More than 4.

5 billion years ago, the

Milky Way galaxy collided with a nearby
dwarf galaxy. This encounter hastened the
formation of stars. Our solar system is a
part of the Milky Way galaxy. Within the
solar system material circulation had
been progressing. The water component from the outer
region evaporated to make materials try
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through this process particles were
zonally distributed depending on their
water content the bipolar flow stopped
and with it material circulation some
regions around the Sun with high
particle density appeared within these
regions collisions frequently occurred
small particles gradually grew to become
planetesimals
planetesimals continued colliding with
smaller particles and other
planetesimals eventually growing to
planets such as the earth
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a number of planets were moving in the
same orbit
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the early Earth collided with a smaller
mars-sized planet
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debris from this impact eventually came
to form our moon
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the earth-moon system as we know it
today was in place
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countless planetesimals and icy planets
bombarded the early dry earth due to the
bombarding water enriched planetesimals
the earth became enveloped by an ocean
atmosphere system
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water vapor in the atmosphere produced
rain forming an ocean the atmospheric
pressure gradually decreased the carbon
dioxide rich atmosphere transitioned
into a co2 ocean covering the water
ocean carbon dioxide also combined with
rock components and was transported to
the bottom of the ocean through
weathering and erosion
at this time the ocean was still toxic
with a high salinity and an
overabundance of metals it was too toxic
to support life
upwelling mantle displaced the oceanic
plates above
uplift of the plate by mantle convection
caused horizontal slippage due to the
weight of the plate this is plate
tectonics in action
the oceanic plate subducting under the
lighter continental plate
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weathered sediments neutralized the
ultra acidic ocean
heavy metals settled out and became
fixed as deposits at the mid-ocean ridge
these deposits were transported through
plate tectonics into the deep mantle
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gradually the ocean became a habitable
environment
by 4.2 billion years ago a liquid core
formed in the center of the earth
convection within the liquid core
created a strong magnetic field
surrounding the earth this geomagnetic
field shields the Earth's surface from
cosmic rays the Earth's surface was
nearing readiness for life
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the early Earth when the atmosphere
prevented sunlight from reaching the
surface primitive life was about to
emerge underground in the cave of a
geyser
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uranium ore emitted large amounts of
radiation creating a diverse range of
materials and eventually producing the
early building blocks of life water
boiled and rose up to the surface and
the surface water flowed back down into
the natural nuclear reactor the
temperature of the geyser water remained
below 100 degrees
protecting the newly formed biomolecules
the underground environment was
reductive while the surface environment
oxidizing these conditions were
necessary to synthesize biomolecules
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in the Earth's hidden 'ya tidal forces
were much more pronounced than they are
today
even Lakes had significant urban flow of
water creating wet and dry cycles these
wet and dry cycles were one of the most
crucial factors in producing the
building blocks of life
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fatty acids came together encasing the
proto life molecules
polymerization progressed under the wet
and dry cycles eventually protein like
basic materials that could act as
catalysts were produced these molecules
circulated between the geyser cave and
the surface environment the interactions
of these materials led to more complex
biomolecules proto RNA combined with
enzyme like basic materials and evolved
into ribozymes
which had the ability to replicate
themselves
this laid the groundwork for life to
reproduce finally these molecules were
enclosed within lipid membranes forming
primitive proto cellular life
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this was the beginning of life
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the Earth's plate tectonics which had
begun with the creation of its ocean
eventually destroyed its primordial
continent and subsumed it to the deep
mantle by four billion years ago the
mother continent had disappeared leaving
life on the margins of a fragmented
landmass
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inside the earth a dramatic change was
about to begin
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the subducted primordial continent
descended toward the core-mantle
boundary
the wealth of radioactive elements in
the primordial continent caused the
uppermost part of the core to melt
by 4.2 billion years ago the
newly-created liquid outer core was
strengthening the Earth's magnetic field
protecting the surface environment
against solar winds and cosmic rays
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as a result life could exist on the
surface environment
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the supply of energy and nutrients
through material circulation is
necessary for life the essential
mechanism to maintain life is an endless
flow of electrons the first pro to life
couldn't survive very far from the
nuclear geyser due to insufficient
energy
mutations however allowed life to evolve
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the more resilient life-forms were able
to adapt and survive in harsh
environments
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this second stage of proto life evolved
to make use of the sunlight available on
the Earth's surface
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they developed a metabolism that
converted light energy into
electrochemical energy
moreover they used sugars to store
energy for the sunless night hours
the source of energy for life on earth
shifted from nuclear geysers to the Sun
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around 4.1 billion years ago the ocean
was still extremely toxic killing off
most of the proto life-forms within it
nevertheless some proto life-forms
survived the extreme environment
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they developed protective mechanisms to
prevent the metallic ions in the ocean
water from entering their protocells
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this proto life began coalescing into
larger and more complex forms
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modern life-forms use only twenty kinds
of amino acids this means our ancestors
that used the same amino acids were the
ones that survived the mass extinction
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evolution walks a perilous tightrope
between continuing and ending unstable
RNA evolved through ionizing radiation
into more durable DNA making it possible
to reliably pass information across
generations
and the third stage of proto life was
born this was the beginning of
prokaryotic organisms the ancestors of
today's archaea and bacteria
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oxygen when unbound to any other
material can be toxic to life because
oxygen destroys the reductive life body
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therefore the first photosynthetic
organisms would have been anaerobic
microbes which produced no oxygen life
however adapted taking advantage of
oxygen as a valuable source of
additional energy
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this development resulted in the
appearance of cyanobacteria
cyanobacteria produced oxygen which
crystallized into felsic iron-bearing
oxide reducing the iron content of the
ocean still the ocean was five times as
saline as it is today as the Earth's
interior cooled old slabs of the
primordial crust resting at the bottom
of the upper mantle fell into the lower
mantle
meanwhile numerous mantle plumes
ascended from the lower mantle into the
upper mantle this phenomenon is known as
mantle overturn mantle plumes pushed the
basaltic crust upward generating
landmass
this created shallow marine environments
penetrated by sunlight which allowed the
cyanobacteria to flourish
the oxygen produced by the cyanobacteria
gradually altered the Earth's atmosphere
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on the ocean floor ferric and ferrous
iron were accumulating in the form of
hematite and magnetite creating a
massive banded iron formation by 2.5
billion years ago the remaining banded
iron formation was a few kilometers sic
this rapid decrease in iron content
changed the color of the ocean to a
familiar blue life began to change the
surface environment such is the
coevolution of the earth and its
inhabitants
this was an important step in life on
Earth's long journey towards
civilization
a collision between the Milky Way and a
nearby dwarf galaxy produced countless
glowing stars within a few thousand
years some of these stars ended in
supernova explosions a myriad of cosmic
rays from the supernova deteriorated the
sun's heliosphere and bombarded the
earth
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these cosmic rays help generate cloud
condensation nuclei which produced more
and more clouds until the earth was
completely blanketed with them the thick
cloud cover prevented sunlight from
reaching the surface of the earth the
earth underwent a global glaciation
event known as the snowball earth this
caused another global mass extinction
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but once again some life survived yet
another difficult period beneath the ice
sheet tiny life was protected by the
Earth's massive circulating system
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and the earth is similarly held in place
by the solar system and the expansive
universe life is but one part of an
enormous system
the prokaryotes survived the snowball
earth evolving into more complex life
such as endosymbiotic systems living
together inside cells they formed
mitochondria and chloroplasts which
allowed them to get more energy from
oxygen
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a single prokaryote body could contain
thousands of mitochondria
a nuclear membrane formed protecting DNA
from the oxygen dense ocean water
DNA strands grew longer retaining ever
more genetic information life evolved
into more diverse and complex organisms
at long last the eukaryotes appeared the
eukaryotes grew a million times larger
than the prokaryotes
in theory everything inevitably falls
into disorder
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and yet life is orderly and increasingly
complex life seems to continue evolving
undeterred by universal entropy plate
tectonics caused small developing
continents to assemble into a single
supercontinent called nuna as nuna
formed its burgeoning landmass provided
cyanobacteria with an expanding habitat
in its lakes rivers wetlands and
estuaries
cyanobacteria produces free oxygen
through photosynthesis at that time
however most of the free oxygen produced
was consumed in decomposing dead
cyanobacteria so very little free oxygen
accumulated in the atmosphere on land
however dead cyanobacteria got buried
under sediments so oxygen that would
have broken down their bodies instead
ended up in the atmosphere the presence
of a large landmass helped increase the
amount of oxygen in the atmosphere as
the total land area on the surface of
the earth increased so too did
atmospheric oxygen levels dramatically
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over time the nuna supercontinent broke
up into smaller continents
but once again plate techtonics
reassembled a supercontinent this one
called Rodinia
in equator region slabs of oceanic
plates subducted under continental
plates gradually accumulated in the
mantle transition zone eventually these
slabs fell down into the core the slabs
cooled the outer core changing the flow
of electricity within as a result the
cores dipole magnetic field transformed
into a weaker quadrupole magnetic field
the Milky Way galaxy collided with a
dwarf galaxy and underwent to transition
into starburst conditions over time
these newly produced stars ended in
supernova explosions bombarding the
earth with cosmic rays the earth with
its weak quadrupole magnetic field was
heavily affected clouds covered the
entire earth and ice covered its surface
a series of supernova explosions
occurred long periods of extreme heat
were punctuated by shorter periods of
extreme cold in the extremely cold
periods oxygen in the atmosphere fell to
Archaean Eon levels causing mass
extinctions these mass extinctions
however created great opportunities for
life to evolve into something completely
new repeated in fluxes of cosmic rays
and drastic fluctuations in oxygen
levels
these environmental changes caused
genetic mutations that accelerated the
appearance of new species
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the starburst period ended and the
Earth's core reverted to a stronger
dipole magnetic field ongoing
photosynthesis returned the oxygen in
the atmosphere to previous levels
meanwhile the Inner Earth was gradually
cooling down when the Inner Earth is hot
enough the components of water trapped
in minerals in the oceanic plates are
released to the surface environment and
the sea water level is unaffected
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however once the mantle temperature
drops below 650 degrees Celsius minerals
carry these water components down into
the upper mantle
meanwhile on the surface deprived of the
components of water sea levels gradually
decrease this is known as the leaking
earth phenomena which is inevitable on a
cooling planet
this leaking effect moved three percent
of all seawater into the deeper mantle
sea level dropped by 600 meters as a
result surface land areas grew as did
continental shelf areas receiving
sunlight a habitat for future life on
earth was being created rivers carried
nutrients from the inlands down to the
continental shelves and the additional
landmass significantly accelerated the
build-up of oxygen in the atmosphere
these processes set the stage for an
explosive evolution of life-forms
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extreme climate changes continued
putting life on a path to new
evolutional stages for survival life
evolved with prokaryotes and eukaryotes
living together as ever larger symbiotic
organisms compensating for each other's
shortcomings and thriving as a whole
this greatly expanded the possibilities
for forms of life
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life forms grew to 1 million times the
size of eukaryotes and 1 trillion times
the size of prokaryotes the appearance
of multicellular life was a critical
leap for evolution
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another glaciation period came and life
suffered a mass extinction with time
this glaciation also passed and the
global climate gradually warmed
phosphorus and other materials essential
for life circulated through the climate
system and accumulated in the oceans the
animals of the Ediacaran period appeared
at this time dick and Sonia are iconic
among the Ediacaran fauna
some grew to over 1 metre in length they
were soft bodied creatures with no shell
or skeleton
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they probably lived in warm shallow
marine environments around the Rodinia
supercontinent
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the supply of nutrients from the land
was ever-increasing as was atmospheric
oxygen the amount of ferrous iron in the
oceans increased the ferrous iron
oxidized once again creating large bands
of iron phosphorus and calcium levels in
the ocean increased life evolved to use
these elements becoming animals with
bones and shells for example the calcium
helped protect micro dikteon from other
animals their bodies used calcium to
form a covering of hard scales
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life evolves to survive making use of
the elements in its environment and the
Earth's environment alters the shapes of
life
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the earth entered another period of
climactic instability the earth
alternated between periods of extreme
heat and extreme cold for tens of
millions of years these severe changes
killed off the Ediacaran fauna
nevertheless new species were about to
appear radiation from inside the earth
plays a significant role in the
evolution of life a continental rift is
a place where a continent breaks open to
expose erupting magma and radioactive
elements radiation hastens the creation
of new species and new branches in the
Tree of Life
this is stem evolution creating new
species at continental rifts
life evolved separately on each small
continent when small continents
recombined their life forms crossbred
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different crossbreeding 'he's created
new forms of life variation thrived
this is crown evolution continental
collisions created more diverse surface
environments bays and gulfs on large
continents were especially well supplied
with nutrients from upstream making use
of these nutrients Cambrian era
life-forms diversified much more quickly
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the Cambrian explosion created some 35
new phyla these phyla became the
foundation for the types of plans and
animals we see today
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there are three main ways that life
evolved mass extinctions that eradicated
many species stem evolution that
hastened genetic mutations when
continents broke apart and crown
evolution that hastened bio
diversification when continents collided
so the evolution of life is inextricably
linked to environmental changes due to
universal factors and continents
assembling together and breaking apart
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the ocean was more than five times as
saline as it is today 600 million years
ago the ocean gradually became less
salty salt from seawater was relocated
to the land in the form of rock salt
decreasing sea levels made this possible
through more exposed land even if
seawater rose again high enough to
reclaim the rock salt most of it had
become inaccessible encased in sediments
the decrease in seawater salinity made
the ocean more hospitable to diverse
life-forms estuaries and open seas
welcomed new life with increasing
atmospheric oxygen levels an ozone layer
formed in the Earth's upper atmosphere
the ozone layer absorbs ultraviolet
radiation from the Sun the land was
becoming a more habitable environment
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Algie was the first life-form to
transition out of the water onto the
challenging land environment
this is why algae evolved before animals
did
when insects appeared they Co evolved
together with plants
appearing during the Cambrian explosion
fish were the first of the vertebrates
animals with backbones fish are the
oldest vertebrate ancestors of us humans
as fish continued to evolve xeo Steger
appeared the ancestor of amphibians
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plants flourished producing free oxygen
through photosynthesis providing the
atmosphere with 1.5 times as much oxygen
as it has today
long after the remains of these plants
would become sedimentary coal that coal
would help fuel the remarkable
breakthroughs for human civilization
that started with the Industrial
Revolution
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next vertebrates equipped with lungs
appeared and made their way onto land
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the tree of life evolved branching from
fish to amphibians to reptiles and then
dinosaurs and mammals and eventually to
humans this guy hasn't found out about
all that just yet
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the solar system collided with the Dark
Nebula as the solar system passed
through the nebula the earth was
bombarded with cosmic rays
the earth entered yet another frozen age
plants were affected first dramatically
reducing the oxygen they supplied to the
atmosphere the surface environment
reverted to an anaerobic state like
during the Archean period the lack of
oxygen killed off most species of
amphibians reptiles and insects life
managed to continue evolving but faced
another big challenge
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untouched by the evolutionary changes on
the Earth's surface anaerobic
microorganisms had been thriving in
oxygen-poor underground environments the
new oxygen-poor surface environment
allowed them to re-emerge on land and in
oceans their native habitat expanded
across the globe as oxygen levels rose
again these microorganisms evolved to
adapt to the new environmental
conditions setting the stage for another
phase of evolution
the emergence of new creatures that
would evolve into humans was close at
hand
you
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on the supercontinent Pangea
mammals and reptiles appeared and
started evolving under a warm climate
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while reptiles diversified into many
varieties mammals remained nocturnal rat
sized animals the mammals were in the
shadows
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with the appearance of dinosaurs
reptiles entered for Golden Age
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dinosaurs prevailed against many other
animal species and won the struggle for
survival
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high-radiation magma is produced when a
continent is split apart and this is
where stem evolution occurs due to
induced mutation dinosaurs were at the
pinnacle of their ecosystems
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the pieces of northern Pangaea that had
split later rejoined this caused crown
evolution
amalgamation of continents brings the
hybridization of life and new species
spread out to other continents
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dinosaurs flourished all over the world
in the plant world angiosperms with
advanced reproductive capacities
appeared
angiosperms utilize animals to help with
pollination and thus flourished on the
other hand the habitat of gymnosperms
was reduced primates the ancestors of
humans appeared at the rift of the
Gondwana super continent via stem
evolution new species appeared among the
rodents such as rats
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with time Gondwana split into South
America and Africa after South America
was isolated the primates there evolved
into the new world monkeys
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on the African continent the primates
evolved into the old-world monkeys after
the Indian subcontinent
split off from Antarctica primates on
this continent evolved into the lorises
primates evolved independently on each
continent and in this way many species
of primate appeared
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a large-scale Pacific super-plume pushed
the Pacific plate up and raised the sea
level lowlands fell below sea level and
the total land area decreased
rising sea-levels segmented the
continent providing isolated
environments for individualized
morphological evolution
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a universe scale event had changed
Earth's surface environment the solar
system collided with a Dark Nebula the
earth was entirely covered by clouds
global cooling progressed catastrophic
Li damaging ecosystems
finally a meteorite ten kilometers
across fell on the Yucatan Peninsula
this event was the final trigger to
cause the mass extinction of dinosaurs
the fate of the Earth's life is deeply
connected to the events in the universe
universe scale events can cause global
cooling and mass extinctions
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moreover galactic cosmic rays directly
affect the DNA that carries the
blueprints of life
cosmic rays cause mutations which
promote evolution
all aspects of life on the earth are
thus influenced by universe scale events
finally the dinosaurs that had
flourished went extinct
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along the African Rift Valley explosive
volcanic activity continued and peculiar
magma containing abundant radioactive
elements erupted old world monkeys a new
clade of primates appeared there they're
thought to be our remote ancestors
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about 4.5 billion years have passed
since the birth of the earth
large fluctuations in terrestrial
environments have occurred repeatedly a
never-ending cycle of life and death
finally human beings appeared this was
the onset of the humans Oh Akhil
humans have a unique set of genetic
regions called human accelerated regions
or har s and these regions differentiate
humans from other animals humans
developed enlarged brains that enable
them to gain language capabilities they
also gained the abilities to think to be
conscious to remember and to imagine
the brain volume of human beings has
discontinuously increased in three
stages the growth of brain volume seems
to be synchronized with large-scale
volcanic eruptions this indicates that
the increase in brain volume is caused
by stem evolution driven by hi our magma
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about 1 million two hundred thousand
years ago humans started moving out of
the African continent the last common
female ancestor who left the African
continent 200,000 years ago is called
mitochondrial Eve descendants of
mitochondrial Eve entered North America
and Central America fifteen thousand
years ago
ten thousand years ago further
descendents reached the southern tip of
South America they had spread all over
the world since then an epical advance
of human civilization has taken place
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humans invented agriculture and
livestock production with these methods
a stable food supply became possible
human populations increased rapidly
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various occupational specializations
arose people began to barter and trade
to enable effective bartering cities
formed
with time small cities developed into
small city states with currencies
economies laws courts and police finally
the four great civilizations of the
world appeared along large rivers where
food productivity is higher than in
other regions conflicts in fighting over
territory occurred between civilizations
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to avoid fighting religions spread to
replace governance by royal families
entrenched through inheritance with time
national leaders came to be elected by
voters modern democratic nations
appeared democracy is a social form that
grants freedom equality and basic human
rights the Industrial Revolution began
in Great Britain after the Principia by
Isaac Newton was published
new technologies established or applied
based on scientific knowledge
dramatically changed human society the
invention of the steam locomotive
enabled transportation of goods by
railway the invention of cars and
airplanes enabled us to travel long
distances easily
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human society entered the age of
never-before-seen abundance
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however war occurred incessantly
sometimes irreversible tragedy was
caused by the misapplication of
scientific knowledge
the information revolution arose
following the invention of computers it
enabled human beings to explore the
universe as was symbolized by the Apollo
program and the invention of the
internet led to a new era in which
people across the world can connect with
each other in an instant
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out of contrition over past Wars the
birth of a unified world nation is
coming to be realized in 1993 the EU was
formed as a unified state in Europe
where Wars had recurred most frequently
in other areas similar Federation's have
been emerging bringing us closer to the
birth of a unified world nation
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within the scope of Earth's history the
human azoic era is very short however it
is humans entire history unfolding
within the context of the Earth's
history
biologically human beings are just one
species of animal
however we are essentially different
from other animals because of our
evolved brains
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what else lies ahead for human beings
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you
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human activities have been dependent on
fossil fuel fossil fuel was produced and
accumulated through Earth's history over
billions of years we are now using up
these fuels at a furious pace the amount
of fossil fuel remaining is expected to
decrease sharply after 2020
it was once assumed that fossil fuel
would one out by 2100 however due to the
shale gas revolution this depletion will
be delayed 100 years progress in medical
technology and the intake of nutritious
meals has caused explosive population
growth as a result serious food
shortages will occur around 2020 these
will mark the beginning of the era of 3
billion refugees however the world's
population is expected to decrease to 5
billion by 2100 after peaking at 10
billion in 2050 until 2050 the
increasing population will continue to
cause serious environmental
contamination numerous global challenges
will amplify the anxiety within human
societies what does the future of human
beings hold
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in the field of science innovative
technologies will be developed at an
accelerated pace humans will build a
space base on the moon to prepare for
exploration of our solar systems planets
artificially intelligent robots will be
involved in space exploration assisting
humans in their tasks in the near future
self-replicating robots will appear and
will evolve beyond humans limits
these artificial life-forms will
gradually travel out into the galaxy
moreover new technology enabling us to
go into different dimensions will be
developed humans must become able to
recognize the world beyond space and
time eventually the role of human beings
will be finished
that will be the end of the human is
Owen era
this scenario may be the inevitable
result of the strategy of life's
evolution because in the future the
earth will face more upheavals than ever
before in its history centering on Asia
all continents will gather to form the
supercontinent Amasia
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plants consume atmospheric co2 to fix
carbon in their bodies dead plants made
of fixed carbon are covered by sediment
this process plays a role in reducing
atmospheric co2 the appearance of the
supercontinent Amasia
will lead to an increase in the land
area that can fix carbon more plants on
a larger supercontinent reduce more
atmospheric co2 the amount of co2 will
decrease to one tenth of the present
level the c4 plants requiring higher
concentrations of co2 will go extinct as
a result other animals that rely on the
c4 plants for food will be affected
seawater has been decreasing for the
past six hundred million years as it has
been transported into the mantle in the
form of hydras minerals finally
mid-oceanic ridges form summits above
the seawater water cannot be taken into
the crust as a lubricant anymore and
plate tectonics is terminated
this is the fate of a cooling planet
volcanic activity along these subduction
zone stops upheaval of the mountains
stops the earth suffers severe
environmental changes due to erosion
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subducted cold plates do not go down to
the bottom of the mantle the outer core
is not cooled down anymore and the
geomagnetic field disappears
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Earth's atmosphere is removed by the
solar wind
at this point in time large
multicellular animals living in the
surface environment go extinct when the
ocean disappears animals that survived
in the ocean will also die
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finally all the Earth's life disappears
the heating up of the solar surface
increases the Earth's surface
temperature to 500 degrees Celsius the
earth becomes a Venus like planet
the andromeda galaxy collides with our
Milky Way galaxy because of this
collision the birth rate of stars
increases with time those stars undergo
supernova explosions intense galactic
cosmic rays rain on the earth
the expanding Sun will swallow the earth
this is the day when the planet Earth
that gave birth to life will disappear
from the universe
by that time the Earth's life will have
reached other galaxies as
self-replicating artificial life in a
different form