ORAL COMMUNICATION REVIEWER

COMMUNICATION - ability to communicate others, exchanging information.

NATURES OF COMMUNICATION
1. Communication is a process
2. Communication occurs between two or more people
3. Communication can be expressed through words, actions, or both at the same time
ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION
1. Speaker – the source of information/message
2. Message – ideas/thoughts that is being conveyed by the speaker.
3. Encoding – the process of converting the messages into words, actions that the speakers understand.
4. Channel – medium/means
5. Decoding – the process of interpreting the encoded message of the speaker by the receiver.
6. Receiver – the recipient
7. Feedback – the reactions
8. Context – the environment/setting
9. Barrier – it affects the flow of communication process

MODELS OF COMMUNICATION
1. SHANNON WEAVER- MODEL – the mother of all models/one way process communication
2. TRANSACTIONAL MODEL – two way process communication
3. SCHRAMM MODEL – field of experience

FUNCTION OF COMMUNICATION
1. CONTROL – includes everything that the receiver needs to hear.
2. SOCIAL INTERACTION – to interact with others
3. MOTIVATION – motivates or encourages people
4. EMOTIONAL EXPRSSION – facilitates people’s expression of their feelings and emotions.
5. INFORMATION DISSEMINATION – to convey an information.
FEATURES OF AN EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION
1. COMPLETENESS – includes everything that the receiver needs to hear
2. CONCISENESS – direct or straight to the point
3. CONSIDERATION – consider the relevant information
4. CONCRETENESS – the message is concrete and supported with facts.
5. COURTESY – by respecting the culture,values,and beliefs of the audience.
6. CORRECTNESS – correctness in grammar eliminates the negative impact on the audience.
7. CLEARNESS – the use of simple and specific words.

BARRIERS TO COMMUNICATION
1. Language barrier
2. Cultural barrier
3. Physical barrier
4. Prejudging
5. Information overload
6. Lack of interest and attention

STRATEGIEST TO AVOID COMMUNICATION BREAKDOWN

1. Use time-gaining expressions to have more time to think
2. Give positive remarks or comments
3. Be specific
4. Ask for repetition or clarification
5. Check your understanding
6. Do not jump to conclusion
VERBAL COMMUNICATION

 APPROPRIATENESS – the language that you use should be appropriate to the environmental
occasion.
 BREVITY – direct with you words and try to avoid fillers and insubstantial expressions.
 CLARITY – to clearly state your message and express your ideas and feelings.
 ETHICS – words should be carefully chosen in consideration of the gender roles ethnicity, preferences,
and statics of the person or people to are talking to.
 VIVIDNESS – words that vividly or creatively describe things or feelings usually add color and spice to
communication hence, you are encouraged to find ways to charm your audience through the use of
vivid words.
NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION
- Refers to the act of expressing ideas in ways that do not involve or go beyond using words.

1. PROXEMICS – it refers to the space or distance between the sender and the receiver.
 Intimate distance – less than 6-8 inches
 Personal distance – 1.5 to 4 feet
 Social distance - 4 to 12 feet
 Public distance – 12 to 25 feet
2. KINESICS – the use of body language in communication. This includes gestures, eye contact, and
facial expressions
3. CHRONEMICS –refers to the role of time in the communication process.
4. PARALANGUAGE – tone, speed and volumes voice. Sighs and gasps are also considered as
paralanguage
5. HAPTICS – the use of touch to convey meaning iin a conversation. This is often dependent on culture.
THE DEVELOPMENTAL MODEL OF INTERCULTURAL SENSITIVITY (BENNET AND BENNET) 2004
STAGE 1: DENIAL – the individuals does not recognize cultural differences.
STAGE 2: DEFENSE – the individual starts to recognize cultural differences.
STAGE 3: MINIMIZATION – they bank more on the universality of ideas.
STAGE 4: ACCEPTANCE – begins to appreciate cultural differences.
STAGE 5: ADAPTATION – very open to the world views.
STAGE 6: INTEGRATION – starts to go beyond their own cultures.
CULTURAL BIAS AND SENSITIVITY
1. GENDER – each employee must wear his id at all times.
2. AGE – won’t understand if I explain you’re much two younger.
3. CULTURE – “Japanese people are so strict.”
4. SOCIAL STATUS – manang lets go ill treat you, I bet you haven’t eaten sushi in your entire life.
5. RELIGION – My belief is the absolute truth, other religion sim[ly got it wrong.

CULTURE – the customary beliefs, values, and attitudes of a racial religious or social group.
INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICTION – communication between individuals who have different cultures.
SELF-AWARENESS – an understanding of one’s self and place in society.