PHP Programming Fundamentals PDF

Web Development 1
PHP Programming Fundamentals
PHP PROGRAMMING FUNDAMENTALS
At the end of the module the student is expected to:
1. Understand and apply the different types of operators

a. Arithmetic
b. Comparison
c. Increment and decrement operators
d. Logical operators
e. String operators
2. Understand how to use special characters for string delimiters
3. Use HTML table for displaying data.
4. Application of conditional statements
a. If statement
b. If else statement
5. Application of AND, OR, NOT clause
6. Applying field validation PHP programs
7. Understand and apply div in HTML and PHP
INTRODUCTION
PHP Operators
Operators are used to perform operations on variables and values.
PHP divides the operators in the following groups:
 Arithmetic operators
 Assignment operators
 Comparison operators
 Increment/Decrement operators
 Logical operators
 String operators
PHP Arithmetic Operators
The PHP arithmetic operators are used with numeric values to perform common
arithmetical operations, such as addition, subtraction, multiplication etc.
Course Module 1
Web Development 2
Listed below are application / sample of arithmetic operators.
Sample
<html> <html> <html>

<body> <body> <body>
<?php <?php <?php

//addition //subtraction //multiplication
$x = 10; $x = 10; $x = 10;
$y = 6; $y = 6; $y = 6;
echo $x + $y; echo $x - $y; echo $x * $y;

?> ?> ?>
</body> </body> </body>

</html> </html> </html>
Answer: 16 Answer: 4 Answer: 60
<html> <html>
<body> <body>
<?php <?php
//division //modulus
$x = 10; $x = 10;
$y = 6; $y = 6;
echo $x / $y; echo $x % $y;

?> ?>
</body> </body>
</html> </html>
Answer: 1.6666666666667 Answer: 4
PHP Assignment Operators
Course Module 2
Web Development 3
The PHP assignment operators are used with numeric values to write a value to a
variable.
The basic assignment operator in PHP is "=". It means that the left operand gets set
to the value of the assignment expression on the right.
Sample

<?php <?php <?php

$x = 10; $x = 20; $x = 50;
echo $x; $x += 100; $x -= 30;
?>
echo $x; echo $x;
</body> ?> ?>
</html>
</body> </body>
</html> </html>

<?php <?php <?php

$x = 10; $x = 10; $x = 15;
$y = 6; $x /= 5; $x %= 4;
echo $x * $y; echo $x; echo $x;

?> ?> ?>

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Web Development 4
PHP Comparison Operators
The PHP comparison operators are used to compare two values (number or string):
Sample
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Web Development 5

<?php <?php <?php

$x = 100; $x = 100; $x = 100;
$y = "100"; $y = "100"; $y = "100";
var_dump($x == $y); // returns true var_dump($x === $y); // returns var_dump($x != $y); // returns false
because values are equal false because types are not equal because values are equal
?> ?> ?>
Answer: bool(true) Answer: bool(false) Answer: bool(false)

<?php <?php <?php

$x = 100; $x = 100; $x = 100;
$y = "100"; $y = "100"; $y = 50;
var_dump($x <> $y); // returns false var_dump($x !== $y); // returns true var_dump($x > $y); // returns true
because values are equal because types are not equal because $x is greater than $y
?> ?> ?>
Answer: bool(false) Answer: bool(true) Answer: bool(true)

<?php <?php <?php

$x = 10; $x = 50; $x = 50;
$y = 50; $y = 50; $y = 50;
var_dump($x < $y); // returns true var_dump($x >= $y); // returns true var_dump($x <= $y); // returns true
because $x is less than $y because $x is greater than or equal to because $x is less than or equal to $y
?> $y ?>
</body> ?> </body>
</html> </body> </html>
</html>
Answer: bool(true) Answer: bool(true) Answer: bool(true)
PHP Increment / Decrement Operators
The PHP increment operators are used to increment a variable's value.The PHP
decrement operators are used to decrement a variable's value.
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Web Development 6
Sample
<html> <html>
<body> <body>
<?php <?php
$x = 10; $x = 10;
echo ++$x; echo $x++;
?> ?>
</body> </body>
</html> </html>
Answer: 11 Answer: 10
<html> <html>
<body> <body>
<?php <?php
$x = 10; $x = 10;
echo --$x; echo $x--;
?> ?>
</body> </body>
</html> </html>
Answer: 9 Answer: 10
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PHP Logical Operators
The PHP logical operators are used to combine conditional statements.
Sample

<?php <?php <?php
$x = 100; $x = 100; $x = 100;
$y = 50; $y = 50; $y = 50;
//and //or //xor
if ($x == 100 and $y == 50) { if ($x == 100 or $y == 80) { if ($x == 100 xor $y == 80) {
echo "Hello world!"; echo "Hello world!"; echo "Hello world!";
} } }
?> ?> ?>

<?php <?php <?php

//&& || $x = 100;
$x = 100; $x = 100; //!==
$y = 50; $y = 50; if ($x !== 90) {
echo "Hello world!";
if ($x == 100 && $y == 50) { if ($x == 100 || $y == 80) { }
echo "Hello world!"; echo "Hello world!"; ?>
} }
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?> ?> </body>

</body> </body> </html>
</html> </html>
PHP String Operators
PHP has two operators that are specially designed for strings.
<html> <html>
<body> <body>
<?php <?php
$txt1 = "Hello"; $txt1 = "Hello";
$txt2 = " world!"; $txt2 = " world!";
echo $txt1 . $txt2; $txt1 .= $txt2;
?> echo $txt1;
?>
</body> </body>
</html> </html>
Course Module 8
Web Development 9
String Delimiters
In this section, if in case you need to display special characters such as ( ‘ ), you
cannot just include it into a echo statement you need to use ( \ ) to display it.
The HTML code shows the

application of string delimiters,
as you can see in the output “Hey
Johann!” I said Don’t do that”.
We cannot just include the use of
(‘) characters to php, if literarily
you do that it will cause errors.
For the code refer to:

18string_delimiters.html
Here is the result of the data

submission.
The output shows the

application of displaying the (‘)
character to the text,

18string_delimiters.php
Course Module 9
Web Development 10
The HTML code shows that it

allows the user to input name
using a textbox after the input
then the user needs to press the
button to submit the data to the
php script.
Filename:
18string_delimiters.html
Upon submission of data from

the HTML form, the
Filename:
18string_delimiters.php
Arithmetic Operations
Course Module 10
Web Development 11

application of arithmetic
operators.
Here the user is asked to input

apples and oranges.
Next is to tick the submit button

to display the result

19_simple_math.html

submission.
Upon submission, the php script

takes into action, the script will
perform basic arithmetic
operators

19_simple_math.php
Course Module 11
Web Development 12

allows the user to input total
number of apples and oranges.
After the input, comes the

processing operation.
Filename:
19_simple_math.html

the HTML form. The script
performs basic arithmetic
operators: addition, subtraction,
multiplication, division and
modulo.
Filename:
19_simple_math.php
Course Module 12
Web Development 13
Using HTML Table
The HTML tables allow web authors to arrange data like text, images, links, other tables,
etc. into rows and columns of cells. The HTML tables are created using the <table> tag in
which the <tr> tag is used to create table rows and <td> tag is used to create data cells.
The output of this is to display

the result applying the use of
tables. Here the display is
display into two tables making it
more organize. Same as the
previous activity, it ask the user
to input total number of apples
and oranges.

20html_table.html

submission.
The result groups the data into

two columns that makes the
output more easier to read.

20html_table.php
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application of table and dividing
the output into two columns.
With this the output is more

organized.
Filename:
20html_table.html

the HTML form.
The initial part of the script

computes the total number of
fruits using basic operators.
The script also display the result

into table.
Filename:
20html_table.php
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Using If Statement
The HTML form allow the users

to input firstname and birth
year. After the input the data is
passed to the php script for some
process.

21if_statement.html

submission.
The output shows the

application of displaying name of
the user and age. If the input age
if >50 the message better start
planning for retirement, see php
code for the condition.

21if_statement.php
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Web Development 16

allows the user to input
firstname and birth year. The
data are stored in variables and
is passed to the php code.
Filename:
21if_statement.html
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Web Development 17

the HTML form, the php code
gets the firstname, birthyearand
current year using the date()
function. The php script also
computes for the age by
subtracting the current year and
birthyear.
A condition is tested that if the

age is > 50, if the statement is
true the statement “Better start
planning will display” otherwise
just show the age and name of
the user.
Filename:
21if_statement.php
Course Module 17
Web Development 18
Using Else clause
This is same as the previous

example. The html code asked
the use to input the firstname
and birthyear, then its passed to
the php script for processing

22else_clause.html

the html form, the result is to
display the name and the year of
birth.
This time it uses the else clause

where the condition is
If age>50 – displays the message

better plan for retirement
otherwise dispay time is on your
side.

22else_clause.php
Course Module 18
Web Development 19

allows the user to input
firstname and birth year. The
data are stored in variables and
is passed to the php code.
Filename:
22else_clause.html

the HTML form, the php code
gets the firstname, birthyear and
current year using the date()
function. The php script also
computes for the age by
subtracting the current year and
birthyear.
A condition is tested that if the

age is > 50, if the statement is
true the statement “Better start
planning will display” otherwise
displays the message time is on
your side.
Filename:
22else_clause.php
Using nested if
Course Module 19
Web Development 20
The HTML code this time shows

three textboxes; it asks the user
to input 3items, firstname,
numbers of hours sleep at night
and birth year, the data upon
pressing submit information is
process in the php script.

23nested_if.html
Upon submission of the HTML

form, it displays the result by
showing the firstname, number
of hours sleep and using
condition determine the age with
corresponding suggestions.

23nested_if.php
Course Module 20
Web Development 21
The HTML codes shows the

needed attribute such as
firstname, number of hours sleep
at night and birth year. Upon
submission the data is passed to
a php script.
Filename:
23nested_if.html

the HTML form, it passed to
several variables. It computes
for age and years of sleep.
A conditional statement is
determine with the following
consideration, if age > 50 prints
better start for retirement, if
years_sleep is greater than 15
prints you sleep to much
otherwise yes I mean it,
This is example of a nested if

statement.
Filename:
23nested_if.php
Code formatting rules
Course Module 21
Web Development 22
The HTML code illustrate the

application of code formatting.
The code is the same as the
previous examples, the focus of
this is the way that the codes are
written

24code_formatting_rules.html
Course Module 22
Web Development 23

submission.
It display the name and the

number of years spent in
sleeping.

24code_formatting_rules.php

needed attribute such as
firstname, number of hours sleep
at night and birth year. Upon
submission the data is passed to
a php script.
Filename:
24code_formatting_rules.html
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Proper alignment of codes is not

a requirement in php coding.
Even if the codes are written
same with the image, it will still
display the result. It would be a
great advance to have proper
coding readability.
Filename:
24code_formatting_rules.php
Comparison Operators

application of comparison
operators. The code accepts
firstname, year of birth then
submits the information and
display to the appropriate php
script.

25comparison_operators.html
Course Module 24
Web Development 25

upon submission.
The script shows the firstname

and the comment that it displays
the text the name jeiven comes
before the letter M in the
alphabet.
See the code for tracing.

25comparison_operators.php
The HTML code displays the

firstname, birth year and
submission button.
Filename:
25comparison_operators.html
Course Module 25
Web Development 26
The script illustrate the

application of if statement. If the
$fistname == ‘Joan’ which is a
comparison statement it
compares the input text to the
text ‘Joan’ if it matches then it
moves to the next part of the
script that is to test the
birthyear.
Filename:
25comparison_operators.php
Course Module 26
Web Development 27
Using AND

application of AND operator.
It requires the users to input

three items, firstname, number
of hours sleep and birthyear.

26using_and.html

submission.
It displays the firstname and

total numbers years sleep.
See the php sript for the

application of the and operator.

26using_and.php
Course Module 27
Web Development 28

firstname, birth year, number of
hours sleep and submission
button.
Filename:
26using_and.html
The php script collects data from

the html form, it computes for
the age, years slept and prints
the result.
Using the && operator it

determine if the age is >50 and
years is > 15, it its true then it
displays the text better start
planning and you sleep too much
otherwise, time is on your side.
Filename:
26using_and.html
Using OR
Course Module 28
Web Development 29

application of OR operator.
It requires the users to input

three items, firstname, number
of hours sleep and birthyear.

27using_OR.html

submission.
It displays the firstname and

total numbers years sleep.
See the php sript for the

application of the OR operator

27using_OR.php
Course Module 29
Web Development 30

firstname, birth year, number of
hours sleep and submission
button.
Filename:
27using_OR.html
The php script collects data from

the html form, it computes for
the age, years slept and prints
the result.
Using the || operator it

determine if the age is >50 and
years is > 15, it its true then it
displays the text better start
planning and you sleep too much
otherwise, time is on your side.
Filename:
27using_OR.html
USING NOT
Course Module 30
Web Development 31

application of the NOT operator
It ask the user to input its

firstname and select form a list
of cities.
Then after completing the details

submits the data via the submit
button.

28using_not.html
The output is to display the

name given by the user and
display the city.
The code shows the application

of the NOT operator.

28using_not.php
Course Module 31
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inputs that is needed to be
supplied by the user. First name
and select from the drop down
list box.
Filename:
28using_not.html

the HTML form, the php script
kicks in.
The variables collected where

firstname and city.
The if else statement determine

if the input city is !Toronte then
the message you don’t live in the
best city, otherwise Toronto
rocks.
Filename:
28using_not.php
Field Validation
Course Module 32
Web Development 33

application of Field Validations.
It asked the user to input three
fields, firstname, number of
hours sleep at night and birth
year.
The data is passed to the php

script for proessing.

29field_validations.html
Here is the output of the HTML

form.
It displays the name and the

number of year sleeping.
If the user forgot to input the

firstname the validation scripts
comes into play.
For complete code see the php

script.

29field_validations.php
Course Module 33
Web Development 34
The HTML code shows the fields

needed by the user it require the
user to input firstname, number
of years sleep and birth year.
Filename:
29field_validations.html

the HTML form, the php scripts
checks the following areas, if the
input values are empty, it
informs the user that they much
enter values for the firstname
and hours of sleep field.
It script also check if the input

field for the hours sleep is
numeric otherwise inform the
user to input numeric values.
Filename:
29field_validations.php
Course Module 34
Web Development 35
Course Module 35
Web Development 36
Using DIV’s
The <div> tag defines a division or a section in an HTML document. The <div> tag is used
to group block-elements to format them with CSS.

application of string delimiters,
as you can see in the output “Hey
Johann!” I said Don’t do that”.
We cannot just include the use of
(‘) characters to php, if literarily
you do that it will cause errors.

30using_divs.html
The HTML codes includes inline

CSS codes to produce two divs,
fruits and yourage
DIVs and Forms
Course Module 36
Web Development 37
The HTML form shows the

application of DIVS, there are
two section, first is the total
number of apples and pears. The
other is the computation of age.

31using_divs_and_forms.html
There are two possible output

depending on the user selection.
This section shows the fruits

output.

31fruits.php
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Web Development 38
This section shows the age php

script.

31_your_age.php

application of div in action.
There are two action being
executed by this code, it calls for
the fruits and age scripts upon
submission of the user.
Filename:
31using_divs_and_forms.html
Course Module 38
Web Development 39

the HTML form, the fruits show
the computation of the total
number of apples and pears.
Filename:
31fruits.php

the HTML form. This script
computes for the total years, the
script also shows the
implementation of if statement.
Filename:
31_your_age.php
Course Module 39
Web Development 40
References
Murach, J. (2014) Murach’s PHP and MYSQL (2nd Edition)
Yank, K, PHP and MYSQL: Novice to Ninja
WEBSITE
http://php.net/
http://www.w3schools.com/php/
https://www.tutorialspoint.com/php/
Course Module 40

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Web Development 1

PHP Programming Fundamentals

PHP PROGRAMMING FUNDAMENTALS

At the end of the module the student is expected to:

1. Understand and apply the different types of operators

Operators are used to perform operations on variables and values.

PHP divides the operators in the following groups:

PHP Arithmetic Operators

Listed below are application / sample of arithmetic operators.

<html> <html> <html>

<?php <?php <?php

echo $x + $y; echo $x - $y; echo $x * $y;

</body> </body> </body>

echo $x / $y; echo $x % $y;

<html> <html> <html>

<?php <?php <?php

Answer: 10 Answer: 120 Answer: 20

<html> <html> <html>

<?php <?php <?php

echo $x * $y; echo $x; echo $x;

</body> </body> </body>

Answer: 60 Answer: 2 Answer: 3

PHP Comparison Operators

<html> <html> <html>

<?php <?php <?php

Answer: bool(true) Answer: bool(false) Answer: bool(false)

<html> <html> <html>

<?php <?php <?php

Answer: bool(false) Answer: bool(true) Answer: bool(true)

<html> <html> <html>

<?php <?php <?php

Answer: bool(true) Answer: bool(true) Answer: bool(true)

PHP Increment / Decrement Operators

PHP Logical Operators

The PHP logical operators are used to combine conditional statements.

<html> <html> <html>

<html> <html> <html>

<?php <?php <?php

?> ?> </body>

PHP String Operators

The HTML code shows the

For the code refer to:

Here is the result of the data

The output shows the

For the code refer to:

The HTML code shows that it

Upon submission of data from

The HTML code shows the

Here the user is asked to input

Next is to tick the submit button

For the code refer to:

Here is the result of the data

Upon submission, the php script

For the code refer to:

The HTML code shows that it

After the input, comes the

Upon submission of data from

Using HTML Table

The output of this is to display

For the code refer to:

Here is the result of the data

The result groups the data into

For the code refer to: