Lesson 6_et332b.

pptx
LESSON 6: MECHANICS FOR
MOTORS AND GENERATORS
1 ET 332b Ac Motors, Generators and Power
Systems
 Learning Objectives
After this presentation you will be able to:

Lesson 6_et332b.pptx
 Explain how torque and speed is represented.
 Convert power, torque and speed units from
SI to English Units
 Perform simple mechanical calculations.
 Identify common mechanical loads for
electrical machines.
 Identify the operating point of a motor-load
system
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 SPEED DEFINITIONS AND UNIT
CONVERSIONS

Angular speed (radians/second)

d

Lesson 6_et332b.pptx
rad/sec used in calculations 
dt

 = angular speed (radians/sec)

 = arc length (radians)
Standard for motors and generators
Revolutions per minute (RPM)

 60   2 
Conversions
n       n
 2   60 
3
rad/sec to RPM RPM to rad/sec
 FORCE AND TORQUE
Torque –”twisting force Vector representation
Force
Units SI (N-m)
English (ft-lb)

Lesson 6_et332b.pptx
 Perpendicular
r
Torque

Lever arm

Definitions

Torque =(applied force)∙(perpendicular distance)

T  F  (r  sin( ))
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FORCE AND TORQUE EXAMPLE
Example: torque wrench

Center of
Rotation

Lesson 6_et332b.pptx
F = 20 N
d = 20 cm

 = 90o
T = 20 N (0.2 m sin(90o)) = 4.0 N-m

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 FORCE AND TORQUE EXAMPLE
Example: Non-perpendicular distance

 = 60o

Lesson 6_et332b.pptx
Perpendicular distance
reduced

r sin()
d = 20 cm F = 20 N
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T = F(r sin()) = 20 N (0.2 m sin(60o)) = 3.46 N-m
 CIRCULAR MOTION AND TORQUE
Torque changes with position in circular motion
F
90 deg

Lesson 6_et332b.pptx
F

rotation

d 0 deg d=r and T = max at 0

180 deg 180 deg  = 90o
r

F
d =0 T = 0 at 90 and 270
deg  = 0o F
270 deg F
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 WORK AND POWER
Energy dissipates and work occurs when a force acts on
a mass
Lifting a weight requires work
and dissipates energy

Lesson 6_et332b.pptx
Work = (Force)(Distance) Linear Systems

W (Joules) = F (Newtons) X D (Meters)

D Power is how fast work is done

Rate of energy consumption

Mass (M) Power = Work/Time

P (Watts) = W (Joules)/ t (seconds) 8

F
Force = (Mass)(Acceleration of gravity) = Weight
WORK AND POWER IN ROTATING SYSTEMS
Work in rotating system

W = T∙

Lesson 6_et332b.pptx
T = torque (N-m)
 = angular distance (m)
Power in rotating system

P = T∙

P = power (Watts, W)
T = torque (N-m)
 = angular speed (rad/sec) 9
ENGLISH-SI UNIT CONVERSIONS

English Units SI Units

Power = Horsepower (HP) Power = Watts or Kilowatts (W, kW)
Torque = (lb-ft) Torque = Newton-Meters (N-m)

Lesson 6_et332b.pptx
Mechanical Power Conversion- Watts to Hp
Conversion factor: 1 hp = 746 watts

P (W)
P (hp)  Watts to hp
746 W/hp
P (W)  P (hp)  746 W/hp hp to Watts

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 ENGLISH-SI UNIT CONVERSIONS
Power (HP) to Torque (lb-ft) in English Units
5252  P
T
n

Lesson 6_et332b.pptx
Where: T = torque in lb-ft
P = power in horsepower (hp)
n = speed in rpm

Torque with mixed SI and English units

7.04  P
T
n

Where: T = torque in lb-ft

P = power in Watts 11
n = speed in rpm
 ENGLISH-SI UNIT CONVERSIONS

Torque in SI Units. Remember the definition of power…

P
P  T T


Lesson 6_et332b.pptx
T = torque (N-m)
P = Watts (W)
 = angular speed (radians/s)

Solve torque equations for speed

English P SI P
Units n Units 
5252  T T
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UNIT CONVERSION EXAMPLES
Example 6-1: A motor develops 25 Hp at the shaft at
a speed of 1750 rpm. Find the torque (N-m) developed
and the power output in Watts

Lesson 6_et332b.pptx
Make power unit conversion. HP=25 hp

P  746 W/hp  HP  746 W/hp  25 hp  18,650 W

Find torque by converting n in rpm to  in radians /second

 2π 
ω    1750 rpm  183.17 rad/s
 60 
P 18,650 W
T   101.8 N - m
ω 183.17 rad/s 13
 UNIT CONVERSION EXAMPLES
Example 6-2: A generator delivers 50 kW of power
at 170 rad/s. What horsepower and torque (ft-lb)
should the drive engine have.

Lesson 6_et332b.pptx
Convert power in watts to hp. Remember 50 kW = 50,000 W

P 50,000 W
HP    67 hp 7.04  50,000 W
746 W/hp 746 W/hp T  216.7 lb - ft
1624.2 rpm
5252  67 hp
T  216.7 lb - ft
To find torque in lb-ft, convert the speed into rpm 1624.7 rpm

 60   60 
n       170 rad/s     1624.2 rpm
 2   2 

Now you can find torque 7.04  P 5252  P

with these two equations T or T 14
n n
 MECHANICAL LOADS FOR MOTORS
Constant Speed - motor must maintain constant speed
over wide range of torque loading.
Examples: machine tools (lathes, Mills etc) rolling mills (steel production)

Lesson 6_et332b.pptx
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MECHANICAL LOADS FOR MOTORS
Constant Torque - motor works against constant
force. Weight of load does not change.

Examples: Hoisting, conveyors

Lesson 6_et332b.pptx
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MECHANICAL LOADS FOR MOTORS
Constant Power - Mechanical characteristic of the
load change (size, weight). Torque and speed change

Example: Winding operations (cable, wire)

Lesson 6_et332b.pptx
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LOAD TYPE PLOTS-CONSTANT SPEED

Contant Speed load

2500

Lesson 6_et332b.pptx
2000
Speed (RPM)

n 1500

1000

500

0
0 20 40 60 80 100
T
Torque (N-m)

Speed, n, remains constant over a wide range of torques 18

LOAD TYPE PLOTS-CONSTANT TORQUE

Constant Torque Load

2000

Lesson 6_et332b.pptx
1500
Speed (RPM)

n
1000

500

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
T
Torque (N-m)

Toque, T, remains constant over a wide range of speeds 19

 LOAD TYPE PLOTS-CONSTANT POWER
4
Constant Power Load P = 20 kW
Constant power load
2 10

1.8 10
4
P=20 kW

Lesson 6_et332b.pptx
4
1.6 10
 2 
20,000  T     n
 60 
4
1.4 10

4
Speed (RPM)

1.2 10
n( T )  P   2   20,000   2 
1 10
4 n (T )          
    
T 60 T   60 
8000

6000

4000

2000

0
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 20
T
Torque (N-m)
 MOTOR-LOAD OPERATING POINT
Motor only delivers the power a mechanical load requires to
operate at a given speed.

Mechanical
Motor Torque –

Lesson 6_et332b.pptx
load plot T vs n
Speed
Characteristic

L
PL  TL  L (Watts)
Where:
Speed (rad/sec)

Operating PL = load power

Point TL = load torque
L = load speed

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TL Torque (N-m)
 MOTOR-GENERATOR SYSTEMS
Alternator system
Note: torque and
speed act opposite.
Mechanical drive

Lesson 6_et332b.pptx
called prime mover
S=VI*

Motor system

S=VI*

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POWER LOSSES AND EFFICIENCY IN
ELECTROMECHANICAL SYSTEMS
 output power   P0 
efficiency    100%     100% Must be in
 input power   Pin  same units

Lesson 6_et332b.pptx
For motors: Po = mechanical power in HP
Pin = electric power in W

For Alternators/Generators:
Po = electric power W
Pin = mechanical power

Mechanical power source for alternators/generators

called prime mover (turbine (gas steam) diesel engine)
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 POWER LOSSES AND EFFICIENCY IN
ELECTROMECHANICAL SYSTEMS
For transformers input and output power are both electrical

P0

Lesson 6_et332b.pptx
 100% Pin  P0  Plosses
Pin

Losses include: hysteresis

eddy currents
friction and windage
stray losses
field losses

Typical good efficiency 90-98% depends on device

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 Lesson 6_et332b.pptx
END LESSON 6: MECHANICS FOR
MOTORS AND GENERATORS
25 ET 332b Ac Motors, Generators and Power
Systems