH)
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FIGURE D.1: Graphical representation of compressive strength of concrete samples

cured in 7 days of saltwater and tap water.
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FIGURE D.4: Graphical representation of mean compressive strength of concrete

samples cured in 7, 14 and 28 days of saltwater and tap water.
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APPENDIX E
(TEST RESULTS OF COMPRESIVE
STRENGTH)
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FIGURE E.1: Test result of cured samples in tap water in 7 days.

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FIGURE E.4: Test result of cured samples in saltwater in 7 days.

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PROBLEM AND IT’S BACKGROUND

1.1 Introduction and Background of the study

the sites leading to reduction in the durability of the structure.

Curing plays an important role on strength development and durability of concrete.

moisture for continued hydration and development of strength, volume stability,

resistance to freezing and thawing, and abrasion and scaling resistance.

cement and eventually the strength gain of concrete or mortars.

of concrete. The durability of concrete is affected by a number of factors including its

permeability or the ability of the substance to allow gases or liquids to go through,

enhanced serviceability, or to allow the concrete to dry out quickly undergoes

having a poor abrasion resistance.

particulates, and a few atmospheric gases.

Seawater constitutes a rich source of various commercially important chemical

shortages of fresh water.

Concrete has an excellent structural performance and durability, but is affected by

parameters in producing a durable concrete structure.

deterioration of concrete subjected to seawater has been a topic of interest to concrete

calcium and potassium. In seawater containing up to 35,000 ppm of dissolved salts,

subjected to a highly severe environment, the cement must supply alkalinity.

magnesium sulphate. The mode of attack is crystallization. Potassium and magnesium

is particularly damaging, forming soluble magnesium hydroxide, which forces the

318-83, sulphate exposure to seawater is classified as moderate, while sulphate attack is

the compressive strength of cement–sand mortars and corresponding concrete. One of

this research made by Olufunke Olanike Akinkurolere, an Nigerian engineer, indicates

compensated by reducing the water–cement ratio and that the microstructural

examination of concrete detected chloroaluminate salts in some cracks reported that

aggressive mediums of salty seawater. Also a study made by Hsien-KuangLiu, a Chinese

to seawater attack and abrasion value reported on the influence of different

Bertil Persson studied the sulphate resistance of self-compacting concrete at ages of

phenomena: absorption and diffusion of sulphate and the influence of environmental

conditions. A study conducted affirms the importance of controlling the water–cement

ratio and permeability of concrete in maximizing concrete durability. The study

the resulting permeability as the primary factors determining performance in outdoor

important as it relates to performance in sulphate solutions. In addition, the salt

crystallization process of concrete is a major cause for concern as compared to the

sources. In effect, concrete can deteriorate by stresses caused by the crystallization of

salts in the pores.

against the structure during its service.

use of seawater to develop durable concrete of lasting performance will be greatly

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Specifically, this study aims to answer the following:

1. What are the characteristics of saltwater in terms of physical and chemical

properties that can affect the strength and durability of concrete?

compared to the use of tap water?

freshwater for curing?

4. Is there a possibility of using saltwater in curing of concrete?

as well as tap water.

Specifically, this study aims:

and durability of concrete.

2. To study the effects of using saltwater in curing of concrete.

3. To discuss and elaborate the advantages and disadvantages of using saltwater in

4. To suggest the possibility of using saltwater in curing of concrete.

1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

of using saltwater instead of freshwater in concrete curing process.

water by using seawater as a substitute to normal water in curing process of concrete

be encourage to conduct more studies to improve this idea.

1.5 SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

the effect of tap water and seawater in curing of concrete.

which is abundant in the country.

1.6 DEFINITION OF TERMS

use in the study.

American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standards - It is an international