INTRODUCTION

REKAYASA STRUKTUR BETON

(Design of Concrete Structures)
5TBLC212

Politeknik Penerbangan Surabaya

Program Studi Teknik Bangunan dan Landasan

Introduction

Bilingual course, (English & Bahasa)

2 credits (1 theory, 1 practice)

Cadets centered learnings

Focus group studies

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INTRODUCTION

References
References
1. SNI 2847:2013, Persyaratan beton struktural untuk bangunan
gedung (2013)
2. Reinforced Concrete Mechanics and Design, Wight & MacGregor
(2009)
3. Seismic Design of Reinforced Concrete and Masonry Buildings,
Paulay & Priestley (1992)
4. Reinforced Concrete Structures , Paulay & Priestley (1975)

Learning Methods

1. Cadets are required to at least read the course material to be

provided
2. Responsiveness in class is encouraged
3. Quiz may be given in class at any given time
4. Focus group studies with guidance at class
5. Cadets are expected to do the work given with full responsibility of
their own works.

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INTRODUCTION

Evaluations and Score

1. Classwork Assignment 20%

2. Final Project Assignment 30%
3. Mid-Test Examination (UTS) 20%
4. Final-Test Examination (UAS) 20%
5. Class Activities 10%

Notes and rules

1. Time Limit until prohibited in class : 20 minutes

2. Respect other cadets in class
3. All kinds of absence must be informed beforehand
4. 1 cadets representatives will be choosen to coordinate the classwork
assignment

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INTRODUCTION

Lecture Objectives
Theory
1. Cadets can explain scope of concrete structures works
2. Cadets can explain basic engineering for concrete structures
3. Cadets can explain and calculate beam member for concrete
structures
4. Cadets can explain and calculate plate in concrete structures
5. Cadets can explain and calculate column member in concrete
structures
6. Cadets can explain and identify concrete structure failure and
limitations for serviceability

Lecture Objectives
Practice
7. Cadets shows practical capabilitites in doing concrete mix design
8. Cadets shows practical capabilitites in doing concrete casting
9. Cadets can shows quality assurance and testing for concrete mix
design

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INTRODUCTION

Lecture Course
Theory
1. Concrete Structures
2. Introduction to Concrete Structures
3. Beam Concreting
4. Bending-Beam with Single Reinforcement
5. Bending-Beam wth Double Reinforcement
6. Bending- T and L Beam
7. One Way and Two Way Slab
8. Shear Design for Concrete

Lecture Course
Theory
9. Torsion Design for Concrete
10. Combined Axial and Bending- Column
11. Development of Reinforcement
12. Deflection and Serviceability for Concrete Structures
13. Concrete Technology

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















 

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




 
 




 



 


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

 


 


 



 

 




 

 





 
 

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

 





 

 





 

 

 
 


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

 


 


 


 


 

 



 

i.e :DKI Jakarta : Peraturan Daerah Khusus Ibukota
Jakarta, No.7 tahun 1991, tentang Bangunan dalam
Wilayah Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta

 




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


 









 



 



Page 011



 
  
 

   



   

  
 













Page 012



 





 


 

 
   
   
 

  


 
 

 
  
 

Page 013




 


 







 

40

Minimum specified
Number

30

20

10

54 60 66 72 78 84 90

Yield Stress (Ksi)





Page 014



80

Yield Strength (Ksi)

70 • •
• •
• • • • •
• • • •
• • • •
• •
•
60 •

50

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 14 18

Bar Size


 

60 57.4
N = 1844
Frequency (%)

50 x = 0.06 in
40
= 0.28 in
30
Range = 2.25 in

20 15.8
12.9

10 6.2
3.0 1.8 2.3
0.1 0.2 0.3

-1.0 -0.5 0 0.5 1.0

X = Deviation from size on drawings



 

Page 015



40
Minimum specified for any bar
Minimum specified for any lot of bars
30

Number
20

10

0.94 0.96 0.98 1.00 1.02 1.04 1.06

Area / Nominal Area





40 40
Number of Columns (%)
Number of Beams (%)

35 35

30 30

25 25
Average = 1.01 Average = 0.98
20 20

15 15

10 10

5 5

0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2
Mtest / Mcalc Ptest / Pcalc

Comparison of strengths calculated

using rectangular stress block to
strength measured in laboratory tests.
(Mattock et al.1961)


Page 016





  
  

  

  
 

  

 

  

 


 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 

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


- sec. 4.8 SNI 03-1727-1989: Reduced Live Loads

 
Office 2.4 – 4.79
Multifunction Hall 2.87 – 4.79
Stage 7.18
Recreation park (bowling, 3.59
swimming pool, etc)
Corridor 4.79
Ballroom, Dancing Hall 4.79
Garage 1.92
Sport centre 4.79
Hospital 1.92 – 3.83
Library 2.87 – 7.18


10-3 Motorcycle racing Avoidable risks connected

Mining with daring people = 10-3 per year
Automobile travel
10-4 Swimming Avoidable risk connected
Airplane travel with careful people = 10-4 per year
Fire in Building
10-5 Poisoning Unavoidable risk :
 = 10-5 per year

10-6
Lightning

10-7

10-8 Vaccinations


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




  



  

 
 

  

 
 
 

 

 

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



Cube Specimen Cylinder Specimen
(150 mm x 150 mm x 150 mm) (150 mm x 300 mm)
(MPa) (MPa)
15 12
20 16
25 20
30 25
35 30
40 35
45 40
50 45
55 50
  
  

  

   


    

  


    


   
  

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



    
    
   
  

   
  
  
    
    
  
  
  

   

  
  
    
    
  
   
  











 

Page 021














 

  

1 

1
  
Crack

Bending Moment (+)



Page 022



2


2
 
 















Page 023




Rectangular Beam with Tension Reinforcement
(Single Reinforcement)

One-Way Slab

Rectangular Beam with Tension & Compression

Reinforcement (Double Reinforcement)

T and L Beam

Two-Way Slab

Page 024






















4

Page 025





Span : m (meter)
Element dimension : mm (millimeter)


N (Newton) ; kN (kilo-Newton)
1 kg = 1 x 9.81 = 9.81 N
1 ton = 103 x 9.81 = 9.81 x 103 N = 9.81 kN


MPa (1 MPa = 1 N/mm2)


kN/m3
5





Crack in tension area



Reinforcement in tension area

6

Page 026









 

 

 

 

 

 


 
In bending, plane section remains plane.

 
The strains in each point is proportion to
its distance to the neutral axis.
(SNI 2847-2013 sec. 10.2.2)
 Where :
c c = concrete strain
Neutral
Axis s = steel strain
 



 =
  
8

Page 027



. Maximum strain in concrete at the critical fiber,

c = ‘cu = 0.003. (SNI 2847:2013 sec. 10.2.3).

. Stress - Strain Relationship of Steel Reinforcement

is recognized. (SNI 2847:2013 sec. 10.2.4).

. Stress - Strain Relationship of Concrete is recognized.

(SNI 2847:2013 sec. 10.2.6).

. The tensile forces are carried entirely by the

reinforcement in all sections. The role of concrete
in tension is neglected. (SNI 2847:2013 sec. 10.2.5).
’cu
c
Neutral
h d Axis

s
b
Concrete in tension is neglected

10

Page 028



 







 



E 
1
  
 


11

 
SNI 2847:2013 sec. 10.2.4

 

 


 

 

Where :
fs = stress of steel ; fy = yield stress
s = strain of steel ; y = yield strain
Es = Modulus of elasticity = 200.000 MPa
For : s < y fs = Es . s
s y fs fy 12

Page 029



 



 

 
 

Where:
fc’ = compression stress of concrete (based on cylinder specimen)
fct = tension stress of concrete 0.5 fc’ (MPa)
Ec = Modulus of elasticity of concrete 4700 fc’ (MPa)
cu = Ultimate compression strain of concrete 13

 

Compression strength of concrete, fc’, ksi

12
800 80
11
10 68.9 70
700
9
600 60
8 55.1


7 500 50


6 41.3
400 40
5 34.4

27.6 300 30
4
20.7
3 200 20
2
100 10
1

0 0
0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004

14

Page 030





 
 

     

     
  

 
 

•
1.0 •
•• • •
••
0.8
• • •
•• •• •• •
1 = 0.85 •
• • •• • • • • •• • • • •
0.6 • • •
• • •• • • • ••
1k3 1 = 0.65

0.4
Values of 1
for k3 = 0.85
0.2
   
0.0
0 4 8 12
Concrete strength (ksi) 15


(SNI 2847:2013 sec. 10.2.7).


 a= 1c C = 0.85 fc’ a b


 
As
T = As. fy


 
   

16

Page 031




(SNI 2847:2013 sec. 10.2.6).
about stress - strain relationship (f - ) of concrete
   
   
   

   

(12.2. 6) SNI 03-2847-2002).

(e)

  Where :
= 0.85
1 = 0.85 for fc’ 28 MPa
= reduced by 0.05 for each
additional 7 MPa, but in all
   

cases 1 0.65
(SNI 2847:2013 sec. 10.2.7.3)
17



C=T y Mn
fc’
y
C 0.67 b.c.fc’ = As.fy 0.37 c Ts (d-0.37c)

fc’
y
C 0.64 b.c.fc’ = As.fy 0.35 c Ts (d-0.35c)

fc’
y
C 0.76 b.c.fc’ = As.fy 0.40 c Ts (d-0.40c)

0.85 fc’
y
C 0.72 b.c.fc’ = As.fy 0.42 c Ts (d-0.42c)

       

      
18

Page 032




     
  
    


  

     

  
  

    

 
 
   

   

The result difference is less than 1%

19














20

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



  
 




        

Balanced Under- Over-

Failure Reinforced Reinforced

As = As bal As < As bal As > As bal

21


    
  
 


 



    

 

cbal 0.003
d = 0.003 + y
Multiplied with Es = 2.105 MPa
cbal = 600 d ……… (1)
600 + fy
22

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


 

   

     

   

 


  
 
 


  
  
 
23


        
  
  

 

 
    

 

  

  
 



  
    24

Page 035





      




      
  

      



 

25


        

  

 


 

 
    

 




26

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


 
SNI 2847:2013 sec. B10.3.3

  

  

    

 
 
 
 


 




 
 27

 
SNI 2847:2013 sec. 10.5.1
 
  
 


  



 




28

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






 



  




 


29

    

    

 
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
    
    
    
30

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


  


  
  

  

      

  

  

  

  



31

  


          
          
          
          
          
          
          
          
          
          
          
          
          

32

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

  

A rectangular section of reinforced concrete as drawn below :

fc’ = 20 MPa
 fy = 400 MPa
 b = 300 mm

h = 500 mm
 Øseng = 10 mm
a. Check the failure mechanism of this section, UNDER or OVER-
REINFORCED FAILURE ?
b. Based on (a), find the depth of neutral axis, c,
and ultimate moment, Mu that could be resisted by this section.
c. If the reinforcement 4D16 is replaced with reinforcement 6D19,
how much Mu would be increased ?

33

  
A beam of reinforced concrete resists the uniformed dead load (q D)
and live load (qL) as drawn below :
 
 

  
 

Sectional dimension : 400 x 600 mm, concrete strength fc’ = 25 MPa

and steel strength fy = 400 MPa.

a. Due to the loads, draw the moment diagram of the beam.

b. Design the reinforcement of beam at maximum M+ (in the middle
of span AB) and maximum M- (at support B).
c. Check the chosen reinforcement to maximum and minimum
reinforcement requirements as specified in SNI. 34

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

  
A rectangular section of reinforced concrete as drawn below :
a. If fc’ = 20 MPa, fy = 400 MPa,
find the ultimate moment Mu that could be
h
3D22 resisted by this several value of dimension :
3D22
b = 300 mm
b h = 300, 400, 500, 600 mm
Drawn your results as graphical model.





b. Compare the result of (a), with another relationship :

h=400 mm and b = 300, 400, 500, 600 mm
c. To resist Mu = 400 kNm with beam width b=400 mm,
how much hmin ? 35

  

A trapezoid section of reinforced concrete as drawn below :



fc’ = 25 MPa
 fy = 400 MPa




How much Mu that could be resisted by this section ?

 36

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







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

Basically one way slab has the  as

simple supported beam or continuous beam.

The value of moment (due to bending) could be found

through :
a. principles of mechanics,
b. computer calculation
c. tables such as Table 5.1 of CUR IV
5



 

A A A A

A-A A-A
Slab is supported by Cantilever Slab
brick wall fixed at the beam

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

 

 

 CUR 1, p. 70-71

 Free rotate

Before Loading After Loading



Before Loading After Loading


Partially rotate

Before Loading After Loading

8

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

b L b
Leff = L + b






Main Reinforcement h

smax 3h or 450 mm

However, for practical reason especially for creep

and shrinkage, smax is taken 2h.

10

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

The slab is considered per - 1.00 meter width.

  could be used; and considered

per 1.00 meter width of slab.

  could be used.

SEE   (p.15)

SEE TABLE 5.1a - e - CUR IV (p.44-48)

GRAPHIC 5.4 - CUR IV (p.70-80)

11


a
 c  
   

  
 

H=0 C = T
0.85 fc’.a.b = As . fy
b = 1m 0.85 fc’.a.b = As . fy
A .f
a = 0.85s f ’ y.103 ... (1)
c

M=0 Mn = T (d - ½ a)
= As . fy (d - ½ a). .... (2)
As fy
(1) (2) Mu = As . fy (d - 0.59 )
fc’
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


• • • • • • • • • • • •

• • •
 
10 - 250

10 - 250

10 - 250
  •
  •
•

Secondary reinforcement (20% x main reinf.)

Main reinforcement 13




• • • • • • • •

• • •
10 - 100 •
10 - 100 •
10 - 250
10 - 250

10 - 250

10 - 100
•

Secondary reinforcement
Main reinforcement
14

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


 

        

        

        
        
        
        
        
        
        
        

15

    

    

 
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
    
    
    
16

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   















     

 
 17

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














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



1. If a beam section with single reinforcement has a

reinforcement ratio, , more than its maximum value, maks,
for a certain bending loading, Mu.

2. To accomodate seismic needs.

3. Practically reasons.


If single reinforcement has > maks

  

  
 


  
     

   

 
 

 T1 = As1 . fs1

= As max . fy
Mn1 = T1 . (d - ½a)
= As max . fy (d - ½a)

 Mu > Mn1 4

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


Mu
(Mn1 + Mn2) … (1)

Mu
Mn2 = - Mn1 = Cs (d - d’) … (2)

Check whether compression steel has yielded ?

s’ c - d’
=
0.003 c
s’ = ……..

Check, is : s’ y ?

 Cs = As’ . fy Compression steel is yield ( s’ > y)

C
As’ = f s
y

 Compression steel is not yield ( s’ y)

fs’ = s’ . Es
Cs = As’ . fs’ = As2 . fy
Cs C
As’ = ; and As2 = s
fs’ fy

The value of As needed for the section is :

As = As1 + As2
Where : As1 = As maks
As2 = Cs : fy
6

Page 053



See Condition 2 C s = T2
 * 
As’ . fy = As2 . fy
d-d’
A ’.f
  As2 = s y then :
fy

2 As2 = As’

* 
As’ . fs‘ = As2 . fy then :

f
As2 = As’ . f s
y


 

 
  
 

  

    
 
  
  

See   for designing the double

reinforcement in rectangular section with ’ = 0.5 ;
See  for double reinforcement with several ratio
of ’/ from Copy Sheet

Page 054






START
1
Define : b, d, d’ (trial & errors)
As = . b . d
As’ = ( ’/ ) . As
Calculate loads and Mu

Finish
Calculate : Mn = Mu /

Mn
Rn = bd2

Select appropriate ’/

See Table to find Not found

found
1 9

 
 
1.
cu’ = 0.003
d’ c = 120 mm
c s’ d = 720 mm
As’
h d d’ = 80 mm
fc’ = 25 MPa
As fy = 400 MPa
b = 400 mm
b h = 800 mm

a. Check the compression steel whether it is yield or not.

b. Check the section, is it in “UNDER-REINFORCED” -
condition ?

10

Page 055



2.
If b, fc’, fy, and Mu are known, calculate the
reinforcement area, As, needed for this
h rectangular beam with single reinforcement
As as drawn so that the depth of beam, h, is
Mu
minimum.


1. fc’ = 20 MPa ; fy = 240 MPa
Mu
Tension steel = 4 16
300
How much Mu that could be carried by
this triangular section ?
150 150

200
2. Mu fc’ = 25 MPa ; fy = 400 MPa
Compression steel = 2 D16
400 Tension steel = 4 D16
How much Mu that could be carried by
400 this section ?
3.
Mu = 300 kNm fc’ = 20 MPa ; fy = 400 MPa
500
’/ = 0.5
How much are As and As’ needed ?
300
12


Page 056





1. a. Is compression steel yield yet ?

cu’ = 0.003
d’
As’ 40 s’ 120

h d
600
As

s’ 40
=
0.003 120
s’ = 0.001
f 400
y = y = = 0.002
Es 200.000

s’ < y 
13

b. Is section in UNDER-REINFORCED Condition ?

s 0.003
=
600 120
s = 0.015 > y ( = 0.002)
Tension steel is yield.
.

14

Page 057
BENDING IN T & L SECTION



 





Page 058
BENDING IN T & L SECTION





   
 

  



 

 
3



* The  of beam will cause the adjacent slab

bend together with the beam.

* In  area, the cross section of slab will add the

compression area of beam. Thus, beam section could be considered
as .

* In area, the cross section of slab will be in

tension area of beam. Thus, beam section could be considered as
a .

Page 059
BENDING IN T & L SECTION

  

Should be taken as the minimum value of these following conditions :

bf
1. hf 2. bf bf

8 hf 8 hf
bw
bw bw
 
  
3. bf bf

½ ln ½ ln

bw ln bw
 
5

  

Should be taken as the minimum value of these following conditions :

L
bf

hf  
1.  


bw 2.   

bf bf

½ ln
3.  
bw ln bw

Page 060
BENDING IN T & L SECTION


 
bf
hf c 0.003 0.85 fc’ Cc

d d-½a

Mu As T
s > y fy
bw

H=0 Cc = T
0.85 fc’ . a . bf = As . fy
As . fy
a = ….. (1)
0.85 . fc’ . bf

M=0 Mu = Mn
= As . fy (d - ½ a) ….. (2)
7


 
bf
hf 0.003 0.85 fc’
Cc1
 
 c Cc2
d

Mu As T
s > y fy
bw

H=0 Cc1 + Cc2 = T

0.85 fc’ . hf (bf - bw) + 0.85 fc’. a . bw = As. fy
As.fy - 0.85 fc’ . hf (bf - bw)
a = 0.85 fc’ . bw ….. (1)

M=0 Mu = Mn
= { Cc1 (d - ½ hf) + Cc2 (d - ½ a)}
8

Page 061
BENDING IN T & L SECTION

 

1200 100

fc’ = 20 MPa
610 fy = 400 MPa
As

380

A. Design the beam reinforcement if the moment due to dead load and
live load is 88 kNm and 135 kNm respectively.

B. Calculate the maximum reinforcement based on SNI 03-2847-2002;

How much the permissible value of cmax (define in cbal) ?


A. How much As ….. ?
* 
Mu = 1.2 MD + 1.6 ML
= 1.2 x 88 + 1.6 x 135 = 321.6 kNm

* 
To be assumed as Un-Real T-beam (c < hf)
C = T
0.85 fc’. a . bf = As . fy
0.85 x 20 x a x 1200 = As x 400
a = 0.01961 As

Mu = Mn
321.6 x 106 = 0.9 As . fy ( d - ½ a )
321.6 x 106 = 0.9 As . 400 (610 - ½ 0.01961 As)
321.6 x 106 = 219,600 As - 3.5298 As2
As = 1501 mm2 (4D22 = 1521 mm2)
10

Page 062
BENDING IN T & L SECTION

*  
a = 0.01961 As
= 0.01961 x 1521 = 30 mm
a
c = = 30 / 0.85 = 35 mm  
1

B. How much As max ….. ?

max = 0.75 bal

0.85 . fc’ . 1 600

= 0.75
fy 600 + fy
= 0.75 0.85 . 20 . 0.85 600 = 0.0163
400 600 + 400

As max = max . b . d
= 0.0163 x 380 x 610
= 3778 mm2
11

*  
C = T
0.85 fc’. a . bf = As . fy
0.85 x 20 x a x 1200 = 3778 x 400
a = 74 mm
a 74
c = = = 87 mm (the assumption is true)
1 0.85
0.003 cbal d
=
cbal 0.003 0.003 + y
xE
d 600
cbal = d = 366 mm
600 + fy

y c 87
Thus : = = 0.24
cbal 366
c = 0.24 cbal
 12

Page 063


DIRECT DESIGN METHOD

HOW TO FIND THE VALUE OF MOMENT

TABLES

EXAMPLE

Page 064







 




 
Moment value per 1.00 slab width at middle line of two-way slab due to uniform load
Scheme Load distribution
based on ly / l x 1,0 1,2 1,4 1,6 1,8 2,0 2,5 3,0
‘envelope method’
0,3 lx mlx = 0,001 wu . lx2 . 41 54 67 79 87 97 110 117
½
 mly = 0,001 41 35 31 28 26 25 24 23
½
lx

½
0,3 lx

mtix = ½ mlx
ly ½
mtiy = ½ mly

mlx = 0,001 wu . lx2 . 25 34 42 49 53 58 62 65

½
 mly = 0,001 wu . lx2 . 25 22 18 15 15 15 14 14
½ ½
mtx = - 0,001 wu . lx2 . 51 63 72 78 81 82 83 83
½
mty = - 0,001 wu . lx2 . 51 54 55 54 54 53 51 49

mlx = 0,001 wu . lx2 . 30 41 52 61 67 72 80 83

½
 mty = 0,001 wu . lx2 . 30 27 23 22 20 19 19 19
½ ½
mtx = - 0,001 wu . lx2 .
0,3 lx

68 84 97 106 113 117 122 124

0,3 lx ½
mty = - 0,001 wu . lx2 . 68 74 77 77 77 76 73 71
mtix = ½ mlx
mtiy = ½ mly
½
 mlx = 0,001 wu . lx2 . 24 36 49 63 74 85 103 113
½ ½
mty = 0,001 wu . lx2 . 33 33 32 29 27 24 21 20
½
mty = - 0,001 wu . lx2 . 69 85 97 105 110 112 112 112
Free end
mtix = ½ mlx
Continuous supported  4

Page 065


   

Moment value per 1.00 slab width at middle line of two-way slab due to uniform load
Scheme Load distribution
based on ly / l x 1,0 1,2 1,4 1,6 1,8 2,0 2,5 3,0
‘envelope method’
mlx = 0,001 wu . lx2 . 33 40 47 52 55 58 62 65

½
mly = 0,001 wu . lx2 . 24 20 18 17 17 17 16 16
½
½
mtx = - 0,001 wu . lx2 . 69 76 80 82 83 83 83 83
½
mtiy = ½ mlx

0,3 lx
½
mlx = 0,001 wu . lx2 . 31 45 58 71 81 91 106 115
 mly = 0,001 wu . lx2 . 39 37 34 30 27 25 24 23
½ ½
0,3 lx

½
mty = - 0,001 wu . lx2 . 91 102 108 111 113 114 114 114
mtix = ½ mlx
mtiy = ½ mly
0,3 lx
0,3 lx

½
 mlx = 0,001 wu . lx2 . 39 47 57 64 70 75 81 84
½ ½
mly = 0,001 wu . lx2 . 31 25 23 21 20 19 19 19
½
mtx = - 0,001 wu . lx2 . 91 98 107 113 118 120 124 124
mtix = ½ mlx
mtiy = ½ mly

Free end
Continuous supported

   

Moment value per 1.00 slab width at middle line of two-way slab due to uniform load
Scheme Load distribution
based on ly / l x 1,0 1,2 1,4 1,6 1,8 2,0 2,5 3,0
‘envelope method’
mlx = 0,001 wu . lx2 . 25 36 47 57 64 70 79 63

½
mly = 0,001 wu . lx2 . 28 27 23 20 18 17 16 16
½
½
mtx = - 0,001 wu . lx2 . 54 72 88 100 108 114 121 124
½
mty = - 0,001 wu . lx2 . 60 69 74 76 76 76 73 71
mtix = ½ mlx

½
mlx = 0,001 wu . lx2 . 28 37 45 50 54 58 62 65
 mly = 0,001 wu . lx2 . 25 21 19 18 17 17 16 16
½ ½

½
mtx = - 0,001 wu . lx2 . 60 70 76 80 82 83 83 83
mty = - 0,001 wu . lx2 . 54 55 55 54 53 53 51 49
mtiy = ½ mlx

Free end
Continuous supported

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

 Bending moment per unit length due to uniform load  
  








 


 

Middle strip

  







 



Middle strip
  

Moment Coefficient for Bending Reinforcement

mxx = 0,001 wu lx2 . myy = 0,001 wu lx2 .
ly/lx
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 a b c d e f g h i
1,0 43 +14 43 15 +39 15 43 +14 43 43 +14 43 15 +39 15 43 +14 43
1,2 51 +20 51 16 +51 16 51 +20 51 51 +13 51 17 +31 17 51 +13 51
1,4 57 +26 57 17 +63 17 57 +26 57 55 +11 55 19 +27 19 55 +11 55
1,6 62 +31 62 17 +74 17 62 +31 62 57 +10 57 21 +23 21 57 +10 57
1,8 65 +36 65 16 +83 16 65 +36 65 59 +8 59 22 +19 22 59 +8 59
2,0 67 +40 67 15 +90 15 67 +40 67 59 +6 59 22 +16 22 59 +6 59
2,5 70 +49 70 12 +103 12 70 +49 70 59 +4 59 24 +9 24 59 +4 59
3,0 73 +57 73 10 +111 10 73 +57 73 59 +2 59 25 +5 25 59 +2 59 7



- A slab with area of 4.00 x 6.00 meter
lx = 4.00

- Thickness of slab, t = 120 mm

- Live load = 250 kg/m2
ly = 6.00 - Dead load excluding its own weight
= 200 kg/m2
- fc’ = 15 MPa
- fy = 240 MPa

Find the bending moment reinforcement for this slab !

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



1. 
* Dead Load (wD)
- concrete weight : 0.12 x 2400 = 288 kg/m2
- other dead loads = 200 kg/m2
= 488 kg/m2
* Life Load (wL) = 250 kg/m2

* Load combination / Ultimate load :

wU = 1.2 wD + 1.6 wL
= 1.2 . 488 + 1.6 . 250
= 985.6 kg/m2

2.   ly 6.00

= = 1.50
lx 4.00

3. 
with Table 4.2.b - CUR-4
Mlx = 0.001 x wU x lx2 x 45.5
= 0.001 x 985.6 x 4.02 x 45.5
= 717.52 kgm = 7.18 kNm
Mly = 0.001 x 985.6 x 4.02 x 16.5
= 260.2 kgm = 2.60 kNm
Mtx = - 0.001 x 985.6 x 4.02 x 75
= - 1182.72 kgm = - 11.83 kNm
Mty = - 0.001 x 985.6 x 4.02 x 54.5
= - 859.44 kgm = - 8.59 kNm
4. 


dy dx t = 120 mm

10

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: dx = 120 - 20 - ½ . 10 = 95 mm
for Mlx = 7.18 kNm
C = T 0.85 . 15 . a . 1000 = As . 240 a = 0.0188 As
Mu = Mn 7.18.106 = 0.9 As 240 (95 – ½ . 0.0188As)
As = 363 mm2 ( 10 -
With the same way, for other reinforcement we found :
Dir. Moment As Theoretical Used
Middle x 7.18 363 ( 10 - 216) ( 10 - 200)
area y 2.60 144 ( 10 - 545) ( 10 - 240)
Supp. x - 11.83 614 ( 10 - 128) ( 10 - 125)
area y - 8.59 495 ( 10 - 159) ( 10 - 150)

* Minimum reinforcement :
2
min = 0.0014 ; As min = 0.0014 . 1000 . 95 = 133 mm = 10 – 590
* Maximum space: 2h = 2 . 120 = 240 mm (SNI 2847:2013 sec 13.3.2)
* Secondary reinforcement :
As (s) = 20% As(largest) = 20% . 614 = 123 mm2 = 10 - 639 s > 2h (=240 mm)
for efficiency : use 8 - 240
11

 



 

 
 


12

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 

10-350


For development length

10-400

10-400
10-350

As tx need = 614 mm2 ; As tx due to positive reinforcement 10-200 =

393 mm2 ; As tx that must be added = 614 - 393 = 221 mm2
= 10-350 13

 



 
 

As ty need = 495 mm2 ; As ty due to positive reinforcement 10-240 =

327 mm2 ; As ty that must be added = 495 - 327 = 168 mm2
= 10-450 14

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

 








15

 

 



SNI 2847:2013 sec 13.3.6

corner reinf .= reinf. for
middle area For practical
reason reinf. for
supporting area

 



16

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

 

10-350


10-400

10-400



 




10-350

 17

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











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


 

 

w

wl
R= R
2 l

dx

3


 wl
 R= R
2 l


dx


w V
qmax = z vmax
C+dC
C
NA
V- w dx z
y b V v
Ai
T T + dT V Ai y
dx q=bv v= bI
    
   

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

 

 

 
  The stress trajectories intersect the neutral
 axis at 45°. The principal tensile stresses
  
 become excessive due to .

Principal tension : f1 = 12 ( f + f2 + 4 v2 )

Principal compression : f2 = 12 (f - f2 + 4 v2 )

tan 2 = 2v or tan = v
f f1 5



C
NA
d bw q
jd V v= b
q = jd w
cracked
T
As

   

  

1 dT dM 1 V
v = = =
bw dx dx bw jd bw jd

for simplicity : v = V
bw d

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 Vc
C
External transverse force V, is resisted
va
by the combination of : T
1. A shear force across the compression Vd
V 2 1
zone Vc. x
2. A dowel force transmitted across the Vc
C
crack by the flexural reinforcement Vd. (1) G jd
3. The vertical component of inclined (2)
shearing stress va, transmitted across T
Vd
the diagonal crack. V 1
2
jd cot

 The equilibrium of the free body :

T
  
Vc
(2) Where :
V G
(1) Va V = shear resistance in beam without
Ha
C web reinforcement
Vd
Vc = shear contribution of compression zone
Va = shear contribution of aggregate interlock
Vd = shear contribution of dowel action
x
Vc
C   
(1) G jd
(2) If the contribution of the dowel force is
T
Vd ignored (particularly in the absence of
V
2 1 stirrups), then :
jd cot

Where :
M = moment resistance in beam without8
web reinforcement

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
x
Vc
C
(1) G jd
   

(2)    
T
Vd
V 1
2
jd cot
Note :
* jd(dT/dx) expresses  in which the internal
tensile force T acting on a constant lever arm jd changes from point to point along the beam,
to balance exactly the external moment intensity.
* dT/dx, , is termed the bond force, q, applied
to the flexural reinforcement per unit length of beam.


In the elastic theory analysis of prismatic flexural members is assumed
that the internal lever arm remain constant, then ,
the equation of perfect is obtained :
Vc 
C 

va
T Where :
Vd
V 2 1 q = the bond force per unit length
x = shear flow (see p.6)
Vc
C
(1) G jd 
(2)  
T 
Vd
V 1 
2
jd cot
 10

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
* The tensile force T cannot change, hence dT/dx = 0.
* The external shear can be resisted only by inclined internal compression.
This extreme case may be termed  The shear resistance
is expressed by :
Vc
C
 

v
 
a
T
Vd
V 2 1 In a normal reinforced concrete beam
x
Vc in which (owing to slip, cracking, and
C other causes) the full bond force q
(1) G jd required for beam action cannot be
(2)
T developed, the two mechanism as
Vd expressed on p.9, will offer a combined
V 1
2
jd cot resistance against shear forces.
11


sc
Compression P P
Mc Mc
zone Vh
va2 Vh
Vd2 va1 hc d For the perfect beam action
T2 to take place,
T1 the full bond force q must be
sr Vd1
effectively resisted.

* Cracks induced by load will divide the tension zone into a number of blocks.
Each block may be considered to act as a cantilever with its base at the
compression zone and its free end at the flexural tension reinforcement

12

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
sc 1. The increase of the tensile force between
Compression P
zone Mc adjacent cracks produces a ,
va2 Vh T = T1 - T2
d
Vd2 va1 hc
T2 2. Shear stresses va1 and va2 are generated
T1 by .
sr Vd1

P 3. The shear displacements induce 

Vh  Vd1 and Vd2 across the flexural
va1 reinforcement.
va2

4. An  P, a 
Vd1 Vd2
 Vh, and a  Mc are induced
T
to equilibriate all forces on the cantilever.
13

 Span
Mark (m) a/d
 1 0.90 1.0
 2 1.15 1.5
 3 1.45 2.0
 4 1.70 2.5
5 1.95 3.0

6 2.35 4.0
7/1 3.10 5.0
 8/1 3.60 6.0
 10/1 4.70 8.0
9/1 5.80 7.0




14

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
P
Vh Compression zone * The most  of bond force
Aggregat interlocking could be resisted by flexure
va1
va2 zone at the dowel zone.

Vd1 Vd2 Dowel zone * Once a splitting crack occurs,

the effectiveness of the dowel
T
action is greatly reduced.
Dowel shear Vd

(1) Before dowel cracking * In beams without web reinforcement

(3) After cracking,
with stirrup
(2) After dowel cracking,
without stirrup
the contribution of dowel action does
not exceed 25% of the total cantilever
resistance.

* 50% - 70% of the bond force was

Dowel displacement
resisted by the aggregate interlock
15
mechanism.


CL
Line of thrust P * Second term of the equation
signifies that shear can be
jd d sustained by inclined
compression in a beam.

P * Arch action requires a substantial

a
horizontal reaction at the support.
Slip

* The shaded area indicates the

extent of the compressed concrete
    outside which cracks can form.

   

16

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
CL 
Line of thrust P 1. Arch action can only occur at
the expense of slip (i.e., of
jd d complete loss of bond transfer)

2. The translational displacements

P required for complete arch
a
action increase toward the load
point and attain a value approximately equal to the total extension of the
steel in the shear span.

3. In the vicinity of the load point the line of thrust, hence the neutral axis,
rises well above the position predicted by standard flexural theory.



17

CL
 Line of thrust P

jd d
  

  
P
a


1.  
The propagation of an inclined crack reduces the compression zone
excessively. The area of concrete in the load point becomes too small
to resist the compression force and it crushes. (see Beams 2,3,4)

2.  
The line of thrust may be so eccentric that a flexural tension failure
occurs in the “compression zone”. (see Beams 7/1). The failure is
18
very sudden.

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


3.  
When the line of thrust is steeper (i.e. when a/d is less than 2),
considerable reserve strength may be available owing to more efficient
arch action. Flexural capacity of beam is attained because the arch
mechanism is sufficient to sustain the required shear force (see Beam 2).


* Arch action in beams without web reinforcement can occur only if loads are
applied to the compression zone of the beam.
* The foregoing material has clearly indicated that arch action must be the
dominant mode of shear resistance in deep beams loaded in the
compression zone.

19

400 160
Theoretical flexural
350 140 strength of section Mu
Shear force corresponding
with the theoretical
300 flexural capacity Vu 120
Observed ultimate
250 100 moment
Moment, kNm
Shear force, kN

Observed ultimate shear

200 80
150 60
Shear corresponding Flexural capacity
with “beam action” corresponding with
100 40 “beam action”
in the shear span
50 20

0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
 M  M
Momen / Shear ratio = Momen / Shear ratio =
 Vd  Vd
a/d < 2.5 (Crushing / Splitting of concrete - Type 3)
2 < a/d < 3 (Shear compression failure - Type 1)
3 < a/d < 7 (Flexural tension failure - Type 2)

20

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
1. The flexural and shear capacities of “beam action” are designated
by dashed lines.
2. When compared with observed ultimate value, they demonstrate
that beam action governs the behavior when a/d > 3.
3. When a/d > 7, the shear strength exceeded the flexural strengths
of beam; hence .

21

The Major factors influencing shear resistance :

1. Tensile strength of the concrete, expressed by fc’
2. Crack control, expressed by w = As / bwd,
3. Shear span to depth ratio, M/Vd

Shear resistance is expressed as :

 
     
 
Simplified expression :
      

22

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

6.0

5.0 
      
 

 
4.0             
   
               
 

3.0           
   


 
 
   
   
2.0  




1.0

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.5 2.0

 
 
23


 c 
f’c = 3800 psi (262 N/mm2)
 a a
bw = 6.0 in (154 mm)
800 d = 10.7 in (272 mm)
d h c = 36.0 in (915 mm)
700 (5) 
l bw As
600 (4)
Vu As
Ultimate shear stress : vu = ; =


bwd w bwd
500
(3) w = 0.50%
400
0.80% 
300 (2) 1.88% 
2.80%
200 
(1)
100 Vd
vu = 0.85 (1.9 f’c + 2500 w ) psi
0 M

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

24

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


 Mechanism of shear resistance :
     





Where :
Ttotal = Total bond force
T = bond force resisted by combination of aggregate interlocking, dowel and
flexural action
T’ = bond force from “trussaction”

25



 1. Improving the contribution of the

dowel action.
stirrup

2. Suppressing flexural tensile stresses
 in the cantilever blocks by means
Dowel of the diagonal compression force C d,
zone
resulting from truss action.
3. Limiting the opening of diagonal cracks, thus enhancing and preserving
shear transfer by aggregate interlock.
4. Providing confinement, thus increasing the compression strength of
localities particularly affected by arch action.
5. Preventing the breakdown of bond when splitting cracks develop in
anchorage zone because of dowel and anchorage forces.
26

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

s/2 1 * Stirrups as tension members.

stirrups 2
Concrete strut s’
 * Concrete struts running parallel to
 diagonal cracks, generally at 45°
jd
to the beam’s axis.

 x     

s
2 1
jd cot where :
x
Vs = external shear force
 Cd = diagonal compression strut
 
Ts = resultant of all stirrup forces

across diagonal crack.
Equilibrium at joint x
27

  
s/2
stirrups 2 1
s’ The stirrup force per unit length is :


 jd    

     

 x  Where :
s
2 1 Av = area of the web reinf.
jd cot s = spaced of web reinf.
x
fs = stirrup stress

For the design purposes it is convenient to express shear in term of :

   Where :

vu = total shear stress
  vc = shear stress induced by arch mechanism (in concrete)
 
  vs = shear stress induced by truss mechanism (in stirrup)

28

Page 086


s/2
stirrups 2 1
The required area of web reinforcement
s’
at ideal strength, when fs = fy becomes : 

   jd
 
    

 x 
s
2 1
The diagonal compression force Cd is jd cot
x
assumed to generate uniform stresses
fcd, in the struts of the truss as expressed :

  
 
  
        

29

  
 
          

   

* Compression diagonals at = 45° * Compression diagonals at = 45°
  
   
    
  
 


* Compression diagonals at = 30° * Web reinforcement and struts at 45°

 
   
 
   
30

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31


Stirrups can not sustain the shear force
if it does not  the diagonal
crack. SNI 2847:2012 sec 11.4.5.1 d/2

define that the maximum space of each
smax = d/2
vertical stirrup is :
  d/2

If the shear force in the reinforcement
smax = d
Vs > 0.33( f’c) bw d ; then the
maximum space of each vertical stirrup
is (SNI 2847:2012 sec 11.4.5.3) :
 
32

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



* Shear failure due to yielding in the stirrup only could be reached if

the stirrups have sufficient development length.

* The stirrups should be anchoraged into the compression and tension

zone of concrete and should be detailed regarding SNI provision
especially SNI 2847:2012 sec 12.13.

33



Crack width sloping web reinforcement > crack width at vertical

stirrups
Crack width at bigger bar diameter and bigger spaced >
small bar diameter and close spaced.

   (crack width requirement for shear)

See sec. 11.4.7.9.


At thin part of beams, failure due to diagonal compression member must
be restricted so that the generated shear stress is less than (0.2 to 0.25)
times the concrete strength, then :

     34

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



Beams without web reinforcement will cause a sudden and brittle failure
due to so many shear mode failure. Then SNI sec. 11.4.6.1 defines :

   

 
   and not less than:


    

Where :
Av min = minimum shear reinforcement
bw = beam width
s = space between each stirrup
fyt = transverse steel strength 35



36

Page 090


See Fig. S11.1.3.1(a) – (f)

37

SNI strength design method for shear required that :

=30 35 40 45

  SNI eq. (11-1)

Shear resistance, vu

vs
Contribution of
concrete neglected
   SNI eq. (11-2)
vc

Contribution of stirrups
Where :
Vu = factored shear force
Vn = shear strength capacity
Vn = nominal shear strength
= reduction factor for shear = 0.75 (SNI 2847:2012 sec 9.3.2.3)
Vc = portions of shear strength from concrete
Vs = portions of shear strength from reinforcement
38

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



      SNI eq. (11-3)
 
     SNI eq. (11-4)
  
     SNI eq. (11-4)
Where :
Vc = shear force from contribution of concrete (N)
= modification factor for lightweight concrete = 0.75 – 0.85 d
= 1 for normal concrete (see sec. 8.6.1)
f’c = strength of concrete (MPa)
bw = width of beam (mm)
d = effective depth of beam(mm) bw
Nu = axial compression ultimate load (N)
Ag = section area of element (mm2) 39


SNI eq. (11-15)
Where :
   Vs = shear force from contribution
   
 of shear reinforcement (N)
A
SNI eq. (11-16) v = area of shear reinf. (mm2)
fyt = steel yield strength(MPa)
     d = effective depth of beam(mm)
  s = spacing of stirrups (mm)

bw = width of beam(mm)

 
   SNI eq. (11-13)

 sec 11.4.7.9: s

     

d

40
bw

Page 092


Start
Change the
Find : Vu dimension of
beam

yes Vu < ½ Vc no Vu > Vc Vs = Vu - Vc

yes
no
* No shear - yes
½ Vc Vu Vc Vs > 0.66 ( f’c) bw d
reinforcement
define : Ø and no
Finish use Av min define : Ø
2
And not less than  
  Av min =    Vs = Av fyt d

    s

41
1 1

Check :
spacing of shear reinforcement, s

no yes
Vs > 0.33( f’c) bw d
smax = d/2 or 600 mm smax = d/4 or 300 mm

no
s < smax s = smax Finish
yes
* Use double stirrups or
s < smin yes
* Increase Ø
no
2
Finish
42

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  

Determine required size and spacing of vertical stirrups for a 6 m span,

simply supported beam, with uniform loading wu = 65 kN/m’.
bw = 0.3 m fy = 240 MPa
h = 0.5 m fc’ = 25 MPa

 
at support: Vu = ½ wu L = ½ x 65 x 6 = 195 kN

at distance d from support: Vu = (3 – 0.45) / 3 x 195 = 165.75 kN

 
Vc = 0.17 c’ bw d = 0.75 x 0.17 x 1 x 86.06 kN
Vu > Vc

43

  

(195 – 86.06)
xc = = 1.7 m
(195 / 3)
  
  
(195 – 0.5 x 86.06)
xm = = 2.37 m
(195 / 3)
xm = 2.37 m
xc = 1.70 m

165.75
Vu = 195 kN
Vc = 86.06
½ Vc = 43.03 CL

d=450
44
3.00 m

Page 094


 
Vs = Vu - Vc = 165.75 – 86.06 = 79.69 kN
Vs > 0.66 fc’ bw d
79.69 > 0.75 x 0.66 x
79.69 > 334.13
appropriate

 
Av fy d
(Vu - Vc)
0.75 x 2 x ¼ x 102 x 240 x 450
= = 160 mm
(165,750 – 86,060)
– 150 mm

45

 

Vs > 0.33 c’ bw d
79.69 > 0.75 x 0.33 x
79.69 > 167.06 (No)

max
600 mm

smax of Ø10 stirrups corresponding to minimum reinforcement

area requirements:
A f 2 x ¼ x 102 x 240
s = 0.35v yb = = 359 mm
w 0.35 x 300

max = 225 mm (controls)

46

Page 095


xm = 2.37 m
xc = 1.70 m
2d = 0.90 m
Vu
Vu at d

Vc CL
½ Vc

50 mm 6 @ 150 mm 7 @ 225 mm
Ø10 - 150 mm Ø10 - 225 mm

900 + 1575 = 2475 mm > xm = 2370 mm

No stirrups are required

near midspan 47

   

Determine required spacing of vertical stirrups for a beam subject to axial

tension.
b = 300 mm fc’ = 25 MPa (sand-light weight concrete, fct not specified)
h = 450 mm fy = 240 mm
Mu = 150 kNm; Nu = 120 kN (tension); Vu = 140 kN

 
Since average splitting tensile strength fct
by a factor of 0.85 (sand- see sec 8.6.1
0.29Nu
Vc = 0.17 x 1+ fc’ bw 2847:2012 sec 11.2.2.3
Ag
0.29 x (-120000)
= 0.75 x 0.17 x 0.85 1 + 25 x 300 x 0.9 x 450
300 x 450
= 48,866 N
48

Page 096


 
Vs > 0.66 c’ bw d
(140,000 – 48,866) > 0.75 x 0.66 x
91,134 > 300,713
appropriate

 
Av fy d
(Vu - Vc)
0.75 x 2 x ¼ x 102 x 240 x 405
= = 126 mm
91,134
– 125 mm

49

 
Vs > 0.33 c’) bw d
91,134 > 0.75 x 0.33 x
91,134 > 150,356 N (No)

600 mm

smax of Ø10 stirrups corresponding to minimum reinforcement

area requirements:
Av fyt 2 x ¼ x 102 x 240
s = = = 359 mm
0.35 bw 0.35 x 300

max = 203 mm (controls)

max = 200 mm

Summary: Use Ø10 – 125 mm 50

Page 097


   

A tied compression member has been designed for the given load conditions.
Determine shear reinforcement requirements for the column.
b x h = 400 x 400 m2 fc’ = 25 MPa fy = 240 MPa
Nu = 50,000 N; Vu = 80,000 N

 
Nu
Vc = 0.17 1+ c ’ bw sec 11.2.1.2
14Ag
50,000
= 0.75 x 0.17 x 1 1 + x 400 x 0.8 x 400
14 x 400 x 400
= 83,421 > Vu = 80,000 N

 Since ½ Vc < Vu < Vc, then minimum shear reinforcement requirements

must be satisfied.
51

 
Av min fyt
smin =
0.062 c’ bw
2 x ¼ x 102 x 240
= = 304 mm
0.062
And not less than:
Av min fyt 2 x ¼ x 102 x 240
s = = = 269 mm (controls)
0.35 bw 0.35 x 400

max

Summary: Use Ø10 – 160 mm

52

Page 098


Torsion on structural systems may be classified into :




 

 

  

Page 099


By changing the rigid connection

 
at point B into a simply supported
end, this system would become
a statically determinate structure.

By changing the fixed end at point A

 
into a free end, this system would
be a statically determinate structure.

SNI 2847:2012 sec 11.5.2 including Fig. S11.5.2.1 and S11.5.2.2

• Centre portion of a solid beam can be neglected.

• Torsion is resisted through a constant shear flow q (force per unit length
of wall centerline) acting around the centerline of the tube. For
equilibrium:
   … (1)
4

Page 100


Rearranging Eq. (1)


  … (2)

Where:
= shear stress, assumed uniform, across wall thickness
t = wall thickness
T = applied torque
Ao = area enclosed within the tube centerline
5

When concrete beam is subjected to a torsional moment causing principal

the  is idealized as .

Page 101


Shear force V2 is equal to the shear flow q times the height of the wall y 0.
Stirrups are designed to yield when the maximum torque is reached. The
number of stirrups intersected is a function of the stirrups spacing s and
the horizontal projection y0 cot of the inclined surface.
From vertical equilibrium:
 
   
…(3)


As the shear flow is

constant over the height of
the wall,

   …(4)

Substituting for V2 in Eqs (3) and (4),
  
 … (5)
 7

Horizontal component
equal to:
  

Internally, it is assumed that the longitudinal steel yields when the maximum
torque is reached. Summing the internal and external forces in the chords of
all the space truss walls results in:
              
 
  
Where Alfyl is the yield force in all longitudinal reinforcement required for
torsion. Rearranging the above equation,
 
    … (6)
 

Page 102


Torsion can be neglected if the factored torque Tu is less than Tcr/4,

where Tcr is the cracking torque. The cracking torque corresponds to a
principal tensile stress of c’)/3. Prior to cracking, thickness of the tube
wall “t” and the area enclosed by the wall centerline “Ao” are related to the
uncracked section geometry on the following assumptions:


  … (7)


   … (8)
(Before cracking)
Where: Acp = area enclosed by outside perimeter of concrete cross-
section, including the void of hollow cross-sections, mm2.
pcp = outside perimeter of concrete cross-section, mm.
A0 = area within centerline of the thin-wall tube, mm2. 9

Substituting for t from Eq.(7), A0 from Eq.(8), and taking c’)/3 in

Eq.(1), the cracking torque for nonprestressed members can be derived:
 
  … (9)
 

The design for torsion can be neglected if Tu < ¼ Tcr, i.e:


For nonprestressed members     … (10)



10

Page 103


The design torsional strength should be equal to or greater than required

torsional strength:

  … 

The nominal torsional moment strength in terms of stirrup yield strength:

 
 
  

Where: Ao = 0.85 Aoh (after cracking, concrete cover is ignored)

Aoh = area enclosed by centerline of the outermost closed
transverse torsional reinforcement.
= angle of compression diagonal. (45° for nonprestressed)
Substituting for T from Eq.(5) into Eq.(6) and replacing 2 (x o + yo) with ph
(perimeter of centerline of outermost closed transverse torsional
reinforcement), the longitudinal reinforcement required to resist torsion 11

is computed as a function of the transverse

reinforcement:
  
  … 
  


To reduce unsightly cracking and prevent

crushing of the concrete compression struts,
SNI code prescribes an upper limit for the
maximum stress due to shear and torsion.
In solid sections, stresses due to shear act over the full width of the
section, while stresses due to torsion are assumed resisted by a thin-
walled tube. Thus, SNI specifies an elliptical interaction between stresses
due to shear and those due to torsion as follows:
 
   
    
 
 12

Page 104


Usually, a member subject to torsion will also be simultaneously subjected to

shear. The minimum area of stirrups for shear and torsion is computed from:
 
   


 
And not less than:


The minimum area of longitudinal reinforcement is computed from:

  
     
  

With  not less than 0.175 
13

• Spacing of stirrups must not exceed the smaller of p h/8 or 300 mm. …
SNI 2847:2012 sec 11.5.6.1
• SNI 2847:2012 sec 11.5.6.2 requires:
• The longitudinal reinforcement required for torsion must be
distributed around the perimeter of the closed stirrups, at a
maximum spacing of 300 mm.
• There should be at least one longitudinal bar or tendon in each
corner of the stirrups to help transmition of forces from the
compression struts to the transverse reinforcement.
• To avoid buckling of the longitudinal reinforcement due to the
transverse component of the compression struts, the longitudinal
reinforcement must have a diameter not less than 0.042 of the
stirrup spacing, but not less than 10 mm.

14

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

START

Calculate : Tu, Vu
yes
Tu < 0.083 f’c(Acp2/pcp)
no

The influence of Crushing of the concrete Redesign

yes
Torsion is compression struts? the section
neglected. using SNI eq.(61)
The Section is
designed as no
Shear Shear Consideration Torsion Consideration
consideration
alone Calculate : Vc Calculate : Tn u
using SNI eq.(11-3) using SNI eq.(11-20)
Finish
1 2

15

1 2

Choose the Ø of stirrup Choose the Ø of stirrup

and find Av/s and find At/s

Combined shear and torsion:

At/s + Av/(2s)

Find: stirrup spacing, s

Check s(max)

For torsion: For shear::

smax= ph/8 or 300 mm smax= d/2 or 300 mm

yes
s > smax ? max
no
3

16

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

Check minimum stirrup area

(Av+2At) using SNI eq.(11-23)

yes
(Av+2At) < Atotal,min ? Use Atotal,min
no
Determine stirrups layout

Calculate longitudinal torsion

reinforcement, Al using SNI eq.(11-22)

Al < Al,min yes

Use Al = Al,min
no
Finish

17

 











   

Design a precast, nonprestressed concrete spandrel beam for combined

shear and torsion. Roof members are simply supported on spandrel ledge.
Spandrel beams are connected to columns to transfer torsion.
18

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

Design criteria:
Live load = 1.44 kN/m2 fc’ = 35 MPa
Dead load = 3.06 kN/m2 fy = 400 MPa

1. Assume double tee loading on spandrel beam as uniform. Calculate

factored loading Mu, Vu, Tu for spandrel beam.

400


75 600 TT
800





19

Dead load:
Superimposed = 3.06 x (18)/2 = 27.54 kN/m’
Spandrel 3
= [(0.4 x 0.8) + (0.2 x 0.15)] x 24 kN/m = 8.4 kN/m’
Total = 35.94 kN/m’

Live load = 1.44 x (18)/2 = 12.96 kN/m’

Factored load, qu = (1.2) (35.94) + (1.6) (12.96) = 63.86 kN/m’

63.86 x 92
At center of span, Mu = = 646.58 kNm
8
End shear Vu = (63.86) (9)/2 = 287.37 kN

factored load for torsion = (1.2) (27.54) + (1.6) (12.96) = 53.78 kN/m’

Eccentricity of double tee reaction relative to centerline of spandrel beam

= 200 + 75 = 275 mm
20

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

End torsional moment Tu = 53.78 (9)/2 (0.275) = 66.55 kNm

Critical section for shear for torsion is at distance “d” from face of

Therefore, critical section is at 720 + 200 = 920 mm from column

centerline.
At critical section: [(4500 – 920) = 3580 mm from midspan]
Vu = 287.34 (3580/4500) = 228.59 kN
Tu = 66.55 (3580/4500) = 52.94 kNm

2. Check if torsion may be neglected

Torsion may be neglected if:
Acp2
Tu < 0.083 c’ pcp
Acp = (400) (800) + (150) (200) = 350,000 mm 2
pcp = 2 (400 + 800) + 2 (150) = 2700 mm
21

350,0002
52.94 < 0.75 x 0.083 x 35
2700
52.94 < 16.71
310
3. Determine required area of stirrups for torsion
Tn u Centerline
of stirrups
where : Tn = 2 Ao At fyv cot / s
710
Ao = 0.85 Aoh
= 0.85 [ (310) (710) + (150) (110) ]
110
= 201,110 mm2
150
For nonprestressed concrete use = 45°

At Tu
s =
2 Ao fyv cot
52,940,000
= = 0.439 mm2/mm/1 leg
2 (0.75) (201,110) (400) (1)
22

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

4. Calculate required area of stirrups for shear

Vc = 0.17 c’ bw d = 0.17 (1) ( ) (400) (720) = 289,651 N
Vs = Vu/ - Vc = 228,590 / (0.75) – 289,651 = 15,136 N
Av Vs 15,136 2
s = fyv d = (400) (720) = 0.053 mm /mm/2 legs

5. Determine combined shear and torsion stirrups requirements

At Av
2
s + 2s = 0.439 + 0.053 / 2 = 0.466 mm /mm/1 leg 310

Use D10 with Ab = ¼ (10)2 = 78. 54 mm2 Centerline

of stirrups
78.54 710
s = = 169 – 160 mm
0.466
110
6. Check maximum stirrup spacing
For Torsion: spacing must not exceed ph/8 or 300 mm 150

ph = 2 (310 + 710) + 2 (150) = 2,340 mm

ph / 8 = 2,340 / 8 = 293 mm 23

For shear: spacing must not exceed d/2 or 300 mm

d/2 = 720 / 2 = 360 mm

Use smax

7. Check minimum stirrup area

0.35 bw s (0.35) (400) (290)
( Av + 2 At) = = = 102 mm2
fyv 400
Area provided = 2 (78.54) = 157 mm2 > Av min .

8. Determine stirrup layout

scritical
Critical section (3580)
smax
Column midspan
160
centerline = (3580) = 1975 mm
290
920 3580

24

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

Critical section

Column midspan
centerline

920 2000 1580

D10-160 D10-160 D10-290

9. Check for crushing of the concrete compression struts.

2 2
Vu Tu ph Vc
bw d 1.7 Aoh2 bw d + 0.66 c’

2 2 289,651
228,590 (52,940,000) (2,340)
+ (400) (720) 0.66
(400) (720) 1.7 (236,600)2

55 

25

10. Calculate longitudinal torsion reinforcement

At f
Al = p yv cot2 = (0.439 ) (2,340) 400 (1) = 1,027 mm2
s h fyl 400
Check minimum area of longitudinal reinforcement
At
Al,min = 0.42 p fyv
c’ Acp
fy s h fy
At 0.175 bw 400
s must not be less than = 0.175 = 0.175 mm2/mm
fyt 400
Al,min = 0.42 (0.439) (2,340) 400 = 1,146 mm2
400 400 (Governs)

The longitudinal reinforcement required for torsion must be distributed

around the perimeter of the closed stirrups, at a maximum spacing of
300 mm. The longitudinal bars should be inside the stirrups. There
should be at least one longitudinal bar in each corner of the stirrups.
26

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

Select 10 bars.
Area of each longitudinal bar = 1,146 / 10 = 115 mm2 D13

11. Bending reinforcement using D28 with ’/ = 0.5

Cc + Cs = T 0.85 fc’ 1 c2 b + 0.5 As . 600 (c – d’) = As fy c
0.85 x 35 x 0.8 c2 x 400 + 0.5 As 600 (c – 64) = As 400 c
9520 c2 – 100 As c – 19,200 As = 0 .... (1)
Mu = {Cc (d – ½ a) + Cs (d – d’)}
646,580,000 c = 0.9 {0.85 . 35 . 0.8c 2 . 400 (720 – ½ x0.8c )
+ 0.5 As 600 (c – 64) (720 – 64)}
3427.2 c3 – 6,168,960 c2 + 646,580,000 c – 196,800 As c
+ 12,595,200 As = 0 ... (2)
Found c = 75 mm, As = 2006 mm2 (4D28)
Check: fs’ = 88 MPa conform with the asumption
As’ = 0.5 As = 1003 mm2 (4D19)

27

12. Reinforcement arrangement:

4D19
5D13 5D13

4D28

28

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




















2

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

  is structural elements used primarily to support 

loads.

* Concrete columns are reinforced by  and  steel.

The transverse steel is generally in the form of  or 
.

* Types of columns :
1. 
The ultimate load at a given eccentricity is governed only by the
strength of the materials and the dimensions of the cross section.
2. 
The ultimate load is also influenced by slenderness, which produces
additional bending because of transverse deformation.

Ties Spiral Steel tubing

Concrete filled
Typically 300 - 400 mm Typically 50 - 75 mm Spiral

Pipe


 
 
  
 
 
4

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

        

Pn = nominal strength for tied column (third term omitted if no spiral)

kc = coefficient (0.85) to account for the difference between concrete
in the column and that in a test cylinder
f’c = concrete cylinder strength
Ac = net area of concrete
Ast = area of longitudinal reinforcement
fy = yield stress for longitudinal reinforcement
ks = constant that varies from 1.5 to 2.5 (with an average of 1.95)
fsy = yield stress of spiral steel
Asp = volume of spiral steel per unit length of column
Yield point (spirally reinforced
column shell spalls off)
Spirally reinforced column
Load

 shows ability to deform

prior to failure
Tied column fails suddenly
Tied and spirally reinforced columns

Deformation (unit shortening) 5

     

A1 A2 b
Where :
h P0 = maximum nominal strength for concentrically loaded
 short column
f’c = concrete strength
Ag = gross area of section = b h
Ast = total area of longitudinal reinforcement = A1 + A2
fy = steel yield strength

    

This equation is also in agreement with the
    
rectangular stress block assumptions where the
entire cross section is subject to a failure compressive
strain of 0.003.
6

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

It is common in reinforced concrete buildings that bending moments act

on all columns. These moments are generally due to :
1.  loads on both exterior and interior columns,
2.  such as crane loads in industrial buildings,
3.  such as from wind or earthquake.

monolithic
The vertical members are subjected
to a high ratio of axial force to
bending moment.



 e  e 


 A A
= =

Plastic
centroid Eccentrically
loaded member


 
 
 e


Section A-A

Page 116


When combined axial compression and bending moment act on a member

having a  (unbraced length Lu to radius of gyration r)
where column buckling is not a possible mode of failure, the strength of the
member is governed by the  of the cross section.
Pn-axis

 For this so-called ,
P0  the strength is achieved when the
extreme concrete compression fiber
Compression
e=0 controls reaches the strain 0.003.

Balanced strain Depending on the ratio of Mn to Pn,

condition the strain diagram will exhibit two

distinct categories :
Tension 1.  region
controls 2.  region
e=
M0  Mn-axis

Pn-axis Axis of bending


P0 


Compression
e=0 controls s< y 0.003



Balanced strain
condition 0.003
 
fy 
s = y =
Tension Es
 controls 0.003 
e=
s> y

M0  Mn-axis


There may be compression over most or all of the section such that the compressive strain
in the concrete reaches 0.003 before section the tension steel yields.

Tension in a large portion of the section such that the strain in the tension steel is greater
than the yield strain when the compressive strain in the concrete reaches 0.003.
10

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

Pn
Compression
control

e’ cb 0.003 Balanced
= Tension
d” e = eb d fy/Es + 0.003 control
N.A Plastic centroid Mn
600
As As’   cb = d
b  fy + 600
Force equilibrium requires :
s = y     
cb
Where :
s’
cu = 0.003 Cc = 0.85 fc’ a b = 0.85 fc’ 1 cb b
d’ Cs = As’ fs’
d T = As fy
h
Actual stress distribution Taking moments about the plastic centroid
  
T = As f y
Pn = Pb
Cc Cs Both equations can be solved to obtain
a = 1cb
Pb and eb 11

Pn
Compression
control
e’
d” e Balanced
Tension
N.A Plastic centroid control

As  Mn
b 
As’ Force equilibrium :
    
d
s < y c
d’ Where :
Cc = 0.85 fc’ a b = 0.85 fc’ 1c b
s’ > y Cs = As’ fy
cu = 0.003 T = As fs
Pn
Taking moments about the plastic centroid
 
T = As f s Cc Cs
a= 1c
12

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Pn
Compression
e’ control

d” e Balanced
Plastic centroid N.A Tension
control
As  Mn
b 
As’ Force equilibrium :
    
d
Where :
> Cc = 0.85 fc’ a b = 0.85 fc’ 1c b
s y c
d’ Cs = As’ fs’
s’
T = As fy
cu = 0.003
Pn
Taking moments about the plastic centroid
 
T = As f Y Cc Cs
a
13

Po
  
 
Pn (max)
SNI 2847:2012 sec 10.3.6)
Where :
P0 = 0.85 fc’ (Ag - Ast) + fy Ast
fc’ = concrete strength
Ag = gross area of column section
Ast = total area of longitudinal reinforcement
fy = steel yield strength
Mn

14

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
 
 Maximum axial compression permitted by SNI
 Pn (max) = 0.80 P0 (tied)
Pn (max) = 0.85 P0 (spirally reinforced)
 
Compression controls




Tension controls

  
15

The percentage of longitudinal reinforcement must be :

  SNI 2847:2012 sec 10.9.1

Where :
= As / Ag
As = total area of longitudinal reinforcement
Ag = gross area of section

16

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* Are used to  in position

* Providing  so that individual bar could have the tendency
to buckle only between the tie support.
*  of columns.
* Are placed at a sufficiently close spacing provide  and
increase the strain at which concrete crushes to values well above
the maximum of 0.003.


* All nonprestressed bars for tied columns shall be  by lateral ties
* The ties shall be so arranged that  and alternate longitudinal
bar shall have lateral support provided by the corner of a tie.
* Where the bars are located around the periphery of a circle, a 
 tie may be used.
17

Alternate position of hooks

 in successive sets of ties
(for all bar arrangements)

db
Dc2
 Ac = 4
h2
Ag = 4

Dc
 h
as = area of
spiral
s

    
 
 
 
    SNI 03-2847-2002
  eq. (27)
18

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 For longer member, the effect of


 /r (ratio of unbraced
< 3b length u to radius of gyration r) must be
3b
considered. For this member, 
b may control the strength.
b b Note : r = (I/A)
 b

W
P P
 due to 
 has become increasingly important.
M = Primary bending moment

P = Secondary bending moment

19



 
 

 
 

k u Where :
Pc = buckling load
Et = tangent modulus of elasticity of concrete
at the buckling load
I = moment of inertia of the effective section
 k u = equivalent pin-end length
k = effective length factor
u = actual unbraced length

20

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
 
 

k u = 0.7 u

k u =1 u u k u =½ u u u k u < u

   
   
   
   
The magnitude of the slenderness ratio determines the .
The reference condition for slenderness ratio is that of a column with .
Equivalent pin-end lengths of columns with end restraints can be expressed by k u,
where k is the effective length factor and u is the actual unsupported length.
21



A vital factor in the determination of the equivalent pin-end length is

whether the structural system is :
  so that relative movement of the ends of a compression member
transverse to the axis of the member is prevented, or
*  where such relative movement is possible and restraint is
provided only by the rigidity of the joints and the stiffness of interacting
beams and columns.

For   

For  

22

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

 Columns and stories in structures shall be designated as nonsway or sway

columns or stories. The design of columns in nonsway frames or stories shall be
based on sec. 10.10.6. The design of columns in sway frames or stories shall be
based on sec. 10.10.7

 -
order effects does not exceed 5% of the first-order end moments.
or
 Nonsway structures if:
 

 

where: Pu = total vertical load at the story in question

Vus = story shear at the story in question
o = first-order relative deflection between the top and bottom of
that story due to Vus

23


 


u u u

k u >2 u

k u = u k u =2 u
  Partial
restraint 



 

 
 


24

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

   

k u
2
u u k u >2 u
0.7 u <k u < u

 
   

u 0.5 u <k u < 0.7 u u

u< k u <2 u



25




The effective length factor k is a function of


the end restraint factor A and B, for the
  top and bottom joints at the ends of the
 member.

  (for column members)


 (for beam members)
  



26

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

27


The SNI is to permit the design of compression members as ,
, when :
  
   for  - SNI 2847:2012

sec 10.10.1

   for  - SNI 2847:2012

 sec 10.10.1
Where :
k = effective length factor I = moment inertia of section
u = unbraced length A = gross area of section
r = radius of gyration = (I/A) M1 = smaller bending moment at member end
M2 = larger bending moment at member end

28

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According to the moment area

 principle, the midspan deflection 1
  equals the moment of the
M/(EI) diagram between the support
0
and midspan :
x 1


Primary        
Mi Mm bending  
moment, Mi
L/ ( + 1)P 
0
     

P Secondary
bending Where :
Centroid of moment, P
L/2 shaded area 0 = deflection due to
primary bending moment
1 = additional deflection due to
secondary bending moment

29

From which : 
    
  
    0

   
x 1

Primary
where = PL2 / ( 2/EI) Mi Mm bending
Since moment, Mi
max is the sum of 0 and 1,
L/ ( 0 + 1)P

    
P Secondary
 Centroid of bending
     L/2 moment, P
  shaded area

The maximum bending moment, including the effect of axial load, becomes :

     

Where : 
and



 
  30

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 
   
M M
P P 1.0 + 0.2 - + Mm

P w Mm
P 1.0 - +

L/2 Q Mm
P P 1.0 - 0.2 - +

w Mm
P P 1.0 - 0.3 1.0 - 0.4 +
-
w Mm
P P 1.0 - 0.4 1.0 - 0.4 +
- -

Q Mm
P L/2 P +
1.0 - 0.4 1.0 - 0.3 -

L/2 Q Mm
P P 1.0 - 0.6 1.0 - 0.2 +
- -

P P Mm
See general Not +
MA MB -
MA MB equation available
31

M1 M2
P P

z y  

Primary Moment, Mi
M1 M2
M2 > M1
Py
Secondary Moment, Py

Where :   = magnification factor


  

M1 and M2 are moments on a “braced” member

32

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



 

Lu

Where :   = magnification factor

 
 M2 = maximum moment at the member

33

      (SNI eq. (30))


 Where :

 = moment magnification factor  

 (SNI eq. (10-12))

 (with transverse loading)
 
 (end moments only) - M1/M2 is positive
 
when the member is bent in single curvature

   (SNI eq. (10-17))
 
Pu = factored axial load of column
Pc = 2EI/(k 2
u) = critical axial load
EI = (0.2EcIg + EsIse) / (1+ dns) or 0.4EcIg / (1+ dns)
M1 = smaller bending moment at member end
M2 = larger bending moment at member end
34

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        (SNI eq. (10-18))

         (SNI eq. (10-19))

Where :
  = factored end moment on and compression member due to loads that
cause no appreciable sidesway.
 = moment magnification factor for frames not braced against sidesway to
 reflect lateral drift resulting from lateral and gravity loads
 
  (SNI eq. (10-21)

  
 
  = factored end moment on compression member at the end at which M1
acts, due to loads that cause appreciable sidesway.

35

2 EI
Pc = 2
(SNI eq. (10-13))
(k u)

0.2 Ec Ig + Es Ise 0.4EcIg

EI = (SNI eq. (10-14)) or 1 + dns (SNI eq.(34)
1 + dns
Ec = concrete modulus of elasticity 4700 fc’ MPa
Es = steel modulus of elasticity = 2.105 MPa
Ig = gross moment of inertia of concrete section neglecting reinforcement
Ise = moment of inertia of reinforcement

d = ratio of the factored axial dead load to total factored axial load combination
= PDU / (PDU + PLU) for BRACED FRAME
= VU / VU for UN-BRACED FRAME (if lateral load is permanent)
= 0 for UN-BRACED FRAME (if lateral load is temporary)

36

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START

Define the section of column, b and h 3

Calculate effective length factor, k

using the alignment charts

yes BRACED FRAME no

k u/r < 34 - 12 M1/M2 k u/r < 22

yes Designed as Short Column yes
no no
1

Designed as
Slender Column

37



Calculate the loads :

PU = 1.2PD + 1.6PL Pn(max)
MU = 1.2MD + 1.6ML PU . emin
where : emin = 15.24 + 0.03h (mm)

With PU and MU,

calculate the column reinforcement,
using P - M Diagram

yes < ( = 1%)

min

no
> ( = 8%) yes Redesign the
Use = min max
section
no
As = . Ag 3

FINISH
38

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

Calculate the Loads :

PU = 1.2PD + 1.6PL Pn (max)
Mns, Mns (due to loads which result in no appreciable sidesway)
Ms (due to load which result in appreciable sidesway)
d = 1.2PD / PU

EI = {0.2Ec.Ig + Es.Ise} / (1 + d)
Pc = 2 EI / (k u)2

yes BRACED MEMBER no

yes
M1 = 0? M1/M2 1
no Cm = 1
Cm = 0.6 + 0.4 M1/M2 0.4
s = 1 / (1 - PU / 0.75 Pc) 1
ns = Cm / (1 - Pu / 0.75 Pc) 1

4 39

M2 Pu . emin
M1 = M1 + s . M1s
M2 = M2 + s . M2s

With PU and M1, M2

calculate the column reinforcement,
using P - M Diagram

yes < ( = 1%)

min

no
> ( = 8%) yes Redesign the
Use = min max
section
no
As = . Ag 3

FINISH

40

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

 of columns = 0 (fixed end)

  of beams = 10 (column end supported on footing)
= (theoretical hinged end)
 
  EIcol g
  EIbeam g



   M1 < M2 ;

     M1b/M2b positive for single curvature
Approximate values of r :
  r = 0.3h for rectangular columns

  r = 0.25h for circular columns

41



 

Larger  
of 

 



see nomogram (alignment chart)

 see nomogram (alignment chart)

 
 * Transverse loading,  

* End moments only,   

M1 < M2 ;
M1/M2 positive for single curvature
  

42

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 
       (M2 = larger end moment)

 
 


         

        


 
 

 

43



1.   

dns is basically to express the ratio of ultimate permanent load to total ultimate
permanent load, thus:
Braced frame : dns = PDU / (PDU + PLU)
Un-braced frame : ds = VU / VU of columns at the same level
for dynamic loading (earthquake dan wind) = 0 because
there is no shear permanent loading.

2. 
For columns : use Igross
For beams : use 0.5 Igross

3.  
Mmin is the limitation used for M2ns, and not for Mc.

44

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

(250x250)
300 X 500 300 X 500 Determine the adequacy of the interior
top floor column (column A) of the
3 @ 3.65 m

300 X 500 300 X 500

braced frame. The column is 250x250
250x250 with 8D22 bars (fy = 400 MPa and
fc’ = 20 MPa) and is to carry a service
axial compression of 360 kN live load
4 @ 7.30 m
and 120 kN dead load.
The bending moments at Column A due to factored loads at both ends are 20 kNm and 25
kNm respectively. Determine the magnified moment Mc if there is no lateral loading.



 
The clear length of column : u = 3650 - 500 = 3150 mm
If the rational evaluation of end restraint is not made and taking the effective length -
factor k = 1 for a braced frame, and radius of gyration may be taken as 0.3h,
45

then : k u 1 (3150)
= 0.3 (250) = 42
r

 
Since the end moments are negligible, the minimum eccentricity provision govern the
design. Accordingly, the deformation should be considered as single curvature with
M1/M2 = positive. The slenderness limit is :
k u M1
= 34 - 12 = 24.4 < 42
r M2
limit
Thus slenderness effects must be considered.
Note: M2 min = Pu . emin = 720 (15 + 0.03h) = 720 (15 + 0.03 . 250) /1000 = 16.2 kNm

 
Cm
ns = P
1 - 0.75u P
c

where : Cm = 0.6 + 0.4 * (20/25) = 0.92

Pu = 1.2 (120) + 1.6 (360) = 720 kN
46

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For the stiffness parameter EI using :

8D22 tied : Ø10
Ec = 4700 fc’ = 4700 20 = 21019 MPa
Ig = 250 (250)3 / 12 = 325520833 mm4
Es = 2.105 MPa
Is = 6 (¼ 222) (64)2 = 9342142 mm4
1.2 (120) 64 64
d = = 0.2
1.2 (120) + 1.6 (360)
0.2 EcIg + EsIs 0.4 EcIg
EI = = 2.7.1012 Nmm2 or EI = = 2.3.1012 Nmm2
1+ d 1+ d
2 EI 2 2.7.1012
Pc = 2 = [ 1 (3150)]2 = 2685607 N = 2686 kN
(k u)
Cm
0.92
ns = Pu = = 1.43
1- 1 - 720 / [0.75 (2686)]
0.75 Pc

Mc = ns . M2 = 1.43 x 25 = 35.75 kNm

47

(d) 
For the beam, the cracked section moment of inertia is recommended. An approximation
is: Ibeam = Icr = Ig/2 = [(300) (500)3 / 12 ]/ 2 = 15625.105 mm4.
Ig column = 2504 / 12 = 3255.21.105 mm4

End restraint factors,

EI / for cols Ec . 3255.21.105 / 3650
A (top) = = = 0.21
EI / for beams 2 (Ec . 15625.105/ 7300)
2 (Ec . 3255.21.105 / 3650)
B (bottom) = = 0.42
2 (Ec . 15625.105/ 7300)
From the alignment chart, k = 0.63
The more correct effective slenderness ratio is :
k u 0.63 (3150)
= = 26.46 > 24.4 (the limit, see previous calculation)
r 0.3 (250)
The magnification factor is also affected,
2 EI 2 2.7.1012
Pc = = = 6767 kN
(k u)2 [ 0.63 (3150)]2
Cm
0.92
ns = Pu = = 1.07
1 - 0.75 P 1 - 720 / [0.75 (6767)]
c
Mc = ns . M2 = 1.07 x 25 = 26.75 kNm 48

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 
The strength of the section may be checked by this following methods :
Pu = 720 kN
Mu = Mc = 26.75 kNm
Mu min = Pu * emin = 720,000 * (15.24+0.03*250) = 16,200,000 Nmm

sing P-M Diagram of fig. 6.2.f - CUR IV (assume d’/h = 0.2):

Pu . e 26.75 x 106 1.04
x-axis = = = 0.15
Ag 0.85 f’c h 0.65 (250)2 0.85 (20) (250)
Pu 720 x 103
y-axis = = = 1.04
Ag 0.85 f’c 0.65 (250)2 0.85 (20)

Required = r . = 0.03 x 0.8 = 0.024 OK ! 0.15

Actual = As / Ag = 8 (¼ 222) / (250)2 = 0.049

49

(250x250)
300 X 500 300 X 500

Repeat Example 1, now consider

3 @ 3.65 m

300 X 500 300 X 500

250x250 the frame as unbraced frame.

4 @ 7.30 m



In general, members in unbraced frames will have end moments on the members. In this
example, let the factored column moments due to gravity be negligible and the factored
column moment due to lateral loads, M2s = 10 kNm (assume that the lateral load is applied
temporarily).

50

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 
From part (d) of Example 1, the end restraint factor are :
A (top) = 0.21 B (bottom) = 0.42
From the alignment chart (nomogram) , k = 1.1

  

From part (c) of Example 1, EI = 3.24.1012 Nmm2 (for column - dns = 0, no transverse
2 EI 2 3.24.1012 loading).
Pc = 2 = = 2663 kN
(k u) [ 1.1 (3150)]2
Assuming Pu/Pc is the same for all columns in the story, Pu/ Pc = Pu/Pc,
Pu 720
= = 0.36
0.75Pc 0.75 (2663)
Cm 1.0
s = = = 1.56
1 - Pu/(0.75 Pc) 1 - 0.36


M2 = M2 + s M2s
= Pu . emin + s M2s
= 16.2 + 1.56 x 10 = 31.8 kNm (note: M2 2, min)
51

The ratio of value of x-axis to y-axis:

Pu . e 31,800,000
x-axis = Ag 0.85 f’c h = 0.65 (250)2 0.85 (20) (250) = 0.18
Pu 720,000 r = 0.04
y-axis = Ag 0.85 f’c = 0.65 (250)2 0.85 (20) = 1.04

y The required to sustain Pu and Mc is:

Pu
Ag 0.85 f’c
= r * = 0.04 * 0.8 = 0.032
1.04 A
actual = As / Ag = 8 (¼ 222) / (250)2 = 0.049

Then actual > required

x
Pu e
0.18 Ag 0.85 f’c h

52

Page 138


A 500 x 500 mm2 rectangular column

A

4.50
section is part of the first floor exterior
500x500 500x500
elements of the unbraced frame.

4.50
ln This column is to carry a service
350x600 350x600
A axial compression of 660 kN live load
500x500

4.50
500x500
B
and 965 kN dead load.
B The bending moment due to gravity load
9.50 9,50 9.50 (M2) = 95 kNm and due to dynamic
load (M2s) = 395 kNm.

Assume that bending moment is linear from +M to -M/2 at the top and bottom
end of column respectively. The concrete strength is 35 MPa and steel strength is 400 MPa.
Determine the magnified moment M2, and the 4-side reinforcement of this column.

Note: Factored lateral loads (shear forces) in every column in 1st floor is 35 kN.

53

Beam section in cracking condition :

ACI recommends a simplified calculation of moment of inertia as :
Icr = ½ Igr = b h3 / 24 = (350) (600)3 / 24 = 3.15 . 109 mm4

I(col) = Ig = 5004 / 12 = 5.2 . 109 mm4

Effective pin-end length :

EI / n (col) 2 E ( 5.2 . 109) / 4500 A
A = = = 6.97
EI / n (beam) 1 E ( 3.15 . 109) / 9500
B = 0 (fixed end)
B
From the nomogram 7.2c  for unbraced member : k = 1.58 thus :
k . u = 1.58 (4200) = 44.24 > 22
r (0.3) (500)

Then the slenderness effect may not be neglected.

54

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

 
Pu = 1.2D + 1.6L = 1.2 . 965 + 1.6 . 660 = 2214 kN 

M -95
M1= - 2 = = - 47.5 kNm
2 2
n

Ec = 4700 fc’ 
= 4700 35 = 27806 MPa

Ig = 1 . b . h3 = 1 . 5004 = 5.21 . 109 mm4
12 12
Ise = Ast . [ ½ . ( h - 2d’) ]2 Static moment of reinforcement to center of mass.
= . Agross [ ½ ( h - 2d’) ]2 preliminary assumption 4%
= 0.04 . 500 . 500 [ ½ ( 500 - 2 . 64 ) ]2
= 3.46 . 108 mm4

d (sway) = VU / VU = 35 / (4 . 35) = 0.25

Ec . Ig/5 + Es . Ise (27806) (5.21 . 109)/ 5 + (2.105) (3.46.108)
EI(col) sway = 1 + dns =
1 + 0.25
= 7.853 . 1013 Nmm2 ( or 4.64 . 1013 Nmm2) 55

2 2 . 7.853 . 1013
EI
Pc (sway) = = = 17600 kN
(k u)
2 (1.58 . 4200)2

 
1
s = 1
1 - ( Pu / 0.75 Pc)
There are two exterior columns and two interior columns. The slenderness effect
and the critical load capacity 0.75Pc of each columns are :
For exterior columns : k = 1.58 (see previous page) and Pc = 17600 kN
For interior columns :
2 E (5.2.109 / 4500)
A (top) = = 3.49
2 E (3.15.109 / 9500) k = 1.4
B (bottom) = 0 (fixed end)
2 EI 2 (7.853.1013 )
Pc = (k . 2 = [(1.4) (4200)]2 = 22417 kN
u)

Pc = 2 (Pc exterior) + 2 (Pc interior) = 2 (17600) + 2 (22417) = 80034 kN

Pu = 14040 kN (total factored compression load for four columns, calculated
from structural analysis)
56

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

Then the magnification factor s is :

1
s = 1
1 - ( Pu / 0.75 Pc)
1
= = 1.31
1 - [14040 / 0.75 (80034)]


M2 = M2 + s . M2s
= 95 + 1.31 . 395
= 612.45 kNm

57


With Pu = 2214 kN dan M2 = 612.45 kNm and using nomogram 6.2.e - CUR IV :
d’/h = 64 / 500 = 0.128 0.15
Pu 2214 . 103
y-axis = = = 0.46
Agr . 0.85 . fc’ 0.65 . 5002 . 0.85 . 35
M 612.45 . 106 r = 0.03
x-axis = = 2
= 0.25
Agr . 0.85 . fc’ . h 0.65 . 500 . 0.85 . 35 . 500
= r . = 0.03 . 1.33 = 0.04
As = 0.04 (500)2 = 10000 mm2 16 D 32

60
500 16 D 32
Stirrup Ø 10

500 Concrete cover = 40 mm

58

Page 141


w A basic requirement in reinforced concrete :

* There is a  between reinforcement and
the surrounding concrete.
*  of the steel bar relative to its
w surrounding concrete under service load.
* Bars should  by embedment
beyond the point where the loading causing
maximum tension, in a distance 
of the bar.


Page 142


w
The moment capacity of a beam
   is also depending on
of
steel bars in both directions.
L1 L2
L1 L2 
u  u 
   
 …(1)
    

Thus the development length Ld required for the anchoring of bars acting
at yield stress is :
Where :
  uu = ultimate bond stress capacity over
    the nominal surface area db L1
db = diameter of bar
…(2) fy = yield stress of bar
3

As moment varies along a span, the

tensile force in the steel also varies;
 
this induces a longitudinal interaction
  dz 
between the bars and the surrounding
concrete, known as 

dz The bending moment MD equals the

 u  internal forces C and T times the moment
  arm between them, thus :
 
   and  

From horizontal force equilibrium :      .
Substituting both equations gives :
      

    

Page 143



* Relatively smooth bars was thought of as an adhesion between
concrete paste and the surface of the bar. In fact, even with low
tensile stress there would be 
.
*  can also cause frictional drag against the bar.


* Were designed so that there would be 
 (though they still exist) and 
.
* Bond failure in normal weight concrete is nearly always a .
5


Concrete splits into two or three segments due to the wedging action of
the lugs against the concrete.
Final splitting failure

Whole layer suddenly

splits after initial
horizontal splits at sides

First splitting  




 
 

Page 144



In beams with large cover, there may tend to be
air pockets at the underside of bars cast in the top
Air pockets of beams. The lugs bearing against the concrete may
crush it and result in a  without splitting
the concrete.

* Because of the complex interrelationship between bond, shear and

moment, present design practice makes use of a large number of
.

* In general, bond strength is directly   and

.


The action of splitting arises from a stress
condition to a concrete cylinder surrounding
a reinforcing bar and acted upon by the
outward radial components of the bearing 
forces from the bar. 

s  
Cs Cs Cs  
db db Cs1 db Cs2 Cs2 db Cs1  

Failure plane 
Cb Cb

 If Cs is only slightly greater than Cb

.
If Cs significantly greater than Cb


 8

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

1. Inability of the flexural bond stress equation bond

stress along tension reinforcement in a beam
2. between localized slip from high flexural bond stress
and the strength of a beam as represented by splitting and
subsequent loss of anchorage of the tension bar.
Flexure
cracks

Actual fs Calculated fs
(at crack)
Near max ultimate
bond stress
0 0



9


Development length d, in terms of diameter db for deformed bars and
deformed wire in tension shall be determined from either 12.2.2 or 12.2.3,
but d shall not be less than 300 mm.

 Back to example

D-19 and smaller bars and D-22 and larger bars

deformed wire
Clear spacing of bars > db, clear A B
cover > db, and stirrups or ties >
Avmin d = fy   d fy  
=
or db 2.1 c’
db 1.7 c’
Clear spacing of bars > 2db and
clear cover > db
Other cases C fy D fy  
d   d
= =
db 1.4 c’
db 1.1 c’
10

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


In general: fy    in which the term
d
= (cb+Ktr)/db shall not be
db cb + Ktr
1.1 c’
db taken greater than 2.5
Back to example
Where:
d = development length, mm
db = nominal diameter of bar or wire, mm
fy = specified yield strength of nonprestressed bar or wire, MPa
fc’ = specified compressive strength of concrete, MPa

 = reinforcement location factor

= 1.3 for horizontal reinforcement so placed that more than 300 mm of fresh concrete
is cast below the bar being developed or spliced
= 1.0 for other reinforcement
 = coating factor
= 1.5 for epoxy-coated bars or wires with cover < 3db or clear spacing < 6db
= 1.2 for all other epoxy-coated bars or wire
= 1.0 for uncoated reinforcement
11

However, the product   need not be taken larger than 1.7

 = reinforcement size factor

= 0.8 for D-19 and smaller bars and deformed wires
= 1.0 for D-22 and larger bars
= lightweight aggregate concrete factor
= 0.85 for lightweight sand concrete, 0.75 for lightweight concrete
= fct / (0.56 fc’ ), but not less than 0.75 when fct is specified
= 1.0 for normal weight concrete
cb = spacing or cover dimension, mm
= the smaller of (1) distance from center of bar or wire being developed to the nearest
concrete surface, and (2) one-half the center-to-center spacing of bars or wires
being developed

Ktr = transverse reinforcement index

40 Atr
=
sn
Where:

12

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Atr = total cross-sectional area of all transverse reinforcement which is within the spacing
s and which crosses the potential plane of splitting through the reinforcement being
developed, mm2.
s = maximum spacing of transverse reinforcement within d, center-to-center, mm
n = number of bars or wires being developed along the plane of splitting

It shall be permitted to use Ktr = 0 as a design simplification even if transverse

reinforcement is present.

 
Reduction in development length shall be permitted where reinforcement in
a flexural member is in excess of that required by analysis except where
anchorage or development for fy is specifically required or the reinforcement
is designed under provisions section 21.1.1.6 ……. (As required)/(As provided)

13


Development length dc, in mm, for deformed bars in compression shall
be computed as the product of the basic development length d of
sec.12.3.2 and applicable modification factors of sec.12.3.3, but dc shall
not be less than 200 mm.

   

 

       

14

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

 
(1) Excess reinforcement ……………… (As required) / (As provided)
(2) Spiral and ties
Reinforcement enclosed within spiral reinforcement not less
than 6 mm in diameter and not more than 100 mm spacing
or within Ø13 mm ties in conformance with sec.7.10.5 and
spaced at not more than 100 mm on center …….. 0.75

15


 db
      

12db
db    
 
db  
Critical section
where full tensile
capacity of bar is 4db for D10 - D25 Where :
available 4db 65mm 5db for D29 - D36 hb = basic development length (mm)
6db for D43 - D57 dh = development length (mm)

dh
db = diameter of bar (mm)
8db or 150 mm fc’ = concrete strength (MPa)
 = 1.2 for epoxy coating reinf.
= 1.0 for reinf. without coating
= 0.75 for lightweight concrete
= 1.0 for normal concrete
16

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

 
Concrete cover 65 mm (for 180° hook) or
0.7 Concrete cover 50 mm (for 90° hook)

0.8 Ties or stirrups spaced along the full development length dh not greater than
3db, where db is diameter of hooked bar

required As
provided As Excess reinforcement is used for a flexural member

17

 Critical section:

* Points of maximum positive and negative moments (Mu+ and Mu-)
* Points within the span where adjacent reinforcement is terminated

 Reinforcement shall extend beyond the point at which it is no

longer required to resist flexure for a distance equal to the effective
depth of member or 12db, whichever is greater, except at support of
simple spans and at free end of cantilevers.

 Continuing reinforcement shall have an embedment length not less

than development length d beyond the point where bent or
terminated tension reinforcement is no longer required to resist
flexure.

18

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 




 
    
 
 
 
 
 


19

 At least As+/3 (for simple supported member) and As+/4 (for
continuous members) shall extend along the same face of

loading, settlement of support, and lateral loads.

 At simple supports and at point of inflection (M = 0), 

is limited such that:
Mn Note: 30% Mn/Vu shall be permitted when the
d a ends of reinforcement are confined by a
Vu compressive reaction.
where:
Mn = nominal moment strength
Vu = factored shear force
a = embedment length beyond center of support
= at point of inflection should be d or 12d b. 20

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21

 Applied for continuous, restrained, or cantilever member, or in

any member of a rigid frame.

 Negative moment reinforcement shall have an embedment

length into the span as required by 12.1 and 12.10.3)

 At least As/3 at a support shall have an embedment length

beyond the point of inflection not less than d, 12d b, or 1/16 of
clear span, whichever is greater.

 At interior supports of deep flexural members, negative moment

tension reinforcement shall be continuous with that of the
adjacent spans.

22

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23

 Minimum length for tension lap splices shall be as required for
Class A or B splice, but not less than 300 mm, where:

Class A splice ………………………….. 1.0 d

Class B splice ………………………….. 1.3 d

 Maximum percent of As spliced within required lap length

Maximum percent of As spliced within required lap

As provided
length
As required
50 100
Class A Class B
<2 Class B Class B
Back to example

24

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25

 Compression lap splice length:

= 0.071 fy db for fy
= (0.13fy – 24) db for fy > 400 MPa

c’ < 21 MPa, length of lap shall be increased by one third.

 When bars of different size are lap spliced in compression,

splice length shall be the larger of either development length of
larger bar, or splice length of smaller bar. Lap splice for D-45
and D-55 bars to D-36 and smaller bars shall be permitted.

26

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12.17.1 – Bar Use compression lap splice (12.16) modified by

stress in factor of 0.83 for ties and should 300 mm
compression (12.17.2.4)
(Zone 1) or modified by factor 0.75 for spirals and should
300 mm (12.17.2.5)
12.17.2.2 – Bar Use Class B tension lap splice (14.15) if more than
y in ½ of total columns bars spliced at same location
tension (Zone 2) Or
Use Class A tension lap splice (14.15) if not more
than ½ of total column bars spliced at same location
and staggered alternate splices is used d
12.17.2.3 – Bar Use Class B tension lap spliced
stress > 0.5fy in
tension (Zone 3)
27

28

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  

A beam at the perimeter of the structure has 7D28 top bars over the
support. Structural integrity provisions require that at least one-sixth of the
tension reinforcement be made continuous. Bars are to be spliced with a
Class A splice at midspan. Determine required length of Class A lap splice
for the following two cases:
Case A – Development computed from 12.2.2) of SNI 2847:2013
Case B – Development computed from 12.2.3) of SNI 2847:2013



 




29

Assume:
Lightweight concrete
Severe exposure (70 mm cover over stirrups)
Epoxy-coated bars
fc’ = 35 MPa
fy = 400 MPa
b = 750 mm


It is assumed that development of negative moment reinforcement has
been satisfied and, top bars are stopped away from midspan.
Minimum number of top bars to be made continuous for structural integrity
is 1/6 of 7 bars provided, i.e. 7/6 bars. Two corner bars will be spliced at
midspan.
Class A lap splice requires a 1.0 d length of bar lap

30

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 
For bar D28, either Eq.B or Eq.D apply. To determine if Eq.B or Eq.D
governs, determine clear cover and clear spacing for bars being
developed.
Clear spacing between spliced bars (corner bars)
= [ 750 – 2 (cover) – 2 (Ø10 stirrups) – 2 (D28 bars) ]
= [ 750 – 2 (70) – 2 (10) – 2 (28) 

= 534 mm
= 19 db 

Side cover = 70 + 10 = 80 mm = 2.86 d b 

As clear spacing > 2db and clear cover > db, Eq.B applies.
However, product of  = 1.3 and  = 1.5 shoud 1.7.
= 1.3 for lightweight aggregate concrete
d = fy  db /(1.7 fc’) = (400)(1.7)(28) / { (1.7)(1.3)( ) } = 1456 mm
Class A splice = 1.0 d = 1456 mm
31

 
Application of Eq.(12-1) requires a little more computations, but can result in
smaller development lengths.
Parameter “c” is the smaller of (1) distance from center of bar being
developed to the nearest concrete surface, and of (2) one-half the center-to-
center spacing of bars being developed. Also, note that the term (c b+Ktr)/db
shoud < 2.5.
Distance from center of bar or wire being developed to the nearest concrete
surface:
= clear cover + ½ bar diameter
= 2.86db + 0.5db = 3.36db
Center-to-center spacing = clear spacing + 1.0d b = 19db + 1.0db = 20db
Therefore, cb is the smaller of 3.36db and 0.5 (20db), i.e. 3.36db
No need to compute Ktr as cb/db is larger than 2.5
32

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 = 1.0 for D22 bar and larger

d = fy   db / { 1.1 fc’ [(cb + Ktr)/db] }

= (400)(1.7)(1)(28) / { (1.1)(1.3)( 35) [2.5] } = 900 mm

Class A splice = 1.0 d = 900 mm

33

  

Calculate required tension development length for the D25 bars (alternate
short bars) in the “sand-lightweight” one-way slab shown below. Use f’c =
25 MPa and fy = 400 MPa.











34

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
Assume short bars are developed within distance AB while long bars are
developed within BC.

 
Center-to-center spacing of bar being developed = 200 mm = 8d b
Clear cover = 20 mm = 0.8db
As clear cover is less than db, and bar size is larger than D22, Eq. D applies.

 = 1.3 for top bar

 = 1.0 for uncoated bars
= 1.3 for lightweight concrete

d = fy  db /(1.1 fc’) = (400)(1.3)(1.0)(25)/{(1.1)(1.3)( 25)} = 1818 mm

35

 

 = 1.3 for top bar

 = 1.0 for uncoated bars
 = 1.0 for D22 and larger bar
= 1.3 for lightweight concrete
Center-to-center spacing of bars being developed = 200 mm = 8d b
½ * 8db = 4db
Clear cover = 20 mm = 0.8db
Distance from center of bar to concrete surface = 20 + ½ (25) = 1.3d b
cb = 1.3db
Ktr = 0 (no transverse reinforcement)

d = fy   db / { 1.1 fc’ [(cb + Ktr)/db] }

= (400)(1.3)(1)(1)(25) / { (1.1)(1.3)( 25)(1.3)} = 1400 mm
36

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  

Calculate required development length for the inner 2D25 in the beam
shown below. The 2D25 outer bars are to be made continuous along full
length of beam. Use fc’ = 25 MPa (normal weight concrete) and fy = 400
MPa, and uncoated bars. Stirrups provided satisfy the minimum code
requirement for beam shear reinforcement.

 


 




37


 
Clear spacing = [ 300 – 2 (cover) – 2 (Ø12) – 4 (D25) ] / 3 spaces
= [ 300 – 2(40) – 2 (12) – 4 (25)] / 3 = 32 mm = 1.28d b
Clear cover = 40 + 12 = 52 mm = 2.1db
Clear spacing between bars being developed more than d b, clear cover
more than db, and minimum stirrups provided. Eq.B applies.

 = 1.3 for top bar

 = 1.0 for uncoated bars
= 1.0 for normal weight concrete

d = fy  db /(1.7 fc’) = (400)(1.3)(25) / { (1.7)(1.0)( 25) } = 1468 mm

38

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

 

 = 1.3 for top bar

 = 1.0 for uncoated bars
 = 1.0 for D22 and larger bar
= 1.0 for normal weight concrete
Clear spacing = 1.28db
Center-to-center spacing of bars being developed = 1.28d b + db = 2.28db
Clear cover = 40 + 12 = 52 mm = 2.1db
Distance from center of bar to concrete surface = 40 + 12 + ½ (25) = 2.58d b
cb = the smaller of (1) distance from center of bar being developed to the
nearest concrete surface (2.58db), and of (2) one-half the center-to center
spacing of bars being developed (2.28d b/2 = 1.14db)

39

cb = 1.14db
Ktr = 40 Atr/sn
Atr = 2 Ø12
s = 250 mm spacing
n = 2 bar being developed
Ktr = 40 (2) (0.25 122) / [ (250) (2) ] = 18.10 mm = 0.72db
Term (cb + Ktr)/db = (1.14db + 0.72db) / db = 1.86 < 2.5 (OK)

d = fy   db / { 1.1 fc’ [(cb + Ktr)/db] }

= (400)(1.3)(1)(1)(25) / { (1.1)(1.0)( 25)(1.86)} = 1271 mm

40

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







Page 162



* Concrete with fc’ approximately 10.5 - 21 MPa, and reinforcement with
fy 230 - 280 MPa were predominant. The use of these materials with
conservative allowable stress, along with the straightline working stress
method, resulted in .
* Ordinary reinforced concrete design involved .


* The common use of 400 MPa yield strength steel and of concrete with
fc’ 20 - 63 MPa permits than those resulting from the
use of lower strength.
* The permissible deflection is governed by the .

* Both the (instantaneous or immediate) and the 

effects must be considered in deflection consideration.
Where :
total = total deflection
    
(i) = immediate (short-time) deflection
(cs) = deflection due to creep and shrinkage
( = long-time deflection)

* The acceptable deflection depends on :

- the type of building (warehouse, school, factory, residence, etc.)
- the presence of plastered ceilings
- the type and arrangement of partitions
- the sensitivity of equipment to deflection
- the magnitude and duration of live load.

* The general concepts dealt with in this topics are applicable to both
(beams and slabs) and  systems.
4

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










The minimum depth (hmin) of one-way structures is defined as :
  
Structural
Component
Slab /20 / 24 /28 /10
Beam /16 /18.5 /21 /8
Notes:
The values applies for fy = 420 MPa for others value of fy the value should be modified by:
a. (1.65 – 0.0003 wc) 1.09 for wc = 1400 – 1840 kg/m3 for lightweight conrete
b. (0.4 + fy/700) for the others fy = 420 MPa.

Go to example
6

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 


The minimum depth (hmin) of slab slab with
Interior beam with m :

Yield Without Drop Panel With Drop Panel
stress Exterior Interior Exterior Interior
fy Panel Panel Panel Panel
(MPa) with Exterior Beam with Exterior Beam
No Yes No Yes
280 n /33 n/36 n/36 n /36 n/40 n/40

420 n/30 n/33 n/33 n/33 n/36 n/36

  

The minimum depth (hmin) of slab  with 0.2 < m :


 

   
    

The minimum depth (hmin) of slab  with m > 2.0 :


 

 


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

1
L2 L2
beff

L2
1 hf h

bw

E I Where :
= Ecb Ib = relative stiffness ratio of beam and slab
cs s
3 m = average of
E bw h
= Ecb hf f f = constant from Graphic 2.6 or 2.7
cs
= span length of slab
Ib = moment inertia of T-beam
Is = moment inertia of slab = L2 hf3 / 12


  




 
 

    
  
 



 


 

 







 

         


 Go to example
10

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






 




    
  
  


 
 


 
 

 


 

 

 

 

 


         


 11

Where :
 i = instantaneous/ immediately deflections
    = span length
  K = coefficient based on load and support condition
Ie = effective moment of inertia
Ec = modulus of elasticity of concrete
= 4700 fc’ MPa

Mo
 
 

Mm


 

12

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

w  
  

Ma Mb
Where :
Ms w 2 max = maximum deflection in an elastic
Mo = 8 member
+ M = bending moment
- Constant I - = span length
Ma E = modulus of elasticity
Mb Ic = moment of inertia of section
/2 /2 a = a coefficient that depends on the
degree of fixity at supports, the
variation in moment of inertia along
the span, and the distribution of
loading.

13


M0    
EI
5 M0 2
 Due to uniform load : =
s 48 EI

/2 Due to left/right end moment :

- M(a or b) 2

a = b = 16 EI
Ma
EI
       
2
= 48 EI [ 5M0 - 3 (Ma + Mb)]
Mb
 EI
and, Ms = M0 - ½ (Ma + Mb),

  
then :     
  
14

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

fc’ * For homogeneous material :

E = tg E in tension E in compression

* In a reinforced concrete :
-  affects the E in compression zone
-  affects the E in tension zone

* In both tension and compression zone, E varies not only with the
magnitude of stress from top to bottom at a section but also along
the span.

* Further, creep and shrinkage over a period of time effectively reduce E

and will generally by a factor of two or three.

15






 

- -
+

Section A-A Section B-B Section C-C



16

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

EcI EcI based on gross section plus

transformed area of reinforcement

EcI based on cracked

transformed section
0.2 Mu Mu



Load
Service load
Computed deflection based on transformed cracked section
Computed deflection using gross I
Actual deflection
Cracking load

Deflection

17



In order to provide a smooth transition between the moment of inertia I cr

of the transformed cracked section and the moment of inertia I g of the gross
uncracked concrete section.

  
 
     
  

Where :
Mcr = frIg/yt = cracking moment 

Ma = maximum service load moment acting at the condition under which deflection
is computed
Ig = moment of inertia of gross uncracked concrete section about centroidal axis,
neglecting reinforcement
Icr = moment of inertia of transformed cracked section 
 
fr = modulus of rupture of concrete, taken as 0.62 fc’ MPa
yt = distance from neutral axis to extreme fiber of concrete in tension
18

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



  
 
 



 
  

19

Where :
cs = deflections due to creep & shrinkage
  (= long-period deflection)
  
  L = span length
K = coefficient based on load and support condition
Ie = effective moment of inertia
Ec = modulus of elasticity of concrete
= 4700 fc’ Mpa
 = 2.0 (for 5 years or more)
 
= 1.4 (for 12 months)
= 1.2 (for 6 months)
= 1.0 (for 3 months)
’ = compression reinforcement ratio = As’/bd

20

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

Where :
     total = total deflections
(i) = immediately deflections
= short-period deflections
   (cs) = deflection due to creep & shrinkage
= long-period deflections
allowable = allowable deflection

Type of structures Load Consideration Maximum Deflection
Structures do not support and are not attached to Due to life load (i)max = /180 (roof)
nonstructural element likely to be damaged by (i)max = /360 (floor)
large deflection Go to example
Structures support and attached to Due to creep,
nonstructural element likely to be shrinkage and other allowable = /480
damage due to large deflection additional live load
Structures support and attached to Due to creep,
nonstructural element likely to be shrinkage and other allowable = /240
damage due to large deflection additional live load Go to example 21



Beam x-direction : 400/700

A A B Beam y-direction : 300/500
Slab depth = 140 mm

A A B Does the slab depth meet the

deflection requirement ?

A A B


8.00 8.00 1.50 

22

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

 

- X - direction : Graphic 2.6 :

Ecb Ecs h/hf = 700 / 140 = 5
f = 1.45
bw = 400 bw/hf = 400 / 140 = 2.86
lny = 8000 Ecb bw h 3
h = 700 x1 = E . L . . f = (1) (0.05) (5)3 (1.45) = 9.06
cs ny hf
hf = 140
x2 = 10.63 (with f = 1.7, Graphic 2.7)

- Y - direction : Graphic 2.6 :

Ecb Ecs h/hf = 500 / 140 = 3.57
bw = 300 f = 1.4
bw/hf = 300 / 140 = 2.14
lnx = 6000 Ecb bw h 3
h = 500 y1 = E . L . . f = (1) (0.05) (3.57)3 (1.4) = 3.18
cs nx hf
hf = 140
y2 = 3.87 (with f = 1.7, Graphic 2.7)
9.06+10.63+ 3.18+3.87
m = = 6.69
4
l 8
= ly = 6 = 1.333
x

23

The minimum depth (hmin) of slab with ( m > 2) :

n[ 0.8 + ( fy / 1400 ) ]
hmin = 36 + 9
8000 (0.8 + 240 / 1400 )
= 36 + 9 (1.333)
7771
= = 162 mm
47.99
The available slab depth = 140 mm ; so …….

24

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


d’/d = 0.15
500 ’/ = 0.5
d = 440 mm
12.00 fc’ = 25 MPa
300 fy = 400 MPa
120 120
Due to 50% live load :
M+ = 150 kNm ; M- = 120 kNm
150
300 300
Due to 100% dead load + 50% live load :
M+ = 270 kNm ; M- = 300 kNm
270
Due to total ultimate load :
Mu = 380 kNm
380

a. Calculate the bending reinforcement.

b. Check the deflection
25


It is found : = 0.0235 = 3102 mm2
’ = 0.5 x 0.0235 = 0.0118 = 1551 mm2 380


hmin = /21 = 12000 / 21 = 571 mm > available depth of beam (h = 500 mm)

The deflection must be checked !!!

1 1
Ig = b.h3 = 300 . 5003 = 3125.106 mm4
12 12
Mcr = C2 . b If using Graphic 9.3.a - CUR IV :
= 145833 . 300 Mcr = C3 . b . 103
= 43.749 kNm = 145.833 . 300 . 103 = 43.749 kNm

Icr = C4 . Igr   

= 0.8 . 3125.106 = 0.0235 C4 = 0.8
= 2500.106 mm4 r = ’/ = 0.5
d’/d = 0.15 26

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

 Analytical method

Mcr 3 Mcr 3 to calculate Ie
I e+ = Ig + 1 - Icr
Ma Ma
43.749 3 43.749 3
= . 0.003125 + 1 - 0.0025 = 2515.106 mm4
150 150

Mcr 3 Mcr 3
I e- = Ig + 1 - Icr
Ma Ma
43.749 3 43.749 3
= . 0.003125 + 1 - 0.0025 = 2530.106 mm4
120 120

Ie1- + Ie2-
Ie(avg) = 0.5 Im+ + 0.5 2 = 0.5 (2515.106) + 0.5 (2530.106) = 2523.106 mm4
5 M. 2 120 120
= K. Ec = 4700 25
(i)
48 Ec . Ie = 23500
6 2 150
= 0.84 . 5 150.10 . 12000 6 M
48 23500 . 2523.10 K = 1.2 - 0.2 o = 1.2 - 0.2 270 = 0.84
Mm 150
= 32 mm

(i) max = /360 = 12000 / 360 = 33.33 mm > (i)  27


   
Mcr 43.749
I e+ = Ma = 270 = 0.162 C5 = 0.8
Icr 2500.106
Ig = 3125.106 = 0.8
Ie+ = C5 . Igr = 0.8 . 3125.106 = 2500.106 mm4
M 43.749
Ie- = Mcr = 300 = 0.145
a C5 = 0.8
Icr 2500.106
Ig = 3125.106 = 0.8
Ie- = C5 . Igr = 0.8 . 3125.106 = 2500.106 mm4

2
2 (for 5 th) ; = 1 + 50 ’ = 1 + 50 . 0.0118 = 1.26
300 300
570
K = 1.2 - 0.2 270
= 0.78
270
28

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

(cs) = . s

5 M . L2
= . K . 48 Ec . I e
5 270.106 . 120002
= 1.26 . 0.78 . 48 23500 . 2500.106
= 68 mm

total = (i) + (cs)

= 32 + 68 = 100 mm

max = /240 = 12000 / 240 total > max

= 50 mm



29

 
   
 
     
100 4,52 5,22 5,83 6,39 6,90
120 6,51 7,51 8,40 9,20 9,94
140 8,86 10,23 11,43 12,52 13,53
150 10,17 11,74 13,12 14,38 15,53
160 11,57 13,36 14,93 16,36 17,67
170 14,64 16,91 18,90 20,70 22,36
200 18,07 20,87 23,33 30,93 33,41
220 26,03 30,05 33,60 36,01 39,76
250 28,24 32,61 35,46 39,94 43,14
300 40,67 46,96 52,50 57,51 62,12
350 55,35 63,91 71,46 78,28 84,55
400 72,30 83,48 93,33 102,24 110,43
450 91,50 105,65 118,12 129,40 139,77
500 112,96 130,44 145,83 159,75 172,55 Go to example

30

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

 








 
  
 

 
 
 






 


Go to example



31

 


 







 










  Go to example

          

32

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











Page 178
Page 179
 









Page 180




Page 181


Page 182




Page 183














E 4.700 f c

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



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





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


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









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



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