Chris Nino Wong Louie Vinluan Dane Bernadette Reyes Arrozal

Katrina Nuqui Marhn Phoery Ferrer Jilian Gale Talampas

EXPERIMENT NO. 2

1. Define the following terms:

a. Precipitation
- Precipitation refers to a chemical reaction that occurs in aqueous solution when two ions
bond together to form an insoluble salt, which is known as the precipitate.
- The process of an insoluble salt forming from its aqueous ions and falling out of solution
b. Precipitate
- The solids which are formed in the interaction of two chemicals.
c. Filtration
- The process of separating solid particles from a liquid by pouring the mixture through a
filter paper.
- the solution containing the precipitate is poured over a filter. Ideally, the precipitate
remains on the filter, while the liquid passes through it. The container may be rinsed and
poured onto the filter to aid recovery. There is always some loss, either through
dissolution into the liquid, passing through the filter, or adhesion to the filter media.
d. Filtrate
- The liquid that passes through the filter paper.
e. Decantation
- Is a process used to separate mixtures and its simplest form is just means allowing a
mixture of solid and liquid or two immiscible liquids to settle and separate by gravity.
- The liquid layer is poured or suctioned away from the precipitate. In some cases, an
additional solvent is added to separate the solution from the precipitate. Decantation may
be used with the entire solution or following centrifugation.
f. Decantate
- is the liquid substance left after removing the residue from the solution during
decantation.
g. Residue
- The solid that is left on the filter paper.
- is the matter left in a container after evaporation or distillation has occurred.
h. Supernatant
- is the clear liquid that lies above the solid residue after centrifugation, precipitation,
crystallization or settling.
- is the name given to the liquid found above a precipitate or sediment. Usually, the fluid is
translucent. The term is best applied to the liquid above a precipitation reaction, after the
precipitate has settled out, or to the liquid above the pellet from centrifugation. However,
it may be applied to describe liquid after sediment has settled out of any mixture.
i. Centrifugation
- he solution is rapidly rotated. For the technique to work, the solid precipitate must be
denser than the liquid. The compacted precipitate, called the pellet, may be obtained by
pouring off the liquid. There is typically less loss than with filtration. Centrifugation
works well with small sample sizes.
j. Centrifugate
- rotate at very high speed in order to separate the liquids from the solids
- the denser material separated by centrifugal action

2. Name and describe three (3) laboratory apparatus used to transfer liquid from one container to
another container.
Chris Nino Wong Louie Vinluan Dane Bernadette Reyes Arrozal
Katrina Nuqui Marhn Phoery Ferrer Jilian Gale Talampas

a. Glass Funnels
- is a laboratory instrument used to pour liquids into another container without the risk
of spilling the liquid. This is made possible by the funnel’s shape, which includes a
wide mouth and a narrow tube. The tube can be inserted into the container where the
liquid will be poured into.
b. Pipette
- is a glass or plastic tube used to suction small amounts of liquid to enable to transfer
the liquid from one place another. They come in different types, each used for a
specific purpose either for laboratory experiments or medical tests.

c. Beaker
- are useful as a reaction container or to hold liquid or solid samples. They are also used to
catch liquids from titrations and filtrates from filtering operations.

3. Enumerate at least five (5) proper ways or safety procedures that should be done when handling
laboratory glasswares.

a. Inspect Before Use

- Scratches, dents, cracks – these are the signs to look out for. Scratches can turn into
cracks which could potentially leak, and if handling dangerous chemicals, spells a recipe
for disaster. If you discover any flaws, be sure to dispose of the glassware and replace it
with an undamaged alternative.

b. Handle Properly
- When carrying glassware, be sure to:
 Use both hands;
 Never hold it by its neck;
 Never carry it by its side.
- Also be sure to wear the correct safety clothing and gloves when handling glassware
containing chemicals.

c. Know The Limits

- Check and double-check what chemicals can be used with your particular beaker. Can it
withstand the pressure you’re placing it under for your experiment? What about its
temperature limits? Has it been specially made to handle the chemicals you’re mixing?
Keeping this information handy could potentially help prevent a dangerous situation from
occurring.

d. Rods, Tubes and Pipettes

- Glass rods, tube & pipettes, due to their design, can be easier to break than traditional
glass beakers. When working with these, it is essential that you:
 Never force it into place;
 Use lubricant such as glycerol or water on both the hole and tube;
 Wear safety gloves;
 Use a twisting motion to move it into place.

e. Keep It Clean
- When washing glassware, safety precautions should be taken. In many cases, the
glassware should be sterilized after each use in order to prevent potentially dangerous
cross-contamination and chemical-resistant gloves should be worn.
Chris Nino Wong Louie Vinluan Dane Bernadette Reyes Arrozal
Katrina Nuqui Marhn Phoery Ferrer Jilian Gale Talampas

- You should be sure to clear the cleaning area after each use and to not overload the
sink/dishwasher/soaking bin. When washing, never use old cleaning brushes – be sure to
replace them frequently.

4. What are the proper procedures or safety precautions that you should do when:

a. Heating or cooling laboratory glasswares?

 Point test tubes away from yourself and others when heating substances in them.
 To avoid burns, do not handle heated glassware or materials directly. Use tongs, test-
tube holders, or heat-resistant gloves or mitts.
 Use a water bath to heat solids.
 When heating with a laboratory burner, gently move the test tube over the hottest
part of the flame.
 Do not pour hot liquids into plastic containers.\

b. Cleaning and drying laboratory glasswares?

 Glassware Used for Organic Chemistry

Rinse the glassware with the appropriate solvent. Use deionized water for water-
soluble contents. Use ethanol for ethanol-soluble contents, followed by rinses in
deionized water. Rinse with other solvents as needed, followed by ethanol and finally
deionized water. If the glassware requires scrubbing, scrub with a brush using hot
soapy water, rinse thoroughly with tap water, followed by rinses with deionized
water.
 Burets
Wash with hot soapy water, rinse thoroughly with tap water, then rinse 3-4 times
with deionized water. Be sure the final rinses sheet off of the glass. Burets need to be
thoroughly clean to be used for quantitative lab work.
 Pipets and Volumetric Flasks
In some cases, you may need to soak the glassware overnight in soapy water. Clean
pipets and volumetric flasks using warm soapy water. The glassware may require
scrubbing with a brush. Rinse with tap water followed by 3-4 rinses with deionized
water.
 If glassware is to be used immediately after washing and must be dry, rinse it 2-3
times with acetone. This will remove any water and will evaporate quickly. While it's
not a great idea to blow air into glassware to dry it, sometimes you can apply a
vacuum to evaporate the solvent.

c. Disposing of contaminated and uncontaminated broken glasswares?

 Uncontaminated Sharps
Uncontaminated metal or glass sharps should be collected in puncture-proof
containers, labeled, sealed, and disposed according to your campus procedure.
 Chemically Contaminated Sharps
Chemically contaminated metal or glass sharps that are grossly contaminated with
hazardous chemicals, should be collected in puncture-proof containers, labeled,
sealed, and disposed according to your campus procedure.

5. Name and describe five (5) Common Methods of Separating a Solid-Liquid Mixture.

a. Evaporation
Chris Nino Wong Louie Vinluan Dane Bernadette Reyes Arrozal
Katrina Nuqui Marhn Phoery Ferrer Jilian Gale Talampas

- Is a process in which a liquid changes into gaseous form on heating. Allowing the liquid
to evaporate, leaving the soluble solid behind.

b. Crystallization
- Is a process which separates a pure solid in the form of its crystals from a saturated
solution.

c. Decantation
- Is a process of obtaining clear liquid by pouring a solution from a container in order to
leave the sediments in the bottom of the original container.

d. Filtration
- Is commonly the mechanical or physical operation which is used for the separation of
solids from fluids (liquids or gases) by interposing a medium through which only the
fluid can pass.

e. Centrifugation
- Spin sample very rapidly: denser materials go to bottom (outside).