SOC SCI 2

January 29, 2019

I. Recap/ Closing Plato
II. “muddiest point”/Clarifications
III. Discussion Questions

 PLATO
- (platonic) truth/World of FORMS  there is an absolute form of truth which exists
beyond our world
- World of Forms vs. World of Appearances  current world
- Goal: grasp world of forms
- Allegory of the Cave  Basic analogy of world of forms vs world of appearances
- Sun: True knowledge vs fire: fake light
- Shadow puppeteers: current institutions propagating the truths
- Prisoners: society
- Knowing real truth: very unpopular position to be in
- Philosopher-King – wise + powerful;
- Republic = World of Forms (Ideal) – practicality
- Justice: misconceptions and true meaning

Life and Times

 Born from Aristocracy
 Athens vs. Sparta where democracy faltered (Peloponnesian War)
 Major Influence Context/Background/ History influenced Plato

Rule of Elites  only one who can achieve justice and can lead
Social Mobility

Social Organization
- Myth of Metals (Nature part of justifying how society is organized)
- Education (nurture)
- Meritocracy
- Abolition of private property
- Women – guardianship

3 Waves  conditions present in society to achieve republic

 Abolition of private property
 Equality of women
 Philosophers should be kings

*Plato is very well known because of the debates he posed.

January 31, 2019

PLATO (Muddiest Points)

A. Three Waves  things/necessary conditions that need to be present in our society

to achieve the Republic
1. Equality (Gender)
- Guardians
2. Abolition of Private Property
- Slightly related to communism
- Limited to guardians only
- Guardians should be very pure that they cannot be corrupted by
possessional things.
3. Philosophers should be Kings – wisdom (achieved justice in its truest form) +
political = ideal ruler
*Problem: How would you ensure that after achieving justice, philosophers
would want to go back to the cave and lead the shadow followers? Plato
hinted that most philosophers wont assume this role of being a leader.

1. Myth of Metals
- How do you know the metal in your soul? Through education.
- Incest (to some degree).

2. Allegory of the Dagger and the Deranged.

- If you are baliw, di ka bibigyan ng kutsilyo agad2.

3. Absolute Truth (World of Forms – Plato) vs. Empirical Truth (Where we are right
now; lazy exercise for Plato because it’s merely an observation. Lower form of using
your reason).
- Where did Plato’s World of Forms/Absolute Truth come from? His love reason.
Everything can be answered by reason therefore Absolute Truth can be achieved.

Plato is a very ideal philosopher. He believes in the best of the best.

A. ARISTOTLE
- Practical (believes in humanism, and empiricism)
- Scientist by nature
- Problem: Material things in the material world

Life and Times

- STAGIRA (birth place)
- People of Stagira were more welcoming of diverse ideas
- Father: Doctor of Macedonian King. Influenced his love of science.
- Aristotle set the foundation of all sciences
- Knows all things but it is not possible to believe in his beliefs now
o 5 elements = Matter
o Geocentric – corrected by Ptolemy/Galileo
 o Weightier – corrected by Galileo
- Age 13 – Went to the Academy. Destined to be the protégé of Plato. But young Aristotle
decided to be different. Socratic Method way of teaching.
- LYCEUM = created by Aristotle because Plato chose his nephew to lead The Academy.
Peripatetic school because teachers would actually walk around spurting out their
knowledge
- Become the tutor of Alexander the Great (greatest conqueror of the known worlds); was
able to unite the Ancient Greek. Hellas??? Emperor and colonizer so people usually
revolted against him. Athens revolted when AG died

Politics
- No unison as a body of work (plurality)
- Weak in terms of form (how it was written)
- Because of this nature, Aristotle didn’t really write the book. More like the compiled
work of his students.
- Excerpts of different lectures of Aristotle.
Telos – nature = nature of a thing is its end  means or gamit (organic)
For people, our nature was to be in a society (polis) so man is a “political animal”. Man
exists within the polis. If you do not exist within the polis, you are a God (you are above the
law) or a Beast (does not have the necessarily qualities that make a man a man). Political
Animal > Animal; why? 1. Reason (think; includes morality) 2. Speech vs noise
- Emphasis in the rule of law.

State Origins
- State is a community  attaining highest good = Eudaimonia (Absolute good)
- State is the highest form of community  there are lower forms. State (moral virtue/
eudaimonia) > Village (social sentiments) > Family (material wants/appetites) >
Individual
Human nature: Political Animal
Justice for Aristotle: Golden mean (moderation; push and pull between temperance and
excess)
- Able to accept criticisms; not so gullible; always in the middle

Human Relationships
- Duality of relationships that is always persistent in our society (Father-Mother; Parent-
Son; Master-Slave; Ruler-Ruled)
- Required to realize the state of nature/eudaimonia
- Justified Slavery because of the duality = slaves = “live tools”; greater than tamed
animals because they have speech and reason
- Two types of slaves: Convention (prisoners of war; Greek City State vs G.C.S.) and
Natural (born a slave therefore you are a slave). For Aristotle, slaves are only okay if they
are already slaves because Greek superiority = no individuals should be slaves.
- It’s okay what???????
- State of Nature?
- Barbarians?? (also deserving to be slaves)

Citizenship
- Administrative judicial responsibilities
- Share in the affairs of the state
- Women, slaves, and children are not citizens
- Therefore citizens are male with direct relation to the affairs to the state (Same with
Plato)
- Patriarchal in nature ang citizenship for Plato?

Constitutions
Comparative Politics – comparing different institutions of different countries
Aristotle was the first political sci because he was the first to taxonomize 158 constitutions
and grouped them to 3 different types

One Few Many

Normative Good Monarchy Aristocracy Polity
Perversions Tyranny Oligarchy Democracy
- Monarchy = ideal type; one virtuous leader who will lead everyone; but hard to
achieve because it is ideal; similar with the Republic
- Most are in Oligarchy and Democracy
- Most practical type is Polity = because it is the golden mean. 2 extremes: Oligarchy
and Democracy; you have virtuous/good many citizens leading the society. Most
practical because it is hard to find one Philosopher-King. Rule of the Middle-Class
because sila ang pinakamarami. Poor and rich are always in conflict unlike the
middle-class so they are the golden mean.

Why is polity better than democracy? May ano sa democracy?

All the good ones can achieve Eudaimonia.

 Aristotle didn’t have World Of Forms. His counter would be Empiricism.

 Known for Taxonomy because of Biology
 Alexandria (Library) but burned down.
February 7, 2019

I. Review: Artistotle
- State
- Political System
- Good Citizen vs. Good Man

II. Discussion Q & A; Muddy Points

Strong Middle Class

- Lesser evil
- Learning class
- Middle Class earns and are taxable
- Common denominator: Education

Private Property

Democracy
- Is the way to go
- But how can we remedy the democracy we have now?
- Education is the equalizer (voter’s education)

Good Citizen
- Using reason to find the true good
- Having the agency and initiative to change the system in order for us to become
good citizen

Political Animal
February 26, 2019
Niccolo Machiavelli

I. Life; Times; Context of Renaissance

Transitional Thinker – from the Greco-Roman (fusion of Greek and Christian ideas)
Renaissance: focused on Humanism (like sophists); movement
- Ninja Turtles
- Man is the measure of all things
Renaissance Greek + Christian
Humanism   “Nationality”  Salvation of the
 Communal tribal values individual soul
(community) – use  Individualism
reason to benefit the
state

All happened in Southern Europe, specifically ITALY.

Why Italy?
1. Ports here are the main daungan of spices from different parts of the world (Spice
Trade). Major reason among the three.
2. Restlessness (other-worldliness)
3. City-state tradition (Italy was composed of different city-states one of which was
Florence)  Similar to Greeks. Greek tradition was intact in Italy.

Niccolo Machiavelli
- Part of the bureaucracy (from 29 y.o. and stayed for 14+ years)
- Working for Florentine Republic (Republic – opposite of Monarchy; will of the
sovereignty of the many).  But this was toppled by the Medicis family. Then they
became Aristrocracy again because the Medicis family took over. This happened
because of the pope.
- Was fired because of his allegiance to the Florentine Republic. Exiled in the outskirts
of Florence.
- Worked on The Prince; The Discourses

The Prince:
Main reason why he wrote it: it was from a strategic point of view. He wanted to go back to
the government. It is a handbook for Lorenzo Medici. “If you want to be a strong rule, this is
what you have to do.”
He didn’t succeed.
Thought as authoritarian.
Realism – the political thought
Shows the worst what man is capable of doing.

The Discourses:
He still loves the Republic.
 II. Raison dètat
“The ends justify the means.”
End: raison détat or reason of the state  the ultimate end
- Political power
- How you amass political power – achieve; maintain; expand
- The type of state is not important rather what is the reality now. (realism)
Leader is _____ in securing the end (political power).

There are problems in the translation: “The ends excuse the means.”
Justifying – turning something bad to good
Excusing – turning a blind eye

Values System of the State

- State behavior should be judged differently from moral codes of the church.
- Religion
- Amoral (Absence of morals).
- Effective leader: No religion
Best ruler: having the Virtù (virtuous leader) = based on military prowess (good strategist
and military leader) emphasizes skill and ability technical skills (technocracy)
The more specialized the skills of your leaders are, the better.

Marcos employed a lot of technocrats

Fortuna = Luck  Female aspect: very unpredictable and very elusive. How do you handle
this? Constantly cork fortune para di mapunta sa iba.

III. Virtù
Leader should also be flexible/versatile
Does the leader have to be good all the time? Not really. Choose only the times to be good.

Appearance – you just need a shroud of goodness even though you are a ruthless leader;
just need to make people believe you are good.

How does the ruler exercise political power? Capable of using force and laws. Force trumps
laws all the time.

A ruler should be a man and a beast. Man = laws; Beast = Force  Should be a lion and a
fox. Lion is fierce, but the lion cannot detect traps. So the fox is cunning. So a beast that is
fierce and smart.

Force = Armies
1. Mercenaries – paid armies
2. Auxiliaries – borrowed from friends
3. Citizen-Army – who will die for the state and for you. The ideal army bc devotion of
people to the ruler is important.

PRESERVING, AND EXPANDING THE STATE AND NOT TALKING ABOUT AN IDEAL STATE.
Religion:
As a ruler  need to have an amicable relationship with religion.
Religion is good because it is a means of controlling your people.

Christianity

The best way to unite Italy especially in renaissance period

Characteristics of the Prince

1. Being a beast
2. Recognizing the benefits of following force and law
3. Better to be feared than loved.
- Need to be an example first establish ferociousness first (punishment should be
swift) then be generous after. You can be both but it’s hard. From the assumption
that human nature is naturally selfish and bad.

IV. The Prince and his dualisms

Dualisms
Is it better to have your citizens armed or not? Yes. This is one way of instilling in them that
you trust them and is an efficient way of instilling defense of the state.
Is it better to side with the nobility or the masses? He is a populist. Better to side with the
masses. Nobility is jealous of the political power of the ruler so it’s hard to gain their trust.
The masses are easier to gain trust just by appearing to be good. The key to the people’s
heart is their women and their property.
Fear & Love
Alliances – better to pick an ally because at the end of the day, that war would have a
result. If you win, you’ll gain an ally. If you lose, you’ll gain a friend. Partners are important.

Where he is coming from: Names were changing but patterns were the same  realism
Most realistic and most grounded.
But so much grounded; didn’t elaborate what is state power and what type. He didn’t
establish a perfect relationship between ends and means.

Historiography – identify trends in history and develop a way and understanding a way of
history.

Core idea: Have to be efficient in ruling a state. Not working hard, but working smart.
Authoritarian so it appeals to authoritarian leaders.

Modern applications: DU30: instilling fear – penal ______: demonizing a sector

February 28, 2019

1. Niccolo Machiavelli  Review + Handouts

Reason (ends/purpose  STATE POWER) of the State
State Power:
 Acquire
 Maintain
 Expand
Everything is justifiable in terms of acquiring that state power.
Does not abolish religion. There is a secular ideology  Religion = means/tools; poor man’s
reason

Alliances:
Better to choose an ally regardless whether that ally will win or lose. Having someone side
with you is an addition to your power equation which is better than not having any addition
at all.

Statecraft

Armies:
Virtù = military valor
Virtuous ruler = one who possess military valor; emphasis on technical skills and military
prowess

Three types of armies:

 Mercenaries
 Auxiliaries
 Citizen Army

2. Test Reminders
 50% Identification of Excerpts and which work it is from
 50% divided between identification and enumeration

Man is by nature selfish, etc. – Machiavelli

Man is made in God’s image – Augustine
Man is social and political animal; Fall from Grace – Aquinas
Three functions of state accdg to Aquinas

As soon as children are born, offices are to be shared by both sexes – Plato
Elements in the body – Plato
Republic is the will of the people, people’s will was never attained by the Romans –
Augustine
There will never be a perfect state or const or perfect men unless; genuine passion for true
philosophy compels philosophers to escape corruption – Plato
Tyrant to God – Aquinas
2 methods of fighting, by law and by force – Machiavelli
3 waves of opposition of Plato
Philosophers should be kings
Private properties
Women

3 cardinal virtues accdg to Plato

Wisdom
Courage
Temperance

Bring highlighter
March 7, 2019

THOMAS HOBBES
The Leviathan (1651)

*The Social Contract Thinkers:

1. Thomas Hobbes
2. John Locke
3. Jean Jacques Rousseau

Social Contract:
 Essence:
- Focuses on the individual
- Reason
 All will grab and sign the contract and in the contract, it is stated on how our political
system should be organized.

General Outline:
1. Historical Setting
2. Life and Times
3. Works and Influence

HISTORICAL SETTING
 Shift of the center of political ideas  From Southern Europe (Greece and Italy) to
the UK.
 UK is also an archipelago and is close to the sea world during that time (16500-1700).
The trend in this period was colonization. If you have colonies, you have power.
 UK was the forefront of colonialism because they are close to the sea.

 Time frame focus: 17th Century (1588-1679; 1651)

 Area in focus (location of new knowledge): England (and Western Europe) = From
Middle of the Earth (Age of Discovery) to Oceanic World (Modern Science and
Intellectual Revolution.

What was happening in Europe?

What was happening in England?

What was happening to Europe?

 30 Years War
- 1600
- About religion: Catholics vs protestants (Martin Luther  felt that the Catholics
were bringing Catholicism far too much)

*Before 1600s, monopoly of Christians were Catholics.

- Indulgence – salvation of the soul comes with a price
- Tithing – 10% of your income goes to the church
- Against the Holy Roman Empire – caused division of religion
  Shift of DIVINE RIGHT OF KINGS: What is the basis of the Crown’s legitimacy?

“The doctrine asserting that the monarch derived his or her power from God and not from
the people…[it] provided the legal basis for sovereign monarchy or absolutism…”(E&E, 356).
Sense of being practical (meritocracy) – legitimate if u perform well as the leader of the
state

 In BIG trouble. (1) Religious Liberty, (2) Sovereignty, (3) Governing Class = P vs. R.

 Charles I – Abolished the parliament (the congress). No Bishop, No King!

 The trend was to slowly limit the power of the absolute crown (before the Stuarts) –
granting some powers to the parliament because it was an extension of the king’s
rule.

In the UK:
 Head of Government – Parliament
 Head of State – The Queen (purely symbolic representation)
 Parliament – House of Lords (upper house; aristocrats) and House of Commons
(lower house)
 King  Lords  Commons
 Speaker – neutral; mediator

Summary: Middle Class Revolution against Absolute Monarchy, Ending Divine Right of Kings

 Hobbes still believes that Monarchy is the best form of government because of the
principle of pragmatism.
 He is antiparliamentarian and anti-democratic.
 Defender of the status quo.

LIFE AND TIMES

B. Young Hobbes: Studious, privileged (thanks to his uncle), well-educated.
- Oxford at 15, major in Natural Sciences

C. Cavendish stint: Associated with the British aristocracy through the Cavendish family
(tutor for William Cavendish).
D. Grand Tour: Met with famous and accomplished scientists such as Galileo Galilei,
Rene Descartes, and Francis Bacon = promoted MODERN SCIENCE to be translated to
Political Philosophy

E. Influence of Science: Geometry (method of reasoning); Physics (motions of men,

human nature): A SCIENTIFIC AND SYSTEMATIC APPROACH TO POLITICAL THEORY

F. Passions-aversions – human beings are motivated by this. This is what makes us

rational because we simply respond to our senses.
Written in the dedication for his book Elements of Law: Natural and Politic (1640):

[referring to his book] “The true and only foundation of such science – the science of justice
and policy.” [C.B. Macpherson, 1985 p. 20]

WORKS AND INFLUENCES

 The Leviathan (1651): First General Theory of Politics in the English Language.
 Macro-anthropological principles
 Preliminary Principle (Human Nature and Political Nature): From Modern Science,
basic principles (of science, of politics) beyond skepticism. Application of Modern
Science to modern philosophy.
- De Corpore (1655)
- De Hominem (1658)
- De Cive (1642)

 Political Views and Republican Regime: The focus of his writings have clearly been
antiparliamentarian and anti-democratic, which was in contrast with the political
climate at the time defined by the Parliament increasingly asserting its authority to
the detriment of the Crown.
- Fled to France (1640s)
- Returned to England [French Clergy] (1651)

LEVIATHAN (1651): CORE IDEAS

Human Nature and State of Nature:

Human Nature:
1. Basic Equality of Men
2. Unsocial Animals  The man is an island for Hobbes.
We don’t need to live in a state to be the best versions
of ourselves.
3. Power-Seekers
4. Rational

STATE OF NATURE
1. Basic Equality of Men: “Men have in general equal faculties; they also cherish like
hopes and desires” (E&E, 357). Equality in:
 Faculties of mind and body
 Hope in achieving same goals
 Self-preservation i.e. fear of death
 Time and Experience as greatest equalizers
*Most opposite to Hobbes: Aristotle

 Implication of this Basic Equality? State of Nature is in a (perpetual) condition of

war!!!
 “Life in the state of nature is solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short.”- Thomas
Hobbes
 State of Nature for Hobbes: influenced by Science  Health
 SPNBS STATE OF NATURE: Our basic equality  in a condition of “every man against
every man”

The 2 cardinal virtues of war, or what People engage in with each other to get by:
 Fraud
 Force

Causes of (perpetual) Conflict/Quarrel in State of Nature:

 Competition (invade for gain; command others)
 Diffidence (invade for safety; increase defense)
 Glory (invade for reputation; good name)

2. Men are Unsociable/Selfish Animals: Every man against man.

 Man wants the same things as other men.
 We are simply driven apart, not drawn together
 I’d rather you die! Better of alone. (In contrast with Aristotle).

3. Men are Natural Power-Seekers

 Increase chances of survival by acquiring as much power as we can.
 Desire for power ends when we die.
 If I can’t be alone, might as well arm myself with P.
 Contributes to (worsening of) SPNBS State of Nature.

How do we save ourselves? How do we get out?

4. Men are rational

 Not a monopoly of a certain group or class (who?)
 Man through his reason, must realize that this fear of death is due to this brutal
competition amongst each other ( or the lack of cooperation). Reason would
show the way out.

Law of Nature
 General rule based on reasons, tells us to seek and maintain peace.
How do we seek and maintain peace?
- Every man need to endeavor peace, all means can be used (right of nature)
- Men be willing, when others are too, to sacrifice right of nature, to escape SPNBS
SON.
Social Contract
 Premature Social Contract: With reason, we realize that the best way to get out of
State of Nature is to give up our natural rights (right of nature).

 Ideal Social Contract: More than giving up our rights, we must also transfer our
rights to some authority to make the agreement stick.
- Single person authority or an assembly of men (sovereign)
- A voluntary contract
- Mutual transfer of rights
- Parties: subjects  The sovereign cannot violate because he did not sign the
contract.

*Disrespecting the rights of the other person  This is how we violate the contract.

Outcome of the Social Contract

 The creation of the commonwealth/leviathan. The Sovereign!
 Now escaped the state of nature. 
*Sovereign of state and church should be held by the Leviathan

 Sovereign Power: The sovereign (1) ensures obedience to the contract, (2) maintains
peace, (3) provides for defense. Some other characteristics/implications:
1. Common Authorship of Leviathan’s actions
2. Leviathan’s prerogative
3. Sovereignty by institution (not acquisition)
4. No division of powers (Case for absolutism)
5. ‘Poisonous doctrine ‘should be eliminated
6. Sovereign not a party to the contract
7. Nontransferablity of Lev’s power
8. Sole judicial authority, authority on property.

On Religion:
 Hobbes: The “Father of Atheists”. Hobbism = atheism, agnosticism
 Religion and churches are the most serious causes of civil disobedience and disunity!
*Take note of Context: Height of religious extremism by Catholics (e.g. Gunpowder
Plot 1605, Assassination of King Henry IV of France, Thirty Year’s War)
 Leviathan as sole authority: Leviathan has unlimited obedience hence should also
be in charge of the church.

The Best Type of Government

 Is Monarchy.
 Hobbes’ emotive theory of value: good (pleasure); bad (pain) and they can be
judged differently by humans.
 Relating this to Aristotle and Aquinas’ classifications
 Hobbes: 3 types of government = Monarchy, Aristocracy, and Democracy.
 Why? Because of its effectiveness (pragmatism, practicality).
SOCIAL CONTRACT THINKERS
 Thomas Hobbes Jean Jacques
THINKER John Locke
(1588-1679) Rousseau
1. Equality
2. Unsocial
Human Nature 3. Rational Power-
Seekers
= Desiring Animals
 Solitary, Poor,
Nasty, Brutish,
State of Nature Short (SPNBS)!
 Constant State
of War
Two-Fold Process:
A. Contract =
established by
Subjects:
civil society
1. Give up their
B. Fiduciary Trust
natural rights.
– established by
Social Contract 2. Transfer rights
gov’t
to Leviathan
Two _____ of Gov’t
 Leviathan not a
Rights vs
party.
Obligations
WE don’t go back
to State of Nature
People 
 Leviathan
Sovereign Government
 Absolute
(consent)
 Monarchy Government based
Best form of
(because of on Liberal
Government
effectiveness) Constitutionalism

Try it out! True or False

1. The desire for a good life leads men to
False
enter into a social contract.
2. The nature of man is such that they
are equal in mental and physical True
faculties/abilities.
3. Hobbes’ state of nature is a state of
False
relative peace.
4. Because of the Social Contract, the
Leviathan becomes the author of the False
acts of the people.
5. The parties to the social contract:
False
people and sovereign.
6. The sovereign can be one man or an
True
assembly of man.
 7. The people can resist a bad
Uncertain
government.

March 14, 2019

I. Brief Assessment
II. Review: Hobbes
III. Locke Ideas & Life and Times
A. Life, Times, Context
B. Human Nature/ State of Nature
C. Social Contract
IV. Discussion Questions (if we have time)

Review: Thomas Hobbes

 Human Nature
- Adapted a very pessimistic view of Human Nature
- Humans are naturally power-seeking
- We want power because we want to survive in the human nature.
- Makes us Desiring Animals
 State of Nature
- Extension of Human Nature
- SPNBS
- State of War
 Social Contract
- Give up our natural rights to protect ourselves and ensure survival
- Transfer these rights to a sovereign
- Only between subjects
- Leviathan not part of the contract, meaning the Leviathan cannot
violate the Social Contract. = Leviathan can never be wrong.
- This means that we are all extended authors of the Leviathan’s
actions.
 Sovereign
- Leviathan
- Sovereign is absolute
- Can be one person or an assembly of man.
 Best form of Government
- Monarchy

 Major Takeaway: Divine Right vs. Consent and Effectiveness

- Coming from the perspective of contradicting Divine Right as the basis
of political legitimacy (right to rule).
- Right to rule is not based on God, but based on effectiveness and
Social Contract.
- Consent  Individual
JOHN LOCKE
Locke Ideas
A. Context
 “Father of Liberalism”
 Liberalism
- Individualism
- Non-interference (by government or by any group)
- Stresses the Importance of human beings
- In the context of Enlightenment
- Limited Government = Constitutionalism (unwritten and written
constitutions)
 17 Century (1600s)
th

 40 years apart with Hobbes

 Glorious Revolution (1688-89)
Implications/Importance of the Glorious Revolution:
1.) Bloodless Revolution  Entailed that regime change doesn’t necessarily
have to be bloody.
 Charles II (1670s )
- Product of the restoration of the parliament
- Reverted back to absolute monarchy
- Legacy: Abolish the parliament and institute Catholicism.
- The UK didn’t want for Catholicism to be reinstituted because
it is a French (their rival) idea and anything from their rivals is
a big no-no.
- Connived with King Louis XIV of France (“I am the state.”)
- Conniving with the French King was the last straw for the UK
so what they did is: Parliament impeached Charles and placed
King William and Mary.
- This is the Bloodless Revolution
2.) Parliament Supremacy  Seen during the Glorious Revolution because of
the power of the parliament to impeach Charles II
- The sovereign is the crown with the consent of Parliament = consent
is the heart/main idea of Liberalism.
3.) Bill of Rights  Document stipulating the rights of the commoners, and
the limitations of the powers of the king.
- Safeguard against reverting back to absolute monarchy.
- Intellectual basis of Glorious Revolution: John Locke
- John Locke’s writing was to support the Glorious Revolution.
Parliament in this time was actively invoking the ideas of Locke.
- Life, Liberty, and Property = Lockean phrase; first found in the Bill of
Rights.

B. Major Work
Two Treatises of Government
  (1st Treatise)  Divine Right of Kings
 Robert Filmer’s PATRIARCHA (1680)
- provides a justification for the Divine Right of Kings
- All Kings of Europe are all direct descendants of Adam
- Adam is the first sovereign
- Proven through anthropology (scientifically)

 (2nd Treatise)  tacit response to Hobbes

- civil government
 Wrote 3 books during the Glorious Revolution.

C. Life and Times

 Young Locke is a privileged man
 Went to Oxford (BA, MA)
 Studied Natural Sciences
 Influenced by Medicine: “Medical experience is the absolute source of medical
knowledge.”
 Translation to Political Philosophy: “Human experience is the absolute source of
knowledge.” Knowledge is something that is acquired by senses and reason.
 Practicing surgeon
 Thomas Syndenham - Medical Doctor; Espoused the idea that Medical
experience is the basis of Medical Knowledge; close friends with Locke.
 Part of the Royal Society of London (Grammys/Nobel Prize of Natural Sciences) =
Locke is a very smart person as recognized by the crown.
 Other members of the Royal Society of London: Elon Musk, Isaac Newton, Albert
Einstein.
 Active part of the government (Like Machiavelli during the Medici Regime)
 Works for the opposition
 Brain-child of Glorious Revolution.
 Fled to Holland (Netherlands) = His first exposure on Liberal Ideas.

CORE IDEAS
Human Nature and State of Nature

Human Nature
 Very benign (optimistic) conception of Human Nature.
(1) Equality: Human beings were made equal in terms of physical and mental
capabilities and equal in terms of right to enjoy and possess property.
 Property
- Life, Liberty, Estates (Land)
- Comprised of both tangible and intangible things
- Modern Application = Human Rights
- Comparing with Hobbes: Hobbes’ idea only emerged after the Social
Contract. The Leviathan dictates your property.
- For Locke, even in the Human Nature, we already have property.
- Lockean Theory of Property: Labor + Raw Materials = Property
 - Limitations of acquiring property is based on spoilage (natural limitation to
acquiring property)
(2) Freedom: Free and independent.
 Free
- Free from domination
- Direct attack to Aristotelian concept that ruling elements are naturally born
 We are judges and juries.
(3) Rational: Reason is an intrinsic part of our being.

State of Nature
1. State of Equality
2. State of Freedom and Independence
3. State of Nature ruled by reason
 Law of Nature
- Dictates that the objective of every human being in the State of Nature is to
maintain and observe peace or survival.
- We should not be infringed on others’ property (Life, Liberty, Estates)
- Based on reason; Reason guides and dictates the Law of Nature

Why do we need to get out the State of Nature? Is reason not enough to mitigate
our unruly passions?
- Relying on reason alone is very uncertain. This is because we may become biased
and our judgment will not be objective.

4. State of Inconveniences
Deficiencies:
a. Partial/ biased to our own interests
b. We are judges to our own affairs  Driven by revenge or by passions
c. Injured party may be compromised

So how do we get out of the State of Nature?

- We need a common executive, legislature, and policemen
- We must entrust partial rights (right to police, right to be our own judges, and
right to make our own laws) to the government.

Social Contract
State of Nature Social Contract Sovereign
 Two-fold process
1. Contract
- Signed by the subjects (Sovereign is not part of the subjects).
- Once signed, society is created.
- The Social Contract established society, not the sovereign/government.
2. Fiduciary Trust
 Trustee  Has obligations to ensure that property protected. (Government)
 Trustor  Entrusting something to someone; Has rights to resist a bad
government. (Subjects)
 Benefactor  Family (Subjects)
  If the trustee (government) fails, then we can get rid it and reinstitute a new one.
 For Hobbes: There is only a choice between the Leviathan and State of Nature
(constant war).
 For Locke: If there is no government, we simply go back to the society.

Sovereign
 People as reflected by the government which was chosen with consent.

Best Form of Government

 Government based on Liberal Constitutionalism

How do we know if we have Liberal Constitutionalism? We look at 3 things:

1. Rule of Law – have written/ promulgated laws
2. Limited Objectives – limitations necessary to avoid absolutism
3. Certain Powers – Legislative, Executive (Judiciary is under here), and Federative

There is no separation of powers, only a hierarchy of powers:

People

Legislative

Executive and
Federative
March 21, 2019

JEAN-JACQUES ROUSSEAU

Context:
French Enlightenment = French Revolution (18th Century)  Thinkers: Rousseau, Diderot,
Voltaine = Age of Reason (the implications; set the tone for abloshment of abs monarchy) =
Clear goal of reforming society = Praxis (Theory + Practice)
France = ruled by an absolute monarch (King Louis XIV)
= Three Estates (Caste System) – 1 Clergy; 2 Aristocrats;
3 Commoners/Skilled People (98% of the taxes comes from here)
- Payinh taxes is a relgiios due, having 1 king or abs monarchy is the norm. Fremch
rev is more imp than eng rev bc of its impact. A radical movement, from nothing
at all to imposing democracy. Unlike in the UK, it was gradual. Bloody French
Revolution
- Philosophes (Frencjh equivalent of Principalia) - Learned Class (Salons – where to
exchange ideads; safe haven)
- Rousseau was a frewuent visitor of these salons . His life was defined by poverty.
In between: John Locke (English Revolution)
- Encyclopedia by Diderot – Rousseau contributed
Predecessor: Scientific Revolution (17th Century)
Renaissance (15th Century)
In between: Aquinas
Medieval
Greco-Roman
Pre-Socratic Humanism, Empiricism

Main Take-aways for the French Enlightenment:

(1) Human Nature – benign; man is not evil
(2) Goal of Life: primary impetus and only objective of man (life on Earth)
(3) REASON: Primary authority of knowledge
(4) Freedom: innate in human nature; Freedom from arbitrary rule/authority (political);
freedom from superstition and religion (knowledge)

I. Recap of SC Thinkers

HUMAN NATURE
Hobbes – pessimistic; skeptical view of HN; Human desires in relations to others;
desire are unlimited; Humans are desiring animals bc we are Rational bc we only
think about ourselves therefor we only think about our gains relative to each
other (relative gains). What I gain, someone’s loss. Absolute gains – Idc what
others earn, not comparing to others
- Unsocial and Equality
Locke – Same w Hobbes as rational (there is reason in the state of nature; law of nature)
and equal
- Different lang is that we are free and independent in the State of Nature
- Property – we have this in SON ; Labor + Raw Materials
 - Rousseau – Huamns have the capability to experience compassion
- Noble Savage is not rational; no reason in SON
- We are animals but kind
- Self-suffiecient – we are able top provide for ourselves and at the same time, our
desires stop once we are able tp saturate our desires therefore we are not selfish
- Savage bc not rational – like animals w no reason
- Noble bc compassionate
- Plus we are unequal – people are unqueal bc the very fact we have diff physical
attributes
- Noble Savages are diff w respect to another
These are the Prelimary principles of our SC thinkers
Preliminary Principle – laws of p6, gravity, set rules that all succeeding discoveries is based
on the prelinary orinciples

SON
Hobbes – always in a state of war; always competing for limited resources, desires never
satisfied, only when everyone is dead.

Lcoke – built on Hobbe’s ideas

- Not always in a state of war, only in a state of inconvenience, man is able to live
a fulfilling life but our reason just get out of hand
- We need laws to remedy these inconveniences

Rousseau – State of happiness, state of primitiveness

- Life in the son is better than civilization
- Academy of Dijon
- Man is free, but everywhere, he is in chains.
- Natural liberty - ;obrety that we enjoy in this nation
- Civil liberty – liberty that we enjoy in civil society

SC
Hobbes – give up rights
- Transfer rights to a person or assembly of man; surrender your rights

Lcoke – 2-fold
- 1st fold- SC establishes civil scoeity
- 2ns fold- once we are in C.S., we crated a FT that creates the Government
- Rights – obligations; we have rights after sc, only surrender partial rights
- The gov is now obligated to keep our properties safe

Rousseau – retain all rights to men that we enyter sc uet ywe are still free
- Security and liberty (combine) in contrast to Hobbe’s and Lockes’Sc to escape SN
- Each mna myst give himself to anyone and vice-versa (reciprocity)
- Hence for nobody in particular
- NATURAL LIBERTY IS GIVEN UP ONCE WE ENTER IN SC BUT REPLACED BY CIVIL
LIBERTY (freedom, laws and rules)
 - We need to transform C.L. to Moral Liberty – freedom, laws are created by
everyone

Sov
Hobbes – Lev

Locke – people; under a liberal gov’t

Rousseau – people; under a direct democracy

- UPS (Unmitigated Popular Sov) – no mitigating institution ( congress)
- General Will – the gov should be formed based on the gen will
- People under driect democracy

Particular Will – what I want

Will of all – sum of all those wills
General Will – Least common denominator; public interest; common amongst us; common
good; can be determined if all of us participate in legislation; ppl can interpret gw as
totalitarian = communism; tantamount to vanguardism

Form of Gov’t
Hobbes – Monarchy
Locke-
Rousseau – gov guided by the G.W.

Grew up in poverty
Came to Switzerland at 16 and traveled Europe
Womanizer

Applications: direct dem (applied to USC; nottom-up budgeting) and rep dem (some ere left
dissatisfied and this is bc they don’t reflect the general will), no country strictly applies
rousseaus dem; reps for the sake of efficiency

Given that Direct Dem is inefficient to apply, and we are tsuck with Rep Dem, how do we
remedy the ills of Rep Dem to make sure that the G.W. is accounted for?
Most practical: Voter’s Education

Proletariat- working class; best estimation of the national interest

 Elite Democracy

Another answer: Education

Common themes bet SC Thinkers: Government by Consent

Modern day institutions of SC – 1987 Constituion; Body of laws; bills; Genaral

Appropriations Act; Elections
March 28, 2019
ADAM SMITH & DAVID RICARDO

I. Smith Life and Times; Context

II. W O N (Core Ideas)
III. Ricardo Life and Times
IV. Ricardo Core Ideas

Adam Smith
Wealth of Nations (1776)

Classical Political Economy and its Key Thinkers

Adam Smith (1723-1790)
David Ricardo (1772-1823)

Outline
 Adam Smith – LT
 Political Econ and Context
 Smith – Core Ideas
- Human Nature
- Invisible Hand
- Division of Labor and Theory of Value
- Role of Government and Laissez-Faire

Life and Times Adam Smith (1723-1790)

 Father of Political Economy
 Kirkcaldy, Scotland (primary education)
 University of Glasgow (14 years old); moral philosophy
 Oxford for a while, not a fan = breakdown
 So he went back to Glasgow
- Master’s Degree
- Professor (Moral Philosophy)

Early Life to University of Glasgow (2 groups of inspirations):

 Francis Hutcheson (Scottish Enlightenment); David Hume (read him a lot)
 Physiocracy
- 18th month tour in France
- Land is everything  Everything is determined by land according to physiocrats
- There exists a natural order harmonizing all interests
- Individual Liberty
- Smith would build on these ideas

Wealth of Nations  Major Work

Full title: “An Inquiry Into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of nations = What
constitutes the wealth of society, and how do we efficiently increase it? Modern application
= GDP
Systematization = provided a comprehensive explanation of the changes on economic order
POLITICAL ECONOMY
Inseparable: Term itself reflects the “belief” that we cannot separate both.

Politics
Focused on the struggle over scarce resources i.e. where/who has the power (Laswell,
Heywood)

Economics – Focused on the management of scarce resources i.e. how people make
decisions (Mankiw)

Combine them, we have Political Economy: Study of the authoritative allocation of material
values
Land = fixed asset; most scarce resource so most important resource

Economics not separate from pol (precursor)

Natural rel bet pol (power and decision-making) and econ (production and distrib)
Parallel existence and Mutual Interaction bet State and Market

Whioc Is more powerful? Smith and Marx would argue that it us econ
Mainstream debate: Econ bc of security (acquiring good ) and preliminary principle = Human
Nature, SoN

*Plato and womanizer didn’t really discuss concepts of econ and questoons of distrib of
crace pf resources

Production and distribution of material goods in society, not much of a concern

(subsistence)
Econ org ff fr politics/govt

1800s = market, rel bet buyers and sellers, as the basis of econ org (Europe). Market
economy syarted rising from Industrial Revolution so ecnomy became talked about.

Context: Industrial Evolution

*Saw the advents of steam engines = factories
E&E would argue that this is the most impt bc this is where we see emphasis on individs and
wealth accumulations
Britain (1760-1840)
Agrarian, rural societies had a makeover (into industrial societies)
Central roles = powered machinery, steam engine
Mass production via factories
Increased overall incomes
Britain pursue a non-interventionist policy
“I.H. over Gov Intervention”
Prosperity under Indus Rev
E&E: perhaps mot imp of all transofmations in the moern age
Modern age:

*Qs in Med Period: Good Life and common good

GINI Index = 0-1 index

GDP/Capita = total outpout not accurate so refer to GINI

PH: 0.45 ave – 0.4
Hifhest GINI Index – Luxembourg and Ethopia
25% 0.10 B Pop of PH below poverty line ($2 a day)
China – 7%

Prior: Mercantilism  mercantilists of this time: most efficient eay to accumulate wealth
Wealth as. Ultimate basis of national power
Wealth obtained by either
1. endless accumulation of gold and silver (colonialism) – promoting exports and
discouraging imports
2. increasing stock of gold and silver thorugh imporved balance of trade
Now: free trade under WTO; tarrifs and quotas should be justified so u cannot justify
protectionism and mercantilism
Colianilism  Latin Am (Spain Portugal), Africa (france uk Prussia), SEA (portugal spain),
Indian P (uk), N America (France uk)
Superpwers of the time: Uk, France, Prussia (Germancy and Russia), Spain Portugal
Effectively a restricted market
In mercantilism, Smith argues that interest of the consumer is almost continually sacrificed
to that of the produces
Not the answer in expanding WoN
Respect individual freedom of both consumers and producers (ridding of mercantilism) =
maximum economic production
I.R. as a response to Mercantilism

Core Ideas

Human Nature
The Theory of Moral Sentiments (1759)
Economic Man. What makes them so?
1. Human beings are largely driben by selfish interests (think Machiavelli and Hobbes)
- Would want the Greatest profit for himself
2. Humans are capable of sympathy (rousseau)
- They are members of society and are in constant need for the help of others

3. Humans naturally desire freedom (economic affairs)

4. Natural propensity to trade with others
For Hobbes: Desires and passions are unlimited so hoading
Smith: Saturation Point beyond that, we have surplus (we
would naturally want to exchange that excess for other things)
In-text:

Smith: Following selfish interests is not selfish at all. How come?

Bc by following it, you are able to trade w one an other and
inc the welfare of others. In this sense, by being selfish, we are helping others.

Tjos os where IH comes into play

IH
In our own personal, individual ways, we inevitably contribute to the attainment of natural
balance.
ANALOGY  Not tangible
Collective improvement is possible
By pursuing our own interests, we are contib to collecting improvement and thereby to the
improve of WoN
Economic App: Application og how FREE MARKET can coordinate decisions (buyers, sellers)
to achieve a point where (1) individual welfare, and (2) economic efficiency is
maximized/optimal.

IH (in-text)

Implication: Leave us alone! Society will be better off if o=govt did not intervene so much.
Optimum equilibrium point only possible under limited gov’t.
Context: Criticizing inefficient governments )in terms of managing economy)

Division of Labor
Comes about because of our natural tendency to trade (human nature)
A process by which a particular productive operation is subdivided into a certain number of
separate operations, each of which carried out by a different person.
DoL will increase the efficiency of labor
April 2, 2019

By imposing DoL, we promote:

1. Dexterity: Indefinite repetition of tasks meant dexterity (e.g. photocopy)
2. Time-Saving: No need to transfer to a new task, increase work done.
3. Machines: Inevitably leads to stimulation of technical progress.

*Problem w DoL: it makes the worker v distinct from the production of his output

Division of Labor requires:

1. Sufficiently large market for the goods being produced
2. Tech advances in transpo and communications, development of credit and monetary
instruments
3. There must be a free market

DoL (in-text)

Theory of Value
Similar to Locke, Labor is the ultimate source of all value: “Labor is the real measure of the
exchangeable value of all commodities.”
- Except for goods that are naturally scarce: diamonds

Limited Role of Government

1. National Defense
2. Administration of an impartial system of Justice
3. Facilitation of public works and institutions that are beneficial to society (particularly in
furthering commerce)
3a. public works such as bridges, roads, and canals that are too expensive for individuals to
construct
3b. Some support for education (skills), but students still need to pay something toward the
full cost

Extended argument of Smith’s DoL  Comparative Advantage

Law of Com Adv

Comp Adv of:

PH – semiconductors
US = arplane parts/units, A/C, Drugs (Pharma)

Absolute Advantage

Outline
David Ricardo – Life and Times
Core Ideas

L&T
Dutch Jewish family, settled in England
Jewish stockbroker, worked at the London Stock Exchange (became rich)
Became a land proprietor (early retirement), and a Member of Parliament
Greatly influenced by Smith’s Wealth of Nations
Lacked advantage of a scholarly career

Theory of Rent
Common definition: Periodic payments

Differential rent – lalabas lang if may inferior land

April 4, 2019

David Ricardo
Principles of Political Economy and Taxation (1817)

Outline
David Ricardo – Life and Times
Core Ideas
Theory of Rent (and Factors of Production)
Labor Theory of Value
Comparative Advantage

Life and Times

Dutch Jewish family, settled in England
Jewish stockbroker, worked at the London Stock Exchange (became rich)
Became a land proprietor (early retirement), and a Member of Parliament
Greatly influenced by Smith’s Wealth of Nations
Lacked advantage of a scholarly career

Theory of Rent
Common definition: periodic payments that users make to those who own land or any other
assets

Worker is just a beast

May 2, 2019

KARL MARX

I. Brief Review: Smith + Ricardo

II. KARL MARX
- Life and Times + Introduction
- Main influences
- Historical Materialism + Stages
- Fall of Capitalism
- Socialism + Communism (End of History, Salvation, Utopia, Final synthesis)

Similarity with Smith and Ricardo: Economic base

- The EB determines everything (Superstructure  politics, culture, society,
religion)
- In a sense, materialist explanation vs. idealism (Free Market  Freedom,
colonialism, feudalism)
- Scarcity; self-interest
- Best way to accumulate profit is free market  hand in hand with democracy
(individual freedom would allow individuals to freely roam around the free
market)
- Hegel (German philosopher; idealist as opposed to Marx); agreed with
methodology  Dialectics – Dialectical Materialism
Thesis vs. Antithesis  Synthesis (for you to arrive at a
certain truth, it is something that is discovered by argument); truth is not something that is
imposed
Ex. T1: Du30 is the best prest
AT1: Du30 is not
Synthesis: Debate results; T2 (which will again have
another AT2  Cycle)

Smith: tackled question of good life and can only be achieved by free market (less
government)  criticizing mercantilism (promoting exports, discouraging imports)
- What works is invisible hand

Ricardo:
- Capitalist  victim of rising wages and rising rent (lugi sa free market)
- Rising wages and rising rent is because of rise of population

For Marx:
- In a capitalist system, the workers are the victims of oppression.

Exchange value = wages is determined by the law of Supply and Demand

Used value = Selling price
Use Value – Exchange Value = profit/surplus value
Oppression comes in when you introduce surplus value
 - Workers can’t afford to buy the goods they produce
- Workers are extension of the machine
- Workers are objectified

Capital = thrives under wage-labor, subsistence, starvation-wages

Changes in History are because of contradictions:

1. Means/ factors of productions
2. Social Relations/ Relations of production

Shift from feudalism to capitalism because of change of means of productions

Land to capital
The fast changes made the social relations cannot keep up/ remain the same

From Capitalism to Socialism (where Marx focused)

The doom of capitalism is inevitable (ideology of Marx)

Is there an absolute truth for Marx? Yes. Absence of contestation (philosophical sense).
Absence of class struggle (material sense).

For Marx, communism is the preferred end because there are no classes/ only one class. It’s
a fair society.

Stages of Development:

How does capitalism tumble?

Capitalism’s Doom
- Capitalists are forever hungry for profit.
- Motivated by profit = endless competition
- Several results: Capital accumulation, increasing poverty
- Accumulation of profit goes hand in hand with increasing poverty (inherent
contradiction of capitalism)
- Increasing poverty happens because industry/technology develops for profit
- Tech exists to compete with labor, capital is maintained as high as possible
- At the end of the day, wages are kept at a minimum

Economic Crisis
- Great Depression (30s)
- Great FC (2008)
- AFC (1997)
- Moments of economic recession  2 business cycles of decreasing GDP
- These scenarios of EC are fertile ground for revolution to take place
o (1) Workers should organize and (2) workers should develop class
consciousness
o Class Consciousness is magnified in stages of economic crisis
- Once this happens, we shift to socialism
Socialism
- Transition stage
- Strong state
- The government is the state/owners of means of prod
- State = instrument of oppression (the workers for Marx; the capitalist for
socialisn; working class for capitalist system)
- State Owned Enterprises  like in China, BOR are members of the communist
party of China (only party allowed to rule in politics) Direct link between gov and
market; Capitalism run by the state (State Capitalism)
- Russia: During Cold War

End of History
- 1991
- No more convincing alternatives for capitalism

Individual freedom
- More important selling point to those oppressed in society

Communism
- Empirical evidences
May 7, 2019

EMILE DURKHEIM

I. Life and Times and Major Influences

II. Sociology
III. Division of Labor
IV. Collective Conscience

The Fathers of Modern Sociology

Marx
Durkheim

Durkheim – Established modern sociology

- Idea is closely related to the discipline of sociology

Sociology – roots; society

- The whole is greater than the sum of its parts.
- But at the same time, society is able to exist on its own regardless of its
composition.
- Power doesn’t interest them
- Relationships interest them

Social Facts
- Religion
- Political ideas
- Ideology

Structure – society/group
Agency – individuals

“Inequation (Gloria, 2019).”

Durkheim
- French
- From a Jewish Family
- Intending to become a Rabbi
- Doctorate
- A.Ecole Normale Superieure – PhD
- University of Bourdeaux – Major Works = Division of Labor in Society (1883) and
Rules of Sociological Method (1895) and Suicide (1897)
- Suicide (1897) – Structure > Agency
- Sorbonne University – where he established himself as “The Sociologist”

Sociology and Influence

Sociology – scientific study of society, social groups, social relationships, and interactions to
explain current social order, impetus for social change. (Positivist)

Political Science – studies leaders, government and state institution’s, politically organized
groups to explain political behavior; Distribution of Power (Power – State and Individual)

19th Century France

France – political considilation
- Nationalism
- One of the most nationalistic countries during that time
- + Economic – Industrial Revolution = Increase in D.O.L.
- High Individualism, High DOL, High solidarity
Marx: DOL = Present in diff stages in history; worker is alienated when labor becomes more
complex

Influences:
1.) Social Contract thinkers: Atomistic/Individualistic view of society
- Anti-individual = Explanatory Autonomy to groups
 Social Facts – traditional beliefs (customs)
2.) Claude-Saint Simon: scientists and industrialists lead society

Functionalist
- Organisms/living thing
- INTERDEPENDENCE – key for explaining supremacy of society (for Durkheim)
- Feeds solidarity of society
- Dito pumapasok ang DOL contributing to solidarity

DOL
- Identified with the career I posses

3.) Augustus Comte: Positivism

- Scientific Method in Social Sciences

DIVISION OF LABOR  Major Work

- It si good and if we can, we should promote it in a much more sophisticated
matter

Smith: DOL = specialized functions; goal: economic efficiency

Marx: DOL = happening + improving across history with worker becoming more & more
alienated
- Simple cooperation  Complex cooperation
Durkheim: DOL = Sociological point: To have solidarity or cohesion with individuals defined
by their respective occupations and also interacting with one another; an improvement of
the economic argument
Solidarity:
1. System of social bonds linking individuals to society
2. System of social relations linking individuals to each other (individuals)
3. System of social integration linking individuals or society to outside.

If it challenges basic points of solidarity, expect a backlash.

Solidarity is very strong.

Mechanical and Organic Solidarity

Mechanical Solidarity
- observed in traditional societies
- solidarity imposed by traditions and belief systems

Organic Solidarity
- solidarity we experience now; modern; in capitalist, it’s more organic

Mechanical Organic
Population Low pop.; more isolated; High pop.; spread over
homogenous (no interracial geographical areas
marriages)
DOL Simple, based on minor More specialized, increased
cooperation (just to get by). complexity, (based on
specialization)n therefore
High Dependence on others
SELF Low degree of autonomy Defined by occupation;
enjoy freedoms
Social Relations By customs and obligations By contract
to society Individual functions are
pursued (interdependence)
= freedom
Justice Sanctions on violation (restrictive) wrongs are
(punitive) made right

As DOL develops to the point it is more specialized, you are seeing more solidarity therefore
more reasons for society to bond together.
May 8, 2019
Durkheim + Weber

I. DURKHEIM
- Solidarity + Division of Labor
- Collective consciousness

II. WEBER
- Bureaucracy
- Power vs. Legitimate Authority
- Types of Legitimate Authority

DURKHEIM  inc in individualism = Inc in DOL (specialized) = inc in solidarity

Inc in DOL = inc in alienation of workers

Individualism = identity = based on function/occupation  by furthering identity, you also

contribute to inc in solidarity (interdependence; more interdependent on a highly
specialized work structure)

Structure > Agency

Structure (Social Facts)  Key to creating better solidarity with the individuals; inc in
industrialization
- Language
- Gift giving

*Reconcile Marx & Durkheim: Workers want solidarity not because they do but becayse
they have no choice

Why did DOL happen in the first place?

Inc in Population in 3 ATTEMPTS:
1. Closer geographic prosimirt
2. Formation of ctities/ urban centers
3. Frewurny communitcation

Sll of this more specialized SIVISION OF LA

COLLECTIOVE CONSCIOUSNESS
- G. Will
- Set of ideas/beliefs
- History of oprresion (colonial)
 - *Filipino Identiy: Culture  Mano po
- Source of solidarity
- Mechanical S: CC plays an impt role
- Org S: Indiv can assert himself outside CC

II. WEBER

Bureaucracy
- Front line ppl for gov’t
- The ones who gets and processes forms
- Procedures/rules to acquire public goods
- Administration and delivery of public goods and services
- 4th branch of gov’t; intersection ng 3
- To be part of the B, need to take the civil service exam.
- Has to be based on rationality (decisions based on scientific calculations;
impartial decision making/rules-based) and rationalization (process)
- When you become inc capitalized/industrialized, you go towards a more
bureaucratized society (specialized DOL calls for a bureaucratized society)
 Red tape
 Corruption (lagay)
 Civil service commission

Power vs Authority
Power
- Ability to coerce, influence someone to do something
- By force
- Could be against your will

Ayuthority
- Followers ff you because they want to follow you because you are legitimate

Control the Bureaucracy – to have highly legitimate Authority

Key to ensuring to an ideal LA is to make sure you are rationalizing the B

5 Characteristics of an Ideal Bureaucracy:

1. Hierarchy: clear roles to specific offices (chain of command). Ex. Office of VP
2. Impersonality
3. Written Rules of Conduct: Should be “Rule of Law”, not rule of peers
4. Meritocracy
5.

Types of LA: Rinerespeto ng public:

Rational-legal Traditional Charismatic

How do we connect it w B?
It’s only under a R-LA is where we see ideal/rational B.