Академический Документы
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Contents
1 Algebra 1
1.1 Identities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Sequences, sums and products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.3 Functional equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.4 Inequalities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.5 Polynomials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2 Discrete mathematics 4
2.1 Combinatorics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.2 Graph theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.3 Other that doesn’t fit into any category? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3 Geometry 5
3.1 Standard normal geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3.2 Some Slightly Less Standard Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3.3 Configurations which often come up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3.4 Bish Bosh Bashing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3.5 Special Points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3.6 Weird Geometry Stuff . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3.6.1 Inversion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3.6.2 Projective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3.6.3 Complete Quadrilaterals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3.7 Random High-Tech Theorems and Tricks that are Good to Know . . . . . . 8
4 Number Theory 8
4.1 Divisibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
4.2 Modular arithmetic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
4.3 Diophantine equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
4.4 Abstract algebra stuff . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
4.5 Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1 Algebra
1.1 Identities
• Binomial theorem and multinomial theorem
• Factorization of an − bn and an + bn
• Brahmagupta’s identity
• Difference equations
• Fibonacci sequence
1.4 Inequalities
• Triangle inequality and x2 ≥ 0
• Jensen’s inequality
• QM-AM-GM-HM
• Muirhead’s inequality
1
great example where this is the key part: find all polynomials p(x) such that p(x2 ) = p(x)p(x + 1).
Page 2
• Hölder’s inequality
• Cauchy-Schwarz, Titus Lemma
• Rearrangement inequality and Chebyshev’s inequality
• Karamata’s inequality
• Schur’s inequality
• Lagrange multipliers (xD)
• Substitutions like Ravi substitution.
1.5 Polynomials
• The fundamental theorem of algebra
• Polynomial division algorithm
• Vietas formulas
• Remainder factor theorem and Rational root theorem
• Roots of unity
• Lagrange interpolation
• Irreducibility
– Gauss’ lemma
– Eisensteins (expanded) irreducibility criterion
– Cohn’s irreducibility criterion
– Perron’s irreducibility criterion
• Algebraic numbers and the minimal polynomial
• Calculus
– 2 (x − a)k | P (x) =⇒ (x − a)k−1 | P 0 (x)
– Intermediate value theorem
– Rolle’s theorem
– Taylor series
• Symmetric polynomials
• Rouché’s theorem
• Chebyshev polynomials
2
A nice use of this theorem is to show that the Taylor polynomial of ex around x = 0 has only simple
zeros (in the complex plane)
Page 3
2 Discrete mathematics
2.1 Combinatorics
• Sets
• Bijections
• Double counting
• Recursion
• Pidegeonhole principle
– Permutation groups
– Group actions, especially Burnside’s formula/lemma
• Dilworth’s theorem
Page 4
2.2 Graph theory
• Basic definitions: graph, vertice, edge, face, adjacent, incident, degree, path, cy-
cle, length of path and cycle, walk, connect/disconnected, tree, forest, Hamiltoninan
path/cycle, Eulerian circuit, complete, planar, bipartite, k-partite
• Handshake lemma
• Kuratowski’s theorem
• Dirac’s theorem
• Ore’s theorem
• Cayley’s theorem
• Turan’s lemma
• Zarankiewicz’s Lemma
• Ramsey theory
• Invariants
• Monovariants
• Generating functions
• Game theory
3 Geometry
3.1 Standard normal geometry
• Similar Triangles
• Cyclic Quads
• Circumcentre
Page 5
• Orthocentre and its Configurations
• Incentre
• Centroid
• Tangents
• Incircles and Excircles
• Incentre/Excentre Lemma
• Power of a Point
• Radical Axis
Page 6
3.5 Special Points
• HM Point
• Fermat Point
• Isodynamic Point
• Bevan Point
– Definition of Inversion
– Angle Conservation in Inversion
– Overlays
– Orthogonal Circles
– Inversion Distance Formula (never used this but i guess it is in egmo lol)
3.6.2 Projective
– Cross-Ratio
– Harmonic Bundles and Quadrilaterals
– Apollonian Circles
– Poles/Polars and Bruhcard’s Theorem
– Pascal’s Theorem
– Brianchon’s Theorem
– Purely Projective problems
– Projective Transformations
– sorry i haven’t covered this so literally just copying it from egmo contents
– Spiral Similarity
– Miquel’s Theorem and Miquel Points
– Gauss-Bodenmiller Theorem
– Miquel Points of Cyclic Quadrilaterals
Page 7
3.7 Random High-Tech Theorems and Tricks that are Good to
Know
• Napoleon’s theorem
• Cayley-Bacharach
• Sawayama-Thebault
• Circle Tangency through Homotehty Trick (see ISL 2018 G5 or IMO 2011/6)
• Moving Points
4 Number Theory
4.1 Divisibility
• Euclid’s algorithm, division algorithm and gcd
• Bezout’s identity
• Wilson’s theorem
• Order of an element
• Primitive roots
• Quadratic congruences
– Quadratic residues
– Legendre symbol
– x2 ≡ −1 (mod p) ⇐⇒ p ≡ 1 (mod 4)
– Euler’s criterion
– Law of quadratic reciprocity
Page 8
• Lucas’ theorem
• Cyclotomic polynomials
• p-adic valuation
• Pell’s equation
• Hensel’s lemma
4.5 Other
• Infinite descent
• Bertrand’s postulate
• Zsigmondy’s theorem
• Pidgeonhole principle
Page 9
• Sum of divisor function and number of divisors function
• Fibonacci Numbers, Fermat numbers, Mersenne primes and Euler-Euclid theorem (bi-
jection between perfect numbers and Mersenne primes)
Page 10