Group 5 : HeniSubiyanti (17/417134/PEK/22697)

Nur Fadhilah Yulia Dwi Suprina (17/417160/PEK/22723)

Tri Anggoro Aditya Nugroho (17/417177/PEK/22740)
Subject : Regional Economics
Lecturer : Dr. Evita Hanie Pangaribowo
Due date : 2017/ 06/ 04 – 12:00
 We have been given a great example of how metropolitan governance become an ultimate
option to reform the Dhaka Megacity during its phase of developing process. The article, entitled
“Metropolitan Government: An Option for Sustainable Development of Dhaka Megacity” by Md.
Shahriar Islam, discuss a lot of problems that being faced by Dhaka, as one of the fastest growing
megacities in the developing part of Asia, regarding sustainability.
Challenged with a high pace of urbanization, the population of Dhaka is expected to hit 20
millions by 2015.At the recent years, Dhaka is being governed by split-in-two city corporation
granted with a huge range of responsibilities and, however, fails to deliver the services to the
citizens. The existence of parallel institutions create overlapping roles among these organizations
and leads to a severe dillema in decision making and confusion within citizens. Frequent failure in
service delivery made Dhaka megacity’s governance as a barrier to establish a metropolitan
government. The city faced lack of manpower, bad coordination between inter/intra-departements,
corruption, unequal services/utilities distribution, environmental degradation, and failure of
supporting the people whose living below poverty line. In other words, preconditions for
sustainable development of megacity cannot be found in Dhaka (Islam,2014).
The Dhaka case ended with a proposal to look over the necessity of simplifiying its
governance system and give the opportunity to people to take part in the process of decision
making. Moreover, the objective of this assignment is to discuss the relevant issue of regional
development in Indonesia based on the selected paper. As one of Asian countries that
experiencing a high rate of economic growth and development, Indonesia also face several
similiarities where big cities become the destination of urbanization. Indonesia has many of
metropolitan areas, such as Jakarta Metropolitan Area, Greater Surabaya Metropolitan, Bandung
Metropolitan Area, Greater Medan, and so on. Along with the various options, we choose Greater
Yogyakarta (known as Karmantul, the acronym for Yogyakarta – Sleman – Bantul) as our region
for the main discussion topic.
Kartamantul, as the urban agglomeration area, is located in the Special Region of
Yogyakarta (SRY), with a total population of 2.436.803 (about 64% of SRY population) and
spread over the area of 1.114,17 km2 in 2012(Diwangkari, 2014) covering the entire area of
Yogyakarta City, some part of Sleman Regency and Bantul Regency. Kartamantul becomes the
prima donna of the tourism destination since there are many tourist attraction – cultural heritages,
natural attraction, and shopping heaven- available. In addition, there are many universities in this
area, around 60% are located in Sleman, and it is assumed that more than 63% of their students
come from other cities (Widodo B., 2017). This attractiveness contrasts with major challenges that
Kartamantul has: lack of land area, rapid growth of urbanization, rapid growth of private vehicles,
and commuter behavior which increase the traffic up to 80% (Suyuti, 2014).
One of metropolitan problems in developing countries is the increasing trend of private
vehicle ownership, which also being faced by Kartamantul. Motorisation increase rapidly, where
motorcycle and car ownership levels rise by 10,9% and 7,7% per annum, respectively
(Dirgahayani, 2013). While the construction of new roads is hard to do, the average road
performance is subsequently decreasing resulting in worsening congestion. Study by Dirgahayani
(2013) shows that the Volume to Capaticy Ratio (VCR) in Yogyakarta increase from 0.76 in 2005
to 1.96 in 2008 and 1.72 in 2009 (urgent action needed when VCR exceeds 1.00). She also found
the average speed of vehicle falls about 10km/h when entering the central area of the city.This
situation is worsen as the absence of adequate public transport provision, showed by the fall of the
total passenger of public transportation by 3% per annum (Sugiyanto, 2008). It is predicted that by
year 2023, the traffic will increase up to 45% (Marwati, 2013). The rise of congestion forces us to
pay negative externalities such as air pollution, noise pollution, and waste of fuel. Congestion also
made commuter spend longer time to reach their destination, means time to travel is increasing.
Another problem faced by metropolitan cities is urban sprawl and construction of many
housing and residential areas. In SRY, property development for housing complexes reach 71%,
while 26% develops commercial properties, and the rest is for industries and conferences, while
growth of settlement areas in Sleman Regency reach 1.500 houses per year (Widodo B., 2017).
This rapid expansion towards the outlying areas in Sleman and Bantul provokes the land use
conversion from agricultural lands to housing and commercial precincts. Almost 253 ha of
agricultural land in Sleman and 85,75 ha in Bantul were converted into housing development and
build-up areas (Diwangkari, 2014). In term of production, farmland losses lead to decreasing in
marginal agricultural productivity. However, more serious impacts is the environmental problems,
such as floods, droughts, groundwater containments, environmental diseases, wastes, increasing
local temperature, etc (Widodo B., 2017). Study by Purwantara (2015) shows that groundwater
level in Yogyakarta City drops 30 cm per year and followed by drying up well as hotel industries
took over the water.
As a growing area, Kartamantul may take several actions to minimise, or better to solve, its
problems and to improve its conditions. Government need to enforce the implemetation of laws
and regulation about land and natural resources. For examples, Law No. 5/1990 about natural
resource and ecosystem conservation, Law No.24/1992 about spatial planning, and local
regulation Perda DIY No.5/1992 about spatial planning of SRY. All of them are needed to
conserve the nature and prevent further degradation. In addition, based on Implementation of
Nationally Determined Contributions: Indonesia Country Report, government has seven
mitigation actions to reduce emission, which two of them are promoting energy efficiency and
shifting to low-emission transport mode. In Yogyakarta case, local government promotes Trans-
Jogja, a public bus which serve as alternative transport means, in order to increase the use of
public transport and to improve the traffic condition (i.e. reducing the traffic accident, relieving
the traffic congestion, enhancing the quality of services), and also to improve the quality of
environment (such as reducing air pollution and reducing CO2 emission) (Munawar, 2007).
References
Dirgahayani, P. (2013). Environmental Co-benefits of Public Transportation Improvement
Initiative: The Case of Trans-Jogja Bus System in Yogyakarta. Elsevier - Journal of
Cleaner Production, 74-81.
Diwangkari, A. (2014). Metropolitan Transport Planning Collaboration in Decentralized
Indonesia. Nijmegen.
Islam, M. S. (2014). Metropolitan Government: An Option for Sustainable Development of Dhaka
Megacity. Environment and Urbanization ASIA, 35-48.
Marwasta, D. (2010). Yogyakarta Urban Growth Versus Smart Growth: Towards Yogyakarta
Slow City Proposal. Yogyakarta.
Marwati. (2013). Road Traffic in Yogyakarta Predicted to Reach 45%. Yogyakarta.
Mersmann, F. (2017). Implementation of Nationally Determined Contributions: Indonesia
Country Report. Umweltbundesamt.
Munawar, A. (2007). Public Tranport Reform in Indonesia: A Case Study in the City of
Yogyakarta. World Academy of Science, Engineering, and Technology International
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Purwantara, S. (2015). Dampak Pengembangan Permukiman Terhadap Air Tanah di Wilayah
Yogyakarta dan Sekitarnya. Geoedukasi Volume IV, 31-40.
Sugiyanto, G. (2008). Biaya Kemacetan (Congestion Charging) Mobil Pribadi di Central
Business District (Studi Kasus Kawasan Malioboro Yogyakarta). Yogyakarta: Media
Teknik Sipil.
Suyuti, H. (2014). Yogyakarta City Report. Eight Regional EST Forum .
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