c by Stochastikon GmbH (http: // encyclopedia. stochastikon.

com )
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Biography of Galileo Galilei

Dates of Birth and Death:

(∗) 18 February 1564 in Pisa, Italy
(†) 8 January 1642 in Florence, Italy

Family Data:
The father Vincenzo Galilei (1520-1591) belonged to an old, but impover-
ished noble family from Florence and was a drapery dealer. He was good in
mathematics and taught music. The mother was Giulia Ammannati (1538-
1620). The parents lived in the countryside nearby Pisa.
Galileo was his parent’s first child, other surviving children were Michelan-
gelo, Virgina and Livia. When Galileo was eight years old his parents re-
turned to Pisa.
Galilei was not married but lived together with Marina Gamba from Venice
from 1599 to 1610; they had three children Virginia, Livia and Vincenzio.
The two daughters entered convents and became nuns: Maria Celeste and
Arcangela. In 1613, Marina Gamba married Giovanni Bartoluzzi.

Education:
Galileo was at first raised in the cloister St. Maria of the Camaldulensian
order in Vallombrosa, where he liked to stay and where his gift in literature
and his inventivness for mechanics were much admired. He also had private
lessons in mathematics from the mathematician Ostilio Ricci (1540-1603).
Galileo would have liked to join the order, but his father prevented him to
do so. With 16 years Galileo finished school.
In 1581 Galileo was sent to study medicine at the University of Pisa, but
Galileo found his love for mathematics and therefore discontinued to study
medicine in 1585.
Galileo made his further studies in physics privately.

Professional Career:
In 1589, Galilei was applied professor for mathematics at the University of
Pisa. In 1592 he succeeded in getting a chair at the University of Padua
as a result of his connections with Ferdinando dei Medici. Padua was under
Venetian rule at that time and was recognized as the most modern University
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(erected in 1222). Galilei stayed there for 18 years till 1610. Then he moved
to Florence, where he became “Mathematicus primarius” of the Medici Duke
and of the University of Pisa. After 1613 Galilei lived in his house in Arcreti
nearby Florence. Probably the Medici sustained him.
Galilei worked on physical problems, especially falling bodies, but he became
famous as an astronomer. By means of the lens, then newly invented by
the Dutch (Galilei heard about them in 1609), he constructed telescopes
and made astronomical observations. He found the sunspots, the satellites
of Jupiter and Saturn’s rings. Galilei believed in the heliocentric system of
Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543), but was afraid to make a fool of himself.
The movements of the Jupiter satellites Galilei observed by telescope seemed
to prove the Heliocentric system, and he propagated it. Therefore Galilei
was accused at the Holy Office in 1615. In 1616 the Holy Office declared the
heliocentric system to be wrong and in contradiction to the Holy Scripture,
which considered the world being immovable. Further publications about
the subject were forbidden. But Galilei was not forced to abjure. Also Pope
Urban VIII, who was an admirer of Galilei, did not propagate the Copernican
world view. In 1632 Galilei published his Dialogo, which violated the Decree
of 1616. He had to come to Rome in 1632 and after trials by theologians
found to be guilty. In 1633 he recanted the Copernican world view. He had
to live in his Villa in Arcreti, but then permitted to return and secretly wrote
his Discorsi.
The Dialogo was only taken from the index of prohibited books in 1835. In
1992 Galilei was officially rehabilitated by Pope John Paul II.
In principle Galileo Galilei found no new findings to the theory of estimation,
but by his propagation of the definite laws of nature became an important
supporter of a deterministic world view.
Galilei became also known for the fact that his works were not published in
Latin, but in Italian.
In 1609 Galilei became member of the Accademia dei Lincei in Rome.

Publications:

• Le Opere, 20 vols. (Firenze 1890-1909), new edition: (Firenze 1929-

1939, 1964-1966, 1968).

• Between 1613 and 1623 Galilei wrote about the game of dice, but there
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exists only a piece: “Sopra le Scoperte dei Dadi”, in: Dialogo dei mas-
simi sistemi (Milano 1936; Milano 1999), Opera Omnia (1718), En-
glish: Dialogue of the great world systems: in the Salisbury translation
(Chicago 1957), translation by Thorne, in: David, Games, Gods and
Gambling..., pp. 192-195.

• Discorso al Serenissimo Cosimo II. Gran duca di Toscana Intorno alle

cose, che Stanno in sù l’acqua, o che in quella si muovono (Firenze
1612, 2003) (online).

• Il Saggiatore ne quale con bilancia esquisita e giusta si ponderano le

cose contenute nella Libra astronomica et filosofica di Lotario Sarsi
Sigensano (Roma 1623), new edition: (Roma 2004; Padova 2005; Padova
2005), French:L’essayeur de Galilée (Paris 1980) (also online).

• Dialogo di Galileo Galilei Lincei dove si discorre sopra i due Massimi

Systemi del Mondo Tolemaico e Copernicano (Firenze 1632, Padova
1998; reprint 1999), facsimile: (Firenze 1999; Milano 2001), German:
Dialog über die beiden hauptsächlich(st)en Weltsysteme: das ptolemäische
und das kopernikanische (Leipzig 1891; Stuttgart 1982; Paderborn 2007);
English: Dialogue concerning the two chief world systems - Ptolemaic
& Copernican (Berkely 1953, 1967), and Galileo on the world systems:
a new abridged translation and guide (Berkeley 1997).

• Sidereus Nuncius, magna ... spectacula pandens... / Quae a Galilei

... sunt observata in lunae facie, fixis innumeris, lacteo circulo, stel-
lis nebulosis, apprime vero in quatuor planetis circa Iovis stellam ...
circumvolutis, quos ... Medicea sidera author nuncopandos decrevit
(Venice 1610; Frankfurt 1610; London 1653; 1655; 1683; facsimile Al-
burgh 1987; Paris 1992), German: Sidereus Nuncius: (Nachricht von
neuen Sternen) (Frankfurt 2002), excerpt:

• Dialog über die Weltsysteme (Frankfurt 2002), another excerpt: Marginalien

zu Tasso (Frankfurt 2002), another excerpt: Vermessung der Hölle
Dantes (Frankfurt 2002), English: Sidereus nuncius or The sidereal
messenger (Chicago 1989, 2001), French: Le message céleste (Paris
1989), also: Le messager des étoiles (Paris 1992).

• Istoria e dismostrazioni intorno alle maccie solari e loro accidenti:

compresse in 3 lettere scritte all’illustrissimo Signor Marco Velseri
(Roma 1613; Bruxelles 1967; Firenze 2004) (online).
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• Mathematical discourses concerning (the) two new sciences relating to

mechanicks and local motion, in four dialogues On the loadstone and
magnetic bodies (London 1730, 1734; New York 1914, 1954; Chicago
2003).

• Systema Cosmicum, Authore Galilaeo Galilaei Lynceo, Academiae Pisanae

Mathematico ...: in quo dialogis 4 de duobus maximis mundi system-
atibus ... disseritur (Leiden 1635; Straßburg 1635; Lyon 1641; London
1662; Leiden 1699; Firenze 2004) (online).

• (Dialogus) De systemate mundi. De motu locali (Trier 1635; Lyon 1641;

London 1663; Leiden 1699; Firenze 2005) (online).

• Discorsi e dimostrazioni matematiche intorno à due nove scienze atte-

nenti alla Mecanica & I Movimenti Locali (Leiden 1638), new edition
(Torino 1990), German: Unterredungen und mathematische Demon-
strationen über zwei neue Wissenszweige, die Mechanik und die Fallge-
setze betreffend (Leipzig 1890-1904; Thun 2000, Frankfurt 2007), En-
glish: Two new sciences: including Center of gravity & Force of per-
cussion (Madison, Wisc. 1974), Spanish: Consideraciones y demostra-
ciones matemáticas sobre dos nuevas ciencias (Barcelona 1996) (im-
portant for modern physics).

• Della scienza meccanica (Ravenna 1649; Firenze 2005) (online).

• Trattato della sfera (Roma 1656; Firenze 2004) (online).

• Lettere teologiche (Casale Monferrato 1999).

• Rime (Roma 2001).

• Discorso delle comete (Roma 2002).

• Le mecaniche (Firenze 2002).

• Michael Titzmann, Thomas Steinhauser (eds.), Lettera a Cristina di

Lorena (Passau 2008) (Italian-German).

• Erminia Ardissino (ed.), Lettere (Roma 2008).

Scientific Awards:
In 1611 Galilei was admitted as sixth member into the Accademia dei Lincei.
A lunar crater, a Rima Galilaei and a street in Paris bear his name.
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• Vincenzo Viviani, Vita di Galileo (Roma 2001).
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shire 1991).
• William A. Wallace, “Galileo’s Jesuit connections and their influence on
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• Michael White, Galileo antichrist: a biography (London 2007).
• Nick Wilding, “The return of Thomas Salusbury’s ’Life of Galileo”’, The
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• W.L. Wisan, “Galileo and the process of scientific creation”, Isis 75 (1984)
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• W.L. Wisan, “Galileo and God’s creation”, Isis 77 (1986) pp. 473-486.
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• Antonino Zichichi, Galilei divin uomo (Milano 2001).

• Emanuele Zinato, Il vero in maschera: dialogismi galileiani (Napoli 2003).

• http://galileo.rice.edu/bio/tov.html (10 March 2009).

• J.J. O’Connor, E.F. Robertson, http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/ his-
tory/Mathematicians/Galileo.html (11 December 2006).
• J.J. O’Connor, E.F. Robertson, http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/ his-
tory/References/Galileo.html (24 March 2008).
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galileo Galilei (05 June 2008) with links to
documents.

Author(s) of this contribution:

Claudia von Collani

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