Newton’s Laws of Motion

LECTURE 1
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Newton’s Laws of Motion
LECTURE 1
In the Previous Chapter, we have studied Kinematics
i.e we discussed the motion of a particle
Displacement (s)
Velocity (v)
Acceleration (a)
 In this chapter we will understand the
Basic Concepts & Applications of
Newton’s Laws of Motion
In this chapter we will be dealing with the CAUSE OF MOTION ⇒ FORCE
Imagine a girl standing in a stationary bus which
suddenly starts moving.
Have you ever imagined why does the girl feels a
push in the backward direction ?
Imagine a car taking a
sudden Turn!

Have you ever imagined

why we feel a radially
outward force ?
Imagine sitting on a merry go round!

Have you ever imagined why we feel a

radially outward force?
 Imagine a moving car hitting a
wall

What happens to the car after

hitting the wall?

➔ Why does the driver tend to move forward during

collision?
➔ What would happen if the wall was replaced by a
big cushion?
Let us try to understand this and many other
phenomena similar to this as we move forward
in this chapter…
➔Change in the state of motion
➔In both the cases there is something which is
common & is responsible for
➔The answer to previous examples is FORCE
➔Now the question is what exactly is force ?
Force
Force is defined as a push or pull which tries to change or changes the
state of rest or of uniform motion of body.
Imagine a girl pushing a trolley

In this case the girl is trying to change

the state of rest of the trolley
If the block is pulled like this

In this case the pull is actually trying

to change the state of the block
Hence we say Force is being applied in both the cases
Types of Forces
Fundamental Forces of Nature
The various types of forces in nature can be grouped
in four categories

Types of force Cause of force Range

Gravitational Force Interaction between masses ∞
Electromagnetic Force Interaction between charges ∞
The various types of forces in nature can be grouped in four categories

Types of force Cause of force Range

Nuclear Force Interaction between protons 10–15 m
and neutrons (nucleons)
These forces will be discussed in
Weak Force
higher classes
It is the force responsible to keep the nucleons binded within the nucleus. It
is very short ranged force and can be experienced within 10–15 m
What is a System?
System
System is a body or combination of bodies which are being observed.

Man

Monkey
Horse
 ➔Imagine these 3 beings standing on the
Man
surface of earth.
➔We can assume any one of the body to be
our system

Monkey
Horse
Now the question is whether is this the only System?

Man

Monkey
Horse
What exactly is the system in the diagram?
 The answer is clear that it is just a
matter of choice i.e. what actually is
to be observed becomes our system

We can assume m1 to be our system , Or if required as per the question we

can assume m2 to be our system, Or m1 ,m2 , string , pulley, table & earth can
all combine to form a system.
Classification of Forces

Internal External
 If the force acting on a body/particle is
Internal
applied by some other body which is
included in the system, then such a force is
termed as Internal force.
FORCE
If the force acting on a body/particle is
External applied by some other body which is not a
part of the system & acts as an external
agent.

Note: However the application of the same will be discussed later in the
chapter.
 Ram Shyam

Imagine Ram and Shyam playing tug of war.

If we consider Ram, Shyam & string to be a
system, then the pulling force acting on
Ram due to Shyam (part of system).
Or the pulling force acting on Shyam due to
Ram (part of system).
Both are the examples of INTERNAL Force
 Ram Shyam

The other classification is we consider only

Ram to be our system
And the force experienced by Ram due to
Shyam is said to EXTERNAL FORCE.
Hence Shyam acts as an external agent.
Frame of Reference
or Frame of Reference
Inertial & Non-Inertial frame of reference

Any frame/observer which is either

stationary or moving with uniform
velocity is considered as inertial
frame of reference
Inertial & Non-Inertial frame of reference

Any frame/observer which is

accelerating with respect to an
inertial frame is called non-
inertial frame
 v

Consider a passenger inside a car moving with CONSTANT

VELOCITY. And a person standing on the ground is observing the
car.

As we know ground is frame of reference.

➔ Hence the Person standing on the ground is also Inertial Frame
of reference. Now as the car is moving with constant velocity.
➔ So car is Inertial Frame of reference.
➔ the driver of the car is observing from Inertial Frame of
reference.
 a

In this case, the car is Accelerating.

And a person standing on the ground is observing the car.

So, car is the NON-INERTIAL frame of reference. And so, the

person inside the car is observing from a NON-INERTIAL frame.

UNACCELERATED Observer ⇒ INERTIAL FRAME

ACCELERATED Observer ⇒ NON-INERTIAL FRAME
Newton’s First Law of Motion
Newton’s First Law of Motion

It states that a body continues to be in

state of rest or of uniform velocity
until and unless an external
unbalanced force is acted on the body.
Newton’s First Law of Motion
It states that a body continues to be in state of rest or of uniform velocity until
and unless an external unbalanced force is acted on the body.

rest Constant Velocity

Force as an agent which is the cause of change in state of rest or

motion of a body. So the first law gives “qualitative definition of force”
Place a coin on a paper sheet, on a glass.
Now if paper sheet is struck off

Just imagine what happens with coin

The coin at rest falls in to the cup.

This is Newton’s First Law of Motion
 Each and every body has a tendency to
resist its change in state of motion.

This property of the body is called INERTIA

Inertia of a body is directly proportional to its mass

Newton’s 1st law is also known as LAW OF INERTIA

A body at rest
tries to remain at
rest

A body moving
with uniform
velocity tries to
do so
Linear Momentum

v
 Linear Momentum
Linear momentum is defined as product of MASS and VELOCITY
Mathematically
P = mv

It is a vector quantity

Magnitude: Direction :
is along the
direction of velocity
P = mv

SI unit of linear momentum is

kg m/s
 Physical significance of Momentum

If we drop two bodies, one light and one

heavy, from the top of a tower
simultaneously
Obviously it is easier to catch the lighter one
than the heavier one. However both of them
have same velocity at bottom
 Basic Forces
Weight of the body

Normal force

Tension force
Weight Force
Weight
. of the body

It is a Gravitational force
Magnitude = mg
(m = mass of body, g = acceleration due to gravity)

It is experienced by any massive body due to Earth’s gravitational attraction

Direction is towards the centre of the earth or vertically downward
Mark the Force of Gravity m

m
Mark the Force of Gravity m

m
mg

mg

mg
m

each & every block experiences mg vertically downwards

mg
Normal Force

N
 Normal Force
It comes into action whenever 2 bodies come in contact with each other
Electromagnetic force
It is the interaction force between the charged particles of the two surfaces in
contact

MAGNITUDE
It is a self adjusting force & the magnitude is dependent on the situation
DIRECTION
It is always perpendicular to the common surface in contact with each other &
away from the body (pushing)
Mark the Normal Reaction

m
Illustration
Normal force on block due
N to surface. (Action force)

N
Normal force on surface
due to block. (Reaction force)
Illustration
Normal force on block due
to surface. (Action force)

Normal force on surface due to

block.(Reaction force)
Mark the Normal Reaction
Mark the Normal Reaction

Horizontal & Vertical plane applies Normal Force

on the rod perpendicular to contact surface.
Mark the Normal Reaction
Mark the Normal Reaction
Mark the Normal Reaction

NOTE:- For cylinder, disk , ring, sphere normal force will always pass through the
center of the structure.
Mark the Normal Reaction
Mark the Normal Reaction

NOTE:- For cylinder, disk , ring, sphere normal force will always pass through the
center of the structure.
Tension force
 Tension force

Tension force in string

It is an Electromagnetic force
This force comes into action, when the string is stretched/ taut.
It is the interaction force between the charged particles of a string.
It is always along the length of the string and is PULLING by nature.
 Tension force

Magnitude
Can take any value depending upon the question or strength of string.

Direction
Along the length of string and away from body
 Types of Strings
How many types of Strings are there ?

T T

Strings are of 2 types

Ideal string Non–Ideal string

 Ideal string Non–Ideal string

➔ String is assumed to be ➔ String has some appreciable

massless mass
➔ Tension throughout the ➔ Tension in the string is
length of string remains different at DIFFERENT
CONSTANT POINTS

NOTE:- The string is said to be INEXTENSIBLE (i.e length does not change)
Illustration
➔Block of mass m is attached with the IDEAL string. Now as
C the block experiences mg vertically downward
➔It basically stretches the string and tension force is
B generated. Now as the string is ideal (i.e massless), tension
force
A
➔Throughout the string will be the same
m
What is direction of tension force ?

Answer: It depends on what is being observed

Illustration
➔ If we observe block, as the block is pulling
the string down, hence tension at point A T
➔ on
However if upwards.
block is we observe string then tension A
is vertically downward at point A. M

➔ In similar fashion let us find the tension T

force at point C
NOTE:- Block of mass M is attached
with the IDEAL string. Tension Tension
at C at C
on the on the
string celing
 C

B
T
A

Tension at C Tension at C
on the string on the ceiling
Draw the Tension Forces

m
Draw the Tension Forces

T1
T2

m
Draw the Tension Forces

m
m
Draw the Tension Forces

m1

m2
➔Blocks of mass m1 & m2 are attached with the strings.
T1
➔Tension on block of mass m1 due to both the strings
will be along the string & away from the block.
T1
➔Tension on block of mass m2 will be along the string
& away from the block. m1

T2

T2

m2
 11th Grade
Monday
Tuesday
Wednesday

Subjects Timings
Physics 7 PM
Chemistry 8 PM
Mathematics 9 PM
 12th Grade
Friday
Saturday
Sunday

Subjects Timings
Physics 7 PM
Chemistry 8 PM
Mathematics 9 PM