Highway Engineering PDF

LABORATORY MANUAL
ON
HIGHWAY ENGINEERING
PREPARED BY
M.L. RATHORE
LAB ENGINEER
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
JAYPEE UNIVERSITY OF
ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
A.B. ROAD RAGHOGARH-GUNA (M.P.)-473226 (INDIA)
Prepared By: M.L. Rathore (Lab Engineer), Civil Engg Dept, JUET Guna (M.P.): 0
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, JUET
HIGHWAY ENGINEERING LABORATORY
(COURSE CODE - 14B17CE572)
CONTENTS
EXP. NO. NAME OF EXPERIMENTS TO BE PERFORMED PAGE NO
-- Report writing 2–3

1. Los Angeles Abrasion Test 4–6
2. Aggregate Impact Test 7–9
3. Aggregate Crushing Value Test 10 – 12
4. Flakiness and Elongation Index (Shape Test) 13 – 16
5. Flash and fire point test of bitumen 17 – 19
6. Ductility Test of bitumen 20 – 22
7. Bitumen Penetration Test 23 – 25
8. Softening Point Test of Bitumen 26 – 28
9. Bitumen content test by centrifuge extractor 29 – 30
10. Marshall Stability Test 31 – 38
11. Benkelman Beam Test 39 – 43
ADDITIONAL / DEMONSTRATION TYPE EXPERIMENTS
12. Viscosity of tar/bitumen 44 – 45

13. Specific gravity of tar/bitumen 46 – 47
14. Stripping value of road aggregate 48 – 49
15. Soundness of road aggregates 50 – 52
--- References 53
INSTRUCTIONS FOR LABORATORY REPORT WRITING
A full report is an extensive account of experiment, such as may be required for external
readers. It should be a stand alone document and so is likely to include a description of
the apparatus and a summery of the experimental procedure.
A full report is not to exceed 1500 words (excluding Tables and Diagrams). It is to be
organized under the following headings:
OBJECTIVE/OBJECTIVES
EXPERIMENTAL SETUP WITH DIAGRAM
THEORY TO BE USED FOR EXPERIMENT
EXPERIMENTAL METHOD
OBSERVATIONS/DATA COLLECTED
SAMPLE CALCULATIONS
EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
DISCUSSION/CONCLUSIONS (Including that of errors)
ERROR ANALYSIS
COMMENTS
OBJECTIVES
It contains the aim of the experiment and how the author is going to achieve his aim.
EXPERIMENTAL SETUP WITH DIAGRAM
Write every experimental setup and instruments you used with their dimensions. Draw
a neat sketch of experimental setup.
EXPERIMENTAL METHOD
It should contain a brief description of experimental method, a neat sketch of

experimental setup.
THEORY TO BE USED FOR EXPERIMENT
Write theory behind your experiment briefly.
OBSERVATIONS/DATA COLLECTED
Write down all data collected by you and also attached the signed lab data sheet.
SAMPLE CALCULATIONS
Give the sample calculations.
EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
Represent experimental results in tabulated form and diagrams.
DISCUSSIONS/ CONCLUSIONS
Compare your results with available reported results from standard literature. Give the
reason of departure of your results from reported results.
The conclusions contains a summary (what has been done and what are the main
results) and in addition to that some future prospective.
NB: Failure to submit the report and attend the viva voce will result in a zero mark.
Experiment No-1
LOS ANGELES ABRASION TEST
Ref: - IS: 2386 (Part-IV)-1963
OBJECTIVE:
1. To determine the Los Angeles abrasion value of aggregates.

2. To find out the suitability of aggregates for its use in road construction.
APPARATUS/EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED:
1. It consists of a hollow cylindrical machine closed at both ends having 70 cm internal

diameter and 50 cm long, mounted on supports so that it may rotate about its horizontal
axis.
2. Steel spherical balls 48 mm in diameter and weighing 390 grams to 445 grams. The weight
and number of balls per charge of aggregate depends upon the grading of aggregate
sample.
3. Sieves of size 80 mm to 4.75 mm and 1.70 mm
4. Balance of capacity 10 kg.
5. Drying Oven
6. Steel Tray
SET OF SIEVES LOS ANGELES ABRASION TESTING MACHINE
THEORY:
The aggregate used in surface course of the highway pavements are subjected to wearing due to
movement of traffic. When vehicles move on the road, the soil particles present between the
pneumatic tyres and road surface cause abrasion of road aggregates. The steel reamed wheels of
animal driven vehicles also cause considerable abrasion of the road surface. Therefore, the road
aggregates should be hard enough to resist abrasion. Resistance to abrasion of aggregate is
determined in laboratory by Los Angeles test machine. The principle of Los Angeles abrasion test is
to produce abrasive action by use of standard steel balls which when mixed with aggregates and
rotated in a drum for specific number of revolutions also causes impact on aggregates. The
percentage wear of the aggregates due to rubbing with steel balls is determined and is known as
Los Angeles Abrasion Value.
PROCEDURE:
1. Aggregate sample weighing 5 kg (for Grade A, B, C & D) and 10 kg (for Grade E, F & G) is
put in the machine along with the abrasive charge as per given in table.
2. The machine is rotated at a speed of 30 to 33 R.P.M. for the specified number of
revolutions (500 for grade A, B, C, D and 1000 for E, F, G)
3. Now the sample is taken out of the machine and sieved through 1.7 mm I.S. Sieve and
the weight of aggregate passing through 1.7 mm sieve is determined.
Grading No. of spheres No of Revolutions Weight of sample (g) Wt. of charges (g)
A 12 500 5000 5000±25
B 11 500 5000 4584±25
C 8 500 5000 3330±20
D 6 500 5000 2500±15
E 12 1000 10000 5000±25
F 12 1000 10000 5000±25
G 12 1000 10000 5000±25
OBSERVATIONS & CALCULATIONS:
Type of aggregate
1. Grading =
2. Number of spheres used =
3. Weight of charge =
4. Number of revolution =
S. No Description Sample 1 Sample 2
1. Let the original weight of aggregate = W1 g

Weight of aggregate retained on 1.7 mm IS sieve
2.
after the test = W2 g
3. Loss in weight due to wear & tear = W1 - W2 g
4. Percentage wear =
W1  W2  100
W1
RESULT
Los Angeles Abrasion Value = …………………%
PRECAUTIONS:
1. The cover should be fixed tightly before rotating the machine

2. All material should be discharged from the cylinder after the conduct of test.
INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS
Los Angeles abrasion test is commonly used to evaluate the hardness of the aggregates. The
test has more acceptability because the resistance to abrasion and impact is determined
simultaneously. Depending upon the numerical; value, the suitability of aggregates for different
road constructions can be judged as per the Indian Road Congress specifications given below;
Sr. No Type of Pavement Layer Max Permissible

Abrasion Value in %
1 WBM Sub Base & Base Course 40
2 WBM Surfacing course 40
3 Dense Graded Bituminous Macadam (DBM) 35
4 Semi Dense Bituminous Concrete 35
5 Bituminous Concrete 30
6 Cement Concrete Surface Course 30
DISCUSSION:
Write the discussion/suitability of aggregate according to your result obtained.
Experiment No-2
AGGREGATE IMPACT TEST
IS: 2386 (Part IV) – 1963.
OBJECTIVE:
(i) To determine the impact value of the road aggregates.
(ii) To assess their suitability in road construction on the basis of impact value.
1. Impact testing machine weighing 45 to 60 kg and having a metal base plate with a plane
lower surface of not less than 30 cm in diameter.
2. A cylindrical steel cup of internal diameter 102 mm, depth 50 mm and minimum thickness
6.3 mm.
3. A metal hammer or tup weighing 13.5 to 14 kg the lower end is cylindrical in shape, is 50
mm long, 100.0 mm in diameter, with a 2 mm chamber at the lower edge and case
hardened. The hammer should slide freely between vertical guides and be concentric with
the cup. The free fall of the hammer should be within 380±5 mm.
4. A cylindrical metal measure having internal diameter 75 mm
and depth 50 mm for measuring aggregates.
5. Tamping rod 10 mm in diameter and 230 mm long, rounded at
one end.
6. Sieve 12.5, 10, and 2.36 mm.
7. Balance of capacity 500 g x 0.1 g
8. Oven (thermostatically)
IMPACT TESTING MACHINE
THEORY:
The property of a material to resist impact is known as toughness. Due to movement of

vehicles on the road the aggregates are subjected to impact resulting in their breaking down
into smaller pieces. The aggregates should therefore have sufficient toughness to resist their
disintegration due to impact. This characteristic is measured by impact value test. The
aggregate impact value is a measure of resistance to sudden impact or shock, which may
differ from its resistance to gradually applied compressive load.
In other words, Resistance of the aggregates to impact is termed as toughness. Aggregates used
in the pavement should be able to resist the effect caused by the jumping of the steel tyred
wheels from one particle to another at different levels causes severe impact on the aggregates.
PROCEDURE:
1. Oven dried aggregate specimen passing 12.5 mm sieve and retained on 10 mm sieve is
filled in measuring cup in three equal layers by 25 blows with the help of tamping rod
and weighed.
2. The sample is now transferred to the cup of the impact test apparatus and compacted
by tamping rod 25 times again in 3 equal layers.
3. Now the hammer is raised to a height of 38 (±0.5) cm above the surface of the
aggregate in the cup and is allowed to fall freely in the specimen. In this 15 blows are
given to the aggregate specimen at an interval of not less than one second between
successive falls.
4. Now the tested aggregate sample is sieved through 2.36 mm I.S. Sieve and the fraction
passing or retained through this sieve is weighed.
OBSERVATION & CALCULATIONS
S.No. Determinations 1 2
1. Weight of measuring cylinder, W1 gm
2. Weight of measuring cylinder + aggregates, W2 gm
3. Weight of aggregate sample filling the cylindrical measure, Wa = W2 - W1 gm
4. Weight of aggregate retained on 2.36 mm sieve after the test = W3 g
5. Weight of aggregate passing through 2.36 mm sieve after the test = Wa - W3 g
6. Wa  W3
Aggregate impact value = percent fines =  100
Wa
RESULT
Aggregate Impact Mean Value = …………………%
Aggregate impact value is used to classify the stones in respect of their toughness property as
indicated below;
S No Aggregate impact value Classification

1 < 10 % Exceptionally Strong
2 10 – 20 % Strong
3 20 – 30 % Satisfactory for road surfacing
4 >35 % Weak for road surfacing
The Indian Road Congress has recommended the following values for different types of road
construction.
S No Type of pavement Max. Permissible Aggregate Impact Value %

1 WBM Sub base/base course 30
2 WBM wearing course 30
3 Dense Bituminous Macadam & SDBC 27
4 Bituminous Concrete (BC) 24
DISCUSSION:
PRECAUTIONS
1. Place the plunger centrally so that it falls directly on the aggregate sample and does not
touch the walls of the cylinder in order o ensure that the entire load is transmitted on o
the aggregates.
2. In the operation of sieving the aggregates through 2.36 mm sieve the sum of weights of
fractions retained and passing the sieve should not differ from the original weight of the
specimen by more than 1 gm.
3. The tamping is to be done properly by gently dropping the tamping rod and not by
hammering action. Also the tamping should be uniform over the surface of the
aggregate taking care that the tamping rod does not frequently strike against the walls
of the mould.
Experiment No-3
AGGREGATE CRUSHING VALUE TEST
IS: 2386 (Part IV) – 1963.
OBJECTIVE:
1. To determine the crushing value of given road aggregates;

2. To assess suitability of aggregates for use in different types of road pavements.
1. Steel cylinder/test mould of 15.2 cm internal diameter with base plate and plunger. The
height of the cylinder may vary from 13 to 14 cm. The thickness of cylinder walls may be
1.6 cm.
2. Cylindrical measure of internal diameter 11.5 cm. and height 18 cm.
3. A straight steel/metal tamping rod 45 to 60 cm. long and 1.6 cm diameter having a
pointed/rounded end.
4. Compression testing machine capable of applying load of 40 tones, at a uniform rate of
loading of 4 tons per minute.
5. Balance of cap. 5.0 kg with accuracy up to 1 g
6. IS Sieves of 12.5 mm, 10 mm and 2.36 mm.
7. A Compression Testing Machine capable of applying load upto 40 tones at a uniform
rate of 4 tones per minute.
Compression Testing Machine-Cap 2000 kN

Steel Cylinder, Cylindrical Measure, Tamping Rod and Plunger
THEORY:
One of the model in which pavement material can fail is by crushing under compressive stress.
This test is used to determine the crushing strength of aggregates. The aggregate crushing value
provides a relative measure of resistance to crushing under gradually applied crushing load.
The principal mechanical properties required in road stones are (i) satisfactory resistance to
crushing under the roller during construction and (ii) adequate resistance to surface abrasion
under traffic. Also surface stresses under rigid tyre rims of heavily loaded and drawn vehicle are
high enough to consider the crushing strength of road aggregates as essential requirements in
India.
PROCEDURE:
1. Aggregate passing 12.5 mm I.S. sieve and retained on 10 mm sieve is taken and dried.
2. This aggregate filled in the cylindrical measure in three equal layers and each layer
tamped 25 times by the tamping rod.
3. Now the test sample is weighed and filled in the test cylinder in three equal layers and
tamped each layer 25 times. Let the weight of aggregate be W1 Kg.
4. Now the plunger is placed on the top of the test specimen and whole apparatus is put in
the compression testing machine.
5. Now the specimen is loaded to a total load of 40 tones at the rate of 4 tons per minute
i.e., the total load s reached in 10 minutes in the compression machine.
6. Now the test cylinder is removed from the compression machine and aggregate sieved
through 2.36 mm sieve. The material passed through the 2.36 mm sieve is weighed. Let
the weight be W2 Kg.
OBSERVATION & CALCULATIONS:
S. No. Details Trial No.

1 2
1. Empty weight of measuring cylinder, W1
2. Wt of measuring cylinder with aggregate, W2
3. Weight of aggregate sample filling the cylindrical measure = Wa =

W2 - W1 g
4. Weight of aggregate retained on 2.36 mm sieve after the test, W3 g
5. Weight of aggregate passing 2.36 mm sieve after the test , W4 =
W a - W3 g
6. W4
Aggregate crushing value (%fines) =  100
Wa
Average crushing value in %
RESULT:
Aggregate Crushing Value = …………………%
PRECAUTIONS:
1. The plunger should be placed centrally and rest directly on the aggregates. Care should
be taken that it does not touch the walls of the cylinder so as to ensure that the entire
load is transferred onto the aggregates.
2. In the operation of sieving the aggregates through 2.36 mm sieve and weighing care
should be taken to avoid loss of fines. The sum of weights of fractions retained and
passing the sieve should not differ from the original weight of the specimen by more
than 1 gm.
3. The tamping should be done properly by gently dropping the tamping rod and not by
hammering action. Also the tamping should be uniform over thy surface of the
aggregates taking care that the tamping rod does not frequently strike against the walls
of the mould.
INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS:
The suitability of aggregate is adjudged, dependent upon its proposed use in the pavement
layers. The table given below lays down specified limits of percent aggregate crushing value, for
different types of road construction.
S No Type of Pavement Max. permissible aggregate crushing value %
1 WBM Sub base/base course 40
2 WBM wearing course 30
3 DBM/BC/SDBC 30
4 Cement Concrete 30
DISCUSSION:
Experiment No-4
FLAKINESS & ELONGATION INDEX (SHAPE TEST) OF AGGREGATE
IS: 2386 (Part I) - 1963
OBJECTIVE:
1. To determine the flakiness index and,

2. To determine the elongation index of given aggregates sample.
3. To assess suitability of aggregates for use in different types of road pavements
INTRODUCTION:
The particle shape of aggregates is determined by the percentages of flaky and elongated
particle contained in it. In the case of gravel it is determined by its angularity number. For base
course and construction of bituminous and cement concrete types, the presence of flaky and
elongated particles are considered undesirable as they may cause inherent weakness with
possibilities of breaking down under heavy loads.
Rounded aggregates are preferred in cement concrete road construction as the work ability
concrete improves. Angular shapes of particles are desirable for granular base course due to
increase stability divided from the better interlocking. When the shape of aggregates deviates
more from the spherical shape, as in the case of angular, flaky and elongated aggregate, the
void content in aggregate of any specified size increases and hence the grain size distribution of
a graded aggregate has to be suitable altered in order to obtain minimum voids in the dry mix
of the highest dry density.
The angularity number denotes the void content of single sized aggregates in excess of that
obtained with spherical aggregates of the same size. Thus angularity number has considerable
importance in the gradation requirements of various types of mixes such as bituminous
concrete and soil-aggregate mixes.
The evaluation of shape of the particles, particularly with reference to flakiness, elongation an
angularity is necessary.
APPARATUS:
The apparatus consists of;
1. A standard Thickness & Length Gauge
2. I.S. Sieves of sizes 63, 50, 40, 31.5,25, 20, 16, 12.5, 10 and 6.3 mm.
3. A balance of cap 5 kg to weigh the samples.
LENGTH GAUGE
THICKNESS GAUGE SET OF SIEVES
THEORY:
The flakiness index of an aggregates is the percentage by weight of particles whose least
dimension (thickness) is less than three-fifths (0.6) of their mean dimension. The test is not
applicable to sizes smaller than 6.3 mm.
The elongation index of an aggregate is the percentage by weight of particles whose greatest
dimension (Length) is greater than 1.8 times of their mean dimension .The elongation index is
not applicable to sizes smaller than 6.3 mm
THICKNESS AND LENGTH GAUGES DIMENSIONS

(IS: 2386 (Part 1) -1963)
Size of Aggregate Thickness gauge (0.6 Length gauge (1.8

Passing Through Retained on IS times the mean sieve) times the mean sieve),
IS sieve mm sieve mm mm mm
63.0 mm 50 mm 33.90 ---
50.0 mm 40 mm 27.00 81.0
40.0 mm 25 mm 19.50 58.5
31.5 mm 25 mm 16.95 ---
25.0 mm 20 mm 13.50 40.5
20.0 mm 16 mm 10.80 32.4
16.0 mm 12.5mm 8.55 25.6
12.5 mm 10.0 mm 6.75 20.2
10.0 mm 6.3 mm 4.89 14.7
PROCEDURE:
Determination of Flakiness Index;

1. A sufficient quantity of aggregate is taken such that a minimum number of 200 pieces of
any fraction can be tested.
2. Each fraction is gauged in turn for thickness on the meal gauge.
3. The total amount passing in the gauge is weighed to an accuracy of 0.1 per cent of the
weight of the samples taken.
4. The flakiness index is taken as the total weight of the material passing the various
thickness gauges expressed as a percentage of the total weight of the sample taken.
Determination of elongation Index
1. This test is conducted by using metal length gauge of the description. A sufficient
quantity of aggregate is taken to provide minimum number of 200 pieces of any fraction
to be tested.
2. Each fraction shall be gauged individually for length on the metal gauge.
3. The total amount retained by the gauge length shall be weighed to an accuracy of at
least 0.1 per cent of the weight to the test samples taken.
4. The elongation index is the total eight of the material retained on the various length
gauges expressed as a percentage of the total weight of the sample gauged.
OBSERVATION SHEET
Size of aggregate Weight of the Thickness Weight of Length Weight of

Passing Retained fraction gauge aggregates in each gauge aggregates in each
through on IS consisting of at size fraction passing size fraction retained
is sieve, sieve, least 200 pieces, thickness gauge, on length gauge,
mm mm gm mm gm mm gm
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
63 50 W1 = 23.90 w1 = -- --
50 40 W2 = 27.00 w2 = 81.0 x1 =
40 25 W3 = 19.50 w3 = 58.5 x2 =
31.5 25 W4 = 16.95 w4 = -- --
25 20 W5 = 13.50 w5 = 40.5 x3 =
20 16 W6 = 10.80 w6 = 32.4 x4 =
16 12.5 W7 = 8.55 w7 = 25.6 x5 =
12.5 10.0 W8 = 6.75 w8 = 20.2 x6 =
10.0 6.3 W9 = 4.89 w9 = 14.7 x7 =
Total ∑W = ∑w = ∑x =
CALCULATIONS:
Flakiness Index =
w 1  w2  w 3  .........  w
 100   100 percent
W1  W2  W3  ....... W
Elongation Index =
x 1 
 x 2  x 3  ......... x
 100   100 percent
W1  W2  W3  ....... W
RESULT:
1. Flakiness Index = ………………………%

2. Elongation Index = …………………..%
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Use safety shoes, mask & aprons at the time of test.

2. Special care should be taken that no outer air enters when using the balance.
3. All parts of the equipment should always be kept clean.
4. After the end of the test sieve should be clean by smooth brush.
DISCUSSIONS:
The presence of elongated particles in excess of 10 to 15 per cent is generally considered

undesirable, but no recognized limits are laid down. Indian standard explain only the method of
calculating both flakiness index and elongation index. But the specifications do not specify the
limits. British standard BS 882 of 1992 limits the flakiness index of the coarse aggregate to 50
for natural gravel and to 40 for rushed coarse aggregate. However, for wearing surfaces lower
values of flakiness index are required.
Indian Road Congress (IRC: 111-2009), NRRDA (2007) and MORTH (2000) have recommended
the values of flakiness & elongation index as follows;
Maximum Permissible Value %

S No Type of Pavement
Flakiness Index Elongation Index
1 WBM Sub base course 30 30
2 WBM base course 25 25
3 WBM wearing course 20 20
4 DBM/BC/SDBC 35 35
5 Cement Concrete 25 15
Experiment No-5
FLASH AND FIRE POINT TEST OF BITUMEN
(Ref-IS: 1209 – 1978)
OBJECTIVE:
To determine the flash and fire point of given bitumen sample.
1. Pensky-Martens closed tester consists of cup, lid, stirring device, cover, shutter, flame,
exposure device etc.
2. Pensky-Martens open tester as above with the modification, that the cover of the cup is
replaced by a clip which encircles the upper rim of the cup and carries thermometer and
test flame.
3. Thermometer : 90 to 370oC, Graduation 2oC
4. Heater
Pensky-Martens Open Tester Pensky-Martens Closed Tester
THEORY:
This test is done to determine the flash point and the fire point of asphaltic bitumen and fluxed
native asphalt, cutback bitumen and blown type bitumen as per IS: 1209 – 1978. The principle
behind this test is given below:
Flash Point – The flash point of a material is the lowest temperature at which the application of
test flame causes the vapours from the material to momentarily catch fire in the form of a flash
under specified conditions of the test.
Fire Point – The fire point is the lowest temperature at which the application of test flame
causes the material to ignite and burn at least for 5 seconds under specified conditions of the
test.
PROCEDURE:
A) Flash Point
1. Soften the bitumen between 75 and 100oC. Stir it thoroughly to remove air bubbles and
water.
2. Fill the cup with the material to be tested upto the filling mark. Place it on the bath. Fix
the open clip. Insert the thermometer of high or low range as per requirement and also
the stirrer at a rate of approx 60 revolutions per minute, to stir it.
3. Light the test flame, adjust it. Supply heat at such a rate that the temperature increase,
recorded by the thermometer is neither less than 5oC nor more than 6oC per minute.
4. Open flash point is taken as that temperature when a flash first appears at any point on
the surface of the material in the cup.
5. Take care that the bluish halo that sometimes surrounds the test flame is not confused
with the true flash.
6. Discontinue the stirring during the application of the test flame.
7. Flash point should be taken as the temperature read on the thermometer at the time
the flash occurs.
B) Fire Point
1. After flash point, heating should be continued at such a rate that the increase in
temperature recorded by the thermometer is neither less than 5oC nor more than 6oC
per minute
2. The test flame should be lighted and adjusted so that it is of the size of a bead 4mm in
dia.
OBSERVATION
1. Bitumen grade /cutback type and grade: ………………………
2. Type of equipment: Closed cup/Open cup: ……………………
Rate of heating
Time in minutes 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Temperature, °C
Test property Test Number Mean value

1 2 3
1. Flash point
2. Fire point
3. Variations from mean value
RESULT
1. Flash Point = …………..°C

2. Fire Point = …………….°C
PREACAUTIONS:
1. The test flame should neither be larger than stipulated nor be applied more frequently
than specified as the surface layer may get super heated.
2. The bluish halo that sometimes surrounds the test flame should not be confused with
the true flash.
The determination of flash point is helpful in assessing the safe limits of heating the bitumen.
The heating temperature of bitumen should be limited well below the flash point. IS: 73-1992 &
2006 have recommended the value of flash point as follows;
Reference: - IS: 73-1992 Reference:- IS: 73-2006

Cleveland Open Cup, °C, Min Cleveland Open Cup, °C, Min
Requirements for Paving Bitumen Type-1 Requirements for P.B. Type-2 Requirements for Paving Bitumen
S-35 S-45 S-55 S-65 S-90 S-200 A-35 A-55 A-65 A-90 VG-10 VG-20 VG-30 VG-40
175 175 175 175 175 175 175 175 175 175 220 220 220 220
Experiment No-6
DUCTILITY TEST OF BITUMEN
(Ref:-IS: 1208 – 1978)
OBJECTIVE:
1. To measure the ductility value of bitumen.

2. To determine the suitability of bitumen for its use in road construction.
THEORY:
Ductility is a measure of elasticity of adhesiveness of bitumen. It is expressed as the distance in

centimeters to which a standard briquette of bitumen can be stretched before the thread
breaks. As per I.S. 1208-1958, the test should be conducted at 27±0.5° C and the pull should be
applied at the rate of 50±2.5 mm per minute. The minimum width of cross-section should be
10×10 mm.
APPARATUS /EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED:
The apparatus for the standard ductility test as per IS: 1208-1978 consists of the following;
1. Briquette mould of following dimensions

Total length = 75.0±0.5 mm
Distance between clips=30±0.3 mm
Width at mouth of clip = 20±0.2 mm
Width at min cross section = 10±0.1 mm
Thickness throughout = 10±0.1 mm
2. Pulling device with distance measuring dial.

3. Water bath arrangement.
4. Knife.
5. Heater.
6. Thermometer.
7. Glycerin.
Briquette Mould Ductility Test Apparatus
PROCEDURE:
1. The bitumen sample is heated at the temperature between 75 to 100 deg C to bring it in
fluid state.
2. In order to prevent the material under test from sticking, coat the surface of the plate
and interior surface of the sides of the mould with a mixture of glycerin and dextrin.
3. Pour the heated bitumen in the briquette assembly and placed on a brass plate.
4. The whole assembly including bitumen briquette along with brass plate is allowed to
cool in air for about 30 to 40 minutes.
5. The excess bitumen is cut and surface is leveled with the help of a hot knife.
6. The whole assembly now is kept in a water bath maintained at 27±0.5°C for about 85 to
95 minutes.
7. The side of the mould removed, the clips hooked on the machine and the pointer
adjusted to zero value or initial reading noted.
8. Now the clips are pulled apart horizontally at the rate of 50.0 ± 2.5 mm per min. and the
distance up to the point of breaking of thread is noted. This distance in centimeter gives
the value of ductility of bitumen.
9. The ductility of bitumen may vary from 5 to 100 for different bitumen grades, but for
satisfactory performance it should not be less than 50.
OBSERVATION:
1. Weight of sample (same for all samples) = ………………………………….

2. Test temperature (same for all samples) = ………………………………….
3. Grade of bitumen (same for all samples) =…………………………………..
4. Ductility in cm.
Sample No. Ductility in cm

1
2
3
RESULT
Avg. ductility value of the given bitumen sample = ………………………..cm
PRECAUTIONS:
1. The plate assembly upon which the mould is placed shall be perfectly flat and level so
that the bottom surface of the mould touches it throughout.
2. In filling the mould, care should be taken not to disarrange the parts and thus distort the
briquette and to see that no air pocket shall be within the mould.
A normal test is one in which the material between the two clips pulls out to a point or to a
thread and rupture occurs where the cross-sectional area is minimum. Report the average of
three normal tests as the ductility of the sample, provided the three determinations be within ±
0.5 percent of their mean value.
If the values of the three determinations do not lie within ± 0.5 percent of their mean, but the
two higher values are within ± 0.5 percent of their mean, then record the mean of the two
higher values as the test result.

Ductility at 27°C, cm, Min Ductility at 25°C, cm, Min
50 75 75 75 75 --- 10 15 15 15 75 50 40 25
DISCUSSION:
Write the discussion/suitability of bitumen according to your result obtained.
Experiment No-7
PENETRATION TEST OF BITUMEN
(Ref: - IS: 1203 – 1978)
OBJECTIVE:
1. To determine the Penetration value of the Bitumen.
2. To determine the suitability of bitumen for its use under different climatic condition and
type of construction
1. Container: a flat bottomed cylindrical

metallic dish
For penetration below 225
Diameter in mm = 55
Internal depth in mm = 35
For penetration above 225

Diameter in mm = 70
Internal depth in mm = 45
2. Water bath: maintained at 25±0.1°C

3. Penetrometer as shown in figure
4. Transfer dish or tray
5. Therometer, Range 0-45 Deg C
6. Needle: A straight, highly polished, cylindrical hard steel, as per following dimension
THEORY:
This test is applied almost exclusive bitumen. For tars, cutback and emulsions other consistency
are used. This test determines the hardness or softness of bitumen by measuring the depth in
millimeter to which a standard loaded needle will penetrate vertically in 5 seconds while the
temperature of the bitumen sample is maintained at 25°C.
This test is widely used world over for classifying the bitumen into different grades. 80/100
bitumen denotes that the penetration value ranges between 80 and 100.
PROCEDURE:
1. The bitumen is softening to a pouring consistency at a temperature not more than
60°C for tars and 90°C for bitumen and Stir it thoroughly to remove air bubbles and
water.
2. Pour it into a container to a depth of at least 15mm in excess of the expected
penetration.
3. Cool it at an atmospheric temperature of 15 to 30°C for 1 to 1.5 hours for 35 mm
depth container and 1.5 to 2 hrs for 45 mm deep container. Then place it in a
transfer dish in the water bath at 25.0 + 0.1°C and allow it to remain for 1 to 1.5
hours for 35 mm deep container and 1.5 to 2 hrs for 45 mm deep container.
4. At the end of one hour, the sample is taken out of water bath and needle is brought
in contact with the surface of bitumen sample and the reading of dial is set at zero
or the reading of dial noted, when the needle is in contact with the surface of the
sample.
5. Now the needle is released and allowed to penetrate for 5 seconds and the final
reading is recorded on the same sample at least three penetration observations
should be taken at distances at least 10 mm apart. After each test, the sample
needle is disengaged, wiped wit benzene or petrol and dried.
6. The mean value of three measurements is reported as penetration test.
7. The accuracy of the test depends upon pouring temperature, size of needle, weight
placed on needle, and test temperature.
OBSERVATION:
1. Pouring temperature, °C = …………………………

2. Period of cooling in atmosphere, minutes = ………………………….
3. Room temperature, °C = …………………………..
4. Period of cooling in water bath, minutes = …………………………..
5. Actual test temperature, °C = …………………………..
Trial Numbers
Readings
1 2 3 4 5
Penetrometer dial reading initial
Penetrometer dial reading final
Penetration value
Average penetration value
RESULT
Avg. Penetration of the given bitumen sample = ………………………..
PRECAUTIONS:
1. There should be no movement of the container while needle is penetrating into the
sample.
2. The sample should be free from any extraneous matter.
3. The needle should be cleaned with benzene or petrol and dried before each
penetration.
INTERPRETATION OF RESULT
The grade of bitumen is specified in terms of penetration value. 30/40 grade bitumen indicates
the penetration value of the bitumen in the range of 30 to 40 at standard test conditions.
Penetration test is applied exclusively to bitumen. Tars being soft, penetration test on these
materials cannot be carried out.

Ductility at 27°C, cm, Min Penetration at 25°C, 100 g, 5 sec
30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 80-100 175-225 30-40 50-60 60-70 80-100 80-100 60-80 50-70 40-60
DISCUSSION:
Write the discussion/suitability of bitumen according to your result obtained.
Experiment No-8
SOFTENING POINT TEST
(Ref: - IS: 1205-1978)
OBJECTIVE:
To determine the softening point of bitumen by ring & ball apparatus.
1. Brass Ring- 2 nos of following size

Depth : 6.4±0.1 mm
Inside dia at bottom : 15.9±0.1 mm
Inside dia at top : 17.5±0.1 mm
Outside dia : 20.6±0.1 mm
2. Steel ball-2 nos of 9.5 mm dia & weighing 3.50±0.05 g

3. Water bath-a heat resistance glass vessel 85 mm dia and
120 mm depth
4. Mechanical Stirrer.
5. Thermometer upto 100° C
6. Metallic support
CONCEPT AND SIGNIFICANCE:
Softening point is defined as the temperature at which a substance attains a particular degree
of softening under specified conditions of test. As per IS:334-1982, it is the temperature in deg
C at which a standard ball passes through a sample of bitumen in a mould and falls through a
height of 25 mm, when heated under water or glycerin at specified conditions of test. The
binder should have sufficient fluidity before its applications in road uses. The determination of
softening point helps to know the temperature upto which a bituminous binder should be
heated for various road use applications. Softening point is determined by ring and ball
apparatus. Usually softening point for different grades of bitumen used for pavements varies
from 35°C to 70°C.
PROCEDURE:
1. Sample material is heated to a temperature between 75 and 100°C above the

approximate softening point until it is completely fluid.
2. Place the rings on a metal plate and coat its surface with mixture of glycerin and dextrin.
3. Fill the molten bitumen in the rings in sufficient quantity to give an excess above the
level of the ring.
4. Cool the specimen in air for about 30 minutes.
5. After cooling in air level the material in the ring by removing the excess with a warmed
sharp knife.
6. The bitumen test sample placed in the brass ring is suspended in distilled water at a
given temperature.
7. A steel ball is put on the bitumen and the water bath is heated such that the
temperature of water bath rises by 5°C per minute.
8. The temperature at which the softened bitumen touches the metal plate placed at a
specified distance (25 mm) below the ring is noted. This temperature is called the
softening point of the bitumen. Higher the softening point, harder the grade of the
bitumen.
OBSERVATION:
1. Bitumen grade: ………………………………………………………….

2. Approximate softening point: …………………………………...
3. Liquid used in the bath: ……………………………………………..
4. Period of air cooling, minutes: ……………………………….….
5. Period of cooling in water bath, minutes = …………….….
RATE OF HEATING:
Time ( minutes) Temperature (°C) Time (minutes) Temperature (°C)
1 9
2 10
3 11
4 12
5 13
6 14
7 15
8 16
OBSERVATION TABLE:
Test property Trial-1 Trial-2 Mean value

Ball Number Ball Number softening point
(i) (ii) (i) (ii)
Temperature(°C) at which
sample touches bottom plate
RESULTS:
Avg. Value of Softening point = ………….Deg C
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Distilled water should be used as the heating medium

2. During the conduct of test the apparatus should not be subjected to vibrations.
3. The bulb of the thermometer should be at about the same level as the rings.
Softening point indicates the temperature at which binders possess the same viscosity.
Bituminous materials do not have a definite melting point. Rather the change of state from
solid to liquid is gradual and over a wide range of temperature. Softening point has particular
significance for materials that are to be used as joint and crack fillers. Higher softening point
ensures that they will not flow during service. In general, the higher the softening the lesser the
temperature susceptibility. Bitumen with higher softening point may be preferred in warmer
places.

55-65 50-60 50-60 45-55 40-55 30-45 55-70 45-60 45-60 35-50 40 45 47 50
Experiment No-9
CENTRIFUGE EXTRACTOR TEST
REFERENCE: - ASTM 2172
OBJECTIVE
To determine quantity of bitumen in hot mix paving mixtures and pavement samples.
APPARATUS
1. Centrifuge extractor: consists of a revolving bowl

inside housing. The bowl is provided with a cover plate
and it is secured in position by tightening the nuts.
2. The Bowl housing: is provided with an outlet, the
housing is mounted on nuts.
3. Filter paper,
4. Balance
5. Commercial benzene or petrol
6. A sample of 500 gm.
CONCEPT AND SIGNIFICANCE
The Centrifuge Extractor is used for the quantitative determination of bitumen in hot-mixed
paving mixtures and pavement samples, essentially as a field test to exercise quality control and
ensure that the specified amount of bitumen has been used. The bitumen content is calculated
by difference of the weight of the extract aggregate, moisture content and ash from the weight
of the sample taken for the test.
PROCEDURE TO DETERMINE BITUMEN CONTENT
1. Weigh a 500 gm sample of asphalt/bitumen mix.

2. If the mixture is not soft enough to separate with a trowel, place 1000g of it in a large
pan and warm upto 100oC to separate the particles of the mixture uniformly.
3. Place the sample in the bowl and weigh it.
4. Cover the sample in the bowl with benzene or tri-chloromethane or petrol and allow it
to soak for half an hour.
5. Weigh filter paper, place it around the edge of the bowl and clamp a lid on the bowl.
6. Place a beaker or big jar under the outlet.
7. Place the bowl in a centrifuge extractor.
8. Start the centrifuge extractor, revolving slowly and gradually increase the speed until
the solvent ceases to flow from the outlet.
9. Stop the centrifuge, add 200 ml of tri-chloromethane or benzene or petrol and rotate it
again.
10. Repeat the procedure (not less than 3 washings) until the extract is no longer cloudy and
is fairly light in color.
11. Remove the filter paper from the bowl and dry in air.
12. Brush the loose particles from the filter into the bowl
13. Dry the filter to constant weight in an oven at 980 C to 105o C.
14. Obtain the weight of the filter and bowl with dry aggregates
OBSERVATIONS & CALCULATIONS:
S.No Particulars Trial-1 Trial-2 Trial-3

BEFORE TEST
1. Weight of bowl + sample (W1), g
2. Weight of bowl (W2) g
3. Weight of filter (W3), g
AFTER TEST
4. Weight of bowl + sample (W4),g
5. Weight of filter (W5), g
6. Weight of sample (W1-W2), g
7. Weight of aggregates in bowl (W4-W2), g
8. Weight of aggregates in filter (W5-W3), g
9. Weight of aggregates WA = (W4-W2) + (W5-W3)
10. Weight of bitumen, WB = (W1-W2) - WA
11. W
Bitumen content = B  100%
WA
REPORTING OF RESULTS:
Bitumen Content in given sample = …………. %
PRECAUTIONS
1. Separate the particles of the mixture as uniformly as possible taking care not to fracture
the mineral particles.
2. The cover plate should be fixed tightly on the bowl.
The results of the test are an indication regarding the quantity of bitumen that has been used in
bituminous mix. By performing this field test a substantial saving in the cost of bitumen can be
had by ensuring that the optimum quantity of bitumen has been provided. Also the
performance of the road will be affected if lesser or more quantity of bitumen is used.
Experiment No-10
MARSHALL STABILITY TEST
(REFERENCE: - ASTM D 1559 & IRC: 111-2009
OBJECTIVES
1. To determine the strength (Marshall Stability Value) and flexibility (flow value)
for the given bitumen mixture.
2. To determine the density-voids analysis for the given bituminous mixture;
3. To determine the suitability of bituminous mixture to meet the specified criteria
for the surface course.
INTRODUCTION
Bruce Marshall, formerly bituminous engineer with Mississippi State Highway

Department, USA formulated Marshall Method for designing bituminous mixes.
This test is done to determine the Marshall stability of bituminous mixture. The
principle of this test is that Marshall Stability is the resistance to plastic flow of
cylindrical specimens of a bituminous mixture loaded on the lateral surface at 5 cm per
minute. It is the load carrying capacity of the mix at 60oC and is measured in kg.
The sample needed is From Marshall stability graph, select proportions of coarse
aggregates, fine aggregates and filler in such a way, so as to fulfill the required
specification. The total weight of the mix should be 1200 gm for one specimen.
CONCEPT AND SIGNIFICANCE
The test procedure is used in designing and evaluating bituminous paving mixes and is
widely applied in routine test programmes for the paving jobs. The major features of the
Marshall Method of designing mixes are to determine the two important properties of
strength and flexibility.
Strength is measured in terms of the “Marshall’s Stability” of the mix which is defined as
the maximum load carried by a compacted specimen at a standard test temperature of
600C. This temperature represents the weakest condition for a bituminous pavement in
use.
The flexibility is measured in terms of the “Flow Value” which is measured by the
change in diameter of the sample in the direction of lad application between the start of
loading and the time of maximum load. In this test an attempt is made to obtain
optimum binder content for the aggregate mix type and traffic intensity.
EQUIPMENT/APPARATUS
The apparatus for the Marshall Stability test consists of the following:
1. Specimen Mould Assembly comprising mould cylinders 10 cm diameter x 7.5 cm
height, base plate and extension collars. They are designed to be interchanged with
either end of cylindrical mould. Three mould cylinders are recommended.
2. Specimen extractor for extracting the compacted specimen from the mould. A
suitable bar is required to transfer load from the extension collar to the upper
proving ring attachment while extracting the specimen
3. Compaction Rammers having a flat circular tamping face 4.5kg sliding weight
constructed to provide a free fall of 45.7cm. Two compaction rammers are
recommended.
4. Compaction pedestal consisting of a 20 x 20 x 45 cm wooden block capped with a 30
x 30 x 2.5 cm MS plate to hold the mould assembly in position during compaction.
Mould holder is provided consisting of spring tension device designed to hold
compaction mould in place on the compaction pedestal.
5. Breaking head. The Breaking head consist of upper and lower cylindrical segments
or test heads having an inside radius curvature of 5 cm. The lower segment is
mounted on a base having two perpendicular guide rods which facilitate insertion in
the holes of upper test segments. assembly with provision to fix flow meter
6. Loading Machine motorized, loading machine is provided with a gear system to lift
the upward direction. Recalibrated proving ring of 5 tone capacity is fixed on the
upper end of the machine, specimen contained in the test head is placed in between
the base and the proving ring. The loading jack produces uniform vertical movement
of 5 cm/ min. Machine is capable of reversing its movement downward also. This
facilitates adequate space for placing test head system. After one specimen has
been tested.
7. Flow Meter. The flow meter consists of guide sieve and a gauge. The activating pin
of the gauge slides inside the guide sleeve with a slide amount f fractional
resistance. Least count of 0.025mm is adequate. The flow value refer top the total
vertical upward movement form the initial position at zero load to value at
maximum load. The dial; gauge at the flow meter should be able to measure
accurately the total vertical movement upward.
In addition to the above the following general equipments are also required
 Oven or hot plates

 Mixing Apparatus
 Water Bath
 Thermometer of range up to 2000C with sensitively of 2.5 degree Celsius
 Miscellaneous Equipments are like container, mixing and handling tools etc.
Bitumen Mixer, Digital & Manual Compactor, Moulds and Marshall Stability Test Apparatus
PREPARATION OF TEST SPECIMEN

The coarse aggregates, fine aggregates, and the filler materials should be proportioned so as to
fulfill the requirements of the relevant standards. The required quantity of the mix is taken so
as to produce compacted bituminous mix specimens of thickness 63.5 mm approximately.
1. Take 1200 gm of coarse aggregates, fine aggregates and filler material (as per grading
requirement given in table) to produce the desired thickness.
2. The aggregates are heated to a temperature of 175° to 190°C the compaction mould
assembly and rammer are cleaned and kept pre-heated to a temperature of 100°C to
145°C.
3. The bitumen is heated to a temperature of 121°C to 138°C and the required amount of
first trial of bitumen is added to the heated aggregate and thoroughly mixed using a
mechanical mixer or by hand mixing with trowel.
4. The mixing temperature for 110 grade bitumen may be around 154°C and that for
60/70 grade about 160°C.
5. The total quantity of mix is placed in a mould and compacted by rammer with 75 blows.
Invert the sample, and compact the other face with the same number of blows.
6. The compacting temperature should be about 138°C for 80/100 grade bitumen and
149°C for 60/70 grade.
7. After compaction, invert the mould. With the collar of the bottom, remove the base
and extract the sample by pushing it out the extractor.
8. The compacted specimen should have a thickness of 63.5 mm.
9. Allow the sample to stand for a few hours to cool.
10. Obtain the sample’s mass in air and submerged, to measure density of specimen, so as
to allow, calculation of the voids properties.
NOTES:
1. At least 2 specimens (but preferably 3 or 4 specimen) for each combination of
aggregate and bitumen should be prepared.
2. For surface course with 12 mm aggregate, the expected optimum bitumen
content may be about 6.5 %. Therefore specimen should be made at 5.5 %, 6.0
%, 6.5 %, 7.0 % and 7.5 % bitumen content.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
TABLE-7 OF IRC: 111-2009

AGGREGATE GRADING AND BITUMEN CONTENT
Specification D.B.M. S.D.B.C. B.C.

Grading 1 2 1 2 1 2
Nominal max aggregate size 37.5 mm 26.5 mm 13.2 mm 9.5 mm 19 mm 13.2 mm
Layer thickness 75-100 50-75 40 25 50 25/40
S.No IS Sieve Size Cumulative Percent Passing By Weight of Total Aggregate
1 45 mm 100
2 37.5 mm 95-100 100
3 26.5 mm 63-93 90-100 100
4 19 mm -- 71-95 100 90-100 100
5 13.2 mm 55-75 56-80 90-100 100 59-79 90-100
6 9.5 mm -- -- 70-90 90-100 52-72 70-88
7 4.75 mm 38-54 38-54 35-51 35-51 35-55 53-71
8 2.36 mm 28-42 28-42 24-39 24-39 28-44 42-58
9 1.18 mm -- -- 15-30 15-30 20-34 34-48
10 600 microns -- -- -- -- 15-27 26-38
11 300 microns 7-21 7-21 9-19 9-19 10-20 18-28
12 150 microns -- -- -- -- 5-13 12-20
13 75 microns 2-8 2-8 3-8 3-8 2-8 4-10
14 Binder Content (Min) 4.0 % 4.5 % 4.5 % 5.0 % 5.2 % 5.4 %
TABLE-6 OF IRC: 111-2009: GRADING REQUIREMENT OF MINERAL FILLER
S.No IS Sieve Cumulative Percent Passing By Weight Of Total Aggregate

1 600 microns 100
2 300 microns 95 - 100
3 75 microns 85 - 100
TEST PROCEDURE
1. In conducting the stability test, the specimen are heated at a temperature of 60
±10 C (37.8 ± 10C for specimens in which tar has been used in place bitumen),
either in a water bath for 30-40 minutes or in an oven for a minimum of 2 hours.
2. Remove the specimens from the water bath (or oven) and place the lower
segment of the breaking head. Then place the upper segment of the breaking
head on the specimen and place the complete assembly in position of the
Marshall testing machine.
3. Place the flow meter (dial gauge) over one of the post and adjust into read zero.
4. Apply a load at a rate of 50 mm per minute until the maximum load reading is
obtained.
5. Record the maximum load in Newton (N). At the same instant obtain the flow as
recorded on the flow meter in unit of mm.
6. The total time between removing the specimen from the bath and completion of
the test should not exceed 30 seconds.
RECORD OF OBSERVATIONS
1. Mass of aggregates in mixing pan = 1200 gm

2. Mass of bitumen added ………………………………… gm
3. Bitumen content …………………………………………… %
4. Heating Temperature Aggregates ………………… 0C
Bitumen ……………………. 0C
Mixing ……………………….0C
5. Compacting temperature ……………………………… 0C
6. Number of blows with hammer per face ……… Nos
7. Mass of specimen in air ‘Wm” ………………………. gm
8. Mass submerged ‘Ww’ ……………………………….. gm
9. Diameter of Specimen …………………………………. cm
10. Thickness of specimen …………………………………. cm
11. Volume of specimen ‘Vm’ ……………………………….. cm3
NOTE:
1. The measured stability of a specimen multiplied by the ration for the thickness of
specimen is equal to the corrected stability for a 63.5 mm specimen.
2. Volume-thickness relationship is based on a specimen diameter of 10 cm.
COMPUTATION OF RESULTS
S. No. Determinations Trial-1 Trial-2

1 Weight of Compacted Specimen , Wm in gm
2 Volume of Compacted Specimen, Vm   .r 2 .h in cm3
Wm
3 Density of Compacted Specimen, d  , g/cm3
Vm
4 Specific Gravity of Bitumen, Gb 0.99 0.99
5 Specific Gravity of Aggregate, Ga 2.70 2.70
Theoretical (Apparent) Specific Gravity of the Mix
6 Gt 
W1  W 2  W 3  W 4  W b
Or , G t 
W agr W b
W1

W2

W3

W4

Wb W agr

Wb
G1 G2 G3 G4 Gb G agr Gb
Bulk Specific Gravity of the Mix G m  Wm

7
Wm  Ww
8 Percent Air Voids in Mix , Vv  Gt  Gm  100

Gt
Wb
9 Percent Volume of Bitumen V  Gb
b
W1  W 2  W 3  W 4  W b
Gm
11 Percent Voids in Mineral Aggregates, VMA  Vv  Vb
V
12 Percent Voids Filled With Bitumen, VFB  b 100
VMA
13 Measured Stability in , kN or Newton (N) or Kg
14 Flow Value , mm
PHASE DIAGRAM OF A BITUMINOUS MIX
CORRECTION FACTOR
It is possible while making the specimen the thickness slightly vary from the standard
specification of 63.5 mm. Therefore, measured stability values need to be corrected to those
which would have been obtained if the specimens had been exactly 63.5 mm. This is done by
multiplying each measured stability value by an appropriated correlation factors as given in
Table below.
Volume of Specimen in Cubic Approximate Thickness of Correction Factors

Centimeter Specimen In mm
457 – 470 57.1 1.19
471 – 482 58.7 1.14
483 – 495 60.3 1.09
496 – 508 61.9 1.04
509 – 522 63.5 1.00
523 – 535 65.1 0.96
536 – 546 66.7 0.93
547 – 559 68.3 0.89
560 – 573 69.9 0.86
REQUIREMENTS OF DENSE GRADED BITUMINOUS MIX USING VG/MODIFIED BITUMEN

REF: TABLE-8 OF IRC: 111-2009
Properties Viscosity Modified Bitumen Test Method

Graded (VG) Hot Climate Cold Climate
Bitumen
Compaction Level (No. of blows) 75 blows on each face of the specimen
Minimum Stability (kN at 60°C) 9.0 (900 Kg) 12.0 (1200 Kg) 10.0 (1000 Kg) AASHTO T245
Marshall flow (mm) 2–4 2.5 – 4 3.5 – 5 AASHTO T245
Marshall Quotient (Stability/flow) 2–5 2.5 – 5 2.5 – 5
% Air Voids 3–5 3–5 3–5 MS-2 & ASTM
D2041
% Voids filled with bitumen (VFB) 65 – 75 65 – 75 65 – 75 MS – 2
Tensile strength ratio 80 % Minimum AASHTO T283
Coating of aggregate particle with 95 % 95 % IS: 6241
bitumen Minimum Minimum
% Voids in Mineral Aggregate, VMA
Nominal Max Particle Size (mm) Min % VMA related to designed % air voids
3 4 5
9.5 14 15 16
13.2 13 14 15
19.0 12 13 14
26.5 11 12 13
37.5 10 11 12
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BITUMEN CONTENT AND VARIOUS DESIGN PARAMETERS
Experiment No-11
BENKELMAN BEAM TEST
(REF-SP/ST1:77XXXX & IRC: 81)
OBJECTIVE:
To determine the rebound deflection of a pavement under a standard wheel load and tyre
pressure with or without temperature measurement by Benkelman Beam test.
INTRODUCTION
A.C. Benkelman devised the simple deflection beam in 1953 for measurement of pavement surface
deflection on the WASHTO Test Road. It is widely used all over the world for evaluation of the
requirements of strengthening of flexible pavements.
CONCEPT & SIGNIFICANCE:
Performance of flexible pavements is closely related to the elastic deflection of pavement under the
wheel loads. The deformation or elastic deflection under a given load depends upon sub grade soil
type, its moisture content and compaction, the thickness and quality of the pavement courses,
drainage conditions, pavement surface temperature etc.
The Benkelman Beam Deflection Method is thus widely used for Evaluation of Structural Capacity of
Existing Flexible Pavements and also for Estimation and Design of Overlays for Strengthening of any
weak pavement for Highways.
DEFLECTION:
Pavement surface deflection measurements are the primary means of evaluating a flexible pavement
structure and rigid pavement load transfer. Although other measurements can be made that reflect (to
some degree) a pavement's structural condition, surface deflection is an important pavement
evaluation method because the magnitude and shape of pavement deflection is a function of traffic
(type and volume), pavement structural section, temperature affecting the pavement structure and
moisture affecting the pavement structure.
Deflection measurements can be used in back calculation methods to determine pavement structural
layer stiffness and the sub grade resilient modulus. Thus, many characteristics of a flexible pavement
can be determined by measuring its deflection in response to load. Furthermore, pavement deflection
measurements are non-destructive.
EQUIPMENT/AAPARATUS:
Benkelman Beam consists of a slender beam 3.66 mtr long pivoted at a distance of 2.440 mtr
from the tip as shown in fig below and a loaded truck (8 to 10 tons).
SALIENT FEATURES OF BENKELMAN BEAM:
 The equipment is light weight and made of aluminium for easy portability and
use at any test location.
 Length of the Benkelman beam is 250 cm and net weight is 15kg.
 The apparatus is compact, unique and possess a telescopic design for quick set up
and storage during transport to the test location.
 The equipment is supplied in two parts for assembling on site with easy hand
tools.
 One end of the beam rests at a point under investigation while the beam is
pivoted in the centre.
 The free end carries a dial gauge to record the deflections. The other end is kept
on a stable platform.
 Provided with anti-vibration system for accurate measurement of pavements.
 Provided with dial indicator and accessories.
 The beam is put in contact with the pavement under test between the tires of
the vehicles.
 The measurement of the deflection is carried out when the vehicle passes over
the test area.
UTILITY
 Direct reading of deflection dial indicators eliminates the need for conversions or
calculations during measurement.
 It is used to measure the deflection of the road surface when loaded by the
wheels of vehicles.
ACCESSORIES
 Wooden carrying case for the Benkelman Beam

 Benkelman indicator gauge, calibration unit, etc.
APPLICATIONS
 Pavement structure analysis

 Roadways construction
 Road surface deflection measurement
 Plate test
PROCEDURE
Deflections shall be measured as follows:
1. The test point shall be pre-selected and marked. For highway pavements, test point
shall be located at the distances from the edge of the lane given in table below;
Lane width Distance from lane edge

(meters) (meters)
2.8 or less 0.5
3.0 0.6
3.2 0.7
3.4 0.8
3.6 or more 0.9
2. The tyre pressure should be checked before the first test and then at intervals not
exceeding three hours.
3. The truck shall initially be positioned with the test wheel between 100 and 150 mm to
the rear of the test spot, i.e. Position A.
4. The probe of the beam shall be inserted between the dual tyres of the test wheel with
the toe located on the test spot.
5. The locking device shall be released and the rear of the beam adjusted so that the
plunger is in contact with the dial gauge.
6. The dial gauge shall be set to road between 9 and 11 mm (the actual reading need not
be recorded) and the vibrator set in operation.
7. The truck shall be moved forward at creep speed so that the test wheel passes over the
test spot and continues advancing to position B which is 2.7+0.1 meters beyond the test
spot.
8. The START READING, ‘S’ is the maximum dial gauge reading occurring during this
movement of the truck from position A to position B, and will normally occur as the
wheel passes over the test spot. This reading shall be recorded.
9. The INTERMIDIATE READING, ‘I’ is that figure indicated by the dial gauge at the
movement the truck stops with the test wheel in the position B. This reading shall be
recorded.
10. The truck shall be moved forward until the test wheel is in position C which is not less
than 10 meters from position B.
11. The FINAL READING, ‘F’ is that figure indicated by the dial gauge when the truck has
stopped in position C. this figure shall be recorded.
Temperature measurements must be made when the top layer of the pavement consists of 40
mm or more of bitumen bound material .The following procedure should be followed:
1. A hole should be made with the mandrel to a depth of 40mm or to such a depth that it
does not break through the bitumen bound material.
2. The hole should be filled with glycerol or oil and the thermometer inserted.
3. The temperature should be recorded at least hourly, or at decreasing time intervals
down to 15 minutes when successive temperatures differ by more than 3 C.
No beam readings should be made outside the pavement temperature range of 5°C to 30°C
when the top layer of the pavement consists of 40 mm or more of bitumen bound material.
3. 60 M 0.90
15.00M
11.75M
C
HIGHWAY
2.75 M B
0.0 M A
OBSERVATIONS
All reports shall include the following;
(a) Name of Road
(b) Section/Location
(c) Lanes
(d) Distance from lane edge.
(e) The actual axle load used.
(f) The rebound deflection of the pavement (to 0.01mm).
(g) The date and time of readings.
Where temperature readings are required:

(a) The pavement temperature.
(b) The depth at which the temperature is recorded.
(c) The time when temperature is taken.
S. No Location of Pavement Type of Moisture Dial Gauge Reading Rebound

test point Temperature soil &PI content Initial Intermediate Final deflection
(S) (I) (F) (mm)
1
2
CALCULATIONS
The rebound deflection of the pavement shall be calculated in the following manner.* *
1. Two pavement rebound indicators shall be established by subtracting the intermediate
and final readings from the start reading, i.e. (S – I) and (S – F)
2. If the indicators so obtained agree within 0.03 mm the true rebound deflection at
temperature T shall be calculated as: XT = 2(S – F)
3. If the indicators (S – I) and (S – F) differ by more than 0.03 mm* * * the initial shape of
the bowl has been such as to influence the front support legs of the instrument and the
calculations shall be adjusted as follows: XT = 2 (S – F ) + 5.82 (I – F)
4. The pavement rebound deflection at a standard temperature of 20°C shall be
20  t
calculated from the above figure by applying the formula: X 20  X T 
110
Where,
X20 = temperature corrected rebound deflection in millimeters and
t = temperature in degrees Celsius 40 mm below the surface of the pavement.
Note:
** If the dial gauge has been modified to road pavement deflection directly, the questions in 4.1 (b) and
(c) must be divided by 2.If the dial gauge is graduated in an anti—clockwise direction the terms within
which the brackets will have to be reversed to give a positive value.
***A larger difference can be tolerated if it is confirmed while testing that the legs of the beam are not
sitting in the bowl.
Experiment No-12
VISCOSITY TEST
(REFERENCE: - IS: 1206-1978)
OBJECTIVE:
To determine the viscosity of road tar/bitumen.
Ten millimeter orifice viscometer is specified for testing road tar and is called tar
viscometer, 4.0 mm orifice is used to test cutback grades, 0 and 1 and 10 mm orifice to
test all other grades. The apparatus consists of main part like cup, valve, water bath,
sleeves, stirrer, receiver and thermometers, etc.
THEORY:
Viscosity is the measure of resistance to flow. It is measured by recording the time in

seconds taken by 50 c.c. of the material to flow through a specified orifice of standard
dimension into a receiver at specified temperature.
PROCEDURE:
1. The tar cup is properly leveled and water in the bath is heated to the
temperature specified for the test and is maintained throughout the test. Stirring
is also continued.
2. The sample material is heated at the temperature 20°C above the specified test
temperature, and the material is allowed to cool.
3. During this the material is continuously, stirred.
4. When material reaches slightly above test temperature, the same is poured in tar
cup, until the leveling peg on the valve rod is just immersed.
5. In the graduated receiver (cylinder), 20 ml of mineral oil or one percent by weight
solution of soft soap is poured.
6. The receiver is placed under the orifice.
7. When the sample material reaches the specified testing temperature within ±
0.1°C and is maintained for 5 minutes, the valve I opened.
8. The stop watch is started, when cylinder records 25ml.
9. The time is recorded for flow up to a mark of 75ml. (i.e., 50ml of test sample to
flow through the orifice).
The viscosity test on road tar is carried out using 10 mm orifice and the standard test
temperature for road tar grades RT1, RT2, RT3, and RT4 are 35, 40, 45, and 55°C respectively. In
case the viscosity test is being carried out to classify a given sample of road tar of to find its
grade, then the test should be first conducted at the lowest temperature of testing road tar, i.e.
35°C; if the time taken for 50ml of the tar sample to flow through the 10 mm orifice is more
than 55 sec, of if the sample does not flow freely test may be repeated at the next higher
temperature, till the viscosity value falls in the specified range.
The viscosity test on cutback bitumen is carried out using 4.0 mm orifice for grades 0 and 1 (SC
– 0, MC – 0, RC – 0, SC – 1, MC – 1, RC – 1, at 25°C). The test for cutback grades 2 and 3 are
carried out at 25°C using 10 mm orifice and those for grades 4 and 5 are carried out at 40°C
using 10 mm orifice. For details of requirements of cutbacks see Tables 23.1 – a, b & c. if the
viscosity of an unknown grade of cutbacks, is to be determined, the orifice size and the trial test
temperature may be chosen using judgment. If the viscosity value of the trial test does not fall
within the specified range, test should be repeated by altering the test temperature or orifice
size of both suitably.
OBSERVATION:
1. Material: ……………………………………………………….
2. Grade: ………………………………………………………….
3. Specified temperature, °C = ……………………………………
4. Size of orifice, mm = ………………………………………….
5. Actual test temperature, °C ……………………………………
Test Property Test run Mean value

1 2 3
Viscosity in seconds
Repeatability, percent
RESULTS
For test sample = …………………
Standard value = ………………….
%age error =……………………….
PRECAUTIONS:
REMARKS:
DISCUSSION:
Experiment No-13
SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF BITUMEN
Ref: IS: 1202 – 1978.
OBJECTIVE
To determine the specific gravity of bitumen/tar
THEORY
This test is done to determine the specific gravity of semi-solid bitumen road tars,
creosote and anthracene oil as per IS: 1202 – 1978. The principle is that it is the ratio of
mass of a given volume of bitumen to the mass of an equal volume of water, both taken
at a recorded/specified temperature.
RECOMMENDED VALUES:
The specific gravity of pure bitumen ranges from 0.97 to 1.02. according to Indian
Standard (BIS) minimum specific gravity of paving bitumen at 27°C shall be 0.99 for
grades A25, A35, A45, A65, S35, S45 and S65 , 0.98 for A90 and S90 and 0.97 for A200
and S200.
APPARATUS
The apparatus needed to determine specific gravity of bitumen is
1. Specific gravity bottles of 50ml capacity
2. Water bath
3. Bath thermometer – Range 0 to 44oC, Graduation 0.2oC
4. Balance
Take the sample (half the volume of the specific gravity bottles).
SPECIFIC GRAVITY BOTTLE
PROCEDURE
1. Clean, dry and weigh the specific gravity bottle along with the stopper (Weight
‘A’).
2. Fill the specific gravity bottle with freshly boiled distilled water and insert the
stopper firmly. Keep it in the water bath having a temperature of 27.0 + 1oC for
not less than half an hour and weigh it (Weight ‘B’).
3. Weigh the specific gravity bottle about half-filled with the material (Weight ‘C’).
4. Weigh the specific gravity bottle about half-filled with the material and the other
half with distilled water (Weight ‘D’).
5. Weigh the specific gravity bottle completely filled with the material (Weight ‘E’).
OBSERVATIONS & CALCULATIONS
Weight of empty specific gravity bottle, W1 =
Weight of bottle bitumen, W2 =
Weight of bottle +water, W3 =
Weight of bottle + water +bitumen, W4 =
OR,
i) Specific gravity (Solids and semi-solids) = (C-A)/ [(B-A) - (D-C)]
ii) Specific gravity (Liquids) = (E-A)/ (B-A)
RESULT:
Specific Gravity of bitumen =————

The average of the two results should be reported.
Experiment No-14
STRIPPING VALUE OF ROAD AGGREGATE
REFERENCE-IS: 6241-1971
AIM:
To determine the stripping value of road aggregates.
THEORY
This test is conducted to determine the effect of moisture upon the adhesion of the
bituminous film to the surface particles of the aggregate. This test is of significant value
to ascertain the suitability of the two materials viz. bitumen (binder) and aggregates
because one particular aggregate may be satisfactory with one binder and
unsatisfactory with another; and the same being true for the binders. The specifications
of ministry of transport and shipping recommend the determination of stripping value
by the static immersion method in accordance with IS: 6241-1971.
NEED & SCOPE

This method covers the procedure for determining the stripping value o f
aggregates by static immersion method, when bitumen and tar
binders are used.
ADHESION WITH BITUMEN

The aggregates used in bituminous pavements should have less affinity with water when
compared with bituminous materials; otherwise the bituminous coating on the
aggregate will be stripped off in presence of water.
APPARATUS:
9. Heat resistant glass beaker of 500 ml capacity.

10. 20mm and 12.5mm IS sieves.
11. Bitumen mixer.
12. Balance (capacity 10 kg).
13. Water bath preferably with a thermostat.
PROCEDURE:
1. 2 0 0 g m o f d r y c l e a n a g g r e g a t e s p a s s i n g 2 0 m m I S s i e v e a n d
r e t a i n e d o n 1 2 . 5 m m s i e v e a r e h e a t e d u p t o 1 5 0 0C w h e n these
are to be mixed with bitumen and the aggregates are heated up to 100 0C when
these are to be mixed with tar.
2. Five percent by weight of bitumen binder is heated to 160 0C (1100C in

the case of tar binder).
3 . The aggregate and binder are mixed thoroughly till they are completely
coated and mixture is transferred to a 500 ml beaker and a l l o w e d t o
cool at room temperature for about two hours.
4. D i s t i l l e d water is then added to immerse the coated aggregates.
5 . The beaker is covered and kept in a water-bath maintained at 40 0C

taking care that t h e l e v e l o f w a t e r i n t h e w a t e r - b a t h i s a t l e a s t
half the height of the b e a k e r .
6. A f t e r 2 4 h o u r s t h e b e a k e r i s t a k e n o u t c o o l e d a t
r o o m temperature and the extent of stripping is estimated visually while the
specimen is still under water.
7. The stripping value is the ratio of the uncovered area observed visually to the
total area of aggregates in each test, expressed as percentage.
8. The mean of three results is reported as stripping value of the t ested

aggregates and is expressed as the nearest whole number.
OBSERVATIONS
CALCULATION
W2
Road aggregate stripping value = percent fines =  100
W1
RESULT:
The result is reported as the percentage of stone surface that remains c o a t e d a f t e r
t h e s p e c i f i e d p e r i o d s , t h e m e a n v a l u e o f a t l e a s t t h r e e visually
estimated values, being rounded off to the nearest 5 percent.
PRECAUTION:
Care shall be taken while mixing aggregates with bitumen.
Experiment No-15
SOUNDNESS TEST OF AGGREGATES
Ref-IS: 2386 (Part-5)
OBJECTIVE
To determine the soundness of aggregates
APPARATUS/REAGENTS
1. Sieves 80 to 4.75 mm for CA & 4.75 mm to 150 mic for FA

2. Temperature regulation
3. Containers
4. Balance
5. Oven
6. Sodium sulphate
7. Magnesium sulphate
THEORY
Soundness is the property of aggregate to resist disintegration when subjected to freezing and
thawing. The test is intended to study the resistance of Aggregates to weathering condition in
concrete or other applications. It is carried out to judge the durability of soundness of the
Aggregate.
In order to quicken the effect of weathering due to alternate set-dry and or freeze-thaw
cycles in the laboratory, the resistance to disintegration of aggregate is determined by soaking
the aggregate specimen in saturated solution of sodium sulphate or magnesium sulphate.
PREPARATION OF REAGENT.
1. Saturated solution of sodium sulphate (the anhydrous Na2SO4 or the crystalline
Na2SO4.10 H2O) is prepared in water at a temperature of 250 to 300C. It should be
ensured that the solution is saturated and excess salt is present.
2. The solution is maintained at a temperature of 27° ± 2° C and stirred at frequent
intervals until it is used. At the time of using the solution should have a specific gravity
of not less than 1.151 and not greater than 1.171 and discolored solution should not be
used.
3. It may be necessary to use not less than 420 gm of anhydrous salt or 1300 gm of the
crystalline decahydrate salt per liter of water.
4. Alternatively saturated solution of magnesium sulphate may be prepared by dissolving
either anhydrous (Mg SO4) or crystalline (Mg SO4. 7H2O) magnesium sulphate. At the
time of using, the solution should have a specific gravity of not less than 1.295 and not
more than 1.308. Not less than 400 gm of the anhydrous salt or 1600 gm of the
crystalline hepta hydrate may be used per liter of water.
PREPARATION OF SPECIMEN
Coarse Aggregate:
The specimen of coarse aggregate for the test may be prepared after removing the fraction
finer than 4.75 mm is sieve. The sample should be of such a size that it will yield not less than
the following amounts of the different size which should be available in amounts of 5 % or
more
Sieve size of square hole Weight of specimen
 10 mm to 4.75 mm 300 gm
 20 mm to 10 mm 1000 gm
Consisting of 12.5 to 10 mm -33%
20 to 12.5 mm -67%
 40 mm to 20 mm 1500 gm
Consisting of 25 to 20 mm - 33%
40 to 25 mm – 67%
 63 mm to 40 mm 3000 gm
Consisting of 50 to 40 mm -50%
63 to 50 mm -50%
 80 mm and larger size by 20 mm spread in sieve size, each fraction 3000 gm
Fine Aggregate
Fine aggregate for the test shall be passed through a 10 mm IS Sieve. The sample shall be of
such a size that it will yield not less than 100 gm of each of the following sizes which shall be
available in amount of 5 % or more, expressed in terms of the following sieves;
Passing IS Sieve Retained on IS Sieve
600 mic 300 mic

1.18 mm 600 mic
2.36 mm 1.18 mm
4.75 mm 2.36 mm
10 mm 4.75 mm
PROCEDURE
1. The sample of coarse aggregate should be thoroughly washed and dried to a constant
weight at 105° to 110°C and is separated to different size ranges.
2. The proper weight of the sample for each fraction is weighed and placed in separate
containers for the test. In the case of fraction coarser than 20 mm, the particles are also
counted.
3. The samples are immersed in the prepared solution of sodium suplhate or magnesium
sulphate for 16 to 18 hours in such a manner that the solution covers them to a depth
of at least 15 mm.
4. The containers are kept covered to reduce evaporation and during the period of
immersion, the temperature of the solution is maintained at 27°± 1°C.
5. After the immersion period, the aggregates are removed from the solution, drained for
about 15 minutes and placed in the drying oven at 105° to 110°C.
6. The samples are dried to a constant weight at this temperature by checking the weights
after 4 hours upto 18 hours.
7. When the successive weights differ by less than 1 g, it may be considered that constant
weight has been attained and then it may be allowed to cool to room temperature.
Then the aggregates are again immersed in the prepared solution, for the next cycle of
immersion and drying. The number of cycles of alternate immersion and drying are
minimum five (5) for road aggregates.
8. After completion of the final cycle, the sample is cooled washed free from the sulphate.
This may be determined when there is no more reaction of the wash water with barium
chloride (i.e. when there is no white precipitation when barium chloride is added to
wash water it can be said that there is no sulphate with wash water).
9. Each fraction of the sample is then dried to constant temperature of 105° to 110°C and
weighed. Coarse aggregate fractions are sieved by IS sieves of sizes indicated below:
Size of aggregate Sieve size used to determine loss
63 to 40 mm 31.5 mm
40 to 20 mm 16.0 mm
20 to 10 mm 8.0 mm
10 to 4.75 mm 4.0 mm
10. Each fraction of aggregate is examined visually to see if there is any evidence of
excessive splitting crumbling or disintegration of the grains. A combined sieve analysis of
all the material subjected to the above test cycles may also be carried out to note the
variation from the original grain size distribution of the sample.
OBSERVATIONS & CALCULATIONS
Sieve size Grading Weight of test Weight of %age passing Weighted

mm original fractions test fractions fine sieve average
Passing Retained sample before test, g after test, g after test (corrected
percent (actual % loss) percent loss)
63 40 3000
40 20 1500
20 10 1000
10 4.75 300
Total
REFERENCES
1. Highway Engineering by S. K. Khanna & C.E.G.Justo.

2. Highway Engineering by Dr L. R. Kadiyali & Dr N.B. Lal.
3. Highway Engineering by S. K. Sharma
4. Principles of Transportation Engineering by P. Chakraborty & A. Das.
5. Laboratory manual in highway engineering by ajay duggal & vijai puri
6. IS & IRC Codes:
i. IS: 215-1981(Second revision) Specifications of road tar.

ii. IS: 217-1961(Revised) Specifications for cut back bitumen
iii. IS: 334-1982 Glossary of terms relating to bitumen and tar (second revision )
iv. IS: 1203-1978 (First revision) Determination of penetration.
v. IS: 1205-1978 (First revision) Determination of softening point.
vi. IS: 1206 (part-1)-1978 (first revision) Determination of viscosity.
vii. IS: 1208-1978 (First revision ) Determination of ductility
viii. IS: 1209-1978 (First revision) Determination of flashpoint and fire point.
ix. IS:2720 (Part-XVI)-1979 Methods of test for soils (lab determination of CBR)
x. IS: 2386-1963 (part-IV) Methods of test for aggregate for concrete.
xi. IS: 6214-1971 Methods of test for determination of stripping value of road
aggregates.
7. ASTM D1559
8. IRC: 111-2009
9. IRC: 81-1997

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LABORATORY MANUAL

EXP. NO. NAME OF EXPERIMENTS TO BE PERFORMED PAGE NO

-- Report writing 2–3

12. Viscosity of tar/bitumen 44 – 45

EXPERIMENTAL SETUP WITH DIAGRAM

It should contain a brief description of experimental method, a neat sketch of

Write theory behind your experiment briefly.

Give the sample calculations.

Represent experimental results in tabulated form and diagrams.

1. To determine the Los Angeles abrasion value of aggregates.

1. It consists of a hollow cylindrical machine closed at both ends having 70 cm internal

SET OF SIEVES LOS ANGELES ABRASION TESTING MACHINE

S. No Description Sample 1 Sample 2

1. Let the original weight of aggregate = W1 g

Los Angeles Abrasion Value = …………………%

1. The cover should be fixed tightly before rotating the machine

Sr. No Type of Pavement Layer Max Permissible

IMPACT TESTING MACHINE

The property of a material to resist impact is known as toughness. Due to movement of

OBSERVATION & CALCULATIONS

S No Aggregate impact value Classification

S No Type of pavement Max. Permissible Aggregate Impact Value %

Write the discussion/suitability of aggregate according to your result obtained.

1. To determine the crushing value of given road aggregates;

Compression Testing Machine-Cap 2000 kN

OBSERVATION & CALCULATIONS:

S. No. Details Trial No.

2. Wt of measuring cylinder with aggregate, W2

3. Weight of aggregate sample filling the cylindrical measure = Wa =

Aggregate Crushing Value = …………………%

S No Type of Pavement Max. permissible aggregate crushing value %

1 WBM Sub base/base course 40

2 WBM wearing course 30

Write the discussion/suitability of aggregate according to your result obtained.

1. To determine the flakiness index and,

THICKNESS AND LENGTH GAUGES DIMENSIONS

Size of Aggregate Thickness gauge (0.6 Length gauge (1.8

Determination of Flakiness Index;

Determination of elongation Index

Size of aggregate Weight of the Thickness Weight of Length Weight of

1. Flakiness Index = ………………………%

1. Use safety shoes, mask & aprons at the time of test.

The presence of elongated particles in excess of 10 to 15 per cent is generally considered

Maximum Permissible Value %

Pensky-Martens Open Tester Pensky-Martens Closed Tester

Test property Test Number Mean value

1. Flash Point = …………..°C

Reference: - IS: 73-1992 Reference:- IS: 73-2006

1. To measure the ductility value of bitumen.

Ductility is a measure of elasticity of adhesiveness of bitumen. It is expressed as the distance in

APPARATUS /EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED:

1. Briquette mould of following dimensions

2. Pulling device with distance measuring dial.

Briquette Mould Ductility Test Apparatus

1. Weight of sample (same for all samples) = ………………………………….

Sample No. Ductility in cm

Avg. ductility value of the given bitumen sample = ………………………..cm

Reference: - IS: 73-1992 Reference:- IS: 73-2006

Write the discussion/suitability of bitumen according to your result obtained.

1. Container: a flat bottomed cylindrical

For penetration above 225

2. Water bath: maintained at 25±0.1°C

1. Pouring temperature, °C = …………………………