1.

Aim

1.1. Aim

To design and implement a home security device that uses a motion sensor and a
camera module to inform the owner of any motion when kept active.

1.2. Objectives

The major objective of this project is to implement a cheap yet a powerful and
dependable security device that can be bought and used by the common man.
Since threats to personal property is imminent, and cost of securing these items is
high, a common man doesn’t invest much into the security of his belongings.

The objective of the project is exactly to counter the above mentioned problem.
With the prices of internet falling considerably in our country, majority of the people
now have access to a good and strong internet connection.
With our project, we intend to use the connectivity provided with the availability of
the internet, to inform the user of any motion detected near the security device.

2. Theory

2.1. What is Home security?

Home security is both the security hardware in place on a property as well

as personal security practices. Security hardware includes doors, locks, alarm
systems, lighting, motion detectors, security camera systems, etc. that are installed on
a property; personal security involves practices such as ensuring doors are locked,
alarms activated, windows closed, extra keys not hidden outside, etc.

Some forecasts project the home security market as a whole will be worth $47 billion
by 2020, with the DIY home security market worth $1.5 billion. While the market for
home security is expanding, especially with cable TV and Internet service providers
introducing their own security and home automation products, it is a fragmented
market, with "a massive array of large and small rivals". The US market leader
is ADT with more than 6 million households subscribed.

2.2. Raspberry Pi 3-B

The Raspberry Pi is a series of small single-board computers developed in the United

Kingdom by the Raspberry Pi Foundation to promote the teaching of basic computer
science in schools and in developing countries. The original model became far more
popular than anticipated, selling outside its target market for uses such as robotics. It

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 does not include peripherals (such as keyboards, mice and cases). However, some
accessories have been included in several official and unofficial bundles.

The Raspberry Pi 3 Model B features a quad-core 64-bit ARM Cortex A53 clocked
at 1.2 GHz. This puts the Pi 3 roughly 50% faster than the Pi 2. Compared to the Pi 2,
the RAM remains the same – 1GB of LPDDR2-900 SDRAM, and the graphics
capabilities, provided by the VideoCore IV GPU, are the same as they ever were. As
the leaked FCC docs will tell you, the Pi 3 now includes on-board 802.11n WiFi and
Bluetooth 4.0. WiFi, wireless keyboards, and wireless mice now work out of the box.

The Broadcom BCM2835 SoC used in the first generation Raspberry Pi is somewhat
equivalent to the chip used in first modern generation smartphones (its CPU is an
older ARMv6 architecture), which includes a 700 MHzARM1176JZF-S
processor, VideoCore IV graphics processing unit (GPU), and RAM. It has a level 1
(L1) cache of 16 KBand a level 2 (L2) cache of 128 KB. The level 2 cache is used
primarily by the GPU. The SoC is stacked underneath the RAM chip, so only its edge
is visible.
The earlier V1.1 model of the Raspberry Pi 2 used a Broadcom BCM2836 SoC with
a 900 MHz 32-bit quad-core ARM Cortex-A7 processor, with 256 KB shared L2
cache. The Raspberry Pi 2 V1.2 was upgraded to a Broadcom BCM2837 SoC with a
1.2 GHz 64-bit quad-core ARM Cortex-A53 processor, the same SoC which is used
on the Raspberry Pi 3, but underclocked (by default) to the same 900 MHz CPU
clock speed as the V1.1. The BCM2836 SoC is no longer in production (as of late
2016).
The Raspberry Pi 3+ uses a Broadcom BCM2837B0 SoC with a 1.4 GHz 64-bit
quad-core ARM Cortex-A53 processor, with 512 KB shared L2 cache.

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 2.3. Sensors Used

 PIR Motion Sensor

Here, we are using a PIR motion sensor. PIR stands for passive infrared. This
motion sensor consists of a fresnel lens, an infrared detector, and supporting
detection circuitry. The lens on the sensor focuses any infrared radiation
present around it toward the infrared detector. Our bodies generate infrared
heat, and as a result, this heat is picked up by the motion sensor. The sensor
outputs a 5V signal for a period of one minute as soon as it detects the
presence of a person. It offers a tentative range of detection of about 6–7
meters and is highly sensitive. When the PIR motion sensor detects a person,
it outputs a 5V signal to the Raspberry Pi through its GPIO (General Purpose
Input Output) and we define what the Raspberry Pi should do as it detects an
intruder through the Python coding. Here we are just printing "Intruder
detected".

 Pi Camera

This 5mp camera module is capable of 1080p video and still images and
connects directly to your Raspberry Pi. ... In terms of still images,
the camera is capable of 2592 x 1944 pixel static images, and also supports
1080p30, 720p60 and 640x480p60/90 video.

3. Proposed System
Since the complete implementation of this project requires the knowledge of
Microprocessors, for now we can only propose the basics of this project. What we want to
build is a device that users PIR motion sensor to detect any motion and the Pi Camera to
click an instant picture of the cause of the motion and email it to the user.

For the use of the above mentioned sensors, we need a major module in python called
GPIO.
GPIO stands for General Purpose Input/Output.

Let us discuss the steps involved in writing a GPIO Python script, in general.
Step 1: Import the RPi.GPIO package.
Step 2: Set the numbering style to be used. We use the method GPIO.setmode() for this. It
takes either GPIO.BOARD or GPIO.BCM as the parameter. GPIO.BOARD stands for
physical numbering and GPIO.BCM stands for Broadcom numbering. In order to keep
things simple, we will use only GPIO.BOARD here.
Step 3: Set up the necessary input and output pins.
Step 4: Read inputs and give outputs.
(Steps 3 and 4 are extensively explained in the following sections.)

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 Step 5: Clean up GPIO and exit.

4. Implementation
As already discussed in section 3. We can only implement the rough idea of the project.
We will attempt to do so using the following block diagram.

Raspberry Pi
3
PIR Motion
Pi Camera
Sensor

Buzzer Ethernet
Connectivity

The above block diagram represents all the extra peripherals required to be connected to
our Raspberry Pi. The PIR Motion Sensor requires the understanding of GPIO pin
configuration. The best part about using Raspberry Pi is the fact that it can be coded in
Python language which is very user friendly. The camera module addition is simpler than
the PIR Sensor. A buzzer may or may not be added depending on whether the
requirement to make sound if a motion is detected is needed or not. A buzzer maybe
useful in to alert the user if he/she is in the vicinity of the device, if not, then it may rather
stay useless if added.

Internet connectivity is highly essential as the basis of this projects implementation is that
the user should be informed about the any motion activity. Internet connectivity would
allow the device to send the picture taken by the Pi Camera to the users email address.

5. Conclusion

Hence with the existing knowledge of Computer Organization and Architecture, we have
tried to represent the implementation of our idea of a Home Security Device using
Raspberry Pi, Motion Sensors and Cameras. However further knowledge of
Microprocessors would be required for the actual implementation of this project.

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6. Future Scope
We know that the knowledge of Microprocessors would be required for the
implementation of this project. We intend to gain that knowledge and implement this
project.

The Future scope of this project is plenty. Various other user friendly features like SMS
updates may be added into the device. Facial recognition is also a future scope where face
matching algorithms can be used to comprehend if the motion is caused by a family
member or an unknown person. However the processor and RAM of the Raspberry Pi
isn’t powerful enough currently for image processing. Also the camera resolution maxes
out at 8MP.

7. References
 Computer Organization and Architecture – William Stallings
 http://opensourceforu.com/2017/07/introduction-raspberry-pi-gpio-programming-
using-python/
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raspberry_Pi
 https://hackaday.com/2016/02/28/introducing-the-raspberry-pi-3/

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