Physics 73 Lecture

Chapter 17 Temperature and Heat

(University Physics 13 ed. Young
th

and Freedman)

Lecture Hour 01:

-Zeroth law of thermodynamics
-Temperature Measurement
Temperature and Thermal Equilibrium
● Thermodynamics – the study of energy
transformations involving heat, mechanical work, and
other aspects of energy and how these
transformations relate to the properties of matter.
● Temperature
– Measure of hotness or coldness.
– Related to the kinetic energies of the molecules of a
material. (microscopic definition)
– Any measurable property of a system that varies
with its “hotness” or “coldness” can be used to
construct a temperature scale. (macroscopic
definition)
Temperature and Thermal Equilibrium
● Thermometer
– Use the measurable property of a system to
measure temperature (length/ pressure/ electrical
resistance, etc.)
● Thermal contact
– Two objects are in thermal contact with each other if
energy can be exchanged between them due to a
temperature difference.
● Thermal equilibrium
– is a situation in which two objects would not
exchange energy by heat or electromagnetic
radiation if they were placed in thermal contact.
 Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics

Zeroth law of thermodynamics:

If object A and B are separately in thermal equilibrium with a
third object C, then A and B are in thermal equilibrium with
each other.
Two systems are in thermal equilibrium if and only if they have the
same temperature.
Thermometers and Temperature Scales
● Celsius temperature scale
– 0°C is set to be the freezing point
of water
– 100°C is set to be the boiling point
of water
– The interval between the freezing
and boiling point of water is
divided into 100 equal intervals
● Fahrenheit temperature scale
– Freezing pt. of water is marked at
32°F
– Boiling pt. of water is marked at
212°F
– There are 180 intervals between
the freezing and boiling pt. of
water
 Thermometers and Temperature Scales
Δ T C 100C ∘
= ∘
Δ T F 180 F Any pair of reference
temperature can be
Δ T C 5C ∘ used here, i.e. you
= ∘ can also use the
ΔTF 9F boiling point temp.
instead of the
∘
T C−0 C 5C ∘ freezing point
=
T F −32 F 9 F ∘
∘

∘
5C ∘
T C=
9F
∘ ( T F −32 F)

Similarly, you can also obtain:

∘
9F
T F = ∘ T C +32∘ F
5C
E1. Starting from the ratio of the intervals,
show that you will also get the same formula
even if you used the boiling point temperature
instead of the freezing point.
 Thermometers and Temperature Scales
∘ ∘
Δ T C 100C ∘
5C 9F
= T C= ∘( F
T −32∘
F) T F = ∘ T C +32∘ F
Δ T F 180 F
∘
9F 5C
E2. On January 22, 1943, the temperature in Spearfish, South Dakota, rose
from – 4.0 °F to 45.0 °F in just 2 minutes. What was the temperature change
in Celsius degrees? ans .: Δ T =27.2C
∘
C

Example:
You propose a new temperature scale with temperatures given in °M. You
define 0.0°M to be the normal melting point of mercury ( – 39 °C) and 100°M
to be the normal boiling point of mercury (357 °C).
(a) A temperature change of 10.0 M° corresponds to how many C°?
(b) What is the normal boiling point of water in °M?
(a) Simply obtain the relationship between the intervals of M-scale with C-scale
∘
Δ T C boiling pt . i n C− freezing pt . i n C ∘ ∘
357 C−(−39 C ) 396 C
= = ∘ ∘ = ∘
Δ T M boiling pt . i n M − freezing pt . i n M 100 M −0 M 100 M
∘ ∘
396 C 396 C ∘ ∘
Δ T C= ∘ ΔT M = ∘ (10.0 M ) =39.6 C
100 M 100 M
 Thermometers and Temperature Scales
Example:
You propose a new temperature scale with temperatures given in °M. You
define 0.0°M to be the normal melting point of mercury ( – 39 °C) and 100°M
to be the normal boiling point of mercury (357 °C).
(a) A temperature change of 10.0°M corresponds to how many C°?
(b) What is the normal boiling point of water in °M?

Δ T C 396C ∘
= ∘
Δ T M 100 M
(b) To answer (b), we need the actual conversion between the M-scale and
the C-scale.
E3. Derive a formula that will convert a temperature in Celsius into M°.
∘ ∘
100 M ∘ 100 M ∘ ∘
T M= ∘ ( C
T +39 C ) = ∘ ( 100 C +39 C)
396C 396 C
∘
100 M ∘
= ∘ ( 139 C)
396 C
∘
=35.1 M
Gas Thermometers and Kelvin Scale
Limitations of ordinary thermometers
● Two different thermometers calibrated to agree at 0°C
and 100°C may not agree exactly at intermediate values.
● Liquid-tube thermometers cannot go below the freezing
point of the liquid used.

Gas thermometers
● Readings are independent of the substance used.
● Based on the principle that the pressure of a gas at
constant volume increases with temperature.
● The extrapolated p vs T graph for different gas will give
the same temperature at which the pressure is equal to
zero.
Gas Thermometers and Kelvin Scale
Gas Thermometers and Kelvin Scale
● Kelvin scale – a temperature scale that
set the extrapolated zero-pressure
temperature as its zero.
● Kelvin scale has the same interval size
as the Celsius scale.
∘
T K =(1 K /1 C )T C +273.15 K

● Kelvin scale is also known as the

absolute temperature scale and its
zero is called the absolute zero.
● No degree when using Kelvin.
Gas Thermometers and Kelvin Scale
● The Celsius scale has two fixed points:
the normal freezing and the normal
boiling temperature of water.
● Kelvin scale can be defined using only a
single reference temperature.

Gas thermometers are based on the T2 T1

dependence of gas pressure at constant =
volume with the temperature. p2 p1

The chosen reference point is the triple point of

water:
occur at a temperature of 0.01°C (273.16 K) and
water-vapor pressure of 610 Pa (0.006 atm)
p p
T =T Triple T =(273.16 K )
pTriple pTriple
These are pressure of
the gas inside the bulb
 Gas Thermometers and the Kelvin Scale
Example:
A gas thermometer registers an absolute pressure corresponding to 325 mm
of mercury when in contact with water at the triple point (0.01 °C at 4.58 mm
of mercury). What pressure does it read when in contact with water at the
normal boiling point?

First, find the normal boiling point of water in Kelvin scale.

E4. What is the normal boiling point of water in Kelvin scale?

p T
T =(273.16 K ) p= pTriple
pTriple 273.16 K
(373.15 K )
=(325 mmHg)
273.16 K
=444.0 mmHg