Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
Nacional
Escuela Superior de
Cómputo
Electrónica Analógica
Practice #1
Team: 3
Members:
Index
1 - Introduction ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2
2 - Simulations ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 8
3- Questionnaire ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 9
6- Bibliography ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
11
7- Annexed --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 12
1
1. Introduction
Diode
A diode is a semiconductor device that acts essentially as a unidirectional switch for current.
It allows current to flow in one direction, but does not allow current to flow in the opposite
direction.Diodes are also known as rectifiers because they change alternating current (AC) to
pulsating direct current (DC). The diodes are classified according to their type, voltage and
current capacity.
The diodes have a polarity determined by an anode (positive terminal) and a cathode (negative
terminal). Most diodes allow current to flow only when voltage is applied to the positive anode
A)Vertical diode
B)horizontal diode
Figure 1.2: PN junction
diode schemes
2
PN union formation
Suppose you have a pure monocrystalline silicon, divided into two zones with a sharp edge,
defined by a plane. One zone is impregnated with impurities of type P and the other of type
N The zone P has an excess of holes, and is obtained by introducing atoms of group III into
the crystal lattice (for example, boron). Zone N has excess electrons, coming from atoms of
group V (phosphorus). In both cases there are also carriers of the opposite sign, although in
a concentration of several orders of lesser magnitude (minority carriers).
This movement of cargo carriers has a double effect. Let's focus on the region of the P zone
near the junction:
1) The electron that passes the junction recombines with a hole. A negative charge
appears, since before the electron arrived the total charge was zero.
2) When passing the gap from zone P to zone N, it causes a positive charge defect in
zone P, which also results in a negative charge.
3
The same reasoning, although with opposite signs can be done for zone N. Consequently,
on both sides of the union a loading zone is created, which is positive in zone N and
negative in zone P
Direct polarization
The PN block in principle does not allow the establishment of an electric current between its
terminals since the depletion zone is not conductive.
4
If the applied voltage exceeds that of the barrier, the depletion zone disappears and the
device drives. In a simplified and ideal way, what happens is the following
Reverse polarization
By applying a positive voltage to zone N and negative to zone P, the main carriers near the
junction are eliminated. These carriers are attracted to the contacts increasing the width of
the depletion zone. This makes the current due to most operators zero
However, in both areas there are minority carriers. A reverse polarized diode is direct for
minorities, who are attracted to the union. The movement of these minority carriers creates a
current, although much lower than that obtained in direct polarization for the same voltage
levels.
5
Voltage-current characteristic
The graph shows the characteristic V-I (voltage-current) typical of a real diode.
Above 0 Volts, the current flowing is very small, until the barrier voltage (VON) is reached.
The passage from conduction to cut is not instantaneous: from VON the resistance offered by
the component to the passage of current decreases progressively, until it is limited only by
the internal resistances of zones P and N. The intensity that circulates through the junction It
increases rapidly. In the case of silicon diodes, VON is around 0.7 V.
When it is polarized with voltages less than 0 Volts, the current is much lower than that
obtained for the same voltage levels as in direct, until it breaks, which again increases.
2. Simulations
6
Diode Type Diode Voltage
(Simulation)
1N4003 0.6V
1N4148 0.6V
LED White -
LED Infrared -
7
Figure 2.2 Current Simulation of Diode 1N4148
8
Figure 2.4 Current Simulation of Green LED
3. Questionnaire
If a negative voltage is connected to the "p" end of the diode, known as reverse
polarization, the diode will not conduct current (electron flow) through it.
On the other hand, if you connect positive voltage to the "p" end of the diode (direct
polarization), current will be conducted through it.
When the voltage between its terminals is positive, we say that the diode is in direct
polarization. The voltage value is located on the positive side with respect to the
origin.
9
If you apply a negative voltage to the diode, the terminal - is at a voltage greater than
the + terminal, which puts us on the left side of the graph. We say then that the diode
is in reverse polarization.
Half wave rectifier, full wave rectifier, parallel rectifier, voltage duplicator, voltage
duplicator, Zener stabilizer, led, limiter, fixing circuit, voltage multiplier and voltage
divider.
4.- Mention that the variation of the diode voltage in the diodes is due
5.- Mention because when the diode voltage is measured on, however, the
multimeter does not show any reading.
It may be because the multimeter is not being set in the correct option, if even with
that it does not show reading, the voltage could be measured with another
multimeter without disconnecting the first
4. Individual Conclusion
Benítez
“ With this practice I can conclude is very important know about the
Semiconductor theory because we can implement it in the practice, see
the real behavior of a diode and know how to use for different
applications”
Pedro
“I conclude that diodes are important elements in the electronics that
surround us today, that for your understanding you have to be aware of
certain knowledge related to their operation and behavior.”
Camacho
10
“I can conclude that to measure the voltage of a diode in direct polarization it is
necessary to put the multimeter in the diode option. In the case that it does not show
reading, it will be necessary to measure the voltage with another multimeter without
disconnecting the first one on the other hand if we measure the voltage in reverse
polarization this is 0.”
5. Group Conclusion
We can conclude that to measure the voltage in direct polarization of the diodes with
the multimeter, we have to place the multimeter in the diode option followed by
putting the tips in the anode and in the cathode it could also be observed that if we
measure the voltage in polarization Inverse the diode voltage is 0.
6. Bibliography
11
7.Annexed
12
13