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1 ENTREPRENEURSHIP
Unit One
The Producer………………………………………………….…………………………………………………. 4
Business Vocabulary…………………………………………………………………………………………… 9
Structure and Written Expression………………………………………………………………………. 10
14
Pronunciation……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 12
Conversation……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 15
Listening Comprehension..……………………………………………………………………………….. 15
Composition……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 16
2 BUSINESS ELEMENTS IN A
COMPANY
Unit Two
A Giant Factory Rises to Make a Product Filling Up the World: Plastic………………. 15
Company Vocabulary………………..………………………………….. 18
Structure and Written Expression……………………..……………………………………………… 19
Pronunciation…………………………………………………………………………………………………… 20
Conversation…………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 20
Listening Comprehension………………………………………………………………………………….. 20
Composition……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 21
3 ORGANIZATION HIERARCHY
Hierarchy defined……………………………………………………………………………………………. 22
Hierarchy vocabulary………………………………...………………… 23
Structure and Written Expression……………………………………….. 24
Pronunciation…………………………………………………………………………………………………. 25
Conversation…………………………………………………………………………………………………… 26
Listening Comprehension……………………………………………………………………………….. 26
Composition…………………………………………………………………………………………………… 27
4 JOB DESCRIPTION IN BUSINESS
How to develop a job description…………………….…………………. 28
Job Description vocabulary…………………….………………………. 29
30
Structure and Written Expression………………………………………..
30
Pronunciation…………………………………………………………. 31
Conversation…………………………………………………………... 32
Listening Comprehension……………..………………………………… 33
Composition………………………………………………………… 34
5 MARKETING
Marketing………………………………………. 36
37
Marketing vocabulary……………………………………………………………………………………….
38
Structure and Written Expression……………………………………………………………………..
39
Pronunciation……………………………………………………………………………………………………
40
Conversation…………………………………………………………………………………………………….
41
Listening Comprehension………………………………………………………………………………….
42
Composition……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
6.FINANCE
Finance…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 44
Finance vocabulary…………………………………………………………………………………………… 45
Structure and Written Expression…………………………………………………………………….. 46
Pronunciation…………………………………………………………………………………………………… 47
Conversation……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 48
Listening Comprehension…………………………………………………………………………………. 49
Composition…………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 50
TOEFL PREPARATION MATERIALS
Listening Comprehension
Skill 1: Short Conversation………………………………………….
Skill 2: Longer Conversation (Longer Conversation)………………
Skill 3: Lecture………………………………………………………
Reading Comprehension
Skill 1: Main Idea of Paragraph…….……………………………….
Skill 2: Word Association (Vocabulary and Language Expressions)..
Skill 3: Inference and Conclusion……………………………………
1 ENTREPRENEURSHIP
UNIT 1
READING COMPREHENSION
Pre-reading Questions
Exploring Business Ideas (Brainstorming)
1. What is business?
2. What is entrepreneurship?
3. Why do people run a business?
4. How do you relate entrepreneurship with business?
5. How do people manage a business?
A. Reading Passage
The Producer
Booker T. Whatley has a novel strategy for the small farmer:
Stop thinking soybeans and cotton
and start thinking peas,
quail, bees, and berries
BARBARA H.SEEBER
In the equipment barn at Tuskegee Institute, Booker T. Whatley, named for Booker T.
Washington, the founder of the college, chats with a crew wrestling with a tractor tire. “he’s
been led down the primrose path,” Whatley says, lamenting the plight of a local farmer about
to lose his land by foreclosure. “For 40 years he’s been planting his 200 acres in cotton and
soybeans, and now he’s about to go broke. He’s got to get out of the big-farmer ball park.”
A small farm has got to have high-value crops and a year-round cash flow. “A decade
ago, after too many years of hearing about failing small farms, Whatley set out to show small
farmers how to succeed.
Backed by a $250,000 Rockefeller Foundation grant, Whatley, a horticulturist, selected
the best producing fruits and vegetables available, established the right combination of soil and
fertilizer for each , and, with a two-man farm crew, planted his crops on 25 acres. Formally, his
purpose was to demonstrate that farms as small as that can be efficient, productive, and profitable—
grossing well over $100,000 annually within five years. He jokes mildly that he wanted to ‘turn the green
chlorophyll in plants into greenbacks for the farmer.”
From 1974 until he retired in 1981 as a professor of horticulture at Tuskegee, Whatley
nurtured his model farm. From that farm arose a formula for a successful small farm.
This formula dictates that the farm must provide year-round income from about 10 crops. In
the south the harvest would include grapes, sweet potatoes, black eyed peas, blueberries,
strawberries, blackberries, and mustard, collard, and turnip greens. The crops should not compete for
harvest labor—strawberries and peaches, for example, don’t work together because they ripen
simultaneously. Every crop must generate an annual income of at least $3,000 per acre, so such old
stand bys as lettuce, onions, and white potatoes are out. The crops must be irrigated, and the
operation must be full-time employing a family or about three full-time workers. Most important, the
main market for the produce must come from a pick-your-own “club” of 1,000 member households
who pay an annual fee of $ 25 each ($40 if the household buys rights to fish in the farm’s pond) and
harvest most of the crops. To encourage a large and faithful membership, Whatley stipulates that the
farm to be on a paved road within 40 miles of a metropolitan area.
This plan, culled from the best modern farming technology and Whatley’s observations over a
lifetime of farming, shelters the farmer beneath a unique economic umbrella. One or two crops may
fail in a given year, but with 10, no one crop accounts for more than a tenth of the yearly income, so
losses cannot exceed 10 or 20 percent. The irrigation system guards against drought as well as late
spring and early fall frost. And the membership club, unlike other approaches, guarantees a local
market. Organic farms, for example, appeal to a clientele that rejects the use of pesticides, and pick-
your-own operations cannot count on steady customers.
The crops are meticulously chosen for cash flow as well as for variety and yield. Four of the
five acres of sweet potatoes grown on a farm in the South, for example, are harvested and cured—a
process of drying and storing to increase shelf life—to provide income through the winter. Every
Whatley farm also derives year-round income from a rabbitry, a quail of pheasant rookery, and 60
hives of honeybees that pollinate the crops and provide honey, pollen, and a pollination service. The
birds provide meat and eggs. And the rabbits furnish everything but the twitch of their noses: Meat
and pelts can be sold to members. Eyes and ears go to pharmaceutical labs. The tail makes luxurious
trim for coats. And, says Whatley, “the front feet can be sold to the superstitious and the hind feet for
ladies’ powder puffs.”
The crop mix of this 25 acres horticultural Eden can be altered according to climate and
customer demand. In the Northeast, for example, Whatley recommends cauliflower, broccoli,
Brussells sprouts, and spinach instead of the greens and black-eyed peas he specifies for the South;
the lowbush variety that thrives in the South; and sweet corn for sweet potatoes. For the West,
Whatley suggests, garlic and English walnut, pistachio, and hazelnut trees. In the Midwest, asparagus,
beans, and tomatoes replace greens, peas, and sweet potatoes, and high bush blueberries supplant
rabbiteye.
It amounts to a kind of franchise for the small farm, and Whatley has worked out the recipe as
carefully as Colonel Sanders patented his fried chicken. And with good reason, as he sees it, The U.S.
Department of Agriculture, Whatley says, sees small farms simply as scaled-down big farms. He blames
decades of small farm failure—some 15 million small farmers have abandoned farming since 1950—on
the standard government line. “Get big or get out.” While agribusinesses rolled up huge grain and dairy
surpluses, the family farm foundered.
Twenty-five years ago the government defined small farms as those with total yearly income
below $10,000, in effect defining small farms as failures. By the mid-1970s inflation had pushed the
income figure to $20,000, still a meager amount for a working farm.
Now the government defines a small farm as one with “below median non metropolitan family
income in the state.” Whatley’s definition is simpler: “I mean limited acreage. A small farmer is a farmer
with 10 to 200 acres of land. I don’t mean someone in overalls chewing tobacco and butchering the
language.”
In October 1981 he started The Small Farm Technical Newsletter, a kind of Poor Richard’s
Almanac for the small farmer. For $12 a year, the farmer is told when to plant and replant, what yield
to expect from each crop, how to prune the grapes, what pesticides to spray and when, how to manage
his membership club. The newsletter has a circulation of about 1,200 which includes two prison
inmates. Recently one of them wrote to Whatley: “I tried to operate like the big operator and went bus,
and in an effort to save the farm, I entered into a short-term career as a bank robber…..I am scheduled
for parole this fall and I am most interested in going to farming.”
That kind of wide, practical appeal recently prompted a reporter to dub Whatley “the guru of
common sense.” It’s a label that makes him shake his head and chuckle.
But it is not Whatley’s common sense that makes him singular. His approach combines
homespun solutions with the best of modern technology. To keep bugs down, he recommends the
agriculture department’s “integrated pest management,” which balances natural predators such as
ladybugs and praying mantises with fungicides, bactericides, insecticides, and herbicides. The regime
Whatley worked out Tuskegee calls for fungicides such as captan mixed with insecticides such as
malathion, parathion, and gouthion—a different mixture each time—and applied sequentially so
insects cannot establish resistance.
He also suggests a flock of guinea fowl, voracious bug eaters that will reduce the need for
pesticides on the strawberries, sweet potatoes, greens, and peas by about 80 percent. To keep deer
and rabbits, Whatley strings small bags made from panty hose or cheesucioth, each filled with a fistful
of human hair, around his plants. A bag every 20 to 30 feet keeps deer out for as long as 10 months.
For rabbits the human hair must be interspersed every eight to 10 feet. “The human smell to deer and
rabbits.” Whatley chuckles, “is pretty awful” (He gleans the hair from cooperative beauty and barber
shops, whose operators have no idea of its purpose. “you can’t tell people you are going to string up
their hair to keep away the deer and rabbits, he says.)
For weed control, Whatley encourages “scratching Mother Nature’s back” with a cultivator
during the growing season. In addition, he fumigates the seed beds of the perennial crops (the berries
and grapes), rotates the annual crops, and lays wood chips, straw, or black plastic between the
strawberry rows to keep down weeds.
His drip irrigation system—long plastic hoses buried in the ground with rubber tubes rising
around each plant—trickles two to four gallons of water at the base of each grape and blueberry plant
each night through the hot summer months. A separate sprinkler system waters the other crops from
to November. An electronic clock sends water through the acres of pipes daily and monitors the
temperatures. When the temperature drops below 34 degrees Fahrenheit, a fine film of water sprays
the foliage. This sets up a cycle in which the water coating the plants turns into ice that then melts
again under the spray. Since heat is released when water changes from a liquid to a solid, the
temperature of each plant is raised, staving off frost damage down to about 25 degrees.
Whatley also recommends a biological clock his grandfather used for frost control. “Pecan
and other nut trees,” Whatley wrote in one issue of his newsletter, “seldom get caught by late spring
frost. When the leaves on a pecan tree reach the size of a squirrel’s ear, then it’s safe to plant tender
crops like tomatoes and sweet potatoes.”
Before any crop is planted, a test must determine the soil’s pH—its acidity or alkalinity. The
soil is then treated so that its pH suits each crop. “In Georgia, the state blueberry association
recommends a boggy portion the state, where the soil is acid, for growing blueberries because the pH
is right to start with, “Whatley says, “But they can grow blueberries all over that state if the pH is
adjusted with sulfur and an ammonium sulfate fertilizer to make the soil more sour.”
The McConnell Berry Farm, in the heart of Ohio’s corn and soybean belt, practices on 195 aces
much of what Whatley preaches. About 50 miles from Columbia, the farm originally grew
strawberries, blueberries, and raspberries, and added vegetables as a fail-safe against crop failure and
to please customers. Between May 1 and November 1 of last year, about 15,000 customer-pickers
went through their gate. Owned by three families, the farm grosses over $300,000 a year and nets
about $100,000.
“I wish I’d known about Whatley’s idea when we were getting started,” says George
McConnell, one of the owners. “The money from a membership club would help a lot repaying our
debt on the land.”
While the McConnells have prospered as full-timers, many small farmers have hung on only
by propping up their farms with a job in town. Others, called back-to-the-landers or Saturday-and-
Sunday farmers, approach farming as a second and perhaps retirement career. Theses part-timers
make up about 75 percent of all small farmers. But significantly, a new generation of young men and
women have chosen full-time farming as a good life. Census figures show that the exodus from the
farms ended in 1980.
Comprehension and Discussion Questions
Directions: Decide if each of the following statements is true (T) or false (F) based
on the selection.
____1. According to Booker T. Whatley, in order to increase his or her chances for success, a
small farmer must generate year-round cash flow by planting a variety of crops that do
not compete with each other during planting and harvest.
____2. A small farmer following Whatley’s plan doesn’t need any full time workers.
____3. The Small Farm Technical Newsletter tells small farmers when crops should be planted.
____4. Whatley relies on a combination of natural predators and synthetic pesticides known
as “integrated pest management.”
____8. In order to successfully sell their crops, small farmers must be more than 40 miles from
a large city.
____9. Whatley is very popular because of his common sense and practical ideas.
___10. Whatley also recommends a biological clock his grandfather used for frost control.
5. To go broke :
6. Cash flow :
7. Grant :
8. To be backed by :
9. Horticulturalist :
10. Fertilizer :
11. Efficient :
12. Productive :
13. Profitable :
14. Grossing :
15. Annually :
16. Nurture :
17. Formula :
18. Year-round income :
19. To compete :
20. Harvest :
21. Labor :
22. Stand by :
23. Annual income :
24. Employing :
25. Full-time workers :
26. Annual fee :
27. Faithful :
28. Membership :
29. To stipulate :
30. Lifetime :
31. Economic umbrella :
32. Account for :
33. Loss :
34. To exceed :
35. Drought :
36. Frost :
37. Organic :
38. Clientele :
39. Operation :
40. Steady :
41. Customer :
42. Variety :
43. Yield :
44. To pollinate :
45. Furnish :
46. To amount :
47. Patent :
48. Scale down :
49. To abandon :
50. Agribusiness :
51. To roll up :
52. Huge :
53. Grain :
54. Surplus :
55. Inflation :
56. Meager :
57. Overall :
58. To prune :
59. Circulation :
60. Homespun :
61. To keep bugs down :
62. To fumigate :
63. To rotate :
64. To keep down :
65. To reduce :
3. Phrases
Phrase is a group of related words that does not contain a subject and a verb. Phrases are
comprised of Prepositional Phrases, Gerund Phrases, Infinitive Phrases, Absolute Phrases, and
Participial Phrases. For example: He let the cow to the barn.
4. Sentences
Sentence is defined as a group of words that contain Subject (S) and Predicate (P). The
difference between a phrase and a sentence lies in the existence of Predicate (P) as in the
examples mentioned above like to make matters worse, at the moment, a short while ago, etc.
As the definition of a sentence is a group of words containing Subject (S) and Predicate (P), the
elements of a sentence must be (S) and (P). The question is on the object. The object in English
is determined by the type of predicate itself; whether it is transitive or intransitive.
A transitive verb is defined as a word in verb function that needs an object. For instance,
in the word bring, send, and write. They absolutely need an object. In the example of “I am writing
a letter to my father” consists of at least two different objects which are “a letter” (direct object)
and “my father” (indirect object).
D. Pronunciation
Drought To keep bugs down To pollinate Surplus
Inflation Scale down Economic umbrella Annual fee
Membership Clientele Operation Horticulturalist
CONVERSATION
In pairs, create a conversational dialogue based upon the following pictures:
LISTENING COMPREHENSION
Listen carefully to the tape and attempt to retell the story.
Big Business
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COMPOSITION
Directions: Compose a paragraph about a business unit you are going to develop in the future
and highlight how you develop it along with your target (Milestones), coupled with
the reasons why you choose it as your business using your strength, weakness,
opportunity, and threats (SWOT).
1. Brainstorming
2. Prioritizing
3. Outlining
4. Composing
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2 BUSINESS ELEMENTS IN A COMPANY
UNIT 2
Royal Dutch Shell’s plant will produce more As concern grows about plastic debris in the
than a million tons of plastic, in the form of oceans and recycling continues to falter in
tiny pellets. Many in the Pittsburgh area see the United States, the production of new
it as an economic engine, but others worry plastic is booming. The plant that Royal
about long-term harm. Dutch Shell is building about 25 miles
northwest of Pittsburgh will create tiny
MONACA, Pa. — The 386-acre property pellets that can be turned into items like
looks like a giant Lego set rising from the phone cases, auto parts and food packaging,
banks of the Ohio River. It is one of the all of which will be around long after they
largest active construction projects in the have served their purpose.
United States, employing more than 5,000
people. The plant is one of more than a dozen that
are being built or have been proposed
When completed, the facility will be fed by around the world by petrochemical
pipelines stretching hundreds of miles across companies like Exxon Mobil and Dow,
Appalachia. It will have its own rail system including several in nearby Ohio and West
with 3,300 freight cars. And it will produce Virginia and on the Gulf Coast. And after
more than a million tons each year of decades of seeing American industrial jobs
something that many people argue the head overseas, the rise of the petrochemical
world needs less of: plastic. sector is creating excitement. On Tuesday,
President Trump is scheduled to tour the
Shell plant.
Comprehension and Discussion Questions
1. What company is going to build big number of plastics?
Answer:
Answer:
3. Why is the building of the plant called a largest construction project?
Answer:
4. How many tons of plastic will it produce a year?
Answer:
Answer:
Answer:
7. How many other companies will do the same thing as Royal Dutch plant?
Answer:
7. Employing =
8. Facility =
9. To stretch =
10. To produce =
11. Debris =
12. Ocean =
13. To falter =
14. To boom =
15. Case =
16. Auto parts =
17. Packaging =
18. Petrochemical =
19. Industrial =
20. Excitement =
D. Pronunciation
Utter the following economic terms:
Part 2 Speaking
Presentation:
You are to sell a product to your client. Present the following products you are selling by choosing
one or two.
Directions: Analyze and give comments in writing to the above statistical data presented to
you. Your comments have to be in a descriptive paragraph of 150 words. It has to
consist of Introduction, Subject development, and Conclusion.
3 ORGANIZATIONAL HIERARCHY
UNIT 3
A. Reading Passage
Hierarchy Defined
Meet Nathan. He is the chief executive officer of a large multinational
corporation. He manufactures a wide variety of chemicals for both
residential and commercial applications. Nathan's company engages in
business activities on five continents in over 25 countries.
The company employs over 50,000 people with a budget that rivals the
GDP of some third-world countries. Needless to say, running a
company of this size requires a high degree of organization and
management. This is where hierarchy comes in.
1. Who is Nathan?
Answer:
5. How does the hierarchy flow from top to the lowest levels?
Answer:
The writer has a positive feeling about Victoria and shows this by the use of positive
adjectives: wonderful, beautiful, interesting. From this topic sentence we know
that the paragraph will be about the positive aspects of the topic Victoria.
In order to find your main idea about a topic, review your pre-writing activities and
look for the most repeated words and phrases or key ideas. Look for your strongest
feeling. What makes the topic important to you?
Here is an example:
It is the controlling idea that the writer has to develop into a paragraph. Like in the
above example, the writer develops the reasons of having an ideal location,
beautiful gardens, and interesting things to do into details. Then, the paragraph
ends up with a Summary Sentence. A Summary sentence is a group of words that
concludes the writing of a paragraph.
D. Pronunciation
Utter the following words and phrases:
Chief Executive Officer manufacture needless to say
Multinational commercial applications
Communications corporation vertical
Hierarchical chemicals assess
Part 2 Speaking
You are the CEO of your company. You want to run an agenda meeting with your
VPs and managers. The agenda meeting is about the annual income and bonus
awards. Create the conversation in your group of 5 or 6.
Part 3 Listening Comprehension
View the following video of Philip Hart, the CEO of DollarMart and try to answer
the following questions.
Choose the correct answer.
1. Philip Hart is angry at Brian because
a. Brian had some personal problems.
b. Brian is joking.
c. Brian lost an important contract.
2. Philip rings Marcia to ask her to
a. help him fire Brian.
b. help him decide on a replacement for Brian.
c. ask him a good question.
3. The new employee will need
a. a higher degree only
b. a higher degree and five years’ experience
c. a higher and five years’ international experience.
4. Which skills and experience are not essential for the new employee?
a. sales
b. languages
c. teamwork
5. Where is Marcia going to place an advertisement?
a. in the specialist media
b. online
c. online and in specialist media
Part 4 Composition
As a CEO of a company, you are to write a descriptive paragraph about the reason why you need
to reorganize the structure of the company. The paragraph has to have 3 reasons to be developed
into your own descriptive paragraph. Your paragraph has to include Introduction (Topic
Sentence, Subject Development, and Summary Sentence).
The Product
4 JOB DESCRIPTION IN BUSINESS
UNIT 4
A. Reading Passage
3. How many steps can be found to decide a job description as in the passage?
Answer:
5. What are you going to do with a job description when the organization
structure changes?
Answer:
D. Pronunciation
Frequency performance reviews career planning
Credentials interpret consequence
Detrimental redesign vary
Responsibilities
Part 2 Speaking
Speech: As a Human Capital Vice President, you are to deliver a speech in front of your
company employees about how important to abide by the rules and regulations of
employment in the company, like to come on time to work.
Part 3 Listening Comprehension
I. Listen carefully to the tape and state whether the sentences are true or false.
1. ____ Peter is new to the company.
2. ____ Peter is a designer.
3. ____ Carla works in a marketing.
4. ____ Peter plans events for new products.
5. ____ Carla is Brazilian.
6. ____ Peter started his job five years ago.
II. Write the sentences under the correct speaker.
I work in the design team. I moved here from UK five years ago I’m new here.
CARLA PETER
Part 4 Composition
Develop the following paragraph subject into details of the following topic sentences:
1. Maternity payment is important because women deserve a secured life and the baby lives
happily.
2. Unpaid leave is given to the employees when the employees are in an overseas job training
and academic purposes.
The Product
Topic Sentence_________________________________________________________________
Subject
Development___________________________________________________________________
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Topic
Sentence______________________________________________________________________
Subject
Development___________________________________________________________________
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5 MARKETING
UNIT 5
A. Reading Passage
Marketing
What Is Marketing?
Understanding Marketing
Product
Price
Price refers to how much the company will sell the product
for. When establishing a price, companies must give
considerations to the unit cost price, marketing costs and
distribution expenses. Companies must also consider the price
of competing products in the marketplace and whether their
proposed price point is sufficient to represent a reasonable
alternative for consumers.
Place
Key Takeaways
4. How does the author narrate about the use of internet in Marketing in the US?
Answer:
D. Pronunciation
Undertake professional perspective
Campaign marketers competitors
Reasonable alternative cost price
Part 2 Speaking
You are a professional marketer. You attempt to sell a new product to your customer. Your
product is nearly similar to the existing product but with several positive selling points. Present
your product in front of the audiences.
Part 3 Listening Comprehension
Listen and attempt to decide whether the statements are True (T) or False (T)
Part 4 Composition
Pricelist and quotations are important aspects in Marketing. You have your own product to be
promoted. Compose the pricelist and quotations or flyer to your client. Create as innovative as
possible.
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6 FINANCE
UNIT 6
A. Reading Passage
Finance
What Is Finance?
Public Finance
State and local governments also receive grants and aid from
the federal government. Other sources of public finance include
user charges from ports, airport services, and other facilities;
fines resulting from breaking laws; revenues from licenses and
fees, such as for driving; and sales of government securities and
bond issues.
Corporate Finance
Personal Finance
Matters of personal finance include but are not limited to, the
purchasing of financial products for personal reasons, like
credit cards; life, health, and home insurance; mortgages; and
retirement products. Personal banking (e.g., checking and
savings accounts, IRAs, and 401(k) plans) is also considered a
part of personal finance.
Behavioral Finance
An essay is defined as "a short piece of writing that expresses information as well as the
writer's opinion."
For some, writing an essay is as simple as sitting down at their computer and beginning to type,
but a lot more planning goes into writing an essay successfully. If you have never written an essay
before, or if you struggle with writing and want to improve your skills, it is a good idea to go
through several steps in the essay writing process.
While this sounds like a lot of steps to write a simple essay, if you follow them you will be able to
write more successful, clear and cohesive essays.
The first step to writing an essay is to define what type of essay you are writing. There are four
main structures into which essays can be grouped:
Narrative Essay: Tell a story or impart information about your subject in a straightforward,
orderly manner.
Persuasive Essay: Convince the reader about some point of view.
Expository Essay: Explain to the reader how to do a given process. You could, for example,
write an expository essay with step-by-step instructions on how to make a peanut butter
sandwich.
Descriptive Essay: Focus on the details of what is going on. For example, if you want to
write a descriptive essay about your trip to the park, you would give great detail about
what you experienced: how the grass felt beneath your feet, what the park benches
looked like, and anything else the reader would need to feel as if he were there.
Knowing what kind of essay you are trying to write can help you decide on a topic and structure
your essay in the best way possible.
Brainstorm
You cannot write an essay unless you have an idea of what to write about. Brainstorming is the
process in which you come up with the essay topic. You need to simply sit and think of ideas
during this phase.
Write down everything that comes to mind as you can always narrow those topics down
later.
You could use clustering or mind mapping to brainstorm and come up with an essay idea.
This involves writing your topic or idea in the center of the paper and creating bubbles
(clouds or clusters) of related ideas around it.
Brainstorming can be a great way to develop a topic more deeply and to recognize connections
between various facets of your topic.
Once you have a list of possible topics, it's time to choose the best one that will answer the
question posed for your essay. You want to choose a topic that is neither too broad nor too
narrow.
If you are given an assignment to write a one-page essay, it would be far too much to write about
"the history of the US" since that could fill entire books. Instead, you could write about a specific
event within the history of the United States: perhaps signing the Declaration of Independence
or when Columbus discovered the U.S.
Choose the best topic idea from among your list and begin moving forward on writing your essay.
Once you have done your brainstorming and chosen your topic, you may need to do some
research to write a good essay. Go to the library or search online for information about your
topic. Interview people who might be experts in the subject. Keep your research organized so it
will be easy for you to refer back to, and easy for you to cite your sources when writing your final
essay.
Develop a Thesis
Your thesis statement is the main point of your essay. It is essentially one sentence that says what
the essay is about. For example, your thesis statement might be "Dogs are descended from
wolves." You can then use this as the basic premise to write your entire essay, remembering that
all of the different points throughout need to lead back to this one main thesis. The thesis will
usually be used in your introductory paragraph.
The thesis statement should be broad enough that you have enough to say about it, but not so
broad that you can't be thorough.
The next step is to outline what you are going to write about. This means you want to essentially
draw the skeleton of your paper. Writing an outline can help to ensure your paper is logical, well
organized and flows properly.
Start by writing the thesis statement at the top and then write a topic sentence for each
paragraph below. This means you should know exactly what each of your paragraphs is going to
be about before you write them.
Don't jumble too many ideas in each paragraph or the reader may become confused.
Ensure you have transitions between paragraphs so the reader understands how the
paper flows from one idea to the next.
Fill in facts from your research under each paragraph that you want to write about when
you write the essay. Make sure each paragraph ties back to your thesis and creates a
cohesive, understandable essay.
Once you have an outline, its time to start writing. Write from the outline itself, fleshing out your
basic skeleton to create a whole, cohesive and clear essay.
You will want to edit and re-read your essay, checking to make sure it sounds exactly the way you
want it to. You want to:
Now the essay is written but you're not quite done. Reread what you've written, looking out for
mistakes and typos.
D. Pronunciation
Insurance mortgage planning retirement plan
Budget debt issue Liabilities
Distribution of income earning dividends charges
Airport services
Part 2 Speaking
Presentations
Revenues and liabilities are two important aspects in Finance. This year, your company has
more liabilities to pay that affect so much to the operational cost of the company. Present your
financial statement by an argument that the company needs to save more money.
2. How many aspects do you need to consider about getting a loan from the bank?
Answer:
5. What does the loan agency suggest the customer to do to get a loan?
Answer:
Part 4 Composition
Write an essay about how an annual financial statement is important for a
company.
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