Theory, Review of Related

Literature, and Conceptual

Framework

JEFFREY A. LUCERO
A.H.Sc.Ed., B.Sc.N., R.N.
2

Theory

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3 Theory
 Knowledge of science or art derived
from such study and speculation
(Webster, 2000)
 A hypothesis that has been tested for
numerous times (Venzon, 2004)
 An integrated set of defined
concepts and statements that
present a view of a phenomenon
and can be used to describe,
explain, predict, and control that
phenomenon (Burns & Grove, 2007)

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4

Theories are abstract rather

than concrete.

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5 Functions of Theories in Research

It identifies parameters for the

study
It guides data collection
It provides perspective in he
interpretation of data to enable
the researcher to structure facts
into an orderly system

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6 Review of Related Literature
Part of research where the
researcher gathers, compiles, and
synthesizes information from
various sources.
This gathered information then
serves as the theoretical
foundation towards solving the
research problem

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7 Review of Related Literature
(cont’d.)

It answers the question: What has

been done relative to the problem
at hand?

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Related Literature
vs.
Related Studies

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2017
9 Related Literature
 Any material, information, or article
fund in books, magazines,
periodicals, encyclopedias, journals,
newspapers, and other publications
 These are related to the existing
problem and they may be classified
as either local which are printed in
the country, or foreign, if printed
abroad.

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10
Speeches
Letters
Diaries
Provided that
Bulletin it meets the
required
Circulars expression for
it to be called
Reports as literature

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11 Related Studies

Studies, inquiries, or investigations

that are already conducted to
which the present proposed study
is related or has some bearing or
similarity.
Investigations that are usually
unpublished materials

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12 Importance of Related
Literature and Studies
They help or guide the researcher in
searching for or selecting a better
research problem or topic.
They help the investigator
understand his topic or research
better.

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13 Importance of Related
Literature and Studies
(cont’d.)
They ensure that there will be no
duplication of other studies.
They help and guide the researcher
in locating more sources of related
information.

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14 Importance of Related
Literature and Studies
(cont’d.)
They help and guide the researcher
in making his research design
They help and guide the researcher
in making comparison between his
findings with the findings of other
researchers on similar studies.

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15 Sources of Review Materials
 Experimentation
 First-hand Investigation
 Doctoral dissertation and
Monographs in Professional
Journals
 Annual Reports of Research
Institutions, Government Offices,
and Agencies
 Textbooks
 Encyclopedia
 Magazines and Newspapers
 Internet Articles

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16 Criteria on Evaluating
Materials for RRL
Accuracy and Dependability
Up-to-Dateness
Suitability for Specific Purpose
Authority
Scope

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17 Criteria on Evaluating
Materials for RRL (cont’d.)
Treatment and Style
Arrangement
Illustrations, Tables, and
Diagrams
The Author
The Publisher
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18 Where to Locate Sources

Libraries
Government and Private
Offices
Network sites

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Organizing the Review

of Related Literature

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20 Organizing the RRL
 Make an outline of the topics to be
presented.
 Classify the reviews into topics.
 Compare and contrast the findings where
necessary.
 If there is no work on the subject matter, a
reasonable review can still be made by
citing related works.
 Padded reviews are undesirable.

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21 Organizing the RRL
 Cite results and not tabulated data.
 Do not cite the opinion of the author
unless it is unessential argument.
 State the research findings on your own
words to suit the purpose of the paper.
 If the information was obtained from a
secondary source, check the citation
from the original publication.
 Citing word for word requires enclosing
them in a quotation mark.

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22 Common Errors in Writing the
Review of Related Literature

We tend to rely on secondary

sources.
We tend to look only at the
findings of different researches.
Overlooking resources on less
developed countries.

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23 Conceptual Framework
 A scheme formulated out of the review
of related literature
 Clarifies the relationship between and
among the major variables of the study
 The researcher’s own position on the
problem
 An explanation of the problem to be
studied after the researcher’s review of
various literatures and studies.
 Illustrated in a conceptual paradigm
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24 Paradigm

A schematic diagram which

depicts the relationship of
variables.

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25

 Use circles
and arrows to
show cause
and effect

 Use boxes
and straight
lines to show
a relationship
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Input Process Output

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Demographic
Profile

Academic
Performance
in English

Intelligence
Quotient

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28
Student’s
Knowledge
before the
Lesson

Different
Student’s Level
techniques in
of
Teaching
Comprehension
English

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End of the Presentation

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2017