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PROBLEM SOLUTIONS
8.1 Since the friction force is tangential to a point on the rim of the wheel, it is perpendicular to the radius line connect-
ing this point with the center of the wheel. The torque of this force about the axis through the center of the wheel is
then = rf sin 90.0º = rf, and the friction force is
76.0 N m
f 217 N
r 0.350 m
8.2 The torque of the applied force is = rF sin. Thus, if r = 0.330 m, = 75.0º, and the torque has the maximum al-
lowed value of max = 65.0 N m, the applied force is
max 65.0 N m
F 204 N
r sin 0.330 m sin 75.0
8.3 First resolve all of the forces shown in Figure P8.3 into components parallel to and perpendicular to the beam as
shown in the sketch below.
Page 8.1
Chapter 8
or 0 = 30 N m counterclockwise
or c = 30 N m counterclockwise
8.4
The lever arm is d 1.20 102 m cos 48.0 8.03 103 m , and the torque is
3.0 kg 9.8 m s2 2.0 m sin 5.0 5.1 N m
(b) The magnitude of the torque is proportional to the sin , where is the angle between the direction of the
force and the line from the pivot to the point where the force acts. Note from the sketch that this is the same as the
an gle the pendulum string makes with the vertical.
Since sin increases as increases, the torque also increases with the angle.
8.6 The object is in both translational and rotational equilibrium. Thus, we may write:
Fx 0 Fx Rx 0
Fy 0 Fy Ry Fg 0
and
Page 8.2
Chapter 8
O 0 Fy cos Fx sin Fg cos 0
2
8.7
Therefore,
or
Also,
450 N
FSam 1.56FSam 450 N or FSam 176 N
2.56
Page 8.3
Chapter 8
(b) If Sam moves closer to the center of the beam, his lever arm about the beam center decreases, so the force
FSam must increase to continue applying a clockwise torque capable of offsetting Joe’s counterclockwise
torque. At the same time, the force FJoe would decrease since the sum of the two upward forces equal the
(c) If Sam moves to the right of the center of the beam, his torque about the midpoint would then be counter-
clockwise. Joe would have to hold down on the beam in order to exert an offsetting clockwise torque.
8.9 Require that = 0 about an axis through the elbow and perpendicular to the page. This gives
2.00 kg 9.80 m s2 25.0 cm + 8.00 cm FB cos 75.0 8.00 cm 0
or
FB
19.6 N 33.0 cm 312 N
8.00 cm cos 75.0
Requiring that the sum of the torques about point O be zero yields
or
39.2 cm 10.0 cm
M 50.0 g 139 g
49.7 cm 39.2 cm
Page 8.4
Chapter 8
xcg
mi xi
A1 x1 A2 x2
16.0 ft 2 2.00 ft 8.00 ft 2 6.00 ft 3.33 ft
mi A1 A2
16.0 ft 2 8.00 ft 2
and
ycg
mi yi
A1 y1 A2 y2
16.0 ft 2 2.00 ft 8.00 ft 2 1.00 ft
1.67 ft
mi A1 A2
16.0 ft 2 8.00 ft 2
8.12 (a)
Mg 90.0 kg 9.80 m s2 882 N
mg 55.0 kg 9.80 m s2 539 N
(b) The woman is at x = 0 when n1 is greatest. With this location of the woman, the counterclockwise torque
about the center of the beam is a maximum. Thus, n1 must be exerting its maximum clockwise torque about
the center to hold the beam in rotational equilibrium.
(c) n1 = 0 As the woman walks to the right along the beam, she will eventually reach a point where the beam will
start to rotate clockwise about the rightmost pivot. At this point, the beam is starting to lift up off of the left
most pivot and the normal force exerted by that pivot will have diminished to zero.
(d) When the beam is about to tip, n1 = 0 and Fy = 0, gives 0+n2 – Mg – mg = 0, or
Page 8.5
Chapter 8
M
x 1.00 m 4.00 m
m
Thus,
x 1.00 m
90.0 kg 4.00 m 5.64 m
55.0 kg
0 539 N x 882 N 3.00 m 1.42 103 N 4.00 m 0
or
3.03 103 N m
x 5.62 N
539 N
which, within limits of rounding errors, is the same as the answer to part (e).
Page 8.6
Chapter 8
8.14 (a) As the woman walks to the right along the beam,
she will eventually reach a point where the beam will start
to rotate clockwise about the rightmost pivot. At this point,
the beam is starting to lift up off of the leftmost pivot and the
normal force, n1, exerted by that pivot will have diminished to
zero.
Then, Fy 0 0 mg Mg n2 0 , or
n2 m M g
L M M
0 mg x Mg mg Mg 0 or x 1 L
2 m 2m
(c) If the woman is to just reach the right end of the beam (x = L) when n1 = 0 and n2 = (m+M)g (i.e., the beam is
ready to tip), then the result from Part (b) requires that
L 1
M M
L or
1 M 2m m M 2
L
m 2m 1 M m m M
8.15 In each case, the distance from the bar to the center of mass of the body is given by
where the distance x for any body part is the distance from the bar to the center of gravity of that body part. In each
Page 8.7
Chapter 8
case, we shall take the positive direction for distances to run from the bar toward the location of the head.
With the body positioned as shown in Figure P8.15b, the distances x for each body part is computed using the
sketch given below:
62.8 kg m
xcg 1.01 m
62.05 kg
With the body positioned as shown in Figure P8.15c, we use the following sketch to determine the distance x for
each body part:
Page 8.8
Chapter 8
With these distances, the location (relative to the bar) of the center of gravity of the body is
0.924 kg m
xcg 0.015 m 0.015 m towards the head
62.05 kg
8.16 With the coordinate system shown below, the coordinates of the center of gravity of each body part may be com-
puted:
xcg,thighs torso
rcg
thighs
cos 60.0 0.676 m
ycg,thighs rcg
thighs
sin 60.0 0.131 m
With these coordinates for individual body parts and the masses given in Problem 8.15, the coordinates of the cen-
ter of mass for the entire body are found to be
and
Page 8.9
Chapter 8
When the spine is in rotational equilibrium, the sum of the torques about the left end (point O) must be zero. Thus,
2L L
Ty 350 N 200 N L 0
3 2
562 N
The tension in the back muscle is then T = 2.71 103 N 2.71 kN .
sin 12.0
The spine is also in translational equilibrium, so Fx 0 Rx Tx 0 and the compression force in the
spine is
Page 8.10
Chapter 8
or
T sin
R [1]
sin 15.0
or
1 800 N
R sin cos [4]
sin 15.0
1 800 N
tan 15.0 sin cos 1 800 N cos 700 N
2
Squaring this result and using the identity sin2 1 cos2 gives
tan2 15.0 1 cos4 2 tan 15.0 0.104 2 1 cos2 0.104 2 0
2
In this last result, let u = cos2 and evaluate the constants to obtain the quadratic equation
Thus,
cos1
0.869 3 21.2 or cos1
0.011 7 83.8
Page 8.11
Chapter 8
We ignore the second solution since it is physically impossible for the human foot to stand with
the sole inclined at 83.8° to the floor. We are the left with: = 21.2º.
R
1.68 103 N sin 21.2 2.34 103 N
sin 15.0
8.19 Consider the torques about an axis perpendicular to the page through the left end of the rod.
0 T
100 N 3.00 m 500 N 4.00 m
6.00 m cos 30.0
T 443 N
8.20 Consider the torques about an axis perpendicular to the page through the left end of the scaffold.
Page 8.12
Chapter 8
or
= 0 gives
or T1 = 501 N.
Page 8.13
Chapter 8
giving T = 434 N.
f fs max s n s F1 or
f 0.600 1.00 103 N 600 N
Finally, using an axis perpendicular to the page and through the lower end of the ladder = 0, gives
or
d
3.68 103 550 Nm
6.15 m when the ladder is ready to slip
0.643 800 N
Page 8.14
Chapter 8
8.24 (a)
(b) The point of intersection of two unknown forces is always a good choice as the pivot point in a torque calcu-
lation. Doing this eliminates these two unknowns from the calculation (since they have zero lever arms about
the chosen pivot) and makes it .easier to solve the resulting equilibrium equation .
L
(c) hinge 0 0 0 mg cos T L sin 0
2
(d) Solving the above result for the tension in the cable gives
T
mg 2 L cos
mg
L sin 2 tan
or
16.0 kg 9.80 m s2
T 136 N
2 tan 30.0
(f) Solving the above results for the components of the hinge force gives
Fx = T = 136 N and
Fy mg 16.0 kg 9.80 m s2 157 N
(g) Attaching the cable higher up would allow the cable to bear some of the weight, thereby reducing the stress
on the hinge. It would also reduce the tension in the cable.
Page 8.15
Chapter 8
or T2 = T1, meaning that the rope has a uniform tension T throughout its length.
0.500 m
Fy 0: T cos T cos 475 N 0 where cos
6.00 m 2 0.500 m 2
and the tension in the rope (force applied to the car) is
8.26 (a)
L
(b) lower 0 0 0 mg cos T L sin 0
end 2
mg cos mg
or T cot
2 sin 2
Fy 0 n mg 0 n mg [2]
Page 8.16
Chapter 8
(d) Equate the results of parts (b) and (c) to obtain s = cot /2
This result is valid only at the critical angle where the beam is on the verge of slipping
(e) At angles below the critical angle (where fs fs max is valid), the beam will slip. At larger angles, the
static friction force is reduced below the maximum value, and it is no longer appropriate to use s in the cal-
culation.
yields R 107 N .
8.28 Observe that the cable is perpendicular to the boom. Then, using = 0 for an axis perpendicular to the page and
through the lower end of the boom gives
L 3
1.20 kN cos 65° T L 2.00 kN L cos 65° 0
2 4
or .T = 1.47 kN
Page 8.17
Chapter 8
and
Ty = T sin 25.0
d d
T sin 25.0° 5 19.3 N 2 8.03 N d 0
or T = 209 N.
f fs max s n 0.50 n
Using = 0 for an axis perpendicular to the page and through the left end of the beam gives
w xmin w 2.0 m 2 w sin 37° 4.0 m 0 , which reduces to xmin = 2.8 m.
8.31 The moment of inertia for rotations about an axis is I mi ri2 , where ri is the distance mass mi is from that axis.
Page 8.18
Chapter 8
(c) For rotations about an axis perpendicular to the page through point O, the distance ri for each mass is
Thus,
IO 3.00 2.00 2.00 4.00 kg 13.0 m2 143 kg m2
and
M
2I
2 87.8 kg m2 1.61 103 kg
r2 0.330 m 2
Page 8.19
Chapter 8
8.34 (a)
I 2Idisk Icylinder 2 MR2 2 mr 2 2 or I MR2 mr 2 2
(b) g = 0 Since the line of action of the gravitational force passes through the rotation axis, it has zero lever arm
about this axis and zero torque.
(c) The torque due to the tension force is positive. Imagine gripping the cylinder with your right hand so
your fingers on the front side of the cylinder point upward in the direction of the tension force. The thumb of
your right hand then points toward the left (positive direction) along the rotation axis. Because I , the
torque and angular acceleration have the same direction. Thus, a positive torque produces a
positive angular acceleration. When released, the center of mass of the yoyo drops downward, in the
negative direction. The translational acceleration is negative.
(d) Since, with the chosen sign convention, the translational acceleration is negative when the angular accelera-
tion is positive, we must include a negative sign in the proportionality between these two quantities. Thus, we
write: a = r or = –a/r
(e) Translation:
(f) Rotational:
(g) Substitute the results of (d) and (a) into Equation [2] to obtain
a r mr 2 a R2 m
T I I MR 2 or T M as [3]
r r 2 r 2 r 2
2M m g
M R r m 2 a 2 M m g 2 M m a
2
or a
2 M M R r 3m 2
2
Page 8.20
Chapter 8
(h) a
2 2.00 kg 1.00 kg 9.80 m s2 2.72 m s2
2 2.00 kg 2.00 kg 10.0 4.00 3 1.00 kg 2
2
(i)
From Equation [1], T 2M m g a 5.00 kg 9.80 m s2 2.72 m s2 35.4 N .
2 y 2 1.00 m
( j) y 0 t at 2 2 t 0.857 s
a 2.72 m s2
so
Translation of man:
Fy ma mg T ma or T m g a [2]
a
mg
75.0 kg 9.80 m s2
3.92 m s2
m M 2 75.0 kg+ 225 kg 2
Page 8.21
Chapter 8
a 3.92 m s2
9.80 rad s2
r 0.400 m
(c) As the rope leaves the cylinder, the mass of the cylinder decreases, thereby decreasing the moment of inertia.
At the same time, the weight of the rope leaving the cylinder would increase the downward force acting tan-
gential to the cylinder, and hence increase the torque exerted on the cylinder. Both of these effects will cause
the acceleration of the system to increase with time. (The increase would be slight in this case, given the
large mass of the cylinder.)
Thus, the torque is I (I i t ) . But, the torque is also = – fr, so the magnitude of the required fric-
tion force is
f
I i
12 kg m 2 50 rev min 2 rad 1 min
r t 1 rev 60 s 21 N
0.50 m 6.0 s
f 21 N
k 0.30
n 70 N
24.0 N m
(b) 0.0356 rad s2
I m r2 0.750 kg 30.0 m 2
(c)
a t r 30.0 m 0.0356 rad s2 1.07 m s2
yielding
Page 8.22
Chapter 8
I f R
F
r
(a) F
0.184 kg m2 4.50
rad s2 120 N 0.320 m
872 N
4.50 10 2 m
(b) F
0.184 kg m2 4.50
rad s2 120 N 0.320 m
1.40 kN
2.80 10 2 m
1 1
MR2 150 kg 1.50 m 169 kg m 2
2
8.39 I
2 2
and
f i
0.500 rev s 0 2 rad
1 rev 2 rad s
2
t 2 .00 s
Thus, F r I gives
I
169 kg m2 2
rad s2
F 177 N
r 1.50 m
(b) We adopt a sign convention for each object with the positive
direction being the indicated direction of the acceleration of that
object in the diagrams at the right. Then, apply Newton’s
second law to each object:
Page 8.23
Chapter 8
Substitute Equations [1] and [2], along with the relations I Mr 2 2 and a r , into Equation [3] to obtain
Mr 2 a Ma M
m2 g a m1 g a
2r r
2
or m1 m2 2 a m2 m1 g
and
(c)
From Equation [1]: T1 10.0 kg 9.80 m s2 2.88 m s2 127 N .
From Equation [2]: T2 20.0 kg 9.80 m s2 2.88 m s2 138 N .
8.41 The initial angular velocity of the wheel is zero, and the final angular velocity is
v 50.0 m s
f 40.0 rad s
r 1.25 m
f i 40.0 rad s 0
83.3 rad s2
t 0.480 s
fk
I
110 kg m 2 83.3 rad s2 7.33 103 N
r 1.25 m
fk 7.33 103 N
k 0.524
n 1.40 10 4 N
Page 8.24
Chapter 8
1 1
MR2 500 kg 2 .00 m 1.00 103 kg m 2
2
I
2 2
1 1
KEstored
2
I2
2
1.00 103 kg m 2 524 rad s 1.37 108 J
2
746 W
P 10.0 hp 7.46 103 J s
1 hp
1 1 w 1 800 N
I
2
MR 2 R 2
2 g 2 9.80 m s
2 1.50 m 91.8 kg m 2
2
FR
50.0 N 1.50 m 0.817 rad s2
I I 91.8 kg m 2
Page 8.25
Chapter 8
1 1
KErot
2
I2
2
91.8 kg m2 2.45 rad s 276 J
2
1 1
MR2 4.80 kg 0.230 m 0.127 kg m 2
2
Solid Cylinder: I
2 2
2 2
MR2 4.80 kg 0.230 m 0.102 kg m 2
2
Solid Sphere: I
5 5
2 2
MR2 4.80 kg 0.230 m 0.169 kg m 2
2
Thin, Spherical, Shell: I
3 3
I f R I a R or f Ia R2 [2]
Mg sin
Mg sin Ia R2 Ma or a
M I R2
Since M, R, g are the same for all of the objects, we see that the translational acceleration (and hence the
translational speed) increases as the moment of inertia decreases. Thus, the proper rankings from highest to
lowest by translational speed will be:
Page 8.26
Chapter 8
(c) When an object rolls down the ramp without slipping, the friction force does no work and mechanical energy
is conserved. Then, the total kinetic energy gained equals the gravitational potential energy given up:
KEr KEt PEg Mgh and KEr Mgh 1
Mv2 , where h is the vertical drop of the ramp and
2
is the translational speed at the bottom. Since M, g, and h are the same for all of the objects, the rotational ki-
netic energy decreases as the translational speed increases. Using this fact, along with the result of Part (b),
we rank the object’s final rotational kinetic energies, from highest to lowest, as:
8.45 (a) Treating the particles on the ends of the rod as point masses, the total moment of inertia of the rotating sys-
tem is I Irod I3 I 4 mrod L2 12 m3 (L 2)2 m4 (L 2)2 . If the mass of the rod can be ignored, this
reduces to
2
L
I 0 m3 m4 3.00 kg 4.00 kg 0.500 m 1.75 kg m 2
2
2
1 1
KEr
2
I2
2
1.75 kg m 2 2.50 rad s 5.47 J
2
1
I
12
2.00 kg 1.00 m 1.75 kg m 2 1.92 kg m 2
2
and
1 1
KEr
2
I2
2
1.92 kg m 2 2.50 rad s 6.00 J
2
or
Page 8.27
Chapter 8
1 1
M vt2 I 2 0 0 0 M g L sin
2 2
Since I 2 5 MR2 for a solid sphere and vt R when rolling without slipping, this becomes
1 1
M R2 2 M R 2 2 M g L sin
2 5
and reduces to
10 gL sin
10 9.8 m s2 6.0 m sin 37 36 rad s
7 0.20 m
7 R2 2
8.47 (a) Assuming the disk rolls without slipping, the friction force between the disk and the ramp does no work. In
this case, the total mechanical energy of the disk is constant with the value
E KEi (PEg )i 0 Mgh MgL sin . When the disk gets to the bottom of the ramp, PEg 0 and
KE f KEt KEr E MgL sin . Also, since the disk does not slip, v R and
2
1 1 1 2 v 1 1 2 1
KEr I2 2 MR R 2 M v 2 KEt
2 2 2
Then,
1 31
KEtotal KEt KEt E MgL sin or M v2 M gL sin
2 2 2
and
v
4 gL sin
4 9.80 m s2 4.50 m sin 15.0 3.90 m s
3 3
v 3.90 m s
15.6 rad s
R 0.250 m
Page 8.28
Chapter 8
8.48 (a) Assuming the solid sphere starts from rest, and taking y =0 at the level of the bottom of the incline, the total
mechanical energy will be split among three distinct forms of energy E PEg i
mgh as the sphere rolls
1
rotational kinetic energy, I2
2
1
translational kinetic energy, mv2
2
and
where y is the current height of the center of mass of the sphere above the level of the bottom of the incline.
(b) The force of static friction, exerted on the sphere by the incline and directed up the incline, exerts a torque
about the center of mass giving the sphere an angular acceleration.
(c) KEt 1
2
Mv2 and KEr 1
2
I 2 where v R (since the sphere rolls without slipping) and
I 2
5
MR2 for a solid sphere. Therefore,
KEr
I2 2
2 MR2 5 2
2 MR2 2
2
KEt KEr Mv 2 I 2
2 2
M R 2 MR2 5 2
2
5 MR2 2 2 MR2 2 7
Thus, Wnet 1
2
I 2f 1
2
I i2 , or
Page 8.29
Chapter 8
2 rad
25.0 N m 15.0 rev
1
1 rev
2
0.130 kg m 2 2f 0
This yields
rad 1 rev
f 190 30.3 rev s
s 2 rad
1 1
mvt2 10.0 kg 10.0 m s 500 J
2
8.51 (a) KEtrans
2 2
1 2 1 1 v2
KErot I mR 2 t2
2 2 2 R
(b)
1 1
mvt2 10.0 kg 10.0 m s 250 J
2
4 4
8.52 As the bucket drops, it loses gravitational potential energy. The spool
gains rotational kinetic energy and the bucket gains translational kinetic
energy. Since the string does not slip on the spool, r where r is the
1 1
m 2 I 2 mgy f 0 0 mgyi
2 2
or
1
2
11
m r Mr 2 2 mg yi y f
2
22
Page 8.30
Chapter 8
This gives
2mg yi y f
2 3.00 kg 9.80 m s2 4.00 m 10.9 rad s
m 1
2
M r2 3.00 kg+ 1
2 5.00 kg 0.600 m 2
8.53 (a) The arm consists of a uniform rod of 10.0 m length and the mass of the seats at the lower end is negligible.
The center of gravity of this system is then located at the
geometric center of the arm, located 5.00 m from the upper end.
From the sketch at the right, the height of the center of gravity above the zero level is
ycg 10.0 m 5.00 m cos .
and
1
I end 2f mg ycg
0 mg ycg or
2mg ycg ycg
i f
[1]
2 f i f
I end
For a long, thin rod: Iend mL2 3 . Equation [1] then becomes
Page 8.31
Chapter 8
2 m g ycg ycg
i f
y
6 g ycg
i cg f
f
m L2 3 L2
6 9.80 m s2 6.46 m 5.00 m 0.927 rad s
10.0 m 2
Then, from r , the translational speed of the seats at the lower end of the rod is
8.54 (a)
L I MR2 2.40 kg 0.180 m
2
35.0 rad s 2.72 kg m 2 s
1 1
L I MR 2 2.40 kg 0.180 m 35.0 rad s 1.36 kg m 2 s
2
(b)
2 2
2 2
L I MR 2 2.40 kg 0.180 m 35.0 rad s 1.09 kg m 2 s
2
(c)
5 5
2 2
L I MR 2 2.40 kg 0.180 m 35.0 rad s 1.81 kg m 2 s
2
(d)
3 3
2 rad 1d
E 7.27 10 5 rad s
1 d 8.64 10 4 s
2
Lspin I sphere E M E RE2 E
5
2
5.98 10 24 kg 6.38 10 6 m
5
2 7.27 10 5
rad s 7.08 10 33 J s
Page 8.32
Chapter 8
2 rad 1y
orbit 3.156 107 1.99 10 7 rad s
1y s
Lorbit I point orbit ME Rorbit
2 orbit
5.98 1024 kg 1.496 1011 m 2 1.99 107
rad s 2.67 10 40 J s
8.56 (a) Yes, the bullet has angular momentum about an axis through the
hinges of the door before the collision. Consider the sketch at
the right, showing the bullet the instant before it hits the door. The
physical situation is identical to that of a point mass mg moving in
a circular path of radius r with tangential speed t = i. For that
situation the angular momentum is
Li I i i mB r 2 i mB r i
r
and this is also the angular momentum of the bullet about the axis
through the hinge at the instant just before impact.
(b) No, mechanical energy is not conserved in the collision. The bullet embeds itself in the door with the two
moving as a unit after impact. This is a perfectly inelastic collision in which a significant amount of mechanic
cal energy is converted to other forms, notably thermal energy.
(c) Apply conservation of angular momentum with Li mBri as discussed in part (a). After impact,
L f I f f I door I bullet f 1
2
Mdoor L2 mBr 2 f where L = 1.00 m = the width of the door
Page 8.33
Chapter 8
(d) The kinetic energy of the door-bullet system immediately after impact is
1 1 1 2
I f 2f 18.0 kg 1.00 m 0.005 kg 0.900 m 0.749 rad s
2 2
KE f
2 2 3
or KE f 1.68 J .
The kinetic energy (of the bullet) just before impact was
1 1
KEi
2 2
mBi2 0.005 kg 1.00 103 m s 2 2.50 103 J
8.57 Each mass moves in a circular path of radius r = 0.500 m/s about the center of the connecting rod. Their angular
speed is
5.00 m s
10.0 m s
r 0.500 m
Neglecting the moment of inertia of the light connecting rod, the angular momentum of this rotating system is
Thus, mra2 a mrp2 p . Since = 1/r at both aphelion and perihelion, this is equivalent to
mra2 a
ra mrp2 p rp , giving
rp 0.59 A.U.
a p
35 A.U.
54 km s 0.91 km s
ra
Page 8.34
Chapter 8
The moment of inertia of the system after the spokes are shortened is
2
I f m f rf2 4 M 0.50 m M 1.0 m 2
From conservation of angular momentum, If f = Ii i, or
Ii
f i 4 2.0 rev s 8.0 rev s
If
8.60
From conservation of angular momentum: I child I m-g -r f
f Ichild I m -g -r i
i
Treating the child as a point object, Ichild mr 2 where r is the distance the child is from the rotation axis. Con-
servation of angular momentum then gives
or
8.61 The moment of inertia of the cylinder before the putty arrives is
1 1
M R2 10.0 kg 1.00 m 5.00 kg m 2
2
Ii
2 2
Page 8.35
Chapter 8
Ii 5.00 kg m2
f i 7.00 rad s 6.73 rad s
If 5.20 kg m2
Itotal I masses I student 2 mr 2 3.0 kg m2
Afterward, r = 0.30 m, so
Ii 9.0 kg m2
f i 0.75 rad s 1.9 rad s
If 3.5 kg m2
1 1
(b) KEi
2
Ii i2
2
9.0 kg m 2 0.75 rad s 2.5 J
2
1 1
KE f
2
I f 2f
2
3.5 kg m 2 1.9 rad s 6.3 J
2
t i 0.800 m s rad
i 2 .00
ri 0.400 m s
Since the tension in the string does not exert a torque about the axis of revolution, the angular
momentum of the puck is conserved, or If f = Ii i.
Thus,
Ii mri2 0.400 m
2
f i 2 i
0.250 m
2 .00 rad s 5.12 rad s
If mrf
Page 8.36
Chapter 8
Wnet KE f KEi
1
2
1 1
I f 2f I i i2 mrf2 2f mri2 i2
2 2
m 2 2
rf f ri2i2
2
or
0.120 kg
Wnet
2
0.250 m 5.12 rad s 0.400 m
2 2 2
2 .00 rad s
2
8.64
For one of the crew, Fc m ac becomes n m vt2 /r mr i2 . We require n = mg, so the initial angular ve-
locity must be i g/r . From conservation of angular momentum, I f f Ii i or f (Ii /I f )i . Thus,
g
ac r 2f r 12.3 m s2 1.12
2
r
1.12 9.80 m s2 12.3 m s2
2
Ii I1
f i o
If I1 I 2
2
1 1 I I 1 I
(b) KE f I f 2f I1 I 2 1 o2 1 I1 o2 1 KEi
2 2 I1 I2 I1 I2 2 I1 I2
or
Page 8.37
Chapter 8
KE f I1
KEi I1 I 2
rev 2 rad
i 0.20 0.40 rad s
s 1 rev
1 1
M R2 80 kg r 2 25 kg 2 .0 m
2
I I man I cylinder mr 2
2 2
Initially, the man is at r 2.0 m from the axis, and this gives Ii 3.7 102 kg m2 . At the end, when r = 1.0,
Ii 3.7 102 kg m2
f i 0.40 rad s 1.14 rad s 3.6 rad s
If 1.3 102 kg m2
2 2
1 rad 1 rad
KE
2
1.3 102 kg m 2 1.14
s
2
3.7 10 2 kg m 2 0.40
s
or KE 5.4 102 J . The difference is the work done by the man as he walks inward.
8.67 (a) The table turns counterclockwise, opposite to the way the woman walks. Its angular momentum cancels that
of the woman so the total angular momentum maintains a constant value of Ltotal Lwoman Ltable 0 .
Page 8.38
Chapter 8
I mw r 2 w mw r
t w w r I w
It I t t
or
60.0 kg 2 .00 m
t 1.50 m s 0.360 rad s
500 kg m 2
1 1
(b) Wnet KE KE f 0 mw2 I t t2
2 2
1 1
Wnet
2
60.0 kg 1.50 m s
2
2
500 kg m 2 0.360 rad s 99.9 J
2
5.00 cm 5.00 cm
5.77 cm
cos cos 30.0
and = 0 gives
so
P
150 N 30.0 cm 780 N
5.77 cm
Page 8.39
Chapter 8
8.69 (a) Since no horizontal force acts on the child-boat system, the center of gravity of this system will remain sta-
tionary, or
The masses do not change, so this result becomes mchild xchild + mboatxboat = constant.
Thus, as the child walks to the right, the boat will move to the left .
(b) Measuring distances from the stationary pier, with away from the pier being positive, the child is initially at
(xchild)i = 3.00 m and the center of gravity of the boat is at (xboat)i = 5.00. At the end, the child is at the right
end of the boat, so (xchild)f = (xboat)f + 2.00 m. Since the center of gravity of the system does not move,
and
Page 8.40
Chapter 8
(c) When the child arrives at the right end of the boat, the greatest distance from the pier that he can reach is
xmax xchild f 1.00 m 5.55 m 1.00 m 6.55 m This leaves him 0.45 m short of reaching the
turtle .
T 12.0 kg 9.80 m s2 sin 37.0 2.00 m s 2
46.8 N
at
T r I
r
or
I
T r2
46.8 N 0.100 m 2
0.234 kg m2
at 2.00 m s2
a 2.00 m s2
(c) i t 0 t t 2.00 s 40.0 rad s
r 0.100 m
n2 = sn1 [1]
Page 8.41
Chapter 8
n 1 w s s n1 0
or
w w
n 1 0.800 w [2]
1 s
2 1.25
Choose an axis perpendicular to the page and passing through the lower end of the ladder. Then, = 0 yields
L
w cos n2 L sin f2 L cos 0
2
L
w cos 0.400 w L sin 0.200 w L cos 0
2
and reduces to
0.500 0.200
sin cos
0.400
8.72
Page 8.42
Chapter 8
We treat each astronaut as a point object, m, moving at speed v in a circle of radius r = d/2. Then the total angular
momentum is
L I1 I 2 2 mr 2 2mr
r
Li 3.75 103 kg m2 s
1 1 1
(b) KEi m1 12i m2 22i 2 mi2
2 2 2
Lf 3.75 103 kg m2 s
f 10.0 m s
(d)
2 mrf 2 75.0 kg 2.50 m
1
KE f 2 m 2f 75.0 kg 10.0 m s 7.50 kJ
2
(e)
2
d
8.73 (a) Li 2 M M d
2
1
(b) KEi 2 M i2 M 2
2
(c) L f Li M d
Page 8.43
Chapter 8
Lf M d
f 2
(d)
2 Mrf 2 M d 4
1
KE f 2 M 2f M 2 4 M 2
2
(e)
2
or
Then,
2 2
Ii 2
MRi2 Ri 1.50 109 m
f i 15.0 103 m 0.010 0 rev d
5
2 i i
If 5
MR2f Rf
giving
rev 2 rad 1 d
f 1.00 108 7.27 103 rad s
d 1 rev 8.64 10 s
4
(b) t f
R f f 15.0 103 m 7.27 103 rad s 1.09 108 m s (which is about one-third the
Page 8.44
Chapter 8
speed of light).
8.76 (a) Taking PEg = 0 at the level of the horizontal axis passing
through the center of the rod, the total energy of the rod
in the vertical position is
E KE PEg
0 m1g L m2 g L m1 m2 gL
1
E KEr PEg I total 2 m1gy1 m2 gy2 Figure P8.76
2
1
2
m1L2 m2 L2 2 m1g L sin m2 g L sin
or
E
m1 m2 L2 2 m1 m2 gL sin
2
(c) In the absence of any nonconservative forces that do work on the rotating system, the total mechanical energy
of the system is constant. Thus, the results of parts (a) and (b) may be equated to yield an equation that can be
solved for the angular speed, , of the system as a function of angle .
(d) In the vertical position, the net torque acting on the system is zero, net = 0. This is because the lines of action
of both external gravitational forces (m1g and m2g)pass through the pivot and hence have zero lever arms
about the rotation axis. In the rotated position, the net torque (taking clockwise as positive) is
Note that the net torque is not constant as the system rotates. Thus, the angular acceleration of the rotating
system, given by = net/I, will vary as a function of . Since a net torque of varying magnitude acts on the
system, the angular momentum of the system will change at a nonuniform rate.
Page 8.45
Chapter 8
net
m1 m2 gL cos
m1 m2 g cos
I m1 L2 m2 L2 m1 m2 L
8.77 Let mp be the mass of the pulley, m1 be the mass of the sliding block, and m2 be the mass of the counterweight.
1
(a) The moment of inertia of the pulley is I m p R2p and its angular velocity at any time is, = /Rp where
2
is the linear speed of the other objects. The friction force retarding the sliding block is
fk k n k m1 g
Choose PEg 0 at the level of the counterweight when the sliding object reaches the second photogate.
Wnc KEtrans KErot PEg f
KEtrans KErot PEg i
f
2
1 11
fk s
2
m1 m2 2f m p R 2p 2 0
22 Rp
1 11 2
2
m1 m2 i2 m p R 2p i2 m2 gs
22 Rp
or
1 1 2 1 1 2
2 m1 m2 2 m p f 2 m1 m2 2 m p i m2 gs k m1 g s
This reduces to
2 m2 k m1 gs
f i2
1
m1 m2 m p
2
and yields
f
0.820
m
2
2 0.208 kg 9.80 m s2 0.700 m
1.63 m s
s 1.45 kg
Page 8.46
Chapter 8
vf 1.63 m s
(b) f 54.2 rad s
Rp 0.030 0 m
8.78 (a) The frame and the center of each wheel moves forward at = 3.35 m/s and each wheel also turns at angular
speed = /R. The total kinetic energy of the bicycle is KE = KEt + KEr, or
KE
1
2
1
m frame 2 mwheel 2 2 I wheel 2
2
2
1
2
m frame 2 mwheel 2
1
2
mwheel R 2 2
R
This yields
KE
1
2
m frame 3 mwheel v2
1
8.44 kg 3 0.820 kg 3.35 m s 61.2 J
2
2
(b) Since the block does not slip on the roller, its forward speed must
equal that of point A, the uppermost point on the rim of the roller.
Since the roller does not slip on the ground, the velocity of point O
(the roller center) must have the same magnitude as the tangential
speed of point B (the point on the roller rim in contact with the
ground). That is, vOE R O . Also, note that the velocity of point A relative
to the roller center has a magnitude equal to the tangential speed R, or vAO R O .
From the discussion of relative velocities in Chapter 3, we know that vAE vAO vOE . Since all of these
velocities are in the same direction, we may add their magnitudes getting vAE vAO vOE , or
O O 2O 2R .
Page 8.47
Chapter 8
1
2
1
1
mstone 2 2 mtree 2
KE
2 2 2 2 I tree
2
1 1 1 2
mstone mtree 2 mtree R 2 2
2 4 2 4R
1 3
This gives KE m mtree 2 , or
2 stone 4
1 3
844 kg 82.0 kg 0.335 m s 50.8 J
2
KE
2 4
8.80 Choose PEg = 0 at the level of the base of the ramp. Then, conservation of mechanical energy gives
2
1 1
0 0 mg s sin
2
mi2
2
mR 2 i 0
R
or
s
i2
R2 i2
3.0 m 3.0 rad s 24 m
2 2
gsin gsin
9.80 m s2 sin 20
Page 8.48
Chapter 8
1 1 a 1
2T R M R 2 M R 2 t or T M at
2 2 R
[1]
4
T
2m g 2 T 2m at or at g [2]
m
Mg M
T T
4 4 m
M mg
which reduces to T
M 4m
1 M mg Mg 4 mg
at g g
m M 4m M 4m M 4m
8.82 (a) A smooth (that is, frictionless) wall cannot exert a force parallel to its surface. Thus, the only force the verti-
cal wall can exert on the upper end of the ladder is a horizontal normal force.
d2 = L sin
Page 8.49
Chapter 8
(c) The lever arm of the force of gravity, m g , acting on the ladder is
d L 2 cos L cos 2
(d) Refer to the free-body diagram given in part (b) of this solution and make use of the fact that the ladder is in
both translational and rotational equilibrium.
Fy 0 n1 m g mp g 0 or n1 m mp g
When the ladder is on the verge of slipping, f1 f1 max s n1 s m m p g .
Then Fx 0 n2 f1 , or n2 s m m p g .
the painter can go up the ladder before it will start to slip. Solving for x gives
L
n2 L sin m g cos m m
2
x s 1 L tan L
m p g cos mp 2m p
30 kg 30 kg
x 0.45 1 4.0 m tan 53 4.0 m 2.5 m
80 kg 2 80 kg
r2 r1
3.00 m 0.140 m 2.86 m
Page 8.50
Chapter 8
KE f PEg f
KEi PEg i
1 1
2 I1 max 2 I 2 max m2 gr2 m1gr1 0 0
2 2
Approximating the two objects as point masses, we have I1 m1r12 and I2 m2r22 . The energy conservation
max
2 m1r1 m2 r2 g
2 60.0 kg 0.140 m 0.120 kg 2.86 m 9.80 m s 2
m1r12 m2 r22 60.0 kg 0.140 m 2
0.120 kg 2.86 m
2
or max 8.56 rad s . The maximum linear speed of the small mass object is then
8.84 (a) Note that the cylinder has both translational and rotational
motion. The center of gravity accelerates downward while
the cylinder rotates around the center of gravity. Thus, we
apply both the translational and the rotational forms of
Newton’s second law to the cylinder:
Fy ma y T mg m a
or
T m g a [1]
I Tr I a r
1
For a uniform, solid cylinder, I mr 2 so our last result becomes
2
mr 2 a 2T
Tr or a [2]
2 r m
Substituting Equation [2] into Equation [1] gives T = mg – 2T, and solving for T yields T = mg/3.
Page 8.51
Chapter 8
2T 2 mg
a 2g 3
m m 3
(c) Considering the translational motion of the center of gravity, 2y 02y 2ay y gives
2g
y 0 2
3
h 4 gh 3
Using conservation of energy with PEg at the final level of the cylinder gives
KE t KEr PEg f
KEt KEr PEg i
or 1
2
m2y 1
2
I 2 0 0 0 mgh
y
2
1 11 3
Since y r and I 1
mr 2 , this becomes m 2y m r 2 mgh , or m 2y mgh
2
2 22 r 2 4
yielding y 4 gh 3 .
w
0
2
70 cm Fm sin 45 4.0 cm 0
or
w 70 cm
Fm 12.4 w
2 4.0 cm sin 45
Recall that this is the total force exerted on the arm by a set of two muscles. If we approximate that the two muscles
of this pair exert equal magnitude forces, the force exerted by each muscle is
Page 8.52
Chapter 8
Fm 12.4 w
Feach 6.2 w 6.2 750 N 4.6 10 3 N 4.6 kN
muscle 2 2
8.86 Observe that since the torque opposing the rotational motion of the gymnast is constant, the work done by noncon-
servative forces as the gymnast goes from position 1 to position 2 (an angular displacement of /2 rad) will be the
same as that done while the gymnast goes from position 2 to position 3 (another angular displacement of /2 rad).
Choose PEg = 0 at the level of the bar, and let the distance from the bar to the center of gravity of the outstretched
Wnc 12 1
2
I 22 0 0 mgrcg or Wnc 12 1
2
I 22 mgrcg [1]
Now, apply the work–energy theorem to the rotation from position 2 to position 3 to obtain
Wnc 23
21 I 32 mg rcg
1
2
I 22 0 or Wnc 23 1
2
I 32 1
2
I 22 mgrcg [2]
Since the frictional torque is constant and these two segments of the motion involve equal angular displace-
ments, Wnc 23 Wnc 12 . Thus, equating Equation [2] to Equation [1] gives
1
2
I 32 1
2
I 22 mgrcg 1
2
I 22 mgrcg
Page 8.53
Chapter 8
T1 m1 g a [1]
For m2:
I
T1 T2 2 a [3]
r
Substitute Equations [1] and [2] into Equation [3] and solve for a to obtain
m1 g
a
I m1 m2
r2
or
4.00 kg 9.80 m s2
a 3.12 m s2
0.500 kg m2 0.300 m 2 4.00 kg 3.00 kg
(b)
Equation [1] above gives: T1 4.00 kg 9.80 m s2 3.12 m s2 26.7 N ,
and Equation [2] yields: T2 3.00 kg 3.12 m s2 9.37 N .
8.88 (a)
nF 120 N 10.0 kg 9.80 m s2 218 N
(c) When x = 2L/3, we consider the bottom end of the ladder as our pivot and obtain
L 2L
bottom 0
end
120 N
2
cos 60.0 98.0 N
3
cos 60.0 nW L sin 60.0 0
or
Page 8.54
Chapter 8
Then,
Fx 0 T nW 0 or T nW 72.4 N
L
120 N cos 60.0 98.0 N x cos 60.0 80.0 N L sin 60.0 0
2
or
(e) If the horizontal surface were rough and the rope removed, a horizontal static friction force directed toward
the wall would act on the bottom end of the ladder. Otherwise, the analysis would be much as what is done
above. The maximum distance the monkey could climb would correspond to the condition that the friction
force have its maximum value, s nF , so you would need to know the coefficient of static friction to solve
part (d).
Page 8.55