Permeability for free space µ= 4.7 x 10-7 Henries.

m-1
Permeability for air µ= 1.25 x 10-1 Henries.m-1

Magnetic Flux is Weber (Wb) 1 Wb=108 lines of force

Magnetic Flux Density B=Wb/m2 or Tesla
1 Tesla= Wb/m2; 1 Tesla= 10000 Gauss
Magnetic Field Strength H=Ampere per meter (A/m) SI unit and Oersteds (Oe) CGS unit
1 Gauss= 1 Oersteds
1 Oersteds = 7.977 A/m
1 Footcandles (Ftc) = 10 Lux (Lx)

As per Study Guide-

Visible Light- 380 to 770nm
Ultraviolet Range- 10 to 400nm
UV A – 320 to 400 nm (Long wavelength and near field)
UV B – 290 to 320 nm (Medium Wavelength and intermediate field)
UV C – 230 to 290 nm (Short wavelength and far field)
UV Lamp- filtered to 320 to 400 nm, peak wavelength 365nm.

Visible light inspection -Accepted visible light intensity is 100ftc or 1000lux

Fluorescent inspection - Accepted ambient light intensity is 2ftc or 20lx
Black light intensity 1000 µW/cm2
Fluorescent particles emit light t range of 520 to 550 nm

Wetting Agents pH measurement limits 6 to 10.

Below 6 acidic and above 10 alkaline

Fluorescent particle concentration- 0.1 to 0.4 ml for 100 ml bath sample

Non fluorescent particle concentration- 1.2 to 2.4 ml for 100ml bath sample

Induced current magnetization- Toroidal Field, if L/D less than 3

Hall effect probe- peak range 30 to 60 gauss (2.4 to 4.8 kA/m)

Prod current strength

90 to 115 A/m for material with thickness 19mm or less
100 to 125 A/m for material with thickness over 19mm
Prod Spacing more than 2” and less than 8”
Width of magnetic field = ¼ of Prod Spacing

Direct current Magnetization- 300 to 800 A/in of part diameter.

Up to 1000 A/in for low permeability alloys such as precipitation hardened steel.
𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟
To calculate current for cross sections 𝐼 = 𝜋
𝑥 1000

Central Conductor- AC for ID surface and DC for ID and OD surface.

Coil Magnetization- generally 5 turns used

L/D should be greater than 2 and less than 15
If L/D is less than 2 then add pole pieces
Low Fill Factor Coil- Coil cross section greater than 10 times or more than part

Part position on side of coil

45000
𝑁𝐼 =
𝐿⁄
𝐷
Part in center of the coil
 43000𝑅
𝑁𝐼 =
𝐿
6 −5
𝐷
R is radius of Coil

High Fill Factor Coil- Coil cross section is less than 2 times of the part

35000
𝑁𝐼 =
𝐿
+2
𝐷
Intermediate Fill Factor Coil- Coil cross section is more than 2 and less than 10 times of the part

(𝑁𝐼)ℎ (10 − 𝑟) (𝑁𝐼)𝑙 (𝑟 − 2)

𝑁𝐼 = −
8 8
(𝜋𝑟 2 )𝑐𝑜𝑖𝑙
R=ration of cross section of coil to part 𝑟=
(𝜋𝑟 2 )𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡

L/D calculation for hollow and cylindrical parts

𝐴 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛−𝐴 ℎ𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡 𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 1/2

Hollow Parts 𝐷 = 2( )
𝜋
2 2 1/2
Cylindrical Parts 𝐷 = (𝑂𝐷 − 𝐼𝐷 )

Demagnetization- 1m away from coil

Yoke dead weight check - 10lbs for AC (2”-4” leg spacing)

- 30lbs for DC (2”-4” leg spacing)
- 50lbs (4”-6” leg spacing)

Petroleum distillate vehicles

Viscosity less than 3cst at 38 degrees or 100 Fahrenheit and less than 5 cst at lowest temperature.
Minimum flash point 93˚C.

Ketos ring- 4 holes for dry particle and 3 holes for wet particle.

Portable system- I/P 120 or 240V

Mobile Systems- I/P 240 or 480V and O/P 6000A
Heavy Duty Equipment- I/O 240 or 480V and O/P up to 20000A

To get clear indication depth should be 5 times the width.

Wet Horizontal Bench- if object length over 450mm, reposition in 350 to 425mm increment
Single phase AC used. AC current 1.5 to 3 kA, FWAC 2, 4, or 6 kA

Radiometer- expressed in watts.

Irradiance= Watts/m2 or µW/cm2
Photometer-expressed in lumens
Illuminance= Power/Area or Lumens/ m2 or lux or footcandles
Luminous intensity= lumens/steradian or candela. 1lm/sr=1candela

Photopic vision (Cone Vision)- maximum sensitivity at 550nm (340 cd/m2 or100ftl)
Scotopic vision (Rod Vision)- maximum sensitivity at 510nm (0.03 cd/m2 or 0.1ftl)