Current

Lesson 1 LESSON VIII Chapter

The Basics of Arc Table of
Welding Contents
e. Preheat and Interpass Temperature - The importance of observing preheat and
interpass temperatures cannot be overstressed.  Problems, such as spalling,
Lesson 2 cracking, and distortion can be minimized by proper preheating, interpass tem-
Common Electric
perature, and slow or retarded cooling.
Arc Welding Processes

f. Dilution - Dilution of the hardfacing deposits is expected in all cases where the

hardfacing alloy is fused to the base metal and should be kept to a minimum. Go To Test
Lesson 3
Excessive dilution with the base metal will alter the hardness of the deposit and
Covered Electrodes for
Welding in part, is a result of the heat input.  Heat input is a function of the heat (amper- Print
Mild Steels age and voltage) and deposition rate (travel speed).

Lesson 4
Covered Electrodes for
Welding Low Alloy
Steels
Lesson 5
Welding Filler Metals
for Stainless Steels
Lesson 6
Carbon & Low Alloy
Steel Filler Metals -
GMAW,GTAW,SAW
Note:   As an example, a coated electrode, which operates at 225 amps and has a low deposition rate,
may put more heat into the workpiece than an open arc continuous electrode, which operates at Glossary
400 amps but has a deposition rate three times higher than the coated electrode.  The electrode
manufacturer’s recommended welding current should be used.
Dilution will be greater in stringer beads (straight) than in a weaving bead.  A weaving bead is
recommended wherever possible.
Electrical stickout (the amount of wire between the contact tip and the arc) must be kept relatively
constant to control penetration in open arc welding.  Long stickout decreases penetration and
thereby, the amount of dilution.  Short stickout can drastically increase penetration and dilution.
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g. Hardfacing Thickness - Too much hardfacing can cause more problems than
too little.  The hardfacing deposit should consist of no more than two layers and
the total thickness should not exceed ¼” in most cases.

Lesson 7 8.6   ECONOMICS OF HARDFACING Search

Flux Cored Arc Chapter
Electrodes Carbon Low (Faster
Hardfacing filler metals are quite costly as noted earlier.  The iron based alloys are the Download)
Alloy Steels
lowest in cost with the cobalt based alloys being the highest.
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8.6.0.1 Consider a steel mill application requiring hardfacing on the guide blocks which
Lesson 8 (Slower
Hardsurfacing will be subjected to abrasion and intermittent contact with hot billets at temperatures of Download)
Electrodes approximately 1800-2000°F.  Logically, one might choose a cobalt base surfacing alloy,
which will withstand continuously applied higher temperatures than the iron base types for
this application.  However, since the guide blocks are in contact with the billets intermit-
Lesson 9
Estimating & tently for short periods of time, the constant operating temperature is well below 800°F.
Comparing Weld Metal Iron base hardfacing alloys, which retain hardness at a constant 1000°F, are used in this
Costs
application quite successfully at a considerable savings over the cobalt base types.

Lesson 10
Reliability of Welding
Filler Metals

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