UGP - Non-Circular Vortex Rings

Undergraduate Project
UNDERGRADUATE PROJECT REPORT

AE471A: SEMESTER – I (2018-19)
NON-CIRCULAR VORTEX RINGS
------------------------- --------------------------------
SUPERVISOR CHANCHALA NAAGAR
DR. DEBOPAM DAS Roll No.: 150698
---------------------------- --------------------------------
Date of Submission: 12th November 2018

ACKNOWLEDGMENT
I have put my lot of time and effort into this project. Besides my efforts, there were many
people who have supported me during this project. Without them, I might not be able to
complete the project in the given period.
I would like to express my sincere gratitude toward my guide Dr. Debopam Das, Department
of Aerospace Engineering, IIT Kanpur for their guidance and constant supervision over the
project and for helping in the betterment of my work. I also would like to express my special
thanks to Mr. Anil Kumar and Mr. Akshya Kumar Samal, members of Aerodynamics Lab,
for their help and constant support, they were providing me every day and I also want to
thank them for their encouraging words every day to boost my morale.
DECLARATION
I declare that this project entitled “Non-Circular Vortex Rings” is done by myself Chanchala
Naagar, 4th year, B.Tech, Department of Aerospace Engineering. With due care, I ensured
that the work is original and, to the best of my knowledge does not breach the copyright law.
And it has not been copied from any other sources except where it has been cited and
acknowledged with the text.
Signature
Chanchala Naagar
150200
CERTIFICATE
The project entitled “Non-Circular Vortex Rings” was done by Chanchala Naagar, who is
pursuing his bachelor’s degree in Aerospace Engineering at IIT Kanpur with College ID
150200, under my supervision towards the fulfillment of credits for the course AE471A i.e.
Undergraduate Project-II.
_______________________
Dr. Debopam das,

Aerodynamics Laboratory,
Department of Aerospace Engineering, IIT Kanpur
ABSTRACT
The aim of this project is to observe the behavior of non-circular vortex rings, generated from
elliptical nozzle/orifice. As expected the vortex rings formed from such nozzles follow the
outline of the orifice and the rings formed takes the same shape. In this experiment evolution
of non-circular vortex rings through the elliptical orifice is being observed. Their velocity and
axis change position is being discussed and some unusual behavior was observed for different
aspect ratios. The experiment was performed with the high-speed cameras and software
called ‘motion studio’. And green laser light was used for visualization.
In this experiment, along with the axis with axis switching phenomena, one more
phenomenon was observed for large AR ratio. For this experiment, it was 5.6 when
secondary vortices were formed and around 19-39 Reynolds no. It was not prominent for
lower and higher Re than this.
OBJECTIVE OF WORK
To observe the non-circular vortex rings produced by the elliptical orifice and determine
velocity for different Reynolds No.
INTRODUCTION
It is known that jet issued from non-circular nozzles have a greater rate of growth and mixing
with surrounding fluid than circular nozzles, keeping area same. So while doing the
experiment in the laboratory we basically let the jet of certain fluid of pass through the orifice
into the atmosphere or any fluid of our choice. By dying the ejecting fluid or with the help of
laser vortex rings can be observed at the end of orifice exit. These vortex rings are most likely
to take the shape of the orifice. For example: from the circular orifice, vortex rings formed
take circular shape. This experiment is different from other research done till now because of
their elliptical behavior which includes axis switching and an elliptical vortex ring is also
very unstable and deforms due to its own induced velocity.
LITERATURE REVIEW
There has been a lot of research on circular rings compared to this research on non-circular
rings are very rare. In heat combustors and engine mixing jets, fuel ejected will mix with air
for combustion to occur. And it understood that if mixing is better then more efficient will be
the engine. Therefore, mixing is important. And these non-circular nozzles have better
mixing than the circular ones. These rings have self-induced velocities. For elliptical nozzles,
The jet is carried inward as major axis shrinks and as minor axis shrinks jet moves outward.
This behavior helps in better mixing of fluid. And this the main reason why they are of
considerable interest to the aerospace community.
EXPERIMENTAL METHOD
1. Flow Facility
Below is the diagram of the experimental setup
Figure 1. The Experimental Setup
Figure 2. Initial schematic diagram of Experimental setup.

2. Visualization
Function generator specifications were: Square Wave, 5s Time period, 50% duty
cycle, Vpp(0.5-3.5)
First, two high-speed cameras were used to see approximately 60 cm of distance
(30cm for each camera). For each voltage ranging from 1.5-2.5 photos were taken
with help of the laser. Later setup was changed to; one camera for front view and
photos was taken for some special cases observed during the first part.
Dimensions of Plates:
Plate no. Aspect Ratio

1 1.92
2 2.93
3 3.79
4 5.59
Table 1. Dimensions of plates.
3. Measurement of Piston velocity
Measurement of piston velocity was done by observing distance covered by the piston
(speaker) during each stroke. With the help of high speed camera we were able to
calculate time and distance hence velocity of piston. Then using the major axis we
calculated reynolds number for the different orifice.
Aspect Ratio Major Axis(mm) Reynold No. Re(Approx) Velocity(mm

/s)
1.92 36.072 8.29 8 0.3125
1.92 36.072 16.58 17 0.625
1.92 36.072 4.61 5 0.174
2.93 47.192 10.84 11 0.3125
2.93 47.192 21.69 22 0.625
2.93 47.192 36.57 37 1.054
3.79 61.14 14.05 14 0.3125
3.79 61.14 28.1 28 0.625
3.79 61.14 47.38 47 1.054
5.59 84.124 19.33 19 0.3125
5.59 84.124 38.66 39 0.625
5.59 84.124 65.2 65 1.054
Table 2. Velocity of piston vs Reynolds no. relation table

RESULTS & DISCUSSION:
For Aspect Ratio 1.92:
Figure 3.1.1: x = 1.9 cm, t = 0.1s;
Figure 3.1.2: x = 4.5, t = 0.2s;

Figure 3.1.3: x = 8.5 cm, t = 0.4 s;
Figure 3.1.4: x = 14.8 cm, t = 0.8 s;

Figure 3.1.5: x = 21.5cm, t = 1.3 s;
Figure: 3.1: For Re = 5, AR = 1.92
Figure 3.2.4: x = 3.3cm, t = 0.1s;

Figure 3.2.2: x = 9.5cm, t = 0.26;
Figure 3.2.3: x = 13.8cm, t = 0.4;

Figure 3.2.4: x = 19.9cm, t = 0.6s;
Figure: 3.2: For Re = 8, AR = 1.92
Figure 3.3.1: x = 3.4cm, t = 0.1s;

Figure 3.3.2: x = 9.1cm, t = 0.2s;
Figure 3.3.3: x = 13.4cm, t = 0.3s;

Figure 3.3.4: x = 17.7cm, t = 0.4s;
Figure 3.3.5: x = 21.3cm, t = 0.5;
Figure 3.3: For Re = 17, AR = 1.92

Figure 3.4.1: Front view for Re = 8, AR = 1.92 at x = 50cm, t = 2.7s

Figure 3.5: Velocity of vortex rings with time for plate 1.
As observed in above images velocity of vortex is increasing as we are increasing piston

velocity; reynolds number. And also the position where it is switching axis is also increasing
for example, at Re = 5, 8, 17 it is switching axis, basically semi major axis is fully expanded
is 8.5cm, 9.5cm, 11.25cm respectively. Also the vortex have a maximum velocity as soon as
it leaves the nozzle and then it decreases afterwards. Also at 50 cm distance from nozzle the
cortex was deforming right after taking an unusual shape, which basically and unstable form
of the vortex ring as shown in figure. 3.4.2.
Figure 4.1.1: x = 2.5cm, t = 0.1s;
Figure 4.1.2: x = 10.5, t = 0.4s;

Figure 4.1.3: x = 17.4cm, t = 0.7s;
Figure 4.1.4: x = 21.3cm, t = 0.9s;
Figure 4.1: For Re = 11, AR = 2.93

Figure 4.2.1: x = 2.5cm, t = 0.1s;
Figure 4.2.2: x = 7, t = 0.2s;

Figure 4.2.3: x = 10.4cm, t = 0.3s;
Figure 4.2.4: x =15.5cm, t = 0.5;
Figure 4.2: For Re = 22, AR = 2.93

Figure 4.3.1: x = 4.1cm, t = 0.1s;
Figure 4.3.2: x = 6.1cm, t = 0.13s;

Figure 4.3.3: x = 9.7cm, t = 0.2s;
Figure 4.3.4: x = 13.8cm, t = 0.3s;
Figure 4.3: For Re = 37, AR = 2.93

Figure 4.4.1: Front view for Re = 11, AR = 2.93 at x = 14cm

Figure 4.5: Velocity of vortex rings variation with time for Plate 2.
In
Figure 5.1.1: x = 1.3cm, t = 0.1s;
Figure 5.1.2: x = 6.3cm, t = 0.3s;

Figure 5.1.3: x = 11.4cm, t = 0.6s;
Figure 5.1.4: x = 22.2cm, t = 1.5s;

Figure 5.1: For Re = 14, AR = 3.79
Figure 5.2.1: x = 1.7cm, t = 0.1s;
Figure 5.2.2: x = 9cm, t = 0.3s;

Figure 5.2.3: x = 13.3cm, t = 0.5s;
Figure 5.2.4: x = 20.6cm, t = 0.8s

Figure 5.2: For Re = 28, AR = 3.79
Figure 5.3.1: x = 1.4cm, t = 0.1s;
Figure 5.3.2: x = 10.6cm, t = 0.3s;

Figure 5.3.3: x = 13.2cm, t = 0.4s;
Figure 5.3.4: x = 16.3cm, t = 0.5s;
Figure 5.3: For Re = 47, AR = 3.79

Figure 5.4.1: Front view for Re = 28, AR = 3.79, x = 17cm, t = 1.37s;


Figure 5.5: Variation of vortex velocity with time for Plate 3

Figure 6.1.1: x = 2cm, t = 0.2 s
Figure 6.1.2: x = 7.9cm , t = 0.6s

Figure 6.1.3: x = 12cm, t = 0.9s;
Figure 6.1.4: x = 13.1cm, t = 1s;

Figure 6.1.5: x = 13.9cm, t = 1.1 s;
Figure 6.1.6: x = 15.1cm, t = 1.3 s;

Figure 6.1.7: x =19cm, t = 2.3 s;
Figure 6.1 For Re =19, AR = 5.59;
Figure 6.2.1: x = 1.1 cm, t = 0.1 s;

Figure 6.2.2: x = 5.3cm, t = 0.3s;
Figure 6.2.3: x = 10.6cm, t = 0.5s;

Figure 6.2.4: x = 11.2cm, t = 0.53s;
Figure 6.2.5: x = 12.6 cm, t = 0.6s;

Figure 6.2.6: x = 18.7, t = 1.1s;
Figure 6.2 For Re = 39, AR = 5.59;
Figure 6.3.1: x = 1cm, t = 0.1s;

Figure 6.3.2: x = 6.9 cm, t = 0.3 s;
Figure 6.3.3: x = 10.4cm ; t = 0.4 s;

Figure 6.3.4: x = 11.3 cm, t = 0.43s;
Figure 6.3.5: x = 13.3cm, t = 0.5s;
Figure 6.3: For Re = 65, AR = 5.59


Figure 6.5: Variation of velocity of vortex vs time for 4th plate (AR=5.59)
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK

This project shows results of an observation on non-circular vortex rings. An elliptical nozzle
was chosen for this experiment, which was carried out for four different aspect ratios and 3
different reynolds number for each plate.
For future work, further experiments can be carried out with more variety of aspect ratios.
And like it was observed for the 5.96 aspect ratio that the secondary vortices very forming
and for aspect ratio 2.93, Re = 11 at around 26cm distance two lobes were forming. Such
behavior can be observed for other aspect ratios also. And by performing we can calculate
more accurate velocity for such different cases for more accurate analysis.
REFERENCES
● Nikitin, N & Yakhot, Alex. (2005). DNS of turbulent flow in an elliptical duct. 4th
International Symposium on Turbulence and Shear Flow Phenomena. 2. 883-888.
● Mohd. Athar M.ISH. (2005) ENERGY LOSS DUE TO SHARP EDGED
ELLIPTICAL ORIFICE PLATES. ISH Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 11:1, pages
28-45.
● https://www.ivoryresearch.com/writers/stephen-ojames/
● https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00987570
● https://www.researchgate.net/publication/239377799_Factors_influencing_non-circul
ar_ring_vortex_motion
● http://172.28.64.70:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/1134

UGP - Non-Circular Vortex Rings

Загружено:

Сведения о документе

Оригинальное название

Авторское право

Доступные форматы

Поделиться этим документом

Поделиться или встроить документ

Параметры публикации

Этот документ был вам полезен?

Это неприемлемый материал?

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

UGP - Non-Circular Vortex Rings

Загружено:

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

Undergraduate Project

UNDERGRADUATE PROJECT REPORT

NON-CIRCULAR VORTEX RINGS

Date of Submission: 12​th​ November 2018

Dr. Debopam das,

Below is the diagram of the experimental setup

Figure 1. The Experimental Setup

Figure 2. Initial schematic diagram of Experimental setup.

Plate no. Aspect Ratio

3. Measurement of Piston velocity

Aspect Ratio Major Axis(mm) Reynold No. Re(Approx) Velocity(mm

1.92 36.072 8.29 8 0.3125

1.92 36.072 16.58 17 0.625

1.92 36.072 4.61 5 0.174

2.93 47.192 10.84 11 0.3125

2.93 47.192 21.69 22 0.625

2.93 47.192 36.57 37 1.054

3.79 61.14 14.05 14 0.3125

3.79 61.14 28.1 28 0.625

3.79 61.14 47.38 47 1.054

5.59 84.124 19.33 19 0.3125

5.59 84.124 38.66 39 0.625

5.59 84.124 65.2 65 1.054

Table 2. Velocity of piston vs Reynolds no. relation table

RESULTS & DISCUSSION:

For Aspect Ratio 1.92:

Figure 3.1.1: x = 1.9 cm, t = 0.1s;

Figure 3.1.2: x = 4.5, t = 0.2s;

Figure 3.1.3: x = 8.5 cm, t = 0.4 s;

​Figure 3.1.4: x = 14.8 cm, t = 0.8 s;

Figure 3.1.5: x = 21.5cm, t = 1.3 s;

Figure: 3.1: For Re = 5, AR = 1.92

Figure 3.2.4: x = 3.3cm, t = 0.1s;

Figure 3.2.2: x = 9.5cm, t = 0.26;

​Figure 3.2.3: x = 13.8cm, t = 0.4;

Figure 3.2.4: x = 19.9cm, t = 0.6s;

Figure: 3.2: For Re = 8, AR = 1.92

Figure 3.3.1: x = 3.4cm, t = 0.1s;

Figure 3.3.2: x = 9.1cm, t = 0.2s;

Figure 3.3.3: x = 13.4cm, t = 0.3s;

Figure 3.3.4: x = 17.7cm, t = 0.4s;

Figure 3.3.5: x = 21.3cm, t = 0.5;

Figure 3.3: For Re = 17, AR = 1.92

Figure 3.4.1: Front view for Re = 8, AR = 1.92 at x = 50cm, t = 2.7s

Figure 3.4.2: Front view for Re = 8, AR = 1.92 at x = 50cm, t = 2.8s

Figure 3.5: Velocity of vortex rings with time for plate 1.

As observed in above images velocity of vortex is increasing as we are increasing piston

For Aspect Ratio 2.93:

​Figure 4.1.1: x = 2.5cm, t = 0.1s;

Figure 4.1.2: x = 10.5, t = 0.4s;

Figure 4.1.3: x = 17.4cm, t = 0.7s;

Figure 4.1.4: x = 21.3cm, t = 0.9s;

Figure 4.1: For Re = 11, AR = 2.93

Figure 4.2.1: x = 2.5cm, t = 0.1s;

Figure 4.2.2: x = 7, t = 0.2s;

Figure 4.2.3: x = 10.4cm, t = 0.3s;

Figure 4.2.4: x =15.5cm, t = 0.5;

Figure 4.2: For Re = 22, AR = 2.93

Figure 4.3.1: x = 4.1cm, t = 0.1s;

Figure 4.3.2: x = 6.1cm, t = 0.13s;

Figure 4.3.3: x = 9.7cm, t = 0.2s;

Figure 4.3.4: x = 13.8cm, t = 0.3s;

Figure 4.3: For Re = 37, AR = 2.93

Date of Submission: 12th November 2018

Figure 3.1.4: x = 14.8 cm, t = 0.8 s;

Figure 3.2.3: x = 13.8cm, t = 0.4;

Figure 4.1.1: x = 2.5cm, t = 0.1s;

Figure 5.1.2: x = 6.3cm, t = 0.3s;