Pipephase UG PDF

PIPEPHASE 9.
1
User’s Guide
PIPEPHASE 9.1 User’s Guide The software described in this guide is furnished under a written
agreement and may be used only in accordance with the terms
and conditions of the license agreement under which you
obtained it.. The technical documentation is being delivered to
you AS IS and Invensys Systems, Inc. makes no warranty as to
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Documentation may include technical or other inaccuracies or
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Trademarks PIPEPHASE, NETOPT, and Invensys SIMSCI-ESSCOR are trade-
marks of Invensys plc, its subsidiaries and affiliates.
TACITE is a trademark of Institut Français du Petrole (IFP).
OLGAS 1.1, OLGAS TWO-PHASE, and OLGAS THREE-PHASE are
trademarks of SCANDPOWER A/S.
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Printed in the United States of America, March 2006.
Contents
Introduction
About This Manual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v
About PIPEPHASE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v
About SIMSCI - ESSCOR. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .vi
Where to find additional help . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .vi
Online Documentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .vi
Online Help . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .vi
Other Documentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii
Chapter 1 Getting Started

Starting PIPEPHASE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-1
Exiting PIPEPHASE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-2
Manipulating the PIPEPHASE Window . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-3
Changing Window Size. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-3
Working with On-screen Color Coding Cues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-3
Using the Menus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-4
Choosing a Menu Item . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-5
Using the Toolbar Buttons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-5
Using the File Manipulation Buttons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-6
Using the Structure and Unit Operation Buttons . . . . . . . . . .1-6
Using the Calculation Option, Optimization, and Property
Buttons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-7
Using the Zoom and Redraw Buttons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-7
Using PIPEPHASE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-8
Defining the Application. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-8
Global Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-11
Defining Fluid Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-13
Defining Properties for Compositional Fluids . . . . . . . . . . .1-14
Defining Properties for Non-compositional Fluids. . . . . . . .1-20
Defining Properties for Mixed Compositional/
Non-Compositional Fluids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-23
Generating and Using Tables of Properties. . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-24
Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-24
PIPEPHASE 9.1 User’s Guide iii

Structure of Network Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-25
PIPEPHASE Flow Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-28
Pressure Drop Calculations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-30
Equipment Items . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-37
Heat Transfer Calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-40
Sphering or Pigging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-41
Reservoirs and Inflow Performance Relationships. . . . . . . . 1-41
Production Planning and Time-stepping. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-42
Subsurface Networks and Multiple Completion Modeling . 1-44
Case Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-47
Nodal Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-49
Starting the PIPEPHASE Results Access System (RAS) . . . . . . 1-53
Starting the PIPEPHASE Excel Report. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-55
Chapter 2 Tutorial
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1
Problem Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1
Building the Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-3
Entering Optimization Data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-20
Specifying Print Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-28
Running the Simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-29
Viewing and Plotting Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-30
Using the RAS to Plot Results. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-31
Generate and View Excel Report. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-33
Including Operating Costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-34
iv Contents
Introduction
About This Manual

The PIPEPHASE User’s Guide provides an introduction to
PIPEPHASE. It describes how the interface modules work and
includes a step-by-step tutorial to guide you through a PIPEPHASE
example optimization problem. Also covered in this guide is
PIPEPHASE Keywords. An outline of this guide is provided below.
Chapter 1 Introduction Introduces the manual, the program, and SIMSCI.
Chapter 2 Getting Started Explains how to use PIPEPHASE.
Chapter 3 Tutorial Provides a step-by-step tutorial for the optimiza-
tion of an off-line pipeline design.
About PIPEPHASE
PIPEPHASE is a simulation program which predicts steady-state
pressure, temperature, and liquid holdup profiles in wells, flow-
lines, gathering systems, and other linear or network configurations
of pipes, wells, pumps, compressors, separators, and other facilities.
The fluid types that PIPEPHASE can handle include liquid, gas,
steam, and multiphase mixtures of gas and liquid.
Several special capabilities have also been designed into PIPEP-
HASE including well analysis with inflow performance; gas lift
analysis; pipeline sphering; and sensitivity (nodal) analysis. These
additions extend the range of the PIPEPHASE application so that
the full range of pipeline and piping network problems can be
solved.
PIPEPHASE 9.1 User’s Guide v

About SIMSCI - ESSCOR
SimSci-Esscor, a business unit of Invensys Systems, Inc., is a leader
in the development and deployment of industrial process simulation
software and systems for a variety of industries, including oil and
gas production, petroleum refining, petrochemical and chemical
manufacturing, electrical power generation, mining, pulp and paper,
and engineering and construction. Supporting more than 750 client
companies in over 70 countries, SimSci-Esscor solutions enable cli-
ents to minimize capital requirements, optimize facility perfor-
mance, and maximize return on investment.
For more information, visit SimSci - Esscor Web site at http://
www.simsci-esscor.com.
Where to find additional help

Online Documentation
PIPEPHASE online documentation is provided in the form of .PDF
files that are most conveniently viewed using Adobe Acrobat
Reader 5.0 or Acrobat Exchange 5.0. You can install Adobe Acro-
bat Reader 5.0 from the product CD, which requires 5 MB of disk
space beyond that required to for PIPEPHASE. Online manuals are
stored in the Manuals directory and they remain on the CD when you
install the program. To access these files, open the PIPEPHASE
ONLINE HELP.HLP file in the Bin directory and click the appropri-
ate link to navigate to the corresponding PDF.
Online Help
PIPEPHASE comes with online Help, a comprehensive online ref-
erence tool that accesses information quickly. In Help, commands,
features, and data fields are explained in easy steps. Answers are
available instantly, online, while you work. You can access the elec-
tronic contents for Help by selecting Help/Contents from the menu
bar. Context-sensitive help is accessed using the F1 key or the
What’s This? button by placing the cursor in the area in question.
vi
Other Documentation
The table below outlines the other existing PIPEPHASE documen-
tation available in a hardcopy form.
Where to Find Additional Help

If you want to... See...
Quickly learn how to simulate a simple This document
flowsheet using PIPEPHASE
Obtain detailed information on the This document
capabilities and use of PIPEPHASE
Learn how to install PIPEPHASE PIPEPHASE Installation Guide
Obtain basic information on PIPEPHASE PIPEPHASE Keyword Manual
keywords
See simulation examples PIPEPHASE Application Briefs
To learn more on Well and Surface Models Well and Surface Examples
Obtain detailed information on using NETOPT User’s Guide
PIPEPHASE w/ NETOPT
Obtain detailed information on using TACITE User’s Guide
PIPEPHASE w/ TACITE
Obtain basic information on PIPEPHASE Online Help
calculation methods
Obtain detailed information of component SIMSCI Component and
and thermodynamic properties Thermodynamic Data Input Manual
PIPEPHASE 9.1 User’s Guide vii

viii
Chapter 1
Getting Started
Starting PIPEPHASE
If you do not see a PIPEPHASE 9.1 icon in a SIMSCI group
window or in your Program Manager window, see the
troubleshooting section in the PIPEPHASE Installation Guide.
To start PIPEPHASE:
➤ Double-click on the PIPEPHASE 9.1 icon.
The main PIPEPHASE window appears.
Figure 1-1: The PIPEPHASE Main Window
PIPEPHASE 9.1 User’s Guide 1-1

You can now open a new simulation file (select File/New), open an
existing file (select File/Open), or import a keyword file (select File/
Import Keyword File). The elements of the PIPEPHASE main window
are described in Table 1-1.
Table 1-1: PIPEPHASE Main Window Components
Component Description
Control-menu Box Displays a menu with commands for sizing, moving and closing
the active window.
Title Bar Identifies the application and the name of the open file; can be
used to move the entire window.
Minimize Button Enables you to reduce the application to an icon.
Maximize/Restore Enables you to enlarge a window to full-screen or restore a
Button (Not shown) window to its default size.
Menu Bar Identifies the menus available in PIPEPHASE: File, Edit, View,
General, Special Features, and Help.
Toolbar Provides push button access to various File, Edit, View, General,
Special Features, and Help menu options.
Main Window Provides the repository for placing sources, sinks, or junction,
adding links, and calculator or hydrates units, i.e., for drawing
the network diagram.
Horizontal Scroll Bar Provides a sliding scale for moving the flowsheet right or left in
the PIPEPHASE main window.
Vertical Scroll Bar Provides a sliding scale for moving the flowsheet up or down in
the PIPEPHASE main window.
Status Bar Provides guidance, focus and error messages for the active
feature or object.
Border Handles Enables you to quickly change window height, width, or size by
grabbing the corresponding border handle and dragging it to a
new position.
To learn how to build a network, enter data, and run and optimize a
simulation, see Chapter 2, Tutorial.
Exiting PIPEPHASE
To exit PIPEPHASE, do one of the following:
➤ Choose Exit on the File menu <Alt+F,X>
➤ Double-click on the Control-menu box in the upper left hand
corner of the PIPEPHASE main window <Alt+F4>.
1-2 Getting Started

Manipulating the PIPEPHASE Window
The PIPEPHASE window offers a variety of features that enable
you to customize how PIPEPHASE appears relative to the full
screen and relative to other applications.
Note: PIPEPHASE does not support multiple sessions for two

different files located in the same directory.
Changing Window Size

The Windows interface provides tools for resizing each window.
Some tools automatically change a window to a particular size and
orientation, others enable you to control the magnification.
Tools Description/Action
Minimize/Maximize By clicking on the minimize and maximize buttons, you can
Buttons automatically adjust the size of a window.
Border Handles You can use the window border to manually change the size of the
main window. The border works like a handle that you can grab
with the cursor and drag to a new position.
Control Menu You can also use the Control menu to Restore, Move, Size,
Minimize, or Maximize a window.
Window Position You can change the position of the main window (or any pop-up
window) by clicking on the title bar and dragging the window to a
new position.
Control-menu Box You can also use the control-menu box to move a window.
To display the control-menu box:
➤ Click on the control-menu box in the top left hand corner of the
PIPEPHASE main window or use <Alt+Space>.
➤ Select the Move option from the menu.
Working with On-screen Color Coding Cues

PIPEPHASE provides the standard visual cue (grayed out text and
icons) for unavailable menu items and toolbar buttons. In addition,
on the network, PIPEPHASE uses colored borders liberally to
indicate the current status of the simulation.
Table 1-2: Flowsheet Color Codes
Color Significance
Red Required data. Actions or data required of the user. On the main
PIPEPHASE windows and Link PFD only.
Blue Data you have supplied.

Table 1-2: Flowsheet Color Codes
Color Significance
Burgundy Calculated data.
Gray Data field not available to you.
Using the Menus

The names of the PIPEPHASE main menus appear on the menu bar.
From these menus, you can access most PIPEPHASE operations.
To display a menu:
➤ Click on the menu name or press <Alt+n> where n is the
underlined letter in the menu name.
For example, to display the File menu, either click on File, or press
<Alt+F>.
Figure 1-2: File Menu Figure 1-3: Edit Menu
Figure 1-4: View Menu Figure 1-5: General Menu
1-4 Getting Started

Figure 1-6: Special Features Menu Figure 1-7: Help Menu
Choosing a Menu Item

To choose a menu item, do one of the following:
➤ Click on the desired item.
➤ Use the arrow keys to highlight the item then press <Enter>.
➤ Use the accelerator keys.
Using the Toolbar Buttons

Figure 1-8: Toolbar Buttons
The toolbar contains four groups of buttons:

➤ File Manipulation Buttons
➤ Structure and Unit Operation Buttons
➤ Calculation Options, Optimization, and Property Buttons
➤ Zoom and Redraw Buttons
Note: Grayed out icons indicate that the functions are

currently in passive mode and will become active when
necessary.

Using the File Manipulation Buttons
These buttons enable you to open a new or existing simulation,
import a keyword file, save a simulation, run a simulation, or view
or print an output. These buttons duplicate menu options available
on the File menu.
Button Menu Item Description
New Enables you to create a new simulation.
Open Enables you to open an existing simulation.
Import Keyword File Enables you to import an existing input file.
Save Enables you to save an open simulation.
Run Enables you to run the simulation.
Excel Reports Enables you to create Excel Reports.
Print Enables you to print the output file or the flowsheet.
Using the Structure and Unit Operation Buttons

These buttons enable you to add sources, sinks, junction, calculator
units, or hydrate units to the flowsheet.
— Enables you to add a source to the flowsheet.
— Enables you to add a sink to the flowsheet.
— Enables you to add a junction to the flowsheet.
— Enables you to add a Manifold unit to the flowsheet.
— Enables you to add a calculator unit to the flowsheet.
— Enables you to add a hydrate unit to the flowsheet.
1-6 Getting Started

Using the Calculation Option, Optimization, and Property
Buttons
These buttons enable you to customize your calculation options,
input dimensions, and global defaults, add optimization, and add
component and thermodynamic or PVT data. These buttons
duplicate menu options available on the General menu.
Input Units of Enables you to specify your input units of
Measurement measurements.
Component Library Enables you to specify your component slate for
compositional fluids.
PVT Data Enables you to specify your thermodynamic or PVT
data.
Calculation Methods Enables you to enter network calculation methods.
Global Defaults Enables you to enter global defaults.
Optimization Data Enables you to enter network optimization data.
Using the Zoom and Redraw Buttons

These buttons allow you to refresh, zoom in and out, search an
object/Device on the flowsheet.
— Enables you to zoom in on the flowsheet.
— Enables you to zoom out of the flowsheet.
— Enables you to zoom in 100%, i.e., display the entire simulation

in the main window.
— Enables you to refresh the flowsheet.
— Enables you to search an object/device in a flowsheet.

Using PIPEPHASE
Defining the Application
This section contains information about the way PIPEPHASE
works, the data that you need to supply, and the correlations used.
This section is arranged according to what you want to do, the type
of fluid you have, and the type of pipeline network. For each of the
capabilities of PIPEPHASE, this chapter explains which data you
are required to provide and which data you may optionally supply.
Throughout this section, the right hand column (See...) provides the
title of the GUI window where you can input that data, or the
manual where additional information can be found.
The first thing you should do before using PIPEPHASE is to decide
what type of application you have. This depends on:
■ The properties of the fluid(s) flowing through the piping sys-
tem,
■ The flowrates and conditions at which those fluids enter and
leave the piping system,
■ The structure and elements of the piping system, and
■ Other special processes you want to simulate, such as Gas Lift
Analysis.
Properties of Fluids
There are seven types of fluids modeled in PIPEPHASE:

■ Compositional
● Mixed phases
● Liquid
● Vapor
■ Compositional Blackoil
■ Non-compositional:
● Blackoil
● Gas Condensate
● Gas
1-8 Getting Started
● Liquid
● Steam
The fluid type controls how the program is able to obtain the
physical properties necessary for pressure drop and heat transfer
calculations – either from the PIPEPHASE databank, from built-in
empirical correlations, or from user-supplied input. Steam is a
special case of a non-compositional fluid, for which PIPEPHASE
uses the GPSA steam tables.
Compositional fluids are defined as mixtures of chemical
components with a known composition. For compositional fluids,
PIPEPHASE will calculate the phase separation whenever
prevailing process fluid conditions are required. However, you may
instruct PIPEPHASE to assume the fluid is one phase at all times,
thus reducing the time the program takes to solve by continually
bypassing the vapor-liquid equilibrium (flash) calculation.
Non-compositional gases and liquids are single-phase. Blackoil is a
liquid-dominated, two-phase model. Gas Condensate is a gas-
dominated, two-phase model. Steam is a single component, two-
phase model.
Optimization
PIPEPHASE can optimize network problems of virtually any size.

You can minimize or maximize any objective function or even tune
your simulation to match measured data, while satisfying
operational or design constraints. A PIPEPHASE model can be
optimized over time resulting in efficient optimized design,
planning, forecasting, and operation of a field.
Link to Reservoir Simulator Models
PIPEPHASE’s Reservoir Interface allows you to link the network

simulator to link to Reservoir Simulation models such as the
Eclipse reservoir simulation model. This integrated solution
provides greater simulation consistency and accuracy, resulting in
savings of millions of dollars over the lifetime of a field in terms of
planning and scheduling.
Flows and Conditions of Fluids
Fluids enter piping systems at sources and leave at sinks. Fluids

with different properties may enter at different sources, but they
must all be of the same type.
In general, you have to assign flowrates, temperatures and pressures
to sources and/or sinks. For compositional fluids, you also have to
assign compositions to the source fluids. The exceptions are
explained below in What PIPEPHASE Calculates.
Gaslift and Sphering
Two special applications, relevant to oil production and gas

transportation, can be modeled with PIPEPHASE. You can use
PIPEPHASE to investigate the effects of lift gas on well production
and optimize the allocation of limited lift gas for multiple wells.
Sphering or Pigging is used to increase gas flow efficiency in wet
gas and gas dominated multiphase pipelines.
Piping Structure
Before providing input problem data to PIPEPHASE, it is important

that you convert the structure of the piping system into a simpler
schematic representation of the relevant nodes (i.e., sources,
junctions, and sinks) and links. You must label each node and link
both uniquely and logically for future reference.
What PIPEPHASE Calculates
PIPEPHASE solves the equations that define the relationship

between pressure drop and flowrate. PIPEPHASE can also
calculate heat losses and gains.
With a single link, PIPEPHASE will calculate the pressure drop for
a known flowrate. Alternatively, for a given pressure drop,
PIPEPHASE will calculate the flowrate.
With a network configuration, you may supply a combination of
known flowrates and pressures at sources and/or sinks and
PIPEPHASE will calculate the unknowns. The combination of
knowns that you are allowed to supply are explained later on.
Rating, Design, Case Studies, and Nodal Analysis
PIPEPHASE works in both rating and design modes. In rating

mode, you supply data about the pipes, fittings and equipment and
PIPEPHASE calculates the pressure and temperature profiles. In
design mode, PIPEPHASE calculates line sizes. Case Studies can
be performed in either mode. Nodal Analyses can be performed on
single links.
1-10 Getting Started

Global Settings
Before you provide PIPEPHASE with information about the fluid
and piping structure of your problem, global parameters may be set
and the problem definition described. Choices can be made on
control of the simulation, define the input units, specify how much
output you want, and set global defaults for use throughout the
simulation.
To provide... See...
Descriptive text You can further describe the problem using up to Simulation
four lines of 60 characters each. This description Description
appears once at the top of each page.
If you are using the Case Study facility, you may add Simulation
one line of description for each case study. You will Description
find further details about case studies later in this
chapter.
If you are using the Nodal Analysis facility, you may Simulation
add two lines of description, one for inflow and one Description
for outflow. You will find further details about nodal
analysis later in this chapter.
Input data You may use PIPEPHASE just to check your input Run Simulation
checking syntax and topology and not to perform any and View
calculations. Results
Units of Measurement
PIPEPHASE allows you to construct a group of units of measure

(or “dimensions”) which are to be used throughout the entire
simulation input. However, you can locally override individual
units of measure where necessary. The output will always be in the
units supplied on the Input Dimensions window, unless specific
output overrides or supplements are provided on the Output
Dimensions window.
To provide... See...
Input units Global units of measurement are defined at the Input Dimensions
beginning of the input. PIPEPHASE has four pre-selected
sets for user convenience: Petroleum, English, Metric,
and SI. You should select the set closest to your
requirements. You can then re-define units of
measurement either globally at the start of the input or
individually when you supply the data. If you do not
select a set, PIPEPHASE defaults to the Petroleum set.

Printout Options
PIPEPHASE generates a great deal of data during its calculations.

The default printout is normally sufficient for most engineering
applications. You may increase or decrease the amount of output
depending upon your requirements.
To set the... See...
Output units The default units of measurement for output are the Output
same as those defined globally for the input. You may Dimensions
define a separate set of units for the output.
Input reprint You will always get a reprint of your input file. Print Options
PIPEPHASE then reprints its interpretation of the input.
You may suppress this interpretation for the output.
Iterative During solution of a network, PIPEPHASE iterates until Print Options
results it converges to within the set tolerance. You can request
a printout that shows intermediate results. This can be
useful in helping converge large or sensitive networks.
Flash results In a compositional run, PIPEPHASE prints out phase Print Options
equilibrium details and the properties of the phases at
each node. This output can be suppressed.
Devices You can request a range of detail for different devices. In Print Options
addition, special outputs are produced for sphering.
Properties PIPEPHASE can output all properties used in the Print Options
output detailed calculations.
Plotting In addition to tabular data, plots of pressure and Print Options
options temperature versus distance may be requested. The
Taitel-Dukler flow regime map may also be produced for
links operating in two-phase flow. Phase Envelope and
Nodal Analysis plots may also be generated.
Results Access Using the PIPEPHASE RAS, you may examine data that PIPEPHASE
System (RAS) have been produced by a run of the program. You may RAS Main
also print or plot the results using EXCEL. Window
Optimizer You can set the printout level of optimizer cycle results Print Options
Output and control the output of the intermediate results.
Defaults
Many of PIPEPHASE’s data items are defaulted. If you do not

explicitly specify an item or a calculation method, the program will
automatically assign a value or method. These values – for example
29 BTU/hr-ft-oF for pipe thermal conductivity and the Moody
method for single-phase pressure drop calculations – have been
selected to be reasonable for normal engineering purposes, but are
not necessarily the best for your particular application. They are
there for your convenience and are not intended to replace
engineering judgement. You should check that you do not get
invalid results through their use.
For convenience, PIPEPHASE allows you to change some defaults
globally at the start of the input.
To define... See...
Flow device You can specify global values for the pipe, riser, tubing Global Defaults
parameters and annulus inside diameter, the surrounding medium,
and the parameters associated with pressure drop and
heat transfer. You can override these settings for
individual pipes.
Heat Transfer You can define the heat transfer from pipes, risers, Global Defaults
tubings, and annuli as an overall coefficient or by
defining the parameters - viscosity, conductivity,
velocity, etc. - for the surrounding soil, air, or water.
You can select a medium and optionally override these
settings for individual pipes. You can globally suppress
heat transfer calculations and then reinstate them for
individual pipes, risers, tubings, and annuli.
Pressure drop You can globally set the pressure drop method and the Global Defaults
methods Palmer parameters for liquid holdup. You can override
the pressure drop method for individual pipes, risers,
tubings, and annuli.
Transitional You can globally set the transitional Reynolds Number Global Defaults
flow between laminar and turbulent flow regimes.
Limits You can change the maximum and minimum values of Global Defaults
temperature and pressure for flash calculations. If the
program detects conditions outside these limits,
warning messages will be presented in the output.
Defining Fluid Properties

PIPEPHASE requires the properties of the fluid to calculate
pressure drops and heat transfer, and phase ratios. There are two
major classifications of fluid models: compositional and non-
compositional.
A fluid model is compositional when it can be defined in terms of
its individual components either directly or through an assay curve.
PIPEPHASE will then predict the fluid’s properties by applying the
appropriate mixing rules to the pure component properties. Unless
PIPEPHASE is instructed otherwise, it will perform phase
equilibrium calculations for the fluid and determine the quantity
and properties of the liquid and vapor phases.
A fluid model is non-compositional when it is defined with average
correlated properties.

Defining Properties for Compositional Fluids
PIPEPHASE requires thermodynamic and transport properties to
calculate phase splits, pressure drops, and heat transfer.
All required properties of compositional fluids are predicted from
the properties of the pure components. These are mixed to get the
properties of the fluid.
There are three methods for defining a component:
➤ Selecting individual components from the PIPEPHASE library,
➤ Defining individual components as petroleum
pseudocomponents,
➤ Defining an assay curve and having PIPEPHASE divide it into
petroleum cuts.
The compositional fluid can be defined in terms of any combination
of these options. You can have different compositions at each
source.
Water as a Special Component
PIPEPHASE can rigorously predict phase separations involving

more than one liquid phase. However, there is a simplified way of
dealing with water in hydrocarbon systems. Because water is only
sparingly soluble in oil, a hydrocarbon system with a significant
amount of water will often form two liquid phases. PIPEPHASE
will handle calculations involving water in hydrocarbons by one of
three methods:
➤ Rigorous three-phase flash to calculate composition in three
phases.
➤ It can calculate the solubility of water in the hydrocarbon phase
and put the excess water into a pure aqueous phase. All the
aqueous phase properties will be calculated separately from
those of the hydrocarbon phase.
➤ It can assume that the water is completely soluble.
Library Components
The SIMSCI library contains over 1700 components. A full list is

available in the SIMSCI Component and Thermodynamic Data
Input Manual. For all components, the databank contains data for
all the fixed properties and temperature-dependent properties
necessary to carry out phase equilibrium calculations. For all
common components, the databank also contains a full set of
transport properties necessary to carry out pressure drop and heat
transfer calculations. If you need to supplement the data, or override
the library data with your own, you may do so.
Non-library Components
You may use components not found in the SIMSCI library. You
must input all the necessary data for thermodynamic and transport
properties. If you need help in determining data for such
components, you may use SIMSCI’s DATAPREP program.
To specify... See...
Library All fixed property data may be accessed from ➱ Component Data,
components the SIMSCI databank. All you need to do is Library Component
supply the name of the component. Data
You may override the SIMSCI constant ➱ Component Data,
properties for any or all of the components. Edit Library
Component
You may override the SIMSCI variable SIMSCI Component
(temperature-dependent) properties for any or and Thermodynamic
all of the components. Data Input Manual
Non-library If you want to use a component that is not in ➱ SIMSCI Component
components the SIMSCI Bank, you must supply its name and Thermodynamic
and all the required properties. Data Input Manual
Petroleum Pseudocomponents
To define hydrocarbon pseudocomponents, you must supply at least

two of the following three parameters:
➤ Molecular weight
➤ Gravity
➤ Normal boiling point
PIPEPHASE will predict the third if you omit it. PIPEPHASE uses
industry-standard characterization methods to predict all fixed and
temperature-dependent property data for each pseudocomponent.
You may select the method most suitable for your own mixture.
To supply ... See...
Pseudo Define petroleum pseudocomponents by supplying ➱ Component
components at least two of the following: molecular weight, Data, Library
gravity, and normal boiling point. Component Data
Property You may select the method PIPEPHASE will use to ➱ Component Data
calculation calculate the properties of your pseudocomponents.
methods

Fixed You can supply your own fixed property data to ➱ Component Data
Property override the data that PIPEPHASE predicts.
Data
Variable You can supply your own temperature-dependent ➱ Component Data

Property property data to override the data that PIPEPHASE
Data predicts.
Assay Curve
If your fluid is defined by an assay curve (TBP, D86, D2887, or

D1160), PIPEPHASE will divide it into a number of cuts. You can
control the number of cuts and the ranges they cover. Each of the
cuts is then treated as a pseudocomponent, as described previously.
You may also define a lightends analysis to go with the assay curve.
Assay Data You supply an assay curve, and PIPEPHASE will ➱ Component Data
divide it into petroleum cuts. You supply it in the
form of D86, D1160, D2887, TBP, or TBP at 10 mm
Hg curves.
You must also supply gravity as API or specific ➱ Component Data
gravity or UOP K-factor either as a curve against
percent vaporized or as an average value.
PIPEPHASE will calculate molecular weight data, ➱ Component Data
or you may supply it as an average or a curve
against percent vaporized.
You may define the number of petroleum fractions ➱ Component Data,
to be generated and their temperature ranges. Temperature Cut
Points
You may select the method PIPEPHASE will use to ➱ Component Data
calculate the properties of the generated petroleum
fractions.
Mixed You can mix defined components and ➱ Component Data
component pseudocomponents with assay data by defining a
types lightends composition and rate for each source.
Additional Component Capabilities
All the features of SIMSCI’s industry-standard component property

databank and methods have been incorporated into PIPEPHASE.
These are summarized in Table 1-3. For details of these methods
and their applicability, please consult the SIMSCI Component and
Thermodynamic Data Input Manual, in the chapter detailed below.

Table 1-3: Summary of Other Component Property Options
Synthetic You may characterize a component as a synfuel of a Chapter 1
Components specific type or as a mixture of different petroleum types.
Other fixed Rackett parameter is required for the Rackett method for Chapter 1
property liquid densities.
requirements Dipole moment and Radius of gyration are required for the
Hayden-O’Connell method for vapor properties.
Hildebrand solubility parameter and liquid molar volume
are required for various generalized and liquid activity
thermodynamic correlations. Van der Waal’s area and
volume are required for UNIFAC and UNIQUAC liquid
activity thermodynamic correlations.
Properties You may define the structure of non-library components Chapter 1
from Structure for use with the UNIFAC thermodynamic method.
Thermodynamic Properties and Phase Separation
PIPEPHASE can use a generalized correlation, an equation of state,

or a liquid activity method to calculate thermodynamic properties at
the flowing conditions and hence predict the split between the
liquid and vapor phases. The choice of the thermodynamic property
calculation method depends on the components in the fluid and the
prevailing temperatures and pressures. PIPEPHASE also provides a
number of methods that can rigorously calculate vapor-liquid-liquid
equilibrium.
Table 1-4 gives recommendations for the commonly found pipeline
systems.
Table 1-4: Recommended Methods for Thermodynamic Properties
Method
Property Heavy Hydrocarbon Light Hydrocarbon Natural Gas
Systems Systems Systems
K-value Braun K10 (<100 psia) Peng-Robinson Peng-Robinson
Grayson-Streed Soave-Redlich-Kwong Soave-Redlich-Kwong
Peng-Robinson Lee-Kesler-Plöcker
Soave-Redlich-Kwong Benedict-Webb-Rubin-Starling
Chao-Seader
Enthalpy Curl-Pitzer Peng-Robinson Peng-Robinson
Johnson-Grayson Soave-Redlich-Kwong Soave-Redlich-Kwong
Lee-Kesler Lee-Kesler-Plöcker
Peng-Robinson BWRS
Soave-Redlich-Kwong Curl-Pitzer
Lee- Kesler
Liquid API API API
Density Lee-Kesler Lee-Kesler Lee-Kesler
Vapor Peng-Robinson Peng-Robinson Peng-Robinson
Density Soave-Redlich-Kwong Soave-Redlich-Kwong Soave-Redlich-Kwong

K-values, You must select a thermodynamic method for ➱ Thermodynamic
enthalpy, density calculating the vapor-liquid equilibrium and Methods
mixture properties from component
properties. Either select a system with a
predefined method for each property, or select
an individual method for each property.
Vapor-liquid- You can specify a VLLE thermodynamic ➱ Thermodynamic
liquid equilibria system or K-value method or specify a Methods
second LLE K-value method.
Different enthalpy You must include two enthalpy methods, one ➱ Thermodynamic
methods for for the liquid and one for the vapor. Methods
liquid and vapor
Different density You must include two density methods, one ➱ Thermodynamic
methods for for the liquid and one for the vapor. Methods
liquid and vapor
Aqueous phase If you have water in a hydrocarbon system, ➱ Thermodynamic
enthalpy you may select a method for calculating Methods
aqueous liquid and vapor enthalpies either by
a simplified method which assumes that the
steam is at its saturation point or by a
rigorous method which takes into account the
degree of superheat of the vapor, if any.
Binary interaction For some systems, notably close-boiling ➱ Thermodynamic
parameters mixtures, the standard equations do not Methods
adequately reproduce experimental phase
equilibria data. You may improve the
predictability of many of the equations of
state, or liquid activity coefficient methods by
inputting your own binary interaction
parameter values. For example, you can tune
the PR, SRK, BWRS and LKP equations.
Transport Properties
The SIMSCI databank contains pure component data for the

thermal conductivity, surface tension, and viscosity of liquids and
vapors as functions of temperature. You can choose to use these
data and simple mixing rules to predict the flowing properties of the
fluid.
Alternatively you can choose to use the API Data Book property
prediction methods and mixing rules for mixed hydrocarbons.

Some 60 of the bank components have data for viscosity and
thermal conductivity from the GPA TRAPP program. If you choose
to use the TRAPP data, all of your components must be TRAPP
components and you cannot have any pseudocomponents or assay
data.
Prediction You may choose a method for calculating bulk ➱ Thermodynamic
methods transport properties from component properties. Select Methods
a system with predefined methods for each property, or
select an individual method for each property.
Overriding To override the mixture liquid viscosity predictions, ➱ Thermodynamic
viscosity you may supply a liquid viscosity curve for either the Methods, User
hydrocarbon liquid phase, the water phase or the total Viscosity Data
liquid. A different viscosity curve may be supplied for
each source.
Using Multiple Methods
In most cases, a single set of thermodynamic and transport methods

is adequate for calculating properties of all sources. However, your
flowsheet may contain sources with widely varying compositions or
conditions such that they cannot be simulated accurately using just
one set. For this, you may define more than one set of methods
(there is no limit) and apply different sets to different sources.
More than one For each set use a separate METHOD ➱ Fluid Property Data,
thermodynamic set statement. Name the set using the SET Thermodynamic
keyword. Methods
The set used by a Link the source to the thermodynamic ➱ Compositional
source set using the SET keyword. Source
A default When a single set is present, all sources ➱ Thermodynamic
thermodynamic set use that set. If you do not link the source Methods
to a thermodynamic set, it will use the
default set. Normally this is the first set
that appears in the input. You can
stipulate that another set is the default,
by setting that set as the default.

Additional Thermodynamic Capabilities
All of SIMSCI’s industry-standard thermophysical property
calculation methods have been incorporated into PIPEPHASE.
These are summarized in Table 1-5. For details of these methods
and their applicability, please consult Chapter 2 in the SIMSCI
Component and Thermodynamic Data Input Manual.
Table 1-5: Summary of Other Thermodynamic Options
Generalized Grayson-Streed Chao-Seader
Correlations Improved-Grayson-Streed Chao-Seader-Erbar
Grayson-Streed-Erbar Ideal
Braun-K10
Equations of Soave-Redlich-Kwong Panagiotopoulos-Reid
State SRK-Kabadi-Danner Peng-Robinson
SRK-Huron-Vidal PR-Huron-Vidal
SRK-Panagiotopoulos-Reid PR-Panagiotopoulos-Reid
SRK-Modified BWRS
SRK-SIMSCI Uniwaals
SRK-Hexamer
Liquid Non-random Two-liquid Equation Universal Functional Activity
Activity Universal Quasi-chemical (UNIQUAC) Coefficient (UNIFAC)
Methods van Laar Lyngby-modified UNIFAC
Wilson Dortmund-modified UNIFAC
Margules Modified UNIFAC method
Regular Solution Theory Free volume modification to UNIFAC
Flory-Huggins Theory Ideal
Special Glycol Amine
Packages Sour Alcohol
GPA Sour Water
Other Heat of Mixing Henry’s Law
Features Poynting Correction Amine Residence Time
Correction
Defining Properties for Non-compositional Fluids

A non-compositional fluid model must be defined as blackoil, gas
condensate, liquid, gas, or steam. Blackoil and gas condensate are
two-phase, with one phase dominant. Gas and liquid fluid models
are single-phase. Steam may be single- or two-phase.
To... See...
Define the fluid You must tell PIPEPHASE the type of fluid ➱ Simulation Definition
you have; blackoil, gas condensate, liquid,
gas, or steam.
Supply different You may supply specific gravities for each ➱ Source
data for different source.
sources

Liquid
All properties of a non-compositional liquid are calculated by
PIPEPHASE from the specific gravity and built-in correlations.
To... See...
Define the liquid You must define the liquid as water or ➱ Single Phase
hydrocarbon, and supply its gravity. If the Liquid PVT Data
liquid is water, the specific gravity must be 1.0
or greater. For liquid hydrocarbon, the specific
gravity must be less than 1.0.
Specify the You may define the method that PIPEPHASE ➱ Single Phase
viscosity method uses to predict non-compositional liquid Liquid PVT Data
viscosity.
Override viscosity You may supply liquid viscosity data to ➱ Single Phase
data override the internally predicted data. You may Liquid PVT Data
define the viscosity as a single value or as a
two-point viscosity curve.
Specify the You may supply a single constant value for ➱ Single Phase
specific heat liquid specific heat to override the internally Liquid PVT Data
predicted data.
Gas
All properties of a non-compositional gas are calculated by

PIPEPHASE from the specific gravity and the built-in correlations.
To... See...
Define the gas A non-compositional gas is defined in terms of its ➱ Single Phase
gravity, and PIPEPHASE will use the appropriate Gas PVT Data
correlations to predict its properties.
Specify the You may define the method that PIPEPHASE uses ➱ Single Phase
viscosity method to predict non-compositional gas viscosity. Gas PVT Data
Define the Cp/Cv A gas specific heat ratio may be defined to ➱ Single Phase
ratio override the internal value used as default. Gas PVT Data
Define a One or more of the following gas contaminants ➱ Single Phase
contaminant may also be defined: nitrogen, carbon dioxide, or Gas PVT Data
hydrogen sulfide.
Supply the gas The method that PIPEPHASE uses to predict a ➱ Single Phase
Z-factor non-compositional compressibility factor may Gas PVT Data
also be defined.

Steam
Steam is a non-compositional fluid that is allowed to exist in two
phases. You cannot override the steam table data contained within
PIPEPHASE’s data libraries. However, all pressure drop
correlations which are available to compositional fluids are also
available to the steam model.
To... See...
Use the steam If the fluid is steam, use PIPEPHASE ‘s internal ➱ Stream PVT Data
tables steam tables. You may specify that the gravity of
the condensed water is more than 1.0 to take into
account dissolved solids.
Specify You may specify steam quality if the steam is ➱ Source
saturated saturated. Specify the temperature and quality if the
steam steam is superheated or the water is subcooled.
Gas Condensate
Gas condensate is a multiphase non-compositional fluid with gas

predominating. All properties of gas condensate are calculated by
PIPEPHASE from the specific gravity and the built-in correlations.
To... See...
Define the A gas condensate is defined in terms of its ➱ Gas Condensate
condensate gravity, and PIPEPHASE will use the appropriate PVT Data
Define the You must supply specific gravity data for gas, ➱ Gas Condensate
specific gravity liquid and water phases, even if you do not PVT Data
expect them all to be present.
Define a One or more of the following gas contaminants ➱ Gas Condensate
contaminant may also be defined: nitrogen, carbon dioxide, or PVT Data
hydrogen sulfide.
Blackoil
Blackoil is a multiphase fluid model which predicts properties from

the gas gravity, oil gravity, and the standard volume of gas per
standard unit volume of oil.
To... See...
Define the Blackoil is defined in terms of the gravity of ➱ Blackoil PVT Data
Blackoil its oil and gas and the Gas to Oil ratio.
PIPEPHASE will use the appropriate
Define the You must supply specific gravity data for gas, ➱ Blackoil PVT Data
specific gravity liquid, and water phases, even if you do not
expect them all to be present.

To... See...
Define the You may optionally enter liquid viscosity data ➱ Blackoil PVT Data
viscosity in the form of a two-point Antoine curve.
Define a One or more of the following gas ➱ Blackoil PVT Data
contaminant contaminants may also be defined: nitrogen,
carbon dioxide, or hydrogen sulfide.
Adjust properties You may adjust the properties that ➱ Blackoil PVT Data
PIPEPHASE calculates from its built-in
correlations so that they more closely fit
measured laboratory data.
Define Lift Gas When you have a GLVALVE in the simulation, ➱ Blackoil Liftgas
you need to define the lift gas in terms of Data
Gravity and (optionally) contaminants.
Tabular Data If laboratory data are available, you may input ➱ Blackoil PVT Data
them and override the PIPEPHASE internally
generated data. If you use tabular data, you
must input all data: Formation Volume Factor,
Solution Gas Oil Ratio, Live Viscosity, and
Gravity.
Supply the gas The method that PIPEPHASE uses to predict ➱ Blackoil PVT
Z-factor a non-compositional compressibility factor Correlations Data
may be defined.
Specify the You may define the method that PIPEPHASE ➱ Blackoil PVT
viscosity method uses to predict viscosities and blending rules. Correlations Data
Specify formation You may define the methods that PIPEPHASE ➱ Blackoil PVT
volume factor uses to calculate formation volume factor and Correlations Data
and solution gas solution gas oil ratio.
oil ratio methods
Defining Properties for Mixed Compositional/

Non-Compositional Fluids
PIPEPHASE offers the user the ability to define blackoil models
that combine data from:
■ sources that are in the standard black oil format (see description
of blackoil inputs),
with
■ sources that are in the standard compositional format (see
description of compositional inputs).
PIPEPHASE treats the combined fluid model as a blackoil model;
flash calculations are used to define the appropriate blackoil
properties for the compositional sources. The inputs to the
compositional blackoil model are thus a combination of the inputs
to separate compositional and blackoil models.

Generating and Using Tables of Properties
For large scale compositional or blackoil simulations, a table of
fluid properties can be built and used. This will reduce the
computation time by phase separation calculations during the
solution procedure. This method is applicable if all the sources in
the network have the same composition or Blackoil properties.
To... See...
Build and use You can have PIPEPHASE build the table and ➱ Generate PVT Table
a table use it in the same run.
Retrieve a Alternatively, you can have PIPEPHASE build the ➱ Fluid Property Data
table table, store it in a file, and then use it in a
subsequent run. PIPEPHASE will not build a
table for use in the same run while also storing
it for a subsequent run.
Sources
A source is a point at which fluid enters the piping system. You
define a source by supplying parameters such as composition,
temperature, pressure, and flowrate. You can have more than one
source in a network.
Compositional Sources
Defined You must define the total flowrate and ➱ Compositional Source
components composition of the source stream. Components
can be either from the PIPEPHASE component
library or defined as pseudocomponents.
Assay data A source fluid may be defined by an assay ➱ Compositional Source
curve. You can combine library components
and/or petroleum pseudocomponents with an
assay curve by supplying a lightend analysis.
Viscosity To override the internally generated fluid ➱ Compositional Source
data viscosity data, you may specify a viscosity
curve in the PVT data section.
Similar To reduce redundant data entry, you may refer ➱ Compositional Source
sources to a predefined source. Parameters may be
specified to override the parameters that are
different.

Non-compositional Sources
Steam You must define the pressure and quality of a ➱ Steam Source
sources saturated steam source. The temperature must
be specified only if the steam is superheated
(Quality=100%) or subcooled (Quality=0%).
Gas, liquid, One or more sets of fluid property data are ➱ Blackoil Source
blackoil or defined in the PVT data section. You must
condensate assign a unique set number to each data set.
sources Each source must be referred to the appropriate
data set number.
Well In-flow You may specify the IPR of a well source for a ➱ Link Device Data,
Performance single link with gas, liquid, blackoil or Inflow Performance
condensate. The IPR Model is treated as a Relationship, IPR-
device and is available from the Link window. Advanced Options
You may also supply well test data.
Similar If one source is the same as or similar to ➱ Reference Source
sources another, you may refer it to the other source.
PIPEPHASE will copy all the data from one
source to the other. You may then override the
parameters that are different.
Structure of Network Systems

Flow devices such as pipes, risers, fittings, and other process
equipment are connected together in a Link. Each Link starts at a
Node (a Source or a Junction) and ends at another Node (a Junction
or a Sink).
PIPEPHASE can calculate either single link or network problems.
A single link is defined as a series of pipes, fittings, and process
equipment that has one source, one sink, and no junctions. A
network may have one or more sources and one or more sinks.
PIPEPHASE calculates the flowrates and pressure drops. In a
network configuration, you must either define these parameters or
provide an estimate at each node.
Network There are two solution algorithms available for ➱ Network Calculation
solution Networks. For the vast majority of networks, you Methods
algorithm would use the default PBAL method. If your fluid is
a single-phase liquid or gas, you may find that the
MBAL method (with simple estimates) gives a
faster solution.

Controlling Convergence of Networks
PIPEPHASE solves networks iteratively. Whichever algorithm you
use, PIPEPHASE starts with an initial estimate of flowrates in all
links and pressures at all nodes and it adjusts these values until it
has reached a converged solution within a predefined tolerance.
Because of the complex nature of some networks, PIPEPHASE
allows you to make adjustments to several parameters that helps to
modify the iteration steps and stabilize the convergence.
Automatic PBAL has a choice of methods for generating initial ➱ Network
generation of estimates. By default, PBAL generates flowrate Calculation
Initial estimates estimates by considering the diameters of the first Methods
pipe in each link. An alternative method uses the
frictional resistances of the pipes in each link. A
third method solves the first iteration with MBAL
before going into PBAL. Finally, if you have solved
this network before and just changed some of the
conditions, you may instruct the program to use
your previous solution as its initial estimate.
User-supplied You may also provide individual estimates for ➱ Junction,
initial estimates junction pressures and link flowrates. Link Data
Maximum and For any link, you may specify the maximum and ➱ Link Data
minimum flows minimum flows that are to be allowed.
Controlling In some difficult networks, convergence of the ➱ Network
convergence base case can be improved by adjusting various Calculation
convergence parameters: for example, damping, Methods
relaxation, internal tolerances, etc. Refer to
Chapter 6, Technical Reference in the PIPEPHASE
Keyword Manual, for details.
Direction of flow If you know the flow direction in all links, you can ➱ Network
specify that PIPEPHASE not try to reverse them Calculation
from iteration to iteration. Methods
Solution The network calculation converges when the error ➱ Network
tolerance is within a given tolerance. You may optionally Calculation
change this tolerance. Methods
Controlling You can adjust a number of optimization options: ➱ Optimization
optimization for example, the fractional change in the objective Options
function or decision variables, damping, or error
tolerances.
Calculation time If PIPEPHASE does not converge within a certain ➱ Network
number of iterations, it will stop and report the Calculation
results of the last iteration. You may reduce or Options
increase the maximum number of iterations. To
reduce calculation time in large compositional
runs, you may control the number of fluid property
evaluations that are performed in each link for the
PBAL initialization procedure.

Closed loops If you have inadvertently specified your network so ➱ Network
that closed loops are formed, PIPEPHASE will Convergence
report these and, optionally, take remedial action. Data
Pipe segments Pipes, tubing, risers, and annuli are divided into ➱ Network
segments for pressure drop and heat transfer Segmentation
calculations. You can change either the number of Data
segments or the length of segments for greater
calculational accuracy. Alternatively, you can select
PIPEPHASE’s autosegmentation feature to
automatically select the best segmentation options
for your network.
Check valves You may allow regulators (unidirectional check ➱ Network
valves) to pass a small backward flow. Calculation
Methods
Critical flow in Critical flow in chokes can cause difficulties for ➱ Network
chokes convergence algorithms. To help PIPEPHASE solve Convergence
such networks, you can allow or a linear Data
broadening of the critical flow regime.
Wells You can prevent well flows from falling below the ➱ Network
minimum required to transport fluid in a two- Calculation
phase system. Methods
Single links
A single link has one source, one sink, and no junctions. There are
three variables:
■ The source flowrate (which is also the sink flowrate),
■ The source pressure, and
■ The sink pressure.
You must specify two of these, and PIPEPHASE will calculate the
third.
Sources You must have only one source. ➱ Source
Sinks If the source pressure and rate are known, a sink ➱ Sink, Source
pressure and rate need not be defined.
Links You do not need to specify the flowrate or pressure drop ➱ Link Device Data
in a link; all you need to define are the pipes, fittings, and
equipment. Enter the link device data in the sequence in
which the fluid flows through them. You can have any
combination of pipes, fittings, and process equipment
items, in any order.

Networks
A network generally has more than one link and one or more
junctions. The variables are the pressure and flowrate at each source
and sink. You specify the values of the variables that are known,
and PIPEPHASE will calculate the unknowns. In order not to
under- or over-specify the system, simple rules must be followed in
constructing the problem:
■ You must specify a number of knowns equal to the total num-
ber of sources and sinks.
■ You must specify at least one pressure.
■ If any source or sink flowrate is an unknown, you must supply
an estimate.
■ If you do not know a pressure at a source, sink, or junction, you
do not need to supply an estimate. You may specify estimates
to speed up convergence.
Sources and You must have at least one source and at least one ➱ Source, Sink
sinks sink.
Junctions You must have a junction at the point where two or ➱ Junction
more links meet. If your network is complex, you
may speed up the solution by supplying estimates
for the junction pressures.
Links You must supply a unique name for each link. If your ➱ Link Device Data
network is complex, you may speed up the solution
by supplying estimates for flowrates through each
link.
Steam PIPEPHASE can model preferential splitting at Tee ➱ Junction
networks junctions in pure distribution networks. These
junctions can have only two outgoing and one
incoming link.
Subnetworks PIPEPHASE has a number of devices that invoke a ➱ Mcompressor,
special algorithm. You may specify the inlet Mchoke
conditions; PIPEPHASE breaks the flowsheet at the Mregulator
inlet and solves the resulting subnetworks
simultaneously and sizes the device.
PIPEPHASE Flow Devices

A piping system is made up of links which join sources, sinks, and
junctions. Each link consists of a series of flow devices: pipes,
fittings, and process equipment and unit operations.
Sources and sinks must be named.

The devices in the link must be added in the order in which they
occur in the link as you move from the “From” node to the “To”
node.
The flow devices that PIPEPHASE can handle are given in
Table 1-6.
Table 1-6: Flow Devices and Equipment Available in PIPEPHASE
Device Description
Flow Devices - have length
Pipe Horizontal, vertical or inclined. May be surrounded by air,
water, or soil; insulated or bare.
Riser Vertical or near-vertical with flow in an upward direction. Heat
loss is simulated using an overall heat transfer coefficient
between the fluid and ambient conditions.
Annulus Well annulus. Heat loss is simulated using an overall heat
transfer coefficient and geothermal gradient.
Tubing Well tubing. Heat loss is simulated using an overall heat
transfer coefficient and geothermal gradient.
Inflow Performance Models the relationship between flowrate and reservoir
Relationship pressure draw-down or pressure drop at the sand face in a
well.
Point Devices - have no length
Completion Bottomhole completion, the interface between the reservoir
and a well. There are two types of completion: gravel-packed
and open-perforated.
Fittings
Bend A standard mitred bend or non-standard bend with defined
angle and radius.
Check valve Device that allows flow in only one direction.
Choke valve Restricts fluid flow. MCHOKE, a variant of CHOKE, introduces
a discontinuity into a network which is solved using a special
sub-networking method.
Contraction Reduction in diameter from larger to smaller pipe. Variable
angle.
Entrance Entrance into a pipe from a larger volume such as a vessel.
Exit Exit from a pipe to a larger volume such as a vessel.
Expansion Increase in diameter from smaller to larger pipe. Variable
angle.
Nozzle Flow restriction used in metering.
Orifice Orifice meter. Orifice plate can use thick or thin calculation
formulae.
Tee Tee piece. Flow may be straight on or through the branch.

Table 1-6: Flow Devices and Equipment Available in PIPEPHASE
Device Description
Valve Any type of valve, e.g., gate, globe, angle, ball, butterfly, plug,
cock.
Venturimeter Venturi flow meter.
Process Equipment
Compressor Simple single or multistage gas compressor.
Multistage Rigorous single or multistage gas compressor with optional
Compressor inlet pressure calculation. Uses a special sub-networking
method.
Cooler Removes heat from a stream.
DPDT Any device that changes pressure and/or temperature with
flowrate.
Expander Steam expander.
Gaslift Valve Well gaslift valve.
Heater Adds heat to a stream.
Injection Re-introduces a stream from a compositional separator back
into a link.
Pump Single or multistage liquid pump. An electric submersible
pump may be modeled.
Regulator Means of fixing maximum pressure at any point in the
structure. MREGULATOR, a variant of REGULATOR,
introduces a discontinuity into a network which is solved
using a special sub-networking method.
Separator Splits some or all of one of the fluid phases from a link.
Unit Operations
Hydrates Predicts the temperature/pressure regime under which
hydrates are prone to form.
Calculator A utility that allows you to compute results from flowsheet
parameters. These results can then be used as optimizer
constraints or objective parameters.
Pressure Drop Calculations

PIPEPHASE calculates pressure drops for pipes, risers, annuli and
tubings. There are many methods for calculating pressure drops.
You can define one method globally for use throughout the
simulation, or you can use different methods in different pipes.
Pressure Choose a method appropriate to the type of fluid and ➱ Pressure Drop
drop method piping topology you have. If you do not choose a Flow
method, PIPEPHASE will use Beggs & Brill-Moody for Correlations
compositional, blackoil, condensate, or steam and
Moody for non-compositional fluids.

You may choose a different method for an individual ➱ Pressure Drop
device. If you do not choose a method for a device, Flow
PIPEPHASE will use the method you selected globally. Correlations
Table 1-7 lists the pressure drop methods recommended for

multiphase flow in horizontal and inclined pipes.
Table 1-7: Applicability of Multiphase Flow Correlations
Pipe
Method Horizontal and Upward Downward Riser Tubing Annulus
Inclines <10o Incline Incline
Beggs & Brill 9 9 9 X X X
Beggs & Brill - Moody1 9 9 9 X X X
Beggs & Brill - No slip X X X X X X
3
Beggs & Brill - Moody-Eaton X X X X X X
3
Beggs & Brill - Moody-Dukler X X X X X X
Beggs & Brill - Moody-Hagedorn 9 9 9 X X X
& Brown
Mukherjee & Brill2 9 9 9 X X X
3
Mukherjee & Brill-Eaton 9 9 9 X X X
Ansari X 9 X X X X
Orkiszewski X X X 9 9 X
Duns & Ros X X X X X X
Hagedorn & Brown X X X 9 9 X
Hagedorn & Brown - Beggs & X X X 9 9 X
Brill
Aziz X X X 9 9 X
Gray (not applicable for X X X 9 X X
Compositional)
Gray - Moody (not applicable for X X X 9 9 X
Compositional)
Angel-Welchon-Ross X X X 9 9 X
Eaton X X X X X X
Eaton-Flannigan 9 9 9 X X X
Dukler X X X X X X
Dukler-Flannigan 9 9 9 X X X
Lockhart & Martinelli X X X X X X
Dukler-Eaton-Flannigan 9 9 9 X X X
Olimens 9 9 9 X X X
4
OLGA 9
4
TACITE 9

Table 1-7: Applicability of Multiphase Flow Correlations
1. In general, this method is recommended because it performs reasonably well for the widest range of
flow condition.
2. This method is recommended for pipelines with low liquid holdup in hilly terrain.
3. These non-standard hybrid models should be used only after matching measured data.
4. These models are available as add-ons through your SIMSCI representative.
Legend: 9 Correlation recommended for the application
X Correlation allowed but not recommended for the application
Pressure Drop in Flow Devices
The pressure drop in a flow device (Pipe, Riser, Tubing or Annulus)

of length L consists of three components: friction, elevation, and
acceleration.
In general, the frictional pressure gradient may be expressed as:
2
 dP
------- µ fρq
-----------
 dL f 5
d
where:
l = fluid density
q = volumetric flux
d = equivalent diameter
(= actual diameter in the case of pipes, risers and tubing)
The friction factor, f, is inversely proportional to the Reynolds

number for laminar flow. For turbulent flow, f is a non-linear
function of the Reynolds number and the pipe roughness.
In general, the elevation pressure gradient may be expressed as:
 dP
-------
 dL e µ ρ sin ( Θ )
where:
r = fluid density
Θ = inclination angle
The acceleration pressure gradient is generally small, except when

the fluid is compressible, and the velocity and velocity gradients in
the pipe are high. In general, the acceleration pressure gradient may
be expressed as:
 dP
------- dν-
 dL a µ ρν -----
dx
where:
v = fluid velocity

Inside diameter If the majority of your devices have the same inside ➱ Diameter
and roughness diameter, you can specify a global inside diameter at Defaults
the start of the simulation. Then you can override this
value for those devices which do not conform to the
default. Roughness can be specified also as a global
parameter or for each device.
Inclined pipes You can specify an elevation change or depth for each ➱ Pipe Riser
device If the elevation change equals the length, the Annulus
device is vertical. If you do not specify an elevation Tubing
change, PIPEPHASE assumes that pipes are
horizontal and that risers, annuli, and tubings are
vertical.
Acceleration You may instruct PIPEPHASE to ignore the ➱ Calculation
terms acceleration term in pressure drop calculations, if Speedup
desired. Options
Nominal Diameter and Pipe Schedule
As an alternative to entering a pipe (or riser or tubing) inside

diameter you can specify a nominal diameter and a schedule.
PIPEPHASE has an internal database of standard nominal pipe
sizes and pipe schedules; the allowed combinations of nominal
diameter and schedule in this database are detailed in Table 1-8.
You may supply your own database which PIPEPHASE will use
instead of its own.
To specify nominal diameter and schedule for... See...
All devices as You may supply a nominal diameter and schedule ➱ Flow Devices
a global value that will be used for all the fittings in this table, Database
unless overridden by data in the input to the fitting Definition
itself.
Your pipes and You may create a database of nominal diameters and ➱ Flow Devices
fittings pipe schedules and have PIPEPHASE use it instead Database
of its own internal database Definition
Pipe You may supply a nominal diameter and schedule. ➱ Pipe
Riser You may supply a nominal diameter and schedule. ➱ Riser
Tubing You may supply a nominal diameter and schedule. ➱ Tubing
Bend You may supply a nominal diameter and schedule. ➱ Bend
Entrance You may supply a nominal diameter and schedule for ➱ Entrance
the downstream pipe.
Exit You may supply a nominal diameter and schedule for ➱ Exit
the upstream pipe.
Nozzle You may supply a nominal diameter and schedule for ➱ Nozzle
the upstream pipe.
Orifice You may supply a nominal diameter and schedule for ➱ Orifice
the upstream pipe.

To specify nominal diameter and schedule for... See...
Tee You may supply a nominal diameter and schedule for ➱ Tee
the upstream pipe.
Valve You may supply a nominal diameter and schedule for ➱ Valve
the upstream pipe.
Venturi You may supply a nominal diameter and schedule for ➱ Venturi
the upstream pipe.
Contraction You may supply a nominal diameter and schedule for ➱ Contraction
the inlet and outlet pipes.
Expansion You may supply a nominal diameter and schedule for ➱ Expansion
the inlet and outlet pipes.
Allowable Pipe Nominal Diameters and Schedules

Table 1-8: Allowable Pipe Nominal Diameters and Schedules
Nominal Diameter Valid Pipe Schedule Numbers
(Inches)
0.125 40 80
0.250 40 80
0.375 40 80
0.5 40 80 160
0.75 40 80 160
1.00 40 80 160
1.25 40 80 160
1.5 40 80 160
2.0 40 80 160
2.5 40 80 160
3.0 40 80 160
3.5 40 80
4.0 40 80 120 160
4.5 40
5.0 40 80 120 160
6.0 40 80 120 160
8.0 20 30 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
10.0 20 30 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
12.0 20 30 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
14.0 10 20 30 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
16.0 10 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
18.0 10 20 30 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
20.0 10 20 30 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

Table 1-8: Allowable Pipe Nominal Diameters and Schedules
Nominal Diameter Valid Pipe Schedule Numbers
(Inches)
24.0 10 20 30 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
30.0 10 20 30
Pressure Drop in Completions
Bottomhole completion describes the interface between a reservoir

and a well. There are two types of completion: gravel packed and
open perforated. The pressure drop through a completion is
calculated from permeability and other data you input.
PIPEPHASE uses the Jones model for gravel-packed completion
and the McLeod model for open-perforated completions.
Figure 1-9: Jones Model Figure 1-10: McLeod Model
Completion You may define a completion as being gravel ➱ Gravel Packed
packed (Jones) or open perforated (McLeod). Completion,
Open Perforated
Completion
Dual You may model dual completions, both ➱ Link Data
Completion concentric and parallel.
Pressure Drop in Fittings
The general form of the pressure drop equation is:

2
Φ-
∆P = KG
---------------
2gρ

where:
∆P = pressure drop across the fitting
K = resistance coefficient/ K-factor
G = mass velocity (mass flowrate/flow area)
Φ = two-phase pressure drop multiplier
g = acceleration due to gravity
ρ = fluid density (equal to liquid density for two-phase flows)
Bend, PIPEPHASE uses the generalized pressure drop equation ➱ Bend,
Tee,Valve with a resistance coefficient. For bends, tees, and valves, Tee,
you can either supply the resistance coefficient directly Valve
or supply an equivalent length and have PIPEPHASE
calculate the resistance coefficient as a function of the
friction factor.
Entrance For entrances and exits you can supply the resistance ➱ Entrance,
Exit coefficient or use the default value. Exit
Contraction, For contractions, expansions, nozzles, orifices, and ➱ Nozzle,
Expansion, Venturimeters, you can supply the resistance coefficient Expansion,
Nozzle, or use the value that PIPEPHASE calculates from its Venturi,
Orifice, built-in correlations. These correlations relate the Contraction,
Venturi resistance coefficient to the Reynolds number and Orifice
specific fitting parameters such as orifice diameter,
Venturi throat diameter, contraction and expansion
angles, and nozzle diameter. For gas flow in nozzles,
orifices, and Venturimeters, the specific heat ratio is also
used in the calculation of the resistance coefficient.
Choke The pressure drop for a choke is calculated by the orifice ➱ Choke
method for a single-phase fluid or by the Fortunati Mchoke
method for a two-phase fluid. You can supply a
discharge coefficient or use the default value. MCHOKE,
a variant of CHOKE which introduces a discontinuity into
a network, uses the Fortunati model only.
Check Valve A valve that permits flow in one direction only. You can ➱ Check
supply a resistance coefficient or use the default value.
Two-phase The pressure drops for fittings are corrected for two- ➱ Bend, Exit,
correction phase flow by using either the Homogeneous flow model Entrance,
in fittings or the Chisholm model. If you do not make a selection, Valve, Tee,
PIPEPHASE will use the default method. You may supply Contraction,
values for the Chisholm parameters. Expansion,
Nozzle,
orifice,
Venturi

Equipment Items
PIPEPHASE simulates the change in fluid conditions across items
of process equipment that typically appears in pipeline systems.
Compressor A compressor imparts work to a gas. You supply either ➱ Compressor
a known power or a known outlet pressure, and
PIPEPHASE calculates the unknown parameter. You
may impose a maximum value on the unknown
parameter, and PIPEPHASE will constrain the
calculations according to whichever parameter is
limiting. Alternatively, you can supply a curve of
flowrate against head. You may also supply an
adiabatic efficiency as either a constant or a curve
against head. The exit temperature is then determined
by energy balance. If you specify more than one stage,
PIPEPHASE interprets the curve to be for each stage;
any maximum power you specify is over all of the
stages rather than for each individual stage.
You can also reference the compressor curve to a ➱ Compressor
previously defined performance curve. Curve Data,
Compressor
Performance
Curves
Multispeed You can specify different compressor curves for up to ➱ Compressor
Compressor five compressor speeds. Curve Data
Multistage In a multistage compressor you may specify different ➱ Mcompressor
Compressor parameters – curves, efficiencies, etc.– for different
stages. You may have multiple compressor trains,
each train with multiple stages. You may have
interstage scrubbers with downstream re-injection and
interstage coolers and piping losses. You may specify
the compressor’s inlet pressure. When you do this,
PIPEPHASE invokes a special algorithm which breaks
the flowsheet at the compressor inlet and solves the
resulting subnetworks so that the pressures match at
the interface.
Cooler The cooler removes heat from the system. You supply ➱ Cooler
either a known exit temperature or known duty of the
unit, and PIPEPHASE will calculate the unknown
parameter. You may impose a maximum (for duty) or
minimum (for temperature) value on the unknown
parameter, and PIPEPHASE will constrain calculations
according to whichever parameter is limiting.
Steam The expander models the expansion of steam from a ➱ Expander
Expander high pressure to a low pressure. You may specify the
power required, or the pressure drop or the pressure
ratio. If the unit is in a spur link, you may alternatively
specify the outlet pressure.
Gaslift Valve This unit simulates the presence of a gaslift valve as ➱ Gaslift Valve,
part of a well link. Fluid
You must define the PVT properties of the lift gas. Property Data

General The DPDT unit is a general purpose unit for defining a ➱ DPDT
purpose DP pressure and/or temperature difference at a point in
and DT unit the piping structure. You can use this unit to model
any equipment device where the pressure difference
and temperature difference characteristics can be
represented as curves against flowrate. You may also
specify the flow versus pressure drop equation for the
curve.
Heater The heater adds heat to the system. You supply either ➱ Heater
a known exit temperature or known duty of the unit,
and PIPEPHASE will calculate the unknown. You may
impose a maximum value on the unknown parameter,
and PIPEPHASE will constrain the calculations
according to whichever parameter is limiting.
Injector The injector introduces a stream into a link. The stream ➱ Injector
comes from a separator (see the entry below). You
may fix the pressure and temperature of the injected
stream. The injector must be downstream of the
separator and in the same link.
Pump A pump imparts work to a liquid. You supply either a ➱ Pump
known power or a known outlet pressure, and
PIPEPHASE calculates the unknown. You may impose
a maximum value on the unknown parameter, and
PIPEPHASE will constrain the calculations according
to whichever parameter is limiting. Alternatively, you
can supply a curve of flowrate against head. You may
also supply an efficiency as a constant or as a curve
against head. The exit temperature is determined by
energy balance. If you specify more than one stage,
PIPEPHASE interprets the curve to be for each stage;
any maximum power you specify is over all of the
stages rather than for each individual stage.
You can also reference the pump curve to a previously
defined performance curve.
Multispeed You can specify different pump curves for up to five ➱ Pump Curve
Pump pump speeds. Data, Pump
Performance
Curves
Electric An extension of the PUMP item allows you to model an ➱ Electric
Submersible electric submersible pump. In addition to all the Submersible
Pump features mentioned above, you may supply motor Pump
horsepower as a curve, either in tabular form or as
coefficients of an equation. You may specify auxilliary
power to be supplied to the pump. You may specify
head degradation as a function of gas ingestion
percentage, plus minimum submergence, casing head
pressure, and vertical pressure gradient in the casing-
tubing annulus due to the gas column. Refer also to
Separator, below.
You can also reference the electric submersible pump ➱ Electric
curve to a previously defined ESP performance curve. Submersible
Pump Curve

Regulator The regulator is used to set the maximum pressure at ➱ Regulator
some point in the pipeline structure. It allows flow in
only one direction and can be used to prevent flow
reversal within selected links in a network. As an
extension to the regulator allows you to specify the
inlet pressure, you may specify the compressor’s inlet
pressure. When you do this, PIPEPHASE invokes a
special algorithm which breaks the flowsheet at the
compressor inlet and solves the resulting subnetworks
so that the pressures match at the interface.
Multi- You may specify the inlet pressure of this item. When ➱ Regulator
network you do this, PIPEPHASE invokes a special algorithm
Regulator which breaks the flowsheet at the inlet and solves the
resulting subnetworks so that the pressures match at
the interface. You may also specify the flowrate
through the regulator.
Separator The separator splits out all or part of the gas or liquid ➱ Separator
phase of a multiphase fluid. In the case of a
hydrocarbon system with water, you can select the
hydrocarbon or aqueous phase instead of the total
liquid phase. You specify the amount separated as an
absolute flowrate or as a percentage of the phase. You
can separate more than one phase in one separator.
You can then reinject the separated streams at points
downstream in the link using the Injector. You cannot
impose a pressure drop on the separator.
Bottomhole If a separator is positioned at the bottomhole below an ➱ Separator
Separator electric submersible pump, you may either specify gas
injection percentage or supply pump dimensions and
have PIPEPHASE calculate it.
Hydrates Hydrates are solid mixtures of water and other small ➱ Hydrate Unit
molecules. Under certain process conditions, Operation
particularly in the gas processing industry, hydrate
formation may clog lines and foul process equipment.
The HYDRATE unit operation predicts the pressure and
temperature regime in which the process is vulnerable
to hydrate formation. Calculations performed assume
the presence of free water for hydrates to form.
Possible hydrate formers include: methane through
isobutane, carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, nitrogen,
ethylene, propylene, argon, krypton, xenon,
cyclopropane, and sulfur hexafluoride. The effect of
sodium chloride, methanol, ethylene glycol, di-
ethylene glycol, and tri-ethylene glycol hydrate
inhibitors can also be studied.
Calculator The Calculator allows you to perform calculations on ➱ Calculator
flowsheet information using FORTRAN-like syntax. The
Calculator results can be transfered back to the
Optimizer for use as an optimization objective
parameter or constraint.

Heat Transfer Calculations
PIPEPHASE performs an energy balance on pipes, risers, tubing,
and annuli. The heat transfer depends on the fluid temperature,
properties, and flowrate, the temperature and properties of the
surrounding medium, and the heat transfer coefficient between the
fluid and the medium. PIPEPHASE does not model heat transfer to
the surroundings for fittings and equipment devices (point devices).
The general equation for heat transfer from a flow device is:
Q = UA ∆ T
where:
Q = rate of heat transfer per unit length
U = overall heat transfer coefficient
A = outside surface area per unit length
DT = temperature difference between bulk fluid and outside medium
The overall heat transfer coefficient either is input or may be

calculated from the constituent film coefficients and geometries.
For risers and annuli you must specify an overall heat transfer
coefficient.
For a pipe or tubing you may supply an overall coefficient or you
may request detailed heat transfer calculations. Detailed heat
transfer calculations are invoked when you input any one of the
parameters required to carry out the calculations.
Detailed Heat Transfer in Pipes and Tubing
For a pipe surrounded by soil, water, or air, you define the medium
properties (and velocity of water or air). For a buried pipe, you enter
the buried depth.
For tubings you enter data that describe the properties of the annuli
and casings between the outside of the tubing and the inside of the
hole.
Pipes and You may specify an overall coefficient or the ➱ Global Defaults
Tubing properties of the surrounding medium. You can Pipe Tubing
supply these values globally for all devices or for
individual devices. You also supply the ambient
temperature or geothermal gradient.

Annuli and You specify the overall heat transfer coefficient and ➱ Global Defaults
Risers the geothermal gradient. You can supply these values Annulus Riser
globally for all devices or for individual devices.
Isothermal For non-compositional gas or liquid fluid models, you ➱ Pipe Tubing
calculations may suppress heat transfer calculations for individual Annulus Riser
flow devices.
Sphering or Pigging
PIPEPHASE’s sphering calculations predict the quantity of liquid
formed when a multiphase fluid flows in a pipeline and determine
the size of the liquid slug that is pushed out when the pipe is pigged.
Sphering calculations can only be carried out for single links. The
launching station is at the inlet of a pipe. You may have
intermediate launching stations; a sphere is launched from a pipe
when the previous sphere(s) reach the inlet of that pipe.
Calculation type You must specify that you want to do a sphering ➱ Network
simulation. Calculation
Methods
Fluid type The fluid must be compositional and both gas and ➱ Simulation
liquid should be present to obtain realistic results. Definition
Time Increments You may override the default time step used in the ➱ Network
McDonald-Baker successive steady-state calculation Calculation
method. Methods
Structure Data You may have only PIPE devices. You identify a pipe ➱ Pipe
with a launching station by specifying a sphere
diameter for the pipe. The first launching station
must be in the first pipe of the link.
Reservoirs and Inflow Performance Relationships

Using PIPEPHASE, you can examine the effect of reservoir
conditions on the performance of wells and downstream networks.
You can also investigate the implications of declining reservoir
pressure and production rate and shut-in wells when a user-
specified maximum water cut or gas-oil ratio is exceeded.

The Inflow Performance Relationship device models the
relationship between flowrate and reservoir pressure drawdown or
pressure drop at the sand face in a well.
Type of model You may select from five standard models. You may write ➱ IPR
your own subroutine and use it to model the inflow
performance relationship.
Reservoir You may enter tables of reservoir pressure, cumulative ➱ IPR
Curves production, Gas-Oil Ratio, Condensate-Gas Ratio, Water
Cut, and Water-Gas ratio. These are used in Time-stepping
to simulate reservoir decline with time.
Multiple You can have up to twenty reservoirs in one network. One ➱ IPR
reservoirs and reservoir can serve several wells.
multiple wells
Automatic You may automatically create a subsurface network for a ➱ IPR
subsurface well with multiple sources. PIPEPHASE solves these using a
networks finite difference solution method. This is a quicker but less
rigorous method of creating a subsurface network. Refer to
Subsurface Networks and Multiple Completion Modeling on
Page for further details.
IPR curves You may enter curves that correlate reservoir pressure or ➱ IPR
cumulative production with flowing bottomhole pressure
and flowrate. These data are then regressed onto one of the
standard models.
Pseudo- For an IPR with a gas basis, you may specify a drawdown ➱ IPR
pressure formulation.
formulation
Well Shut-in You may supply the maximum water cut or gas-oil ratio for ➱ IPR
Controls well shut-in.
You can also specify the priority of well shut-in for multiple ➱ Source
wells.
Production Planning and Time-stepping

Production planning involves the study of the time-dependent
interactions between the producing formation(s) and all of the
wells, gathering lines, and surface facilities in an oil or gas field.
PIPEPHASE supplies this capability through its Time-stepping
feature.
Typically, the study extends from a few years to the entire
producing life of the field. For such extended periods, a quasi-
steady state approach provides an efficient representation of the
time-dependency. Time-stepping carries out a series of steady-state
PIPEPHASE simulations automatically in the same run. Each
simulation represents the conditions at a specific time-step in the
operating history of the field.

Wells and Well Grouping
Each of the well completion zones in a gathering network produces

from a specific formation or reservoir. The decline in the reservoir
pressure with time and the changes in the characteristics of the fluid
produced are a function of the total fluid volume produced from the
reservoir. For the purposes of these calculations, a well completion
is associated with a reservoir group. A reservoir group includes all
of the producing zones that contribute to its depletion.
Reservoir Depletion
The depletion of a reservoir over the life of a field is characterized

by a decline in average reservoir pressure and changing fluid
composition. For most reservoirs, the gas-oil ratio increases with
time; for a reservoir with an active water drive, the produced water
cut increases as the water table rises.
Facilities Planning
In a gathering system, changes to the operation of surface facilities

directly affect the overall production. For example, adding
compression facilities to an existing gas gathering network reduces
the pressure at the upstream wells, which in turn increases the
drawdown and results in improved production from the reservoir;
an increase in the separator pressure will have the opposite effect.
Time-stepping enables you to simulate changes to the facilities
installation over time.
Reservoir You must name the reservoir GROUP and supply depletion data ➱ IPR
Groups in one IPR device. Other IPR devices may access the same
reservoir depletion data by using the same GROUP name.
Depletion Supply a curve of reservoir pressures against cumulative ➱ IPR
characteristics production.
Gas and gas For a gas or gas condensate field you may supply the slope of ➱ IPR
condensate the depletion curve as pressure decline rate per unit of
fields production.
Production The production decline characteristics for individual completion ➱ IPR
decline rates zones must be defined. Tabular data represent the decline in the
for each IPR flowing well pressure as a function of the production rate. The
time-dependent parameter may be expressed in terms of
reservoir pressure or cumulative production.
Fluid You may enter curves for water cut, gas-oil ratio (or ➱ IPR
compositional condensate-gas ratio for condensate wells), and water cut (or
changes water-gas ratio for condensate wells) as functions of reservoir
pressure or cumulative reservoir produced volume.

Selecting Supply a series of times. PIPEPHASE will carry out simulations ➱ IPR
times at each of those times.
Downstream At each time you may specify one or more changes to the ➱ IPR
network network or conditions downstream of the well.
changes
Subsurface Networks and Multiple Completion Modeling

A Single Well
A single well can produce from one reservoir:

To specify: See...
A source to give the properties, flowrate, and conditions of the fluid. ➱ Source
One IPR to define the interface to the reservoir. ➱ IPR
One tubing from the well to the surface. ➱ Tubing
One node to continue into the rest of the network. ➱ Junction,

Sink
Figure 1-11: One Well, One Reservoir

Junction or sink
Ground Level
Tubing
IPR
Reservoir
Or a single well can produce from more than one reservoir:

To specify: See...
A source for each reservoir to give the properties, flowrates, and ➱ Source
conditions of the fluids.
An IPR for each reservoir to define the interfaces. ➱ IPR
A tubing between consecutive reservoirs. ➱ Tubing
A tubing from the last reservoir to the surface. ➱ Tubing
A node to continue into the rest of the network. ➱ Junction,

Sink

Figure 1-12: One Well, More Than One Reservoir
Junction or sink
Ground Level
Tubing
IPR
Subsurface junction Reservoir
Tubing
IPR
Reservoir
More Than One Well
You may have more than one well in a PIPEPHASE run. The wells
may all use one reservoir. In this case, information for the reservoir
data is entered in one IPR and accessed from other IPRs using the
GROUP name.
Multiple Completions
In PIPEPHASE you may model a multiple completion rigorously:

To specify: See...
A source for each completion to give the properties, flowrates, and ➱ Source
conditions of the fluids.
An IPR for each completion to define the interfaces. ➱ IPR
Tubing and junctions to form the network between completions. ➱ Tubing
A tubing from the last completion to the surface. ➱ Tubing

Sink

Figure 1-13: Multiple IPRs
Junction or sink
Ground Level
Tubing
Reservoir
IPR1 IPR2 IPR3
Subsurface junctions
Alternatively, you may approximate these conditions by having

PIPEPHASE automatically generate a subsurface network:
To specify: See...
One source to give the properties, flowrates and conditions of the fluids. ➱ Source
One IPR with physical dimensions such as length, inclination. ➱ IPR

A tubing from the IPR to the surface. ➱ Tubing
Sink
Figure 1-14: One IPR, Automatic Multiple Completions

Junction or sink
Ground Level
Tubing
Internally generated sources

S1 S2 S3
IPR
Reservoir
Length of well

Case Studies
The Case Study option provides the facility to perform parametric
studies and to print multiple problem solutions in a single computer
run. Case studies are always performed after the base case problem
has been solved. If the base case problem cannot be solved for any
reason, then no case studies are performed. Each case study analysis
is performed based on the cumulative changes to the flowsheet up
to that time.
Case studies are an efficient means of obtaining solutions for
multiple scenarios to a given problem and result in large savings in
both computer time and cost. For problems requiring iterative
solutions, the converged results of the last solution are used as the
starting values for the next run. This can result in large computer
time savings in runs involving large networks, where it typically
takes several iterations to move from the initial pressure estimates
to the final converged solution.
There is no limit on the number of changes you can make per case
study or on the total number of case studies that may be in a given
run. The cumulative changes up to a given case study run may be
erased and the original base case restored at any time.
Since the case studies are performed sequentially in the order you
input, it is best to make changes in an orderly manner, proceeding
from high values to low values or low values to high values, but not
in a random order. This enhances convergence and minimizes total
computer time. See Chapter 4, Input Reference, Table 4-46 .
Global Changes
You may change one parameter in the entire problem using a global
command. You do this by supplying the type of parameter you want
to change, its old value, and the new value. Only those specified
parameters with that old value will then be changed.
The items to which this type of change can be applied are identified
in Table 4-46, Chapter 4, Input Reference.

Individual Changes
Source, sink, and device parameters may be changed individually.
You must specify a name for each source, sink, or device where a
parameter change is desired,
To... See...
Add descriptive You can add one line of description for each case ➱ Simulation
text study. Description
Make changes You can change any of the parameters in Table 3-7, ➱ Case Study
either globally or on individual flow elements. Changes
You can restore the base case at any time. ➱ Case Study
Changes
Table 1-9: Changes allowed in Case Studies

Flow Device Parameter Type of Change
Pipe LENGTH Global Individual
ECHG Global Individual
ID Global Individual
ROUGHNESS Global Individual
U Global Individual
TAMBIENT Global Individual
FCODE Global Individual
Riser ID Global Individual
U Global Individual
Tubing ID Global Individual
U Global Individual
TGRAD Global Individual
Annulus IDANN Global Individual
ODTUB Global Individual
U Global Individual
TGRAD Global Individual
Compressor/ POWER Global Individual
Pump PRESSURE Global Individual
EFFICIENCY Global Individual
STAGES Global Individual
Heater/Cooler DUTY Global Individual
TOUT Global Individual
DP Global Individual
Choke ID Global Individual
COEFFICIENT Global Individual
Sales RATE Global Individual

Table 1-9: Changes allowed in Case Studies
Flow Device Parameter Type of Change
Source PRESSURE Individual
TEMPERATURE Individual
RATE Individual
QUALITY Individual
COMPOSITION Individual
CGR Individual
COEFFICIENT Individual
EXP Individual
GOR Individual
PI Individual
VOGEL Individual
WCUT Individual
WGR Individual
Sink PRESSURE Individual
RATE Individual
II Individual
Completion SHOTS General Individual
PERF General Individual
PENETRATION General Individual
TUNNEL General Individual
GLValve DISSOLVE General Individual
RATE General Individual
Nodal Analysis
Nodal Analysis allows you to study the overall performance of
wells, pipelines and other single link systems as a function of input
parameters and flowrates. The results are summarized in tabular
and graphical form. You can also study combinations of inflow and
outflow parameters using the multiple combination nodal analysis
option.
Nodal Analysis is performed on a single link.
Dividing the Link
You first divide your single link into two sections, separated by a
Solution Node. The section upstream of the Solution Node is called
the Inflow section and would typically be the tubing of a well. The
section downstream of the Solution Node is called the Outflow
section and would typically be the flowline from the wellhead to a
surface separator. The Solution Node, in this case, would be the
well-head node.
If you locate the Solution Node actually at the source or the sink,
then there will be only an Outflow or Inflow section respectively.

If you do not want to vary any parameters in either the Inflow
section or the Outflow section, simply omit these sections.
Obviously, a Nodal Analysis cannot be carried out without at least
one of these sections.
Selecting Parameters and Flowrates
You then select a parameter in the Inflow section and a parameter in

the Outflow section. Typical parameters would be reservoir
pressure (for Inflow) and pipe ID (for Outflow). You may enter up
to five values for each of these parameters. Each combination of
Inflow parameter value and Outflow parameter value represents an
operating point of the system. This means that there may be up to
25 operating points.
The parameters you select must have values supplied in the base
case input data.
Finally, you define up to ten flowrates.
Nodal Results
PIPEPHASE calculates the flowrates and Solution Node pressures

corresponding to each operating point and prints them out in the
form of tables and plots. The flowrates you input must span all the
flowrates at which you expect the operating points to occur.
Grouping Parameters
As an extension to the Nodal Analysis feature, PIPEPHASE allows

you to group a number of variables into one nodal parameter. For
example, you may define an Outflow parameter as a combination of
pump power, pipe ID and heater temperature. Each of the five
values of the Outflow parameter would now be a combination of the
corresponding values of each of the contributing variables.
Thus you might define that the first value of the Outflow parameter
is the combination of 25KW pump power with 30 mm pipe ID and
400 K; the second 30KW, 40 mm and 310 K; the third 35KW, 50
mm and 350 K; and so on.
To... See...
Add descriptive You can add one line of description for each of the ➱ Simulation
text Inflow and Outflow sections. Description

To... See...
Define the You must define a Solution Node which comes ➱ Link Device
Solution Node between the Inflow and Outflow sections. If you Data, Nodal
want the Solution Node to be at the flowing Analysis
bottomhole of an injection well, use BOTTOMHOLE.
If you want to locate the Solution Node at the outlet
of the last device and want to use Sink pressure as
a variable parameter, use SINK.
Define the You must define at least one Inflow or Outflow ➱ Nodal
parameter(s) parameter for PIPEPHASE to change. The Analysis
parameters that are accessible are divided into Parameters
seven categories, as defined in the table below. If
you want to define a nodal parameter as a group of
variables, you may combine up to ten variables
within one Category. You may not combine
variables in different categories.
Study multiple You can specify up to four — two inflow and two ➱ Nodal
combinations outflow — parameters for the multiple Analysis
of parameters combinations option. You can then supply up to five
values of each parameter. PIPEPHASE will combine
each of the up to five values of an inflow or outflow
parameter with each of the up to five values of the
second inflow or outflow parameter and so on and
will present the results of the analysis of the
combined variables.
Table 1-10: Variables Available to Nodal Analysis

Category Device Variable
Category 1 - Source SOURCE NAME
PRESSURE
COEFFICIENT
EXP
PI
VOGEL
Category 2 - Sink SINK NAME
PRES
II
COEFF
EXP
Category 3 - Devices PIPE NAME
ID
ROUGHNESS
U
FLOWEFF
RISER NAME
ID
ROUGHNESS
U
FLOWEFF
TUBING NAME
ID
ROUGHNESS
U
FLOWEFF

Table 1-10: Variables Available to Nodal Analysis
Category Device Variable
ANNULUS NAME
IDANN
ODTUB
ROUGHNESS
U
FLOWEFF
COMPRESSOR/PUMP NAME
POWER
PRESSURE
EFFICIENCY
STAGES
HEATER/COOLER NAME
DUTY
TOUT
DP
CHOKE NAME
ID
COEFFICIENT
SEPARATOR NAME
RATE
PERCENT
GLVALVE NAME
RATE
DISSOLVE
INJECTOR NAME
TEMPERATURE
PRESSURE
COMPLETION NAME
PENETRATION
PERFD
SHOTS
TUNNEL
Category 4 - Non-compositional Source GOR
Properties WCUT
CGR
WGR
QUALITY
Category 5 - Main Source COMPOSITION

Starting the PIPEPHASE Results Access System (RAS)
The PIPEPHASE Results Access System (RAS) is a program that
provides you with access to all results data from any simulation run,
executed using the Graphical User Interface or a keyword file.
To start PIPEPHASE RAS:
➤ Select File/Run.. or click Run Simulation and View Results
icon present in the ribbon bar to view Run Simulation and View
Results dialog box (see Figure 1-15).
Figure 1-15: Run Simulation and View Results
➤ Run the current simulation to generate .RAS file.The generated

.RAS file will be saved with a simulation name that is currently
opened and is stored in the same directory as the simulation.
➤ Click on the RAS icon in the Run Simulation and View Results
dialog box to bring up the PIPEPHASE RAS window (see
Figure 1-16).
➤ Select File/New in PIPEPHASE Result Access System to open
file search window.
➤ Select the .RAS file.
➤ Click Open to load.

Figure 1-16: The PIPEPHASE RAS Main Window
To exit PIPEPHASE RAS, do one of the following:
➤ Choose Exit on the File menu <Alt+F,X>, or

➤ Double-click on the Control-menu box in the upper left hand
corner of the PIPEPHASE RAS main window <Alt+F4>.
To display a PIPEPHASE RAS menu:
➤ Click on the menu name or press <Alt+n> where n is the

underlined letter in the menu name.
For example, to display the File menu, either click on File, or press
<Alt+F>.
Figure 1-17: File Menu
Figure 1-18: General Menu
PIPEPHASE RAS toolbar contains two buttons, before a RAS

database file is opened :
■ File Open Button
■ Load Existing RAS Plot Button
Two additional buttons appear on the toolbar, after a RAS database
file is opened:
■ Save RAS Database
■ Define Output Units of Measure
Starting the PIPEPHASE Excel Report

PIPEPHASE has extended its capability in the area of generating
reports by providing an Excel format to its entire simulation. In this
enhancement, ACCESS database was duly expanded to include all
the data available in the simulation. So that user can be provided
with all the required information in an Excel format.
Procedure to invoke Excel report has been listed below:
➤ Select Generate Excel Report.. option in View Output Menu or
click Excel Reports icon in the toolbar to generate an Excel
report for a currently opened simulation. Excel Reports dialog
box (see figure 1-19) will pop up on selecting this option.
Figure 1-19: Excel Reports
➤ In the Excel Reports dialog box, different types of Summary

and Line reports available to generate will be listed. You can
observe some of the options have been already selected. The
selected options are called Set default ‘Print Options’. User is
expected to select the required options from the list that is to be
made available in the Excel Report to be generated.
➤ Clicking Set default ‘Print Options’ will automatically reselect
the default reports available for the current simulation.

➤ Select all the options listed under Run Options.
➤ Click Run Current Network to execute the options checked under
Run Options. This will generate Excel Reports for the
simulation, which is currently opened.
Note: Uncheck the Run Simulation option under Run Options, if

you have already run the simulation through Run Simulation and
View Results dialog box. Excel Reports dialog box can be
viewed by clicking Excel button present in Run Simulation and
View Results dialog box (see Figure 1-15).
➤ Excel Reports will be generated only if you have run the
simulation and created database for the simulation.
➤ To view previously generated report for the current simulation,
select View Excel Reports in View Output menu. If the
previously generated report is not available for the current
simulation, then an error message will pop up requesting the
user to generate an Excel report.
To generate and view Excel Reports for a Batch of Simulation
files:
➤ Click Edit Simulation List... to open General Spread Sheet -
Batch Run files dialog box (See figure 1-20).
Figure 1-20: General Spreadsheet - Batch Run Files
➤ Click Append Row to open a Search window. This window

searches .inp files in the default disk/directory. You may
change to a different directory or disk to search a particular file.

➤ Select the appropriate file and click Open.
➤ Now you can find the selected file have been listed in the
General Spread Sheet – Batch Run Files dialog box. Similarly
user can append number of files using General Spread Sheet –
Batch Run Files dialog box by clicking Append Row.
➤ Similarly, the files can be added by clicking Insert Row.
➤ Click Delete Row to delete an Appended/Inserted file.
➤ Click Run Simulation List to execute the options checked under
Run Options. This will generate Excel Reports for the listed
simulation.

Chapter 2
Tutorial
Introduction
This chapter presents the step-by-step procedure required for the
optimization of an off-line pipeline design. In the first part of this
tutorial, you will look at the optimal design based only on capital
cost considerations. Then, you will include the operating costs over
the lifetime of the pipeline (10 years) and examine the effect the
operating costs have on the overall design strategy.
Problem Description
In this simulation, a pipeline is designed to deliver gas at a rate of
1200 MMSCFD at a minimum pressure of 900 psi from two
offshore fields. Table 2-1 and Table 2-2 provide additional process
details including piping and compressor capital expenditures.
Table 2-1: Process Conditions
Offshore Field A
Distance from processing plant, miles 200
Wellhead pressure, psi 2000
Offshore Field B
Distance from field A, miles 180
Wellhead pressure, psi 2000
Table 2-2: Pipeline and Compressor Capital Costs

Pipeline Cost/mile $0.70MM/inch ID
Compressor Cost/1000 hP $4.66MM

The overall capital cost is the sum of the cost of purchasing and
laying pipe and purchasing the compressors.
Pipe Costs (MM$) = Cost of Pipe from Field 1 + Cost of Pipe from Field 2
= 0.70*200*IDPipe 1 + 0.70*180*IDPipe 2
= 140*IDPipe 1 + 126*IDPipe 2
Compressor Cost (MM$) = 4.66E-3*wCompr 1 + 4.66E-3*wCompr 2
The overall capital cost is therefore a linear function of the ID of the

two pipeline segments and compressor power:
Capital Cost =140*IDPipe 1 + 126*IDPipe 2 + 4.66E-3*wCompr 1 + 4.66E-3*wCompr 2
PIPEPHASE optimizes the design to minimize the overall capital

costs by varying the pipe diameters and the sizes of the compressors
at the two platforms. Apart from the delivery target, there are three
additional design and operating constraints that must be taken into
consideration:
■ Pipe sizes are available only in sizes 24"-40" with a maximum
operating pressure of 2475 psi.
■ Due to limited space on each platform, the maximum capacity
of each compressor is 50000 HP.
■ Both pipeline sections must be built as the capacity of the plat-
form for field A is inadequate to meet the overall delivery
requirement.
The overall network is shown in Figure 2-1.
2-2 Tutorial
Figure 2-1: Tutorial Problem
Building the Network

First, you must open a new project:
➤ Select the New option from the File menu. The Windows
explorer dialog box is displayed. Next, you must supply a name
for this new simulation.The Create New Simulation window
appears for laying down your process flowsheet. By default,
this simulation will be created in the C:\SIMSCI\PPHASE91\USER
directory.
➤ Type in TUTORIAL in the File Name data entry field as shown
in Figure 2-2.
➤ Then, click the Open button.

Figure 2-2: Create New Simulation Window
Tip:By using the toolbar icons, you reduce the number of mouse
actions required for a selection. For example, you can click the
toolbar button to create a new simulation.
PIPEPHASE will now automatically take you through Simulation
Setup Wizard .
Figure 2-3: Welcome to Simulation Setup Wizard
➤ Click the Next button.
2-4 Tutorial
Figure 2-4: Select Simulation Type
➤ Select the Network model Simulation Type.

Figure 2-5: Select Fluid Type
➤ Select Gas as Fluid Type.


Figure 2-6: Select Default Units of Measurement
➤ Select Petroleum as Default Units of Measurement.

Figure 2-7: Confirm the Selections
➤ Confirm your selections.

➤ Click on Finish.The Fluid Property Data window will appear as
shown in Figure 2-8.
➤ Click Edit on the Fluid Property Data window.
➤ The Single Phase Gas PVT Data window will then appear.
2-6 Tutorial
➤ Enter a specific gravity of 0.69 in the Gas Gravity field and the
following composition of contaminants:
Component Mole %
Nitrogen 1.32
Carbon dioxide 0.98
Hydrogen sulfide 0.56
The completed window will appear as shown in Figure 2-9.
Figure 2-8: Fluid Property Data
➤ Click the OK button to continue.
Figure 2-9: Single Phase Gas PVT Data Window

To create a second property data set.
➤ Click the New button on Fluid Property Data window. This
brings up the Single Phase Gas PVT Data window with Set
Number already set to 2.
➤ Enter a specific gravity of 0.701 in the Gas Gravity field and
the following composition of contaminants:
Component Mole %
Nitrogen 1.11
Carbon dioxide 0.88
Hydrogen sulfide 0.24
The completed window will appear as shown in Figure 2-10.
Figure 2-10: Single Phase Gas PVT Data Window
➤ Click the OK button. The Fluid Property Data window will

appear as shown in Figure 2-11.
2-8 Tutorial
Figure 2-11: Fluid Property Data

This will bring up A Note Box as shown in Figure 2-12 that inform
the users about the definition of the colors that are used in the GUI.
Figure 2-12: Note to give information about the colors used in the GUI.

The next step is to enter the simulation details like
description,definition, input unit of measurement.
➤ From the the toolbar select General/Simulation Description.
This will bring up the Simulation Description window shown
in Figure 2-13.

Figure 2-13: Simulation Description Window
To complete this data entry window:

Enter the Project, Problem, User, Date, Site, and Description data
entry fields and click the OK button.
➤ From the the toolbar select General/Simulation Definition. This
will bring up the Simulation Description window shown in
Figure 2-14.
➤ Use the drop-down list boxes to select a Simulation Type of
Network Model and a Fluid Type of Gas.
Figure 2-14: Simulation Definition Window
2-10 Tutorial
After leaving the Simulation Definition window, you will want to
check Input Dimensions . From the the toolbar select General/Input
Units of Measurement. This will bring up the Input Dimensions
window shown in Figure 2-15.
➤ For this problem, the flowrate basis will be Gas Volume units
of MM ft3 /day.
➤ Use the Pipe Length drop-down list box to change the default
units to miles (mi) as shown in Figure 2-15
Figure 2-15: Input Dimensions Window

The next step is to begin entering the nodes _ sources, sinks, and
junctions _ required for the problem. For this simulation, you will
lay down two sources, one sink, and one junction, in that order.
To select the nodes:
➤ Click one of the node icons from the toolbar.
For the source node
For the sink node
For the junction

➤ Move the cursor to the location on the main window where the
node is to be located and click again. The node will appear in
the main flowsheet area of the screen.
➤ Repeat this step for each of the nodes in the flowsheet until the
entire system has been constructed as shown in Figure 2-16.
Note: If you have added the nodes in the stated order of

sources, sink, followed by the junction, the sources will be
labeled S001 and S002, the sink, D001, and the junction, J001.
Figure 2-16: PIPEPHASE Main Window
Tip:For very large systems, multiple nodes may be placed by

holding down the Shift key and clicking on each desired location
for a given node.
Note: Once a node has been placed, it may be moved by

simply clicking on the node with the left mouse button,
holding it down, and dragging the node to a new location.
All of the source and sink nodes placed on the screen should be
bordered in red indicating that user input is required for that node.
After all of the nodes have been placed and named as shown in
figure 2-16, the next step is to connect the nodes into a logical flow
network.
2-12 Tutorial
To connect two nodes:
➤ Click on a source or junction (“From” node) with the left
mouse button. A red square will appear on the node, and the
border of the node will turn green to indicate that the node has
been selected.
➤ Next, click inside the square with the left mouse button and,
while holding the mouse button down, drag the cursor to
another junction or sink (“To” node).
Once a square has been selected and the cursor begins to move, all
of the connection squares in the available junction and sink nodes
will turn blue indicating a valid location to which you can connect
the link.
For this simulation, you must connect S001 to J004, S002 to J004,
followed by J004 to D003. The flow diagram should now show the
structure shown in Figure 2-17.
Figure 2-17: Connected PIPEPHASE Simulation
The next step is to enter the data for each of the sources and sinks.

To enter the data for the source S001:
➤ Double-click on the node S001, and enter the following
information:
Node Data Value

Pressure (fixed) 2000 psig
Temperature 80 F
Standard Flowrate (estimated) 600 MMft3/day
➤ Select the PVT Property Set as 1 in the Properties field. The

window should appear as shown in Figure 2-18.
Figure 2-18: Completed Gas Source S001 Window
➤ Click the OK button to return to the main window. The source is

now bordered in blue, indicating that all required data have
been entered.
To enter the data for the source S002:
➤ Double-click on the node S002. The same window should
2-14 Tutorial
➤ Enter the following information:
Node Data Value

Pressure (fixed) 2000 psig
Temperature 80 F
Standard Flowrate (estimated) 600 MMft3/day
➤ Select the PVT Property Set as 2 in the Properties field.

➤ Click the OK button to return to the main window. The second
source is now bordered in blue, indicating that all required data
have been entered.
To enter the data for the sink D003:
➤ Double-click on the node D003. The window should appear as
➤ Enter the following information:
Node Data Value

Pressure (estimated) 900 psig
Standard Flowrate (fixed) 1200 MMft3/day

Figure 2-19: Completed Sink D003 Window
➤ Click the OK button to return to the main window. The sink is

now bordered in blue, indicating that all required data have
been entered.
➤ Lastly, you must enter the data for each of the links on the
flowsheet. Let’s start with link L001 between source S001 and
junction J004.
To enter the data for this link:
➤ Double-click on the link L001. This brings up the Link <L001>
Device Data window as shown in Figure 2-20.
2-16 Tutorial
Figure 2-20: Link <L001> Device Data Window
➤ Click the pipe button on the device palette to add this

device to the link. This automatically brings up the Pipe data
entry window.
➤ Enter the data given in Table 2-3 .
Table 2-3: Link <L001> Device Data
Link L001 _ S001 to J004

PIPE E001
Length 0.2 miles
Nominal ID 8 inches
Schedule 40
Thermal Calculations Heat Transfer Pipe in Water; Ambient temperature: 45 F
The completed Pipe window for device E001 should appear as


Figure 2-21: Complete Pipe Device E001 Window
➤ Click the OK button to return to the Link <L001> Device Data

window.
➤ Then click the OK button to return to the main window.
➤ Next, you must add devices to link L002 connecting source
S002 and junction J004.
➤ Double-click on the link L002. This brings up the Link <L002>
Device Data window.
➤ Click the pipe button on the device palette to add this device to
the link. This automatically brings up the Pipe data entry
window.
➤ Enter the data given in Table 2-4 for the pipe device E002 on
link L002. The completed Pipe window for device E002
should appear the same as shown in Figure 2-21.
Link L002 _ S002 to J004

PIPE E002
Length 180 miles
Actual ID 24 inches
Compressor E003
Power 20000 hP
Adiabatic Efficiency 80%
2-18 Tutorial
➤ Click OK to return to the Link <L002> Device Data window.
➤ Next, you must add a compressor to this link by clicking the
compressor button on the device palette. This automatically
adds this new device after the currently selected device (i.e., the
pipe E002) and brings up the Compressor data entry window
for device E003.
➤ Enter the data given in Table 2-4 for the compressor device
E003 on link L002. The completed Compressor window should
Tip:To copy or delete a device previously added to a link, highlight
that device, then click on the COPY then PASTE or DELETE
buttons on the left palette in the Link Device Data window.
Figure 2-22: Completed Compressor E003 Window
➤ Click OK to return to the Link <002> Device Data window.

➤ Then, click OK again to return to the main window.
➤ Using the data given in Table 2-5 , repeat the above steps for
link L003 connecting junction J004 to sink D003.The main
window will now appear as shown in Figure 2-23.
Link L003 _ J004 to D003
PIPE E004
Length 200 miles
Actual ID 35 inches
Compressor E005

Link L003 _ J004 to D003

Power 25000 hP
Adiabatic Efficiency 80%
Figure 2-23: PIPEPHASE Main Window
Let’s save the data entered so far.

➤ Click the Save button on the toolbar, or select the File/Save
menu option.
Entering Optimization Data

Now, you must define the design constraints, coefficients for the
objective function, decision variables, and optimization parameters.
➤ Click the Network Optimization Data button on the toolbar, or
select the Special Features/NETOPT Optimization Data menu
option. This brings up the Network Optimization Data window.
➤ Check the Enable Network Optimization check box.
➤ In the Objective data entry field, select the Minimize Objective
Function radio button as shown in Figure 2-24.
2-20 Tutorial
Figure 2-24: Network Optimization Window
➤ Now, you must define the objective parameters by clicking on

the Objective Parameters button to bring up the Network
Optimization Objective Parameters window.
As discussed previously, the overall capital cost is a linear function
of the ID of the two pipeline segments and compressor power:
Capital Cost = 140*IDPipe 1 + 126*IDPipe 2 + 4.66E-3*wCompr 1 + 4.66E-3*wCompr 2
There are therefore four objective parameters for this optimization

problem as shown in Table 2-6 .
Table 2-6: Objective Parameters
Link Description Coefficient in Objective Function
L003 Pipe E004 Inside Diameter, ID 140
L002 Pipe E002 Inside Diameter, ID 126
L003 Compressor E005 Power, w 4.66E-3
L002 Compressor E003 Power, w 4.66E-3
To enter the first objective parameter:

➤ In the Network Optimization Objective Parameters window,
click the Add button. This brings up the Define Objective
Parameter window.
➤ Select the Link Name radio button in the Node/Device/
Calculator Name field.
➤ Select link L003 from the Link Name drop-down list box.

➤ Select Pipe from the Device Type drop-down list box. By
default, PIPEPHASE will display the correct device name,
E004.
➤ Select Inside Diameter from the Parameter drop-down list box.
➤ Type in 140 in the Correlation Coefficient data entry field as
Figure 2-25: Define Objective Parameter Window
➤ Repeat for the other three objective parameters using the data
in Table 2-6 .
Tip:For the Compressor objective parameters, select Set Power
from the Parameters drop-down list box in the Define Objective
Parameter window.
➤ The completed Network Optimization Objective Parameters
window is shown in Figure 2-26.
2-22 Tutorial
Figure 2-26: Network Optimization Objective Parameters Window
➤ Click the OK button to return to the Network Optimization Data

window.
➤ Next you must define the decision variables.
There are four decision variables for this optimization problem as
shown in Table 2-7 below.
Table 2-7: Decision Variables
Link Description Limits Relative Perturbation

L003 Pipe E004 Internal Diameter, ID 24”<ID<48” -
L002 Pipe E002 Internal Diameter, ID 24”<ID<48” -
L002 Compressor E003 Power, w 0 hP<w<50000 hP 0.001
L003 Compressor E005 Power, w 0 hp<w<50000 hP 0.001
To enter the first decision variable:
➤ In the Network Optimization Data window, click the Add

button. This brings up the Define Decision Variable window.
➤ Select the Link Name radio button in the Node/Device Name
field.
➤ Select link L003 from the Link Name drop-down list box.
➤ Select Pipe from the Device Type drop-down list box. By
default, PIPEPHASE will display the correct device name,
E004.
➤ Select Inside Diameter from the Parameter drop-down list box.
➤ Click the Limits button. This brings up the Optimizer Variable
Limits window as shown in Figure 2-27.
➤ In the Variable Lower Limit field, enter a value of 24 for
Mechanical Limit (Absolute Value).
➤ In the Variable Upper Limit field, enter a value of 48 for
Figure 2-27: Optimizer Variable Limits Window
➤ Click the OK button to return to the Define Decision Variable

window.
➤ Then, click the OK again to return to the Network Optimization
Data window.
➤ Repeat for the other three decision variables using the data in
Table 2-7 above.
Tip:For the Compressor decision variables, select Available Power
from the Parameters drop-down list box in the Define Decision
Variable window.
The Network Optimization Data window should now appear as
2-24 Tutorial
Figure 2-28: Network Optimization Data Window
➤ Next you must define the constraints by clicking the Constraints

button to bring up the Network Optimization Constraints
window
Table 2-8: Constraints
Node Name Description Limits
Sink D003 Pressure P>900 psi
Link L002 Compressor E003 Outlet Pressure, P 0 psi<P<2475 psi
Link L003 Compressor E005 Outlet Pressure, P 0 psi<P<2475 psi
To enter the first constraint:
➤ In the Network Optimization Constraints window, click the Add

button. This brings up the Define Constraint window.
➤ Select the Node Type radio button in the Node/Device/Calculator/
External Name field.
➤ Select Sink from the Node Type drop-down list box. By default,
PIPEPHASE will display D003 as the Node Name.
➤ Select Pressure from the Parameter drop-down list box.
➤ Click the Limits button. This brings up the Optimizer Variable
Limits window.
➤ In the Variable Lower Limit field, enter a value of 900 for
➤ Click the OK button to return to the Define Constraint window.

➤ Then click OK again to return to the Network Optimization Data
window.
➤ Repeat for the other two constraints using the data inTable 2-8 .
Tip:For the Compressor constraints, select Outlet Pressure from the
Parameter drop-down list box in the Define Constraint window.
The Network Optimization Constraints window should now appear
as shown in Figure 2-29.
Figure 2-29: Network Optimization Constraints Window
➤ Finally, you must specify the optimization options. Click OK to

return to the Network Optimization Data window.
➤ On the Network Optimization Data window, click the
Optimization Options button. This brings up the Optimization
Options window. For this problem, you must increase the
number of optimizer iterations from the default value of 10.
➤ In the Maximum Number of Optimizer Cycles field, select the
Specified Number radio button and enter a value of 30 in the
corresponding data entry field as shown in Figure 2-30.
2-26 Tutorial
Figure 2-30: Optimization Options Window
➤ Click the OK button to return to the Network Optimization Data

window shown in Figure 2-31.
Figure 2-31: Network Optimization Data Window
➤ Then, click the OK button again to return to the main

PIPEPHASE window.

➤ Select the File/Save menu option to save the simulation date
entered so far.
Specifying Print Options

Before you can run the simulation, you must specify the print
options for the output report and save the simulation.
➤ Select the General/Print Options menu option from the main
PIPEPHASE window. This brings up the Print Options window
as shown in Figure 2-32.
Note: You must turn off the input reprint, select that all device
details be printed (the FULL option), and generate a database.
➤ By default,Ability to Generate Excel Database is set to FULL.
➤ Select the NONE option from the Input Reprint drop-down list
box.
➤ Select the FULL option from the Device Detail drop-down list
box. The completed Print Options window should appear as
Figure 2-32: Completed Print Options Window
➤ Click OK to return to the main PIPEPHASE window.
2-28 Tutorial
➤ Select the File/Save menu option to save the simulation data
entered so far.
Now you are ready to run your simulation.
Running the Simulation

If you are running on a UNIX server, you must first define your run
remote settings.
See the section titled “Run Remote” in Chapter 2, Installing
PIPEPHASE, of the PIPEPHASE Installation Guide for details.
➤ Select the File/Remote Settings menu option to bring up the
Run Remote Settings window. By default, the Run Calculations
on Remote Computer check box is enabled.
➤ Select the appropriate option from the Local Operating System
Version drop-down list box.
➤ Supply a Remote Machine Name, Remote User ID, and
Remote User Directory for your remote host machine.
➤ Select TELNET or RSH for remote execution and supply the
appropriate commands for running PIPEPHASE.
➤ Click the OK button on the Run Remote Settings window to
return to the main PIPEPHASE window.
➤ Click the RUN button on the toolbar or select the File/Run menu
option to run PIPEPHASE. This brings up the Run Simulation
and View Results window.
➤ Click the Run button in the Run Simulation field.
The status of the simulation run is shown in the Run Status window,
which may be scrolled and resized. If you have successfully entered
all the data correctly, your Run Simulation and View Results
window will appear as shown in Figure 2-33.

Figure 2-33: Run Simulation and View Results Window
Viewing and Plotting Results

To view the optimized results:
➤ Select the Optimized Summary option from the Report drop-

down list box, then click the View button to view the results of
the optimization as shown in Figure 2-34.
Figure 2-34: Optimized Summary Report
2-30 Tutorial
Table 2-9 summarizes the optimal solution for this simulation.
Table 2-9: Optimized Solution Results
Minimum Capital Cost $7,796 MM
Pipe, E002 ID 24”
Pipe, E004 ID 32.9474”
Compressor, E003 Power 18366.76 hP
Compressor, E005 Power 15949.10 hP
Source, S001 Flowrate 570.6906 MMCFD
Source, S002 Flowrate 629.3094 MMCFD
Using the RAS to Plot Results

PIPEPHASE includes a powerful utility called the Results Access
System (RAS) that allows you to plot the results of your
optimization run.
➤ First, find and launch the RAS program. The main
PIPEPHASE RAS window appears as shown inFigure 2-35.
Note: Under Windows 3.1, double-click on the

PIPEPHASE RAS icon located in the SIMSCI group
window.
Figure 2-35: PIPEPHASE RAS Window
➤ Next, select the File/New menu option.

➤ Select the TUTORIAL.RAS database file.

➤ Click the View/Edit button beside the Plot Report drop-down list
box to define your plot. This brings up the RAS Plot Options
window.
➤ Click the Add button to bring up the RAS Plot Data Options
window.
➤ Next you must plot the pressure along link L003 (from junction
J004 to sink D003) for the base case and the optimized case.
By default, the Initial Case option is selected in the Simulation
drop-down list box.
➤ Select L003 from the Link Name drop-down list box.
➤ Check the All Devices in the Link check box.
By default, PIPEPHASE RAS will select Pressure as the State
Variable to plot on the y-axis.
➤ Click the Add Selection button to add this to the list of variables
to plot.
➤ Repeat the above steps for link L003 for the Optimized Case.
➤ Click the Done button to return to the RAS Plot Options
window.
➤ Fill in the Title, X-Axis Label, and Y-Axis Label fields as
Figure 2-36: RAS Plot Options Window
➤ Click the View button to view the plot shown in Figure 2-37.
2-32 Tutorial
Figure 2-37: RAS Plot
You can save this plot or export the data as a comma-delimited or

tab-delimited ASCII file using the File menu options on the Plot
window.
➤ Select File/Close to close the Plot window.
➤ Click OK on the RAS Plot Options window to return to the
main RAS window.
Generate and View Excel Report

PIPEPHASE has extended its capability to generate and view
reports on the results of an optimization run in an Excel format.
Procedure to invoke Excel report has been listed below:
➤ Select Generate Excel Report.. option in View Output Menu or
click Excel Reports icon in the toolbar to generate an Excel
report for a currently opened simulation. Excel Reports dialog
box (see figure 2-38) will pop up on selecting this option.
➤ In the Excel Reports dialog box, different types of Summary
and Line reports available to be generate will be listed. You can
observe some of the options have been already selected. The
selected options are called Set default ‘Print Options’.

Figure 2-38: Excel Reports
➤ Click Run Current Network to execute the options checked under

Run Options. This will generate Excel Reports for the
simulation, which is currently opened.
Note: Uncheck the Run Simulation option under Run Options, if

you have already run the simulation through Run Simulation and
View Results dialog box. Excel Reports dialog box can be
viewed by clicking Excel button present in Run Simulation and
View Results dialog box.
Including Operating Costs

The analysis done in the first half of this tutorial is based on capital
expenditures alone. Over the lifetime of a pipeline, the operating
costs, primarily in terms of fuel consumed in running the
compressors, are significant. Table 2-10 shows the compressor
operating costs.
Table 2-10: Compressor Operating Costs
Compressor Cost/1000hP $0.44 MM/year
Over the lifetime of the pipeline system (10 years), the total cost is therefore:
Total = Operating Costs + Capital Cost
Costs (MMD) = (4.0E-4*10*wCompr 1 + 4.0E-4*10*wCompr 2) +
(140*IDPipe 1 +126*IDPipe 2 + 4.66E-3*wCompr 1 + 4.66E-3*wCompr 2)
2-34 Tutorial
First, change the objective function to include these new costs and
rerun the optimization.
➤ Click the button on the toolbar or select the General/
Optimization Data menu option. This brings up the Network
Optimization Data window.
➤ Click the Objective Parameters button to bring up the Network
Optimization Objective Parameters window.
➤ Highlight the Compressor E005 Available Power parameter,
then click the Edit button.
➤ Change the value of the Correlation Coefficient from
4.660e-003 to 6.600e-004 as shown in Figure 2-39.
Figure 2-39: Define Objective Parameter Window
➤ Click the OK button to return to the Network Optimization

Objective Parameters window.
➤ Repeat for the Correlation Coefficient for the Compressor E003
Available Power parameter.
➤ Click the OK button until you return to the main PIPEPHASE
window.
➤ Then run the modified problem by clicking the Run on the
toolbar or on the File/Run menu option.
➤ Then click the Run button on the Run Simulation and View
Results window.
➤ Select the Optimized Summary option from the Reports drop-
down list box.

Table 2-11 compares the optimal solution for the modified problem
to that of the original problem. The operating costs involved in
running the pipeline system for 10 years based on the original
solution are also included.
Table 2-11: Optimized Solution Results

Run #2 Run #1
Minimum Total Cost $7,964 MM $7,933.8 MM MM
Capital Cost $7,574 MM $7,796 MM
Operating Cost $389.9 MM $137.3 MM
Pipe, E002 ID 24” 24”
Pipe, E004 ID 32.04 32.9474”
Compressor, E003 Power 47,476 hP 18366.76 HP
Compressor, E005 Power 50,000 hP 15949.10 HP
Source, S001 Flowrate 565.32 MMSCFD 570.6906 MMCFD
Source, S002 Flowrate 634.67 MMSCFD 629.3094 MMCFD
1Operating cost = 47.476*0.4*10+50*0.4*10=$389 MM
The results of these two runs show that by taking the operating costs
into consideration:
■ Smaller compressors on both sections of pipeline are needed.
■ For an increased capital expenditure of $222MM in laying
down slightly larger pipes on Link L003, operating costs over
the lifetime of the pipeline are reduced nearly 65% from $389.9
MM to $137.3 MM.
■ Overall costs are reduced 0.3% from $7,964 MM to $7,933
MM.
2-36 Tutorial
Index
A N
Additional Component Capabilities 1-16 Nodal Analysis 1-49

Additional Thermodynamic Capabilities 1-20 Nominal Diameter 1-33
Assay Curve 1-16 Non-library Components 1-15
D O
Defaults 1-12 Online

Defining documentation vi
Fluid Properties 1-13 help vi
Properties for Compositional Fluids 1-14
P
Properties for Mixed Compositional/ Non-
Compositional Fluids 1-23
Petroleum Pseudocomponents 1-15
Properties for Non-compositional Fluids
Pipe Schedule 1-33
Liquid 1-20
PIPEPHASE
Defining Properties for Non-compositional Fluids 1-
20 Case Studies 1-47
Documentation vi Changing Window Size 1-3
Color Coding Cues 1-3
E Equipment Items 1-37
Global Settings 1-11
Exiting PIPEPHASE 1-2
Main Window Components 1-2
G Menu Options 1-4
Toolbar Buttons 1-5
Gaslift and Sphering 1-10 Units of Measurement 1-11
Generating and Using Tables of Properties 1-24 Piping Structure 1-10
Pressure Drop in Completions 1-35
H
Pressure Drop in Fittings 1-35
Heat Transfer Calculations 1-40 Pressure Drop in Flow Devices 1-32
Help, online vi Printout Options 1-11
Production Planning 1-42
L
Properties for Non-compositional Fluids
Library Components 1-14 Blackoil 1-22
Gas 1-21
Gas Condensate 1-22
PIPEPHASE 9.1 User’s Guide I-1

Liquid 1-21 T
Steam 1-22
Thermodynamic Properties and Phase Separation 1-
R 17
Time-stepping 1-42
Relationships Transport Properties 1-18
Reservoirs and Inflow Performance 1-41
U
S
Using PIPEPHASE 1-8
Sources 1-24
Sphering or Pigging 1-41 V
Starting PIPEPHASE 1-1
Viewing and Plotting Results 2-30
Structure of Network Systems 1-25
Subsurface Networks and Multiple Completion
Modeling 1-44
Index I-2

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PIPEPHASE 9.

U.S. GOVERNMENT RESTRICTED RIGHTS LEGEND

Chapter 1 Getting Started

PIPEPHASE 9.1 User’s Guide iii

About This Manual

PIPEPHASE 9.1 User’s Guide v

Where to find additional help

Where to Find Additional Help

PIPEPHASE 9.1 User’s Guide vii

Figure 1-1: The PIPEPHASE Main Window

PIPEPHASE 9.1 User’s Guide 1-1

1-2 Getting Started

Note: PIPEPHASE does not support multiple sessions for two

Changing Window Size

To display the control-menu box:

Working with On-screen Color Coding Cues

PIPEPHASE 9.1 User’s Guide 1-3

Using the Menus

Figure 1-4: View Menu Figure 1-5: General Menu

1-4 Getting Started

Choosing a Menu Item

Using the Toolbar Buttons

The toolbar contains four groups of buttons:

Note: Grayed out icons indicate that the functions are

PIPEPHASE 9.1 User’s Guide 1-5

Open Enables you to open an existing simulation.

Import Keyword File Enables you to import an existing input file.

Save Enables you to save an open simulation.

Run Enables you to run the simulation.

Excel Reports Enables you to create Excel Reports.

Print Enables you to print the output file or the flowsheet.

Using the Structure and Unit Operation Buttons

— Enables you to add a sink to the flowsheet.

— Enables you to add a junction to the flowsheet.

— Enables you to add a Manifold unit to the flowsheet.

— Enables you to add a calculator unit to the flowsheet.

— Enables you to add a hydrate unit to the flowsheet.

1-6 Getting Started

Global Defaults Enables you to enter global defaults.

Optimization Data Enables you to enter network optimization data.

Using the Zoom and Redraw Buttons

— Enables you to zoom out of the flowsheet.

— Enables you to zoom in 100%, i.e., display the entire simulation

— Enables you to search an object/device in a flowsheet.

PIPEPHASE 9.1 User’s Guide 1-7

There are seven types of fluids modeled in PIPEPHASE:

PIPEPHASE can optimize network problems of virtually any size.

PIPEPHASE’s Reservoir Interface allows you to link the network

Fluids enter piping systems at sources and leave at sinks. Fluids

Two special applications, relevant to oil production and gas

Before providing input problem data to PIPEPHASE, it is important

PIPEPHASE solves the equations that define the relationship

PIPEPHASE works in both rating and design modes. In rating

1-10 Getting Started

PIPEPHASE allows you to construct a group of units of measure

PIPEPHASE 9.1 User’s Guide 1-11

PIPEPHASE generates a great deal of data during its calculations.

Many of PIPEPHASE’s data items are defaulted. If you do not

Defining Fluid Properties

PIPEPHASE 9.1 User’s Guide 1-13

PIPEPHASE can rigorously predict phase separations involving

The SIMSCI library contains over 1700 components. A full list is

To define hydrocarbon pseudocomponents, you must supply at least