Math.

II Sequence & Series 2nd Year

Series with Nonnegative Terms, Ratio and Root Test :-

Which sometimes called intrinsic tests - those that depend only on the series at hand.

The Ratio Test:-

Let ∑ be a series with positive terms, and suppose that

Then

a) The series converges if,

b) The series diverges if ,
c) The series may converge or it may diverge if (The test provides no
information).

Example:- Apply the ratio test to the two series:-

1- ∑

2- ∑

Notes:-
1- The Ratio Test is often effective when the terms of the series contain factorials
of expression involving n or expressions raised to the nth power or
combinations.
2- Recall that

Implies that
(n+1)!=1.2.3………n.(n+1)=n!(n+1)
(2(n+1))!=(2n+2)!=2(1.2.3…..n).(2n+1)(2n+2)=2n!(2n+1)(2n+2)

Example:- Test the following series for convergence or divergence , using the Ratio Test.

a) ∑
( )

( )

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Math. II Sequence & Series 2nd Year

The series converges because ⁄ is less than 1.

b) If
( )

= =1

We cannot decide on the basis of the Ratio test alone wherner series converge or
diverge.
But

Hence , by the nth-term test , the series diverges.

c) ∑
⁄
( ) ( )
⁄
The series converges because is less than , This does not mean that 2/3 is
the sum of the series.
In fact,
∑ ∑ ∑ ∑ .

. Geometric series with .

The nth−Root Test:-

∑ be a series with
√
Then
a) The series converge if
b) The series diverge if
c) The test is not conclusive if

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Math. II Sequence & Series 2nd Year

Example:- For the series ∑ is it converge?

Solution:- √ √

Example:- ∑ √ .
√

Example:- For the series ∑ ⁄

√ √

Because the root test is not conclusive .However, if we apple the nth-term test for
divergence , we find that

The series diverge .by nth-term test.

Absolute Convergence :-

Theorem 11 :- The Absolute convergence Theorem.

If ∑ | | converges, then ∑ converges.

Corollary :- If ∑ diverges, then ∑| | diverges.

Definition :- A series ∑ is said to converge absolutely if ∑ | | converges.

Note :- Many convergent series do not converge absolutely.

As example : ∑

Absolute value diverge, but the series converge by some other test.

Example :- ∑

The corresponding series of absolute values is

∑ which converges because it is a p – series with p=2

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Math. II Sequence & Series 2nd Year

Therefore ∑

Converge absolutely . Therefore

∑ converges ( Theorem 11).

Example :- ∑

Solution:- The corresponding of absolute value is

∑ Which diverges, we can draw no conclusion from this about

the convergence or divergence of the original series. Some other test must be found. In fact,
the original series converges.

Example :- ∑

The corresponding series of absolute value is

| | | |
∑| |

Which converges by comparison with ∑ because | | for every . The original

series converges absolutely; therefore it converges.

Example :- The series ∑

The series of absolute value is ∑ , does not converge by nth – term test

But the original series ∑ is diverges by nth term test (Fails to exist) ,
by the corollary of theorem 11 , the series does not converge absolutely.

Example :- ∑

Solution :- The series with absolute value is ∑ , Which is a G.S. with

converges to

While ∑ G.S. with converges to

(*) The two series will generally not converge to the same sum.

In fact , we can expect ∑ to equal ∑| | only if none of the numbers is negative

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Math. II Sequence & Series 2nd Year

Multiplication of Series :-

Let ∑

And the second as ∑

And the product as

∑ ∑

Thus every term in the first series appears as a factor with every term in the second series, in
the form .

Theorem 12 :- The series Multiplication Theorem

Let ∑ and ∑ be absolutely convergent series. Define ∑ by the equations

Then ∑ converges absolutely and

∑ (∑ ) (∑ )

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