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Wastewater Treatment by Phytoremediation Methods

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Wastewater Engineering: Types, Characteristics and Treatment Technologies
Available online at http://www.ijsrpub.com/books
©2014 IJSRPUB

Wastewater Engineering: Types, Characteristics and

Treatment Technologies

Chapter 7: Wastewater Treatment by

Phytoremediation Technologies

205
Wastewater Engineering: Types, Characteristics and Treatment Technologies
Available online at http://www.ijsrpub.com/books
©2014 IJSRPUB

Wastewater Treatment by Phytoremediation Methods

Hossein Farraji

School of Civil Engineering, Engineering Campus, University Sains Malaysia, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia
Email: hosseinfarraji@gmail.com

Abstract. Nowadays many technologies are using for treatment of environmental pollutions and phytoremediation as a green
technology is going on to convert to one of the main ecofriendly technologies which scientist using in their researches. Aquatic
media as a fundamental and critical part of human environment have main role in water resources and food chain. In this
chapter we present different aspect and types of phytoremediation in aquatic media purification from metallic elements.

Keywords: Wastewater, Treatment, Phytoremediation

1. INTRODUCTION plants (Ndimele and Ndimele, 2013). Two approaches

The anthropogenic emissions of metallic elements
globally ends up to wastewater and industrialization
caused a lot of environmental problems .Heavy metals
spectacular Zn, Cu, Ni and Cr are most common
contain of industrial wastewater (Sun and Shi, 1998).
For example recently report from China indicate that
anthropogenic emissions of cadmium to atmosphere
from 1990 to 2010 increased from 474 to 2186 ton
(Shao et al., 2013). Most Cd is emitted to the
atmosphere at the first stage and then precipitate on to
water and soil (Yamagata, 1979). Meanwhile
vulnerability of ground water as drinking water
sources, is higher than surface water (Landmeyer,
2012). levels of arsenic in groundwater sources is
higher in comparing with surface-water sources
(Bissen and Frimmel, 2003). On the other hands,
concentrate ions and accumulation of some pollutants
same as 137Cs in aquatic media are higher than
sediment or soils (Ashraf et al., 2013), so it shows
critical statue of decontamination of wastewater (Shao
et al., 2013).
2. PYTOREMEDIATION
Phytoremediation is vast, emerging term which has
been used in recent decades for a group of green
ecofriendly technologies that fundamentally based on
plants (aquatic, semiaquatic and terrestrial) and
related associated enzymes, microorganism and water
consumption, uptake, remove, retain, transform,
degrade or immobilize contamination (organic and/or
inorganic) with different origin, from soil, sediment
and aquatic media or atmosphere (Mueller et al., 1999,
Pivetz, 2001, Ghosh and Singh, 2005; Vishnoi and
Srivastava, 2007; Mulbry et al., 2008; Ridzuan et al.
2010, Dhir 2013). To sum it up, phytoremediation in
aquatic media is directly up take and accumulation of
contaminant from water media and assimilation by
have been presented in literatures about
phytoremediation, natural or continuous
phytoremediation and chemically enhanced
phytoremediation (Lombi et al., 2001; Alkorta et al.,
2004).
2.1. Continuous or natural phytoremediation
This type of phytoremediation fundamentally based
on using natural hyperaccumulator plants with not
only exceptional metal accumulation in shoots but
also extraordinary tolerance to metal toxicity in root
around media (Assunção et al., 2003; Prasad, 2004).
2.2. Chemically enhanced phytoremediation
Natural phytoremediation have following drawbacks
(Hem, 1970; Prasad, 2004; Yoonet al., 2006):
(a) Low biomass and slow growth in
hyperaccumulator plants; (b) Low translocation of
metals in hyperaccumulator plants; (c) Insolubility or
immobility of metallic elements in media; (d) Low up
taking element by roots.
A chemical enhancement for phytoremediation
helps to overcome these limitations. Chelating ligands
like as ethylene diamine tetra-acetic acid (EDTA), 1,
3-propylene-diaminetetra-aceticacid (PTDA), nitrilo-
tri-acetic acid (NTA), diethyl triamine penta-acetic
acid (DTPA), etc. Which are microbial poorly
degradable and present in µg/L concentration in
aquatic media (Knepper, 2003), reduce net shoot and
root biomass production (Römkens et al., 2002).
Several aspect of phytoremediation improved and
established based on mechanism of decontamination,
kind of pollutions, affected factors and media of
remediation (Stout and Nüsslein 2010; Dhir, 2013).
Table 1 is summarized typical kind of this green
technology and its process.

206
 Faraji
Wastewater Treatment by Phytoremediation Methods
Table1: Phytoremediation process (Dhir, 2013)
2.3. Advantages of aquatic phytoremediation
These green technologies as an ecofriendly present
many advantages for decontamination of aquatic
polluted media comparing other treatment systems
(Ximénez-Embún et al., 2001; Bissen and Frimmel
2003; Ghosh and Singh, 2005; Kirkham, 2006; Verma
et al., 2007; Olguín and Sánchez-Galván, 2010;
Landmeyer, 2012; Wang and Calderon, 2012; Delmail
et al., 2013).
(a) Greatly cost effective; (b)
Environmentally Compatible, green aesthetically; (c)
Feasible globally technology (no need to high-tech
equipment or material); (d) Easy maintenance (supply
and energy) solar powered; (e) In situ and ex situ
operation available; (f) Inhibiting deployment of
contamination to atmosphere or soil by in situ
operation; (g) Suitable for shallow depth contaminated
water to hydrologic control of ground water; (h)
Periodic treatment against continued treatments; (i)
Different types of many contaminations can be treated
in one time; (j) Produce biomass for renewable energy
production; (k) Rapid mass propagation by tissue
culture available; (l) Almost treatable for all kind of
contaminations (organic, inorganic and radionuclides);
(m) Operable approximately in all media (aquatic,
sediment, soil and atmosphere); (n) Broad acceptable
pH (2-10) for treatment; (o) Chelating molecules
positively affected phytoremediation;
2.4. Disadvantages of aquatic phytoremediation
Same as each technology, phytoremediation suffer
from disadvantages which should considered through
applying (Mojiri et al. 2013; Assunção et al., 2003,
207
Alkorta et al., 2004; Ghosh and Singh, 2005; Shiyab
et al., 2009; Delmail et al., 2013, Kumar et al., 2013;
Nan et al., 2013).
(a) Harvested biomass contains hazardous
pollution; (b) Long time need for effective treatment;
(c) Deep polluted media are limited treating; (d)
Limited to climate growth condition (tropical,
subtropical and tempered zoon); (e) Restricted to low
concentration of polluted site; (f) Harvested biomass
managing required; (g) Limited hyperaccumulator
species introduced for aquatic media; (h) Leaves fall
may cause spread contaminant; (i) Most of
hyperaccumulator plants have limited roots and slow
growing; (j) Most of hyperaccumulator species up
take only limited elements; (k) Many of
hyperaccumulators propagation system is sexual; (l)
Recycling to soil and water by rain in volatilized
pollutions; (m) Possibility of entering contaminated
biomass to animal and human food chain
2.5. Phytovolatilization
This kind of phytoremediation involves the utilization
of plants to take up pollutions from contaminated
media, transforming them into volatile form and
finally transpiring them into the air.
phytovolatilization normally occurs in plants for up
taking water, organic and inorganic compounds so
some of contamination can pass through the plant
parts to the leaves and at low concentration ,volatilize
into the atmosphere (Mueller et al., 1999) In a
nutshell, the use of plant species for volatilize
contaminants from the leaves which can use for soil
and sediment pollutions (Mueller et al., 1999) air
contaminations (Burken and Schnoor, 1999) and water
 Wastewater Engineering: Types, Characteristics and Treatment Technologies
Chapter 7: Wastewater Treatment by Phytoremediation Technologies
pollution (Baeder-Bederski-Anteda, 2003). The
phytovolatilization radionuclides such as Tritium(3H)
from soil (Dushenkov, 2003),significantly up taking
selenium compounds contain dimethyldiselenide and
dimethylselenide by Brassica species (Bañuelos et al.,
2000) are some sample studies on phytovolatilization.
Disadvantages of mercury phytovolatilization is
recycling by rain and a residue back into the
ecosystem (Alkorta et al., 2004).
2.6. Phytodegradation
Phyodegradation or phytotransformation refers to two
kind of plant reactions it is independent on
rhizospheric microorganisms (Vishnoi and Srivastava,
2007) contain phytoreduction which is the reductive
transformation of oxidized organic compounds by
reducing plant enzymes and phytooxidation which is
the oxidative transformation reactions catalyzed by
plant oxidizing enzymes (Nzengung and Jeffers,
2001).Plant enzymes contain five various
nitroreductaces (Schnoor et al., 1995), dehalogenase
and oxygenase (Vishnoi and Srivastava, 2007)
degrade organic compounds. The main
phytodegradation process for organic contamination in
plants are, uptake, translocation and metabolism
(Dzantor et al., 2002).Taken up of most of Polycyclic
aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)is hard for plants and
less suitable for phytodegradation (Reichenauer and
Germida, 2008). Some of the main organic compound
that successfully degraded by plant species are
hexachloroethane (HCA),
dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) (Nzengung
and Jeffers, 2001) and carbon tetrachloride (Wang et
al., 2004). Inorganics compounds like as sulfur oxides
and atmospheric nitrogen oxides can be taken up by
plants for degradation. Genetically modified plant
species also had been used for phytodegradation (Doty
et al., 2000).
2.7. Rhizodegradation
Rhizodegradation is breakdown organic
compounds(fuels and solvents) to plants nutrients in
rhizospher trough microbial (fungi, yeast , bacteria
and other microorganisms )activity which is very
slower than phytodegradation process and also called
phytostimulation (Hutchinson et al., 2003; Ghosh and
Singh, 2005; Ridzuan et al., 2010).This technology
widely applied in treatment of soils so that in
Germany there are more than 100 years background
for rhizoremediation (Wand et al., 2002). Generally,
plant exudates same as carboxylic , amino acids and
carbohydrates are capable to stimulate entire
rhizosphere microbial action and enhance
rhizodegradation proceeding (Dzantor, 2007) Some of
208
plants which applied for Rhizodegradation are
Hibiscus cannabinus for used lubricating oil (Abioye
et al., 2012), Sorghum bicolor L. for crude oil (Banks
et al., 2003), Broadleaf plantain plant (Plantago
major L.) for Imidacloprid (insecticide) in water and
soil (Romeh, 2009), willow (Salix babylonica)used for
perchlorate in soil and water (Mwegoha et al.
2007).Some treatments used for enhancing
rhizodegradation like as supplying organic carbon
(Yifru and Nzengung, 2008),chicken manure
(Mwegoha et al., 2007) and organic waste treatment
(Dadrasnia and Agamuthu, 2013).
2.8. Phytomining
Phytomining or bio-ore is a green technology which
could generate revenue from saleable metallic
elements that accumulated in ash of plants biomass
(Ghosh and Singh, 2005). Mining of nickele has been
already a patented technology (Chaney et al., 1998).
Normally phytomining occurs in situ at the
contaminated mine lands or sub-economical ore
(Anderson et al., 1998). Phytoextraction or
bioextraction of metals for commercial gain contain
cropping, harvesting, drying and ashing are main
process of phytomining (Sheoran et al., 2009). Cattails
(Typha latifolia) used for absorbing boron (B) from
the effluent of biggest borax mine of the world and
250mgkg-1 boron absorbed in constructed wetland
system (Türker et al., 2013).
2.9. Phytostabilization
This technology applied for decreasing bioavailability
of contamination from environment and stabilizing of
pollutants occurs more than removing
them(commonly metallic elements) by plants
(hydraulic control) ? (Padmavathiamma and Li, 2007).
Enhancing appropriate soil modification by plants
,caused to decreasing bioavailability of metallic
elements on the other hands plant cover decreased
leaching and enhance environmental protection
(Houben et al., 2011).Plants can help to stabilize
pollutants with up taking in adsorption system or
accumulate them in root system (Vangronsveld et al.,
2009). Plant selection for phytostabilizing is a critical
issue and perennial species, well local
environmentally adapted ,high biomass production
and high resistance to pollution recommended (Pilon-
Smits, 2005). Since there is no natural
hyperaccumulator phytoremediator for mercury
controlling this toxic metallic element is critical so
Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.) reported as a
suitable plant species for stabilization of mercury in
soil and wastewater (Shiyab, Chen et al. 2009).
Aquatic plant Hydrilla verticillata reported as
 Faraji
Wastewater Treatment by Phytoremediation Methods
potential species for phytostabilization of wastewater,
in this plant has high translocation factor (TF) and low
bio concentration factor (BCF) for toxic metals
(Pb,Cr) (Ahmad et al., 2011). Rapeseeds (Brassica
napus), sunflowers (Helianthus annuus), tomatoes
(Solanum lycopersicum) and soapworts (Saponaria
officinalis) reported as capable plants for
phytostabilization with less than one bioaccumulation
coefficients obtained in all of these plants (Sung et al.,
2011). Major metallic element removal in plant
species phragmites (Phragmites australis), Typha spp,
Juncus spp, Spartina spp and Scirpus spp from
different wastewater contaminated area are
phytoextraction and phytostabilization (Bhatia and
Goyal, 2013).
2.10. Phytofiltration
Phytofiltration or rhyzofiltration is a green technology
for removing contaminations by plants roots in aquatic
media like as ground water, most of wastewaters and
extracted ground water (Pivetz, 2001; Mukhopadhyay
and Maiti, 2010). Terrestrial, aquatic and wetland
plants are suitable material for phytofiltration and
constructed wetlands are the best method for
removing metallic elements from wastewater (Cheng
et al., 2002). Limnocharis flava (L.) reported as
suitable plant species for phytofiltration of low
concentration Cd contaminated water (Abhilash et al.
2009) Wolffia globosa is a suitable nominated for
arsenic metabolism studying via phytofiltration
(Zhang et al. 2009).For effective accumulation of
cadmium and hyperaccumulation of arsenic,
micranthemum umbrosum introduced as suitable
macrophyte (Islam et al., 2013). Indian mustard
(Brassica juncea (L.) Czern) could uptake 95%
mercury from contaminated water via phytofiltration
(Moreno et al., 2008). Aquatic plants, Pteris
creticacvMayii (Moonlight fern) and Pteris.vittata
(Chinese brake fern) as arsenic hyperaccumulator
plants, used via phytofiltration (Alkorta et al., 2004;
Tu et al. 2004; Baldwin and Butcher, 2007). The
mechanism of phytofiltration is similar to
phytoextraction containe 1) chemisorption 2)
complexation 3) ion exchange 4)micro precipitation
5)hydroxide condensation 6) surface adsorption
(Cheng et al., 2002; Gardea-Torresdey et al., 2004).
Plant specification in phytofiltration should be 1)
tolerance to high level of metallic elements 2) facile
handling 3) high root biomass or surface area 4)
reasonable maintenance cost 5) least secondary waste
requirement (Dushenkov, 2003).
209
2.11. Phycoremediation
Phycoremediation is using macro and micro algae for
bio transforming or removing pollutions from
wastewater furthermore CO2 as air pollution from
waste air (Mulbry et al., 2008; Rawat et al., 2011).
Algae is a suitable plant for decontamination of
metallic elements, xenobiotic, nutrients in various
wastewater and consume of carbon dioxide from
exhausts ( gu , 2003). Micro algae is a capable
plant for treatment of various type of wastewater such
as industrial wastewater ,domestic wastewater and
solid wastes both aerobically and anaerobically
(Safonova et al., 2004). For this technology ,oldest
scientific research carried out in half century ago
(Oswald and Gotaas, 1957). In a pilot study on
chrome sludge, phycoremediation with Desmococcus
olivaceus could effectively decrease nitrate,
phosphate, ammonia, TDS ,TSS and chrome
(Sivasubramanian et al., 2010). Fresh water blue green
algae used successfully for treatment of dairy manure
effluent(Mulbry et al., 2008). Sewage water treated by
different algae and Chlorella vulgaris could remove
almost all of contaminations and after treating process
it can be thrown in water bodies 1n 2013.
2.12. Phytoextraction
Phytoextraction /phytoaccumulation (Khan et al.,
2000) can be considered as suitable green technology
for removing metallic elements from aquatic media
(Wang et al., 2008). This kind of remediation used for
accumulation of Zinc by duckwood (Lemna gibba)
(Khellaf and Zerdaoui, 2009), Cadmium by water
spinach (Ipomea aquatic) (Wang et al., 2008),
Chromium with small pondweed (Potamogeton
pusillus) in presence of Cu2+ (Monferrán et al., 2012).
recently reported study carried out for accumulation of
Pb by Ceratophyllum demersum and Myriophyllum
spicatum and finally introduced as phytoremediator
and bioindicator of Pb. (El-Khatib et al., 2014) Water
hyacinth (Eichhornia Crassipes) used for removing
heavy metals from coastal water (Agunbiade et al.,
2009), Crude oil from artificial wastewater amended
by urea fertilizer (Ndimele and Ndimele 2013) and
palm oil mill effluent treatment (Christwardana and
Soetrisnanto, 2013). Furthermore, heavy metals from
industrial wastewater have been removed by vetiver
(Chrysopogan zizanioides) (Roongtanakiat, 2009).
3. HEAVY METAL
Generally speaking, heavy metals which nowadays
known as metallic elements (Mbengue et al., 2014),
confined as element with density higher than 4.5- 5
mg mL-1 /kg dm -3 (Sarkar, 2002)but the collective
 Wastewater Engineering: Types, Characteristics and Treatment Technologies
Chapter 7: Wastewater Treatment by Phytoremediation Technologies

term includes arsenic(As), cadmium(Cd), lead(Pb),

Mercury (Hg), nickel(Ni), chromium (Cr), zinc (Zn),
copper (Cu), aluminum (Al), cesium (Cs), Ferrum
(Fe), manganese (Mn), molybdenum (Mo), radium
(Ra), uranium (U), strontium (Sr), platinum (Pt),
palladium (Pd), beryllium (Be) (McIntyre 2003)
Metallic elements are persistent and non-
biodegradable (Mahmood et al., 2010) .cooperation of
several disciplines engineering such as environmental,
civil, and chemical is fundamental requirement for
remediation of heavy metals (Bradl, 2005).
3.1. Metal removal rate
The rate of metallic elements removal from polluted
wetland depended on plant spices, climacteric
condition, statue of substrates, type of element
(Hg>Mn>Cd=Fe>Cr=Pb>Cu=Zn>Al>Ni>As), their
ionic forms (Marchand et al., 2010). Remediation
habit of plants species hyperaccumulator>
acuumulator> indicator> excluder (Figure 1) (Bradl,
2005).PH less than 5 is harmful for plants meanwhile
there is a report for a plant species (Lupinus) that can
growth in pH<2 and uptake 98% metallic elements
(Ximénez-Embún et al., 2001).Results of five aquatic
species indicated that all aluminum uptake increased
in low pH (Gallon et al., 2004).
3.2. Indexs of phytoremediation
There are some index that helps to calculate efficiency
of phytoremediation and assessment of plant ability in
up taking and translocation or mobilization (Kisku et
al., 2000) of metallic elements. these index use for
collecting hyperaccumulator plant species (McGrath
and Zhao, 2003).
3.2.1. Bioconcentration factor (BF)
The ratio of concentration of metallic elements in
plants tissue (roots, shoots) to that in contaminated
site (Tu et al., 2002),it also termed as bio
concentration factor (BCF) (Marchiol et al., 2004).
3.2.2. Enrichment Coefficient (EC)
It termed as degree of metallic elements accumulation
in plants (shoot, roots) to concentration of metallic
elements at contaminated site (Kisku et al., 2000). It
also termed as biological accumulation coefficient
(BAC).
3.2.3. Translocation (mobilization) factor (TF)
This factor calculated to determine the translocation of
metallic elements from the root of plant to shoot
(McGrath and Zhao, 2003).
where; TF in hyperaccumulator species is more than
one
3.2.4. Relative treatment efficiency index (RTEI)
Introduced by (Marchand et al., 2010)which is based
on comparing control treatment metal removal with
influent metal concentration and effluent treatment
metal removal ,meanwhile previous index are suitable
now (Kumar et al., 2013).

Fig. 1: Relative uptake and biological accumulation potential in plant species (Bradl, 2005)

210
 Faraji
Wastewater Treatment by Phytoremediation Methods
4. HYPERACCUMULATORH
Hyperaccumulator used as first time in 1948 by Italian
scientist (Fingerman and Nagabhushanam, 2005). The
plant spices which accumulate heavy metals more
than 1% dry weight, named hyperaccumulator
(Zavoda et al., 2001). Most common aquatic
hyperaccumulators are Spirodelta polyrhiza,
Eichhornia crassipes and Elodeu nuttali (Dhir et al.,
2009), meanwhile Marchand reported there is no
aquatic hyperaccumulator plant species(Marchand et
al., 2010). Tow pictures of native natural terrestrial
hyperaccumulator plants(Figure 2 and Figure 3)
collected in China and Malaysia(Xue et al. 2004; van
der Ent et al., 2013) .Effective phytoremediation
highly correlated to suitable plant selection
(Manousaki, Kadukova et al., 2008).High biomass
,deep and/or wide roots, easy harvesting easily
provide renewable energy and resistance to high
concentration of pollutant are common characters of
phytoremediators (Ghosh and Singh, 2005).
Collecting plants from high polluted area is scientist
preferred method for finding metallic elements
hyperaccumulators (Gleba et al., 1999).Through the
all plant species only 400 species (Brooks, 1998) or
500 species (Ma et al., 2001)reported as
hyperaccumulators. Heavy metals hyperaccumulators
belong to approximately 500 tax of angiosperm (less
than 0.2%) (Krämer, 2010). Recently study in China
introduced three aquatic hyperaccumulator species
for heavy metals Najas marina for arsenic (As) and
cadmium (Cd), Vallisneria natans for lead (Pb) and
Ceratophyllum demersum for cobalt (Co), chromium
(Cr) and ferrum (Fe) plant species selection for this
study carried out from native nominated plants from
Fig. 2: Nickel hyperaccumulator ultramafic area
Malaysia and the Philippine (van der Ent et al., 2013)
211
studying site (Xing et al., 2013).Some of recently
carried out studies are listed in Table 2, and a number
of old researches added because of their importance.
5. FUTURE STUDIES
Micro propagation is the best way for mass production
of some aquatic machrophyte, since produce a lot of
unique genetically plants in short time for analytical
data collection (Kan et al. 1990),which may use for
phytoremediation of contamination particular metallic
elements, first report in this area reported by (Delmail
et al., 2013), There is no reports on natural Mercury
phytoremediator plants(Shiyab et al., 2009)and high
toxicity of this element for human (Harris et al.
2003)presents a critical circumstance for introducing
suitable candidate for phytoremediation of Mercury.
A genetically studying is trying to make Hg
hyperaccumulator by the Meagher laboratory
(Fingerman and Nagabhushanam, 2005).Nowadays
researches on different concentration of heavy metals
in sediments, soil and water, in unique case study also
(Falinski et al. 2014), introducing suitable spectacular
plant species for water, soil and sediment
phytoremediation(Nan, et al., 2013) and using
different enhancers like as microbial and Zeolite in
phytoremediation process(Karimzadeh et al., 2012) is
leading researches toward using constructed wetland
(CW) as a complete ecological system for treating
wastewater spectacular for continues
phytoremediation in practical treatment for example
removing metals from road runoff (Borne et al.
2014),electric industry wastewater (Yang et al., 2013)
fresh oilfield produced water (Alley et al., 2013).
Fig. 3: Phytolacca acinosa Roxb.
Growing at Xiangtan manganese tailing ,China (Xue
et al., 2004)
 Wastewater Engineering: Types, Characteristics and Treatment Technologies
Chapter 7: Wastewater Treatment by Phytoremediation Technologies

Table 2: Summary of recent studies on aquatic hyperaccumulation

Plant species Metallic Results Media Reference
elements
Salvinia Minima(fern) Pb2+ Phytochelatins cope with Artificially polluted (Sánchez-Galván et al.,
pb2+ as one of mechanism water 2008)
Chara Australis (algae) Cd Chara is not a Sediment (Clabeaux et al., 2011)
hyperaccumulator
Talinum Triangular Cu, Pb, Ni, Stem cuttings are new Cu Hydroponic system (Rajkumar et al., 2009)
Cd hyperaccumulator
Cyperus rotundus L. Heavy New Sn Soil and water media. (Ashraf et al., 2011)
metals Hyperaccumulator
Pteris vittata L. As In pH:5.21 fern is hydroponic (Tu et al., 2004)
hyperaccumilator experiment
Nasturtium officials As These are not Sediment soil (Falinski et al., 2014)
diplazium Esculentum Hyperaccumulator water
Eichhornia crassipes Heavy Pb,Zn,Cr,Cu and Ni Artificially polluted (Mahmood et al., 2010)
(Ash) metals Hyperaccumulator water
pistia stratiotens Cd Cd hyperaccumulator surface waters (Das et al., 2013)
Lemna minor Hg Phytoremediator Natural lake water (Isaksson et al., 2007)
Ceratophyllum demersum Pb, Cr 2 Effective Artificially (Abdallah, 2012)
Lemna gibba phytoremediators contaminated water
Eleacharis acicularis Heavy Pb hyperaccumulators abandoned mining and (Ha et al., 2009)
metals sediment
Salvinia minima (fern) Pb2+ Accumulation of Pb artificially (Estrella-Gómez et al., 2012)
increased Glutathiane contaminated
synthase water
Echonrnnia crassipes Fe, Mn, Suitable electric industries (Sahu et al., 2007)
Spirodela polyrhiza Cu, Cd, Bioindicators or waste water
Pb, Cr bioaccumulator
Eichhornia crassipes Fe,Zn,Cu, 3 Suitable artificially (Mishra and Tripathi, 2008)
Spirodela polyrrhiza Cr,Cd phytoremediators contaminated
pistia stratiotens water
Myriophyllum Cd,Cu Hyperaccumulator aquatic media (Delmail et al., 2013)
aterniflorum
1-Najas marina Heavy 1-As and Cd 24 eutrophic lakes (Xing et al., 2013)
2-Ceratophyllum metals hyperaccumulator
demersum 2- Co,Cr and Fe
3-Vallisneria natanas hyperaccumulator
3-Pb hyperaccumulator
Alternantbera philoxeroids heavy Zn and Cd local river (Nan et al., 2013)
metals hyperaccumulator
Myriophyllum vercillatum Pb,Cu,Cd May be hyperaccumulator hydroponic system (Ucer et al., 2013)
and Zn for Pb2+
Pistia stratiotes L. heavy Cr,Cu,Fe,Mn,Ni,Pb, and Surface water (Pant and Singh, 2013)
metals Zn hyperaccumulator
Eichhorna crassipes Cd,Ni The roots are effective in Artificially (Elfeky et al., 2013)
absorbing most of Cd and contaminated water
Ni
Potamogeton natans Cu,Zn,Pb These plants are the most Storm water (Fritioff and Greger, 2003)
Alismaplantago aquatica efficient plant for up taking
Filipendula ulmaria heavy metals
137
Catharanthus roseus Cs Ideal hyperaccumulator Artificially (Eapen et al., 2009)
90
Sr For radionuclides contaminated water
Chrysopagann zizanioides Mn, Harvested plant safely can Industrial wastewater (Roongtanakiat, 2009)
Fe,Cu,Zn, use for compost or
Pb handicrafts
Leersiahexandra Cr Hyperaccumulator electroplating factory (Zhang et al., 2007)
wastewater
Callitriche cophocarpa Cr Suitable bioaccumulator Artificially (Augustynowicz et al., 2013)
contaminated water
Eichhorna crassipes Zn,Cu,Pb, Three native aquatic plants Sediment and water (Kumar et al., 2008)
Ipomea aquatic Ni, Co,Cd are suitable species for Gujarat wetland
Typha angustata phytoremediation
Lemna minor Pb Suitable phytoremediator Artificially (Bianconi et al., 2013)
in low concentration contaminated water

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Wastewater Treatment by Phytoremediation Methods
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