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Sub febris fever : situation when the temperature of body is 38 celcius and it
was approaching fever
Malaise : a feeling of general discomfort,illness or lack of
wellbeing
Infectious disease : disease caused by phatogenic microorganism and can be
spread directly or indirectly from one person to another,
Coughing : reflects that keeps your throat and airways clear
Symptoms : any subjective evidence of disease or of a patient’s
condition
Follow up : continue action to control from know the development of
treatment
Preventive : a process for the prevention of a disease
Promotive effort : the way to increase health for individual,family,communities
and society
STEP 2
STEP 3
INFECTIOUS DISEASE
6. what are the different between infectious disease and uninfectious disease?
INFECTIOUS DISEASE
Each infectious disease has its own specific signs and symptoms. General signs and
symptoms common to many infectious diseases include:
Fever
Loss of appetite
Fatigue
Muscle aches
http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/infectious-diseases/DS01145/DSECTION=symptoms
Cold Sores Watery blisters usually 2 to 14 1. May attend school Virus spread
(Herpes on lips but may occur days 2. Will usually heal by direct
Simplex) anywhere on skin or within 2 weeks. contact with
mouth. May be infected
confused with persons.
Impetigo.
Common Symptoms include 12 hrs to 3 1. Recommend that Virus spread
Cold watery eyes, sneezing, days child remain at directly
running nose, general home for first 1 to through
feeling of illness. 2 days of cold or droplets from
longer if coughing.
symptoms are sneezing or
severe. speaking;
2. Communicable indirectly
for 24 hours through
before and for 5 articles freshly
days after nasal soiled by
discharge. discharges of
3. DO NOT give infected
aspirin. person.
STAGE 2
Personality
changes:
Irritability
Aggressive
behavior
Disorientation
Confusion
Irrational
behavior
Delirium,
convulsions
http://www.minnetonka.k12.mn.us/services/health/Pages/InfectiousDiseaseSymptoms.a
spx
Bacteria. These one-cell organisms are responsible for illnesses such as strep throat,
urinary tract infections and tuberculosis.
Viruses. Even smaller than bacteria, viruses cause a multitude of diseases — ranging
from the common cold to AIDS.
Fungi. Many skin diseases, such as ringworm or athlete's foot, are caused by fungi.
Other types of fungi can infect your lungs or nervous system.
Parasites. Malaria is caused by a tiny parasite that is transmitted by a mosquito bite.
Other parasites may be transmitted to humans from animal feces.
Direct contact
An easy way to catch most infectious diseases is by coming in contact with a person or
animal who has one. Three ways infectious diseases can be spread through direct contact are:
Person to person. The most common way for infectious diseases to spread is through
the direct transfer of bacteria, viruses or other germs from one person to another. This
can occur when an individual with the bacterium or virus touches, coughs on or kisses
someone who isn't infected. These germs can also spread through the exchange of
body fluids from sexual contact or a blood transfusion. The person who passes the
germ may have no symptoms of the disease, but may simply be a carrier.
Animal to person. Pets can carry many germs. Being bitten or scratched by an
infected animal can make you sick and, in extreme circumstances, can be fatal.
Handling animal waste can be hazardous, too. For example, you can acquire a
toxoplasmosis infection by scooping your cat's litter box.
Mother to unborn child. A pregnant woman may pass germs that cause infectious
diseases to her unborn baby. Some germs can pass through the placenta. Germs in the
vagina can be transmitted to the baby during birth.
Indirect contact
Disease-causing organisms also can be passed by indirect contact. Many germs can linger on
an inanimate object, such as a tabletop, doorknob or faucet handle. When you touch a
doorknob handled by someone ill with the flu or a cold, for example, you can pick up the
germs he or she left behind. If you then touch your eyes, mouth or nose before washing your
hands, you may become infected.
Insect bites
Some germs rely on insect carriers — such as mosquitoes, fleas, lice or ticks — to move from
host to host. These carriers are known as vectors. Mosquitoes can carry the malaria parasite
or West Nile virus, and deer ticks may carry the bacterium that causes Lyme disease.
Food contamination
Another way disease-causing germs can infect you is through contaminated food and water.
This mechanism of transmission allows germs to be spread to many people through a single
source. E. coli, for example, is a bacterium present in or on certain foods — such as
undercooked hamburger or unwashed fruits or vegetables.
http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/infectious-diseases/DS01145/DSECTION=causes
Chung KF, Pavord ID (April 2008). "Prevalence, pathogenesis, and causes of chronic
cough". Lancet 371 (9621): 1364–74. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60595-4
5. What are the kind of infectious disease?
Infectious Disease Types
Hepatitis
Hepatitis, a viral infection refers to a condition in which the liver gets inflamed. Skin
discoloration (yellow) and dark urine are some of the most common symptoms of
hepatitis. Treating hepatitis at the earliest is necessary. This is because, if hepatitis B or
C left untreated can cause irreversible liver damage.
Pneumonia
Pneumonia is nothing but the infection of the lungs. The disease is typically marked by
inflammation of the lungs and is often the result of bacterial or viral infection. People
who have contracted this infection often complain about breathing problems and chest
pain. Blood tests and chest X-rays are the diagnostic tools used to confirm the presence
of pneumonia. In rare cases, seasonal flu or common cold aggravate and cause
pneumonia.
Tuberculosis (TB)
This is yet another infectious disease that is typically marked by frequent episodes of
coughing. Tuberculosis is basically a bacterial infection of the lungs and symptoms are
usually noticed when the disease reaches the advanced stage. Being an airborne
infection, it can affect anyone, irrespective of age. As the disease progresses, cough
worsens and produces blood. This bad cough usually persists for more than 3 weeks and
causes chest pain.
Oral Thrush
Oral thrush is classified as a fungal infection. This condition is the result of overgrowth
of fungus in the lining of the mouth. Oral thrush triggers an uncomfortable feeling
inside the mouth. This happens because white lesions develop on the tongue and in
severe cases these open wounds are also seen on the gums and the tonsils. Oral thrush is
frequently diagnosed in infants but in most cases, it is a minor issue. However, to reduce
the pain around the mouth the doctor may prescribe some anti fungal infections.
Malaria
Malaria is classified as a parasitic infection. The parasite enters our body through
mosquito bites. In other words, the mode of transmission is contact with the mosquito.
A person affected with malaria typically experiences high fever and excessive sweating.
Dengue Fever
This is a viral infection caused by mosquito bites. The mosquito Aedes aegypti acts as
the virus carrier and when it bites, the virus gets transmitted into the body. The viral
infection causes a sudden increase in body temperature that usually ranges between 104-
105 degree Fahrenheit. Other than high fever, the patient may also show red rash on
many areas of the skin.
Cholera
Cholera is categorized as a bacterial infectious disease that affects intestines. In this
condition, the bacterium resides in the small intestine and secretes a toxin. This
eventually causes diarrhea and abdominal pain. Drinking contaminated water or eating
unhygienic food is the main culprit behind cholera. Watery diarrhea caused due to
cholera can make the person dehydrated. So taking fluids from time to time is necessary
to prevent dehydration.
6. what are the different between infectious disease and uninfectious disease?
non-infectious cannot be spread from person to person.
Infectious can be spread from person to person. This would include Viruses, Fungi, and STD's
Infectious diseases are caused by pathogens , which are disease causing organisms. The major
groups of pathogens are viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoans and multi-cellular parasites.
Non-infectious diseases are not caused by pathogens but can be caused by physiological
malfunction, environmental (or chemical) factors, heredity (e.g. faulty gene/chromosome
combinations), unknown causes or a combination of factors.
http://wiki.answers.com/Q/Whats_the_difference_between_infectious_diseases_and_
non-infectious_diseases
PREVENTIVE AND PROMOTIVE
7. What kind of preventive and promotive efforts to prevent infectious disease in a
community?
Primary prevention seeks to prevent the onset of specific diseases via risk reduction: by
altering behaviours or exposures that can lead to disease, or by enhancing resistance to the
effects of exposure to a disease agent. Examples include smoking cessation and vaccination.
Primary prevention reduces the incidence of disease by addressing disease risk factors or by
enhancing resistance. Some approaches involve active participation, as with regular tooth
brushing and flossing to prevent dental caries. Other approaches are passive: adding fluoride
to the municipal drinking water to harden tooth enamel and prevent caries. Primary
prevention generally targets specific causes and risk factors for specific diseases, but may
also aim to promote healthy behaviours, improve host resistance, and foster safe
environments that reduce the risk of disease, for instance, thorough cleaning of operating
rooms to prevent post-operative infection..
Secondary prevention includes procedures that detect and treat pre-clinical pathological
changes and thereby control disease progression. Screening procedures (such as
mammography to detect early stage breast cancer) are often the first step, leading to early
interventions that are more cost effective than intervening once symptoms appear. Routine
blood sugar testing for people over 40 would be an example relevant to detecting Catherine’s
diabetes early. Screening is usually undertaken by health professionals, either at the level of
individual doctor-patient encounters (e.g., routine blood pressure checks) or via public health
screening programs (e.g., mammography screening).
http://phprimer.afmc.ca/Part1-
TheoryThinkingAboutHealth/Chapter4BasicConceptsInPreventionSurveillanceAndHeal
thPromotion/Thestagesofprevention
14. What is the relationship between natural history someone’s disease and infectious
disease which he suffered now?