Bacteriology is a subdivision of microbiology which involves the identification, classification, and characterization

of bacterial species

Spore – Forming Gram Positive Bacilli

- Bacillus
- Clostridium
Endospore – highly resistant cells, dormant
Germination – process of returning to vegetative form
Endospore has calcium dipicolinate responsible for the ability of resistance

1. BACILLUS
- major pathogen is B. anthracis – anthrax
- B. subtilis - bacitracin
- can live in decaying organisms

A. Bacillus Anthracis
-Medusa-head (curled hair) colonies
-Protective antigen (PA) that combines with edema
-factor (EF) forming edema toxin, PA combines with lethal factor (LF) forming lethal toxin
-Composed of poly-D-glutamate capsule
Clinical Manifestation
- Cutaneous anthrax (95%) – central black eschar
- Gastrointestinal anthrax (rare)
- Inhalation anthrax (5%) or Woolsorter’s disease

B. Bacillus Cereus
- found in grains like rice
v Characterized by “swarming movement” in semisolid CM
v Produces an enterotoxin that causes food poisoning
v Emetic type – from rice, milk and pasta; N&V, abdominal cramps, occasionally diarrhea (may start 1-5 hours
after ingestion of toxin)
v Diarrheal type – from meat and saucy dishes
- self limiting

C. Bacillus thuringiensis
- Pathogens for insects
 Causes food poisoning. Fecal oral transmission

2. CLOSTRIDIUM
-anaerobic, saprophytic – live in decaying matter
A. Clostridium Botulinum
-eating contaminated canned goods
-produces botulinum toxin – flaccid paralysis
-blocks the release of acetylcholine
-destroyed by 20 mins 100C
-Botulism – Trivalent (ABE) Antitoxin IV
- wound botulism (blacktar heroin), infant botulism (honey), food botulism (canned)
B. Clostridium tetani
- tennis racket shaped
-tetanospasmin – spastic paralysis
-blocks the release of ACh and inhibit GABA (gamma amino butyric acid) and glycine
- DPT and antitoxin
- Baclofen (lionesal), dandrolene – muscle relaxant / diazepam – sedative

C. Clostridium perfringens
- “Invasive clostridia” - Tx (amputation) -Causes gas gangrene
-Alpha toxin (lecithinase)
- Theta toxin (hemolytic and necrotizing effect)
- DNAse (collagenase)
- Hyaluronidase (allows spread of bacteria in connective tissues)
- Enterotoxin (intense diarrhea)

D. Clostridium difficile
- most common nosocomial
- Causes antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis
- Produces exotoxins A [enterotoxin] and B [cytotoxin]

Non Spore Forming Gram Positive Bacilli

1. Corynebacterium diphtheriae
- diphtheria toxin - club shaped
- tellurite agar – black brown - Diphtheria – production of false membrane in the throat
- inactivation of elongation factor (EF-2) leading to abrupt termination of protein synthesis
- DPT

2. Listeria monocytogenes
- survives at 4°C - Exhibits “tumbling motility” ListeriolysinO
Causes perinatal human listeriosis
- “Granulomatousinfantiseptica”whichis the early-onset syndrome
- Meningitiswhichisthelate-onsetsyndrome

3. Actinomycetes once thought as fungi

A. Rhodococcus equi
- salmon pink to red colony. Causes “necrotizing pneumonia” in AIDS-patients
B. Gordonia species
- orange, wrinkled colonies
- Causes nosocomial infections
-linezolid latter stage

4. Nocardia Species
- nocardiosis
Gram Positive Cocci
1. Staphylococcus
- grapelike irregular clusters - Hemolytic organisms - Glucose fermenters
- Catalase – positive H2O2 – H20 + O2
Resistant to some antibiotics due to Beta- lactamase production

A. Staphylococcus aureus
The only coagulase-positive staphylococci (fibrinolysin to fibrin)
- 90% are Beta-lactamase producers, some are MRSA (methiciliin, strongest, nosocomial) , some are VRSA
Antigenic Structures
- Peptidoglycan cell wall - Protein A
- Polysaccharide capsule - Teichoic acids

- b lactamase, coagulase, catalase

- Exfoliative toxin
- A toxin that causes scalded skin syndrome,- a soft skin and tissue infection
- Toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1)
- A toxin that causes toxic shock syndrome (desquamation)
- Enterotoxin
- A toxin responsible for its ability to cause food poisoning

Clinical Manifestation
Soft skin and tissue infections like abscess, folliculitis and carbuncles
q Scalded skin syndrome

B. Staphylococcus Epidermidis
C. Staphylococcus Saprophyticus
- causes UTI

2. Streptococcus
- catalase negative

A. Group A Streptococcus – most important , most virulent due to M protein (rheumatic fever)
- Streptococcus Pyogenes
-Puerperal Fever
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
- Local Infections
- Sorethroatorpharyngitis , Pyoderma or impetigo
- Invasive Infections
- Streptococcaltoxicshocksyndrome § Scarletfever
Post – Streptococcal Diseases
- Acute glomerulonephritis
- Rheumatic fever

B. Group B
- Streptococcus Agalactiae

C. Group C and G
- most dangerous – endocarditis
D. Streptococcus anginosus
- “butterscotch” or “caramel” odor

E. Group N
- produce normal coagulation or “souring” of milk

F. Streptococcus pneumonia (pneumococcus)

-community acquired - PCV-13

3. Enterococcus (Formerly known as Group D streptococci)

- Enterococcus faecalis (more common in stool) and Enterococcus faecium

Enteric Gram Negative Rods

1. Enterobacteriaceae
- Also known as “COLIFORMS, peritrichous flagella
ANTIGENIC STRUCTURES
O antigens – somatic antigens w/c are cell wall LPS
K antigens–capsular antigens
H antigens–flagella antigens

Classification
Rapid Lactose Fermenters
Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Enterobacter aerogenes, Enterobacter cloacae
Slow Lactose Fermenters
Serratia, Citrobacter, Arizona, Providencia, Edwardsiella, Erwinia
Non-Lactose Fermenters
Proteus species, Shigella species, Salmonella species, Pseudomonas species

Rapid Lactos Fermenters

1. Escherichia coli
- metallic sheen” on EMB
- Antigenic structures: O antigen, K antigen and H antigen
-Most common cause of UTI (90% in women), diarrheal diseases(traveler's diarrhea), sepsis in newborns,
meningitis (infants)
Virulent Forms
EPEC – entero pathogenic E. coli – diarrhea in infant
ETEC – entero toxigenic E. coli – travellers diarrhea (activate adenylate cyclase)
EAEC – entero aggregative E. coli

2. Klebsiella pneumonia
- “red currant-jelly sputum”
- causes UTI, bacteremia, ozena, rhinoscleroma, granuloma inguinale
Non Lactose Fermenters
1. Proteus
- peritrichous flagella) resulting in “swarming” colonies
2. Shigella
- Discovered in Japan by Dr. Kiyoshi Shiga. intestinal tracts
- Transmitted by “4 Fs” (food , finger, feces, flies)
- Causes “bacillary dysentery” – sigmoid near rectum
- Pathogenic species:
– Shigella dysenteriae, S. flexneri, S. boydii, S. sonnei

3. Salmonella
- produces H2S
- Pathogenic species – Salmonella paratyphi A, Salmonella paratyphi (paratyphoid fever) B, Salmonella
choleraesuis (pig), Salmonella typhi, S. enteriditis (egg)
-typhoid fever

4. Pseudomonas Aeruginosa
- sweet or grapelike or corn taco-like odor
- Forms smooth round colonies with fluorescent greenish color

Gram negative curved rods

1. Vibrios
- monotrichous, Most common bacteria in marine and surface waters
A. Vibrio Cholerae
- Comma-shaped, curved-rod, actively motile bacteria
-secretes cholera toxin(choleragen) ,- watery diarrhea ("rice-water stool")
- primary treatment is water and electrolyte replacement
B. Vibrio Parahaemolyticus
-diarrhea in Japan – consumption of raw food
- primary treatment is water and electrolyte replacement

2. Campylobacter jejuni
- “S-shaped or gull-wing shaped”, monotrichous
- Microaerophilic (5% O2 and 10% CO2) – Skirrows agar
- Causes enterocolitis (small and large intestine)

3. Helicobacter pylori
-Peptic Ulcer Disease (gastric – aggravate by food, duodenal – relieved by food) NSAIDS
-strongly urease positive (hydrolize urea to ammonia)
-major risk factor of gastric cancer
Gram Negative Rods Related to the Respiratory Tract
1. Haemophilus
- enriched media (blood or chocolate agar)
A. Haemophilus influenzae
-satellite colonies and requires Factor X (heme) andf Factor V (NAD)
-Haemophilus influenzae Type B
-Causes bacterial otitis media, acute sinusitis, septic arthritis, pneumonitis and epiglottitis

B. Haemophilus aegypti
- pink eyes (conjunctivitis)
Formerly called “Koch-Week's bacillus”
C. Haemophilus ducreyi
- requires Factor X
-Cause STD – chancroid (soft chancre)

2. Bordetella Pertussis
-pertussis toxin
- Prevention - DPT
Causes “pertussis” or “whooping cough”
– Catarrhal stage - mild coughing and sneezing; highly infectious stage
– Paroxysmal stage - explosive coughing and “whoop”, leads to vomiting, cyanosis and convulsions

3. Neisseria
- come in pairs and in kidney shaped
-oxidative positive (dark purple) and aerobic
A. Neisseria Gonorrhoeae
Also known as “gonococcus” It causes the STD “gonorrhea”
– Men → urethritis with yellow, creamy pus and painful urination
– Women → mucopurulent discharge from the cervix, urethra and vagina
- Gonococcal Ophthalmia Neonatum – in the eye
Systemic dissemination can lead to skin pustules, septic arthritis, bacteremia and endocarditis

B. Neisseria Meningitidis
Also known as “meningococcus
– Meningococcemia
• Characterized by high fever, hemorrhagic rash → disseminated intravascular coagulation and circulatory
collapse (Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome)
– Meningitis
• Begins with a sudden intense HA, vomiting, stiff neck then coma

3. Legionella pneumophila
-pneumonia due to airconditioning
-legionnaires disease (pneumonia) – severe
- Pontiac fever- mild
Gram Negative Rods Related to Animal Sources
1. Brucellae
-requires erythritol and produce urease
-brucellosis- malta fever, Bangs disease

2. Francisella Tularensis
-tularemia – rabbits fever

3. Yersinia Pestis
- wild rodents
-plague or black death -> (bubonic plague – tender lymph nodes, pneumonic plague – chest pain, respiratory
distress)

3. Pasteurella Multocida
- domestic and wild animals
- by bites and scratches from cats and dogs – wound infection

4. Bartonella Henselae
- scratches from kittens

Miscellaneous Gram Negative Rods

Acid fast Microorganisms – mycolic acid
1. Mycobacteria
A. Mycobacterium tuberculosis
-cultivated using Lowenstein-Jensen

B. Mycobacterium Leprae
-leprosy (Hansens Disease) – lesions - grown in footpads of mouse and in armadillos
-Slowest growing human bacterial pathogen (incubation is 2 to 10 years)
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Spirochetes
Large, heterogenous group of spiral, motile bacteria
1. Treponema Palidum
- Microaerophilic (3 to 5 oxygen)
- syphilis – hard chancre

2. Borrelia recurrentis
- relapsing fever ( body louse, ticks)

3. Borrelia Burgdorferi
-lymes disease - erythema migrans (ticks)

4. Leptospira interrogans
- leptospirosis – jaundice
- prophylaxis doxycycline
Wall – less Microorganism
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
Mycoplasma hominis
Ureaplasma urealyticum
Mycoplasma genitalium

1. Mycoplasma
-class of “Mollicutes”
-Colonies produce a typical “fried egg” appearance (atypical cell wall)
A. Mycoplasma pneumoniae
community acquired pneumonia in persons 5 to 20 years of age

Obligate Intracellular Parasites

1. Rickettsia
Coxiella burnetii
Rickettsia rickettsii
Rickettsia akari
Rickettsia typhi
Orientia tsutsugamushi
Rickettsia prowazekii

A. Rickettsia rickettsii
Rocky Mountain spotted fever (centripetal rash)
B. Rickettsia akari
Rickettsialpox (black eschar)

2. Chlamydia
Chlamydia pneumonia
Chlamydia psittaci
Chlamydia trachomatis

A. Chlamydia trachomatis
- trachoma – chronic keratoconjunctivitis
B. Chlamydia Psittaci
-psittacosis