Differentiation

Index

Section 1 Standard Differentiation 10 Examples

Section 2 Differentiation of Factors, The Product Rule 2 Examples

Section 3 Function of a Function – The Chain Rule 5 Examples

Section 4 Differentiation of Fractions - The Quotient Rule 3 Examples

Section 5 Differentiation of the Trigonometric Functions 51 Examples

(Graphs Included)

Section 6 Differentiation of Inverse Trigonometric Functions 18 Examples

(Graphs Included)

Section 7 Differentiation of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions 65 Examples

(Graph Included)

Section 8 Differentiation of Hyperbolic & Inverse Hyperbolic Functions 42 Examples

Section 9 (Additional) Expressing Hyperbolic Functions in Logarithmic Form 5 Examples

(Graphs Included)

Section 1

Standard Differentiation
𝑑𝑦
The differential can be written as 𝑑𝑥 and also 𝑓´(𝑦).

𝑑𝑦
If y = 𝑥 𝑛 then = n𝑥 𝑛−1
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑖𝑓 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 𝑛 then = na𝑥 𝑛−1
𝑑𝑥

Example 1

𝑦 = 𝑥2

𝑑𝑦
= 2𝑥 2−1 = 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥
Example 2

𝑦 = 2𝑥 3

𝑑𝑦
= (3)(2)(𝑥 3−1 ) = 6𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥

Example 3

𝑦 = 5𝑥 ½

𝑑𝑦 1
= ( ) (5)(𝑥 ½−1 )
𝑑𝑥 2
5 1
= ( )
2 √𝑥

5
=
2√𝑥

Example 4

𝑦 = 6𝑥 2 + 5𝑥

𝑑𝑦
= 12𝑥 + 5
𝑑𝑥

Example 5

1
𝑦 = 𝑥2
4
𝑑𝑦 1
= 2 ( 𝑥 2−1 )
𝑑𝑥 4
𝑑𝑦 1
= 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 2

Example 6

𝑦 = 4𝑎𝑥 2

𝑑𝑦
= (2)(4𝑎𝑥 2−1 )
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= 8𝑎𝑥
𝑑𝑥

Example 7

6
𝑦= 5
√𝑥 3
 3
Rewriting, 𝑦 = 6𝑥 −5

𝑑𝑦 3 3
= (− ) (6𝑥 −5 − 1 )
𝑑𝑥 5
𝑑𝑦 18 8
= − 𝑥 −5
𝑑𝑥 5

Example 8

𝑑𝑦 5
=
𝑑𝑥 √𝑥
1
𝑑𝑦
Rewriting, = 5𝑥 −2
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 1 1
= (− ) 5𝑥 − 2−1
𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑𝑦 5 3
= (− ) 𝑥 −2
𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑𝑦 5
=−
𝑑𝑥 2√𝑥 3

Example 9

1
𝑦=
𝑥

Rewriting, 𝑦 = 𝑥 −1

𝑑𝑦
= −1𝑥 −1−1
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= −1𝑥 −2
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1
=− 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑥

Example 10

𝑦 = 𝑥 −𝑝

𝑑𝑦
= −𝑝𝑥 −𝑝−1
𝑑𝑥

Section 2
 Differentiation of Factors, The Product Rule

If 𝑦 = 𝑢𝑣
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢
Then 𝑑𝑥
= (𝑢) (𝑑𝑥) + (𝑣) (𝑑𝑥 )

Example 1

𝑦 = (2𝑥 2 − 1)(𝑥 2 + 3)

𝑢 = (2𝑥 2 − 1) and 𝑣 = (𝑥 2 + 3)
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
𝑑𝑥
= 4𝑥 and 𝑑𝑥
= 2𝑥

𝑑𝑦
So = (2𝑥 2 − 1)(2𝑥) + (𝑥 2 + 3)(4𝑥)
𝑑𝑥

= 4𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 + 4𝑥 3 + 12𝑥

= 8𝑥 3 + 10𝑥

The same rule applies for more than two factors. Suppose that now

𝑦 = 𝑢𝑣𝑤
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑤
Then = 𝑣𝑤 ( ) + 𝑢𝑤( ) + 𝑢𝑣( )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Example 2

𝑑𝑦
= (𝑥 2 − 1)(2𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 + 1)
𝑑𝑥

𝑢 = (𝑥 2 − 1); 𝑣 = (2𝑥 + 1) and 𝑤 = (𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 + 1)

𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑤
= 2𝑥, = 2 and = 3𝑥 2 + 4𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= (2𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 + 1)(2𝑥) + (𝑥 2 − 1)(𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 + 1)(2) + (𝑥 2 − 1)(2𝑥 + 1)(3𝑥 2 + 4𝑥)
𝑑𝑥

Section 3

Differentiation with the Function Within a Function Rule (Chain Rule)

An expression such as 𝑦 = √1 − 𝑥 2 is a function of (1 − 𝑥 2 )

 𝑑𝑦
but (1 − 𝑥 2 ) is itself a function of 𝑥. This idea is called a function of a function and calculation of 𝑑𝑥
is
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
found from the relationship 𝑑𝑥 = (𝑑𝑢) (𝑑𝑥 )

The expression is split in to two components, y and u, each differentiated then the product of these
differentials found.

Example 1

𝑦 = √1 − 𝑥 2

Rewriting, 𝑦 = (1 − 𝑥 2 )½ and now the expression is split in to the two components , y and u.

𝑢 = (1 − 𝑥 2 ) and 𝑦 = 𝑢½

𝑑𝑦 1 1
= ( ) 𝑢−½ =
𝑑𝑥 2 2√𝑢
𝑑𝑢
and 𝑑𝑥
= (−2𝑥)

𝑑𝑦 1 −𝑥
= (1 − 𝑥 2 )−½ (−2𝑥) =
𝑑𝑥 2 √1 − 𝑥 2

Example 2

𝑦 = (2𝑥 + 5)2

𝑢 = (2𝑥 + 5) and 𝑦 = 𝑢2

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
= 2𝑢 and =2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= 2(2𝑥 + 5)(2) = 4(2𝑥 + 5)
𝑑𝑥

Example 3

2 −2
𝑓(𝑥) = (2 + ) = (2 + 2𝑥 −1 )−2
𝑥

Using the Chain Rule

𝑓´(𝑥) = −2(2 + 2𝑥 −1 )−3 (0 − 2𝑥 −2 )

−2 −2
𝑓´(𝑥) = ( 3) ( 𝑥2 )
2
(2 + 𝑥 )

4
𝑓´(𝑥) =
2 3
𝑥 2 (2 + 𝑥 )
 4
𝑓´(𝑥) =
2𝑥 + 2 3
𝑥2 ( 𝑥 )

4
𝑓´(𝑥) =
(2𝑥 + 2)3
𝑥2 ( )
𝑥3

4
𝑓´(𝑥) =
(2𝑥 + 2)3
𝑥
4𝑥
𝑓´(𝑥) =
(2𝑥 + 2)3

Example 4

𝑓(𝑦) = 2𝑥 √1 + 𝑥 2

This example includes use of the chain rule within the product rule.

𝑓´(𝑦) = {𝑓´(2𝑥)} (√1 + 𝑥 2 ) + {𝑓´ (√1 + 𝑥 2 )} (2𝑥)

Taking each differential independently,

𝑓´(2𝑥) = 2

𝑓´ (√1 + 𝑥 2 )

Using the chain rule,

1
= {𝑓´ ((1 + 𝑥 2 )2 )} {𝑓´(𝑥 2 )} The extra factor 𝒇´(𝒙𝟐 ) included because
𝒙𝟐 is a function of the function of √𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐
1 1
= ( (1 + 𝑥 2 )−2 ) (2𝑥)
2
2𝑥
=
2√1 + 𝑥 2
𝑥
=
√1 + 𝑥 2

𝑓´(𝑦) = {𝑓´(2𝑥)} (√1 + 𝑥 2 ) + {𝑓´ (√1 + 𝑥 2 )} (2𝑥)

𝑥
𝑓´(𝑦) = 2√1 + 𝑥 2 + {( )} (2𝑥)
√1 + 𝑥 2
 2𝑥 2
𝑓´(𝑦) = 2√1 + 𝑥 2 + ( )
√1 + 𝑥 2

2(1 + 𝑥 2 ) + 2𝑥 2
𝑓´(𝑦) =
√1 + 𝑥 2

2 + 2𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 2
𝑓´(𝑦) =
√1 + 𝑥 2

2 + 4𝑥 2
𝑓´(𝑦) =
√1 + 𝑥 2

2(1 + 2𝑥 2 )
𝑓´(𝑦) =
√1 + 𝑥 2

Example 5

𝑥+√𝑥 2 +𝑎2 𝑑𝑦
𝑦=( ) Find
𝑎 𝑑𝑥

Rewriting and using the chain rule,

1
𝑦= (𝑥 + √𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 )
𝑎

𝑑𝑦 𝑑 1 𝑑 1
= { ( )} {𝑥 + √𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 } + { (𝑥 + √𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 )} { }
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑎 𝑑𝑥 𝑎

𝑑 1
( ) = 0 and
𝑑𝑥 𝑎
𝑑𝑦
The chain rule is again used to find (𝑥 + √𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 )
𝑑𝑥

𝑑
(𝑥 + √𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 )
𝑑𝑥

𝑑 𝑑 2 1 𝑑
= (𝑥) + (𝑥 + 𝑎2 )2 ( (𝑥 2 ))
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

1 1
= 1 + (𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 )−2 (2𝑥)
2
2𝑥
=1+
2√𝑥 2 + 𝑎2
𝑥
=1+
√𝑥 2 + 𝑎2

𝑑 √𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 + 𝑥
=
𝑑𝑥 √𝑥 2 + 𝑎2

Substituting in
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 1 𝑑 1
= { ( )} {𝑥 + √𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 } + { (𝑥 + √𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 )} { }
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑎 𝑑𝑥 𝑎

𝑑𝑦 √𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 + 𝑥 1
= {0} {𝑥 + √𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 } + {( )} { }
𝑑𝑥 √𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 𝑎

𝑑𝑦 𝑥 + √𝑥 2 + 𝑎2
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑎√𝑥 2 + 𝑎2

Section 4

Differentiation of Fractions - The Quotient Rule

𝑢
When 𝑦 = 𝑣 then the differential of y is given by the quotient rule

𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
𝑑𝑦 𝑣 (𝑑𝑥 ) − 𝑢 (𝑑𝑥 )
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑣2

Example 1

𝑥 3 +1
Differentiate 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 −1

𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
𝑢 = 𝑥3 + 1 ∴ = 3𝑥 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣 = 𝑥 3 − 1 ∴ = 3𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Substituting in the quotient rule,

𝑑𝑦 (𝑥 3 −1)(3𝑥 2 )−(𝑥 3 +1)(3𝑥 2 ) −(6𝑥 2 )

𝑑𝑥
= (𝑥 3 −1)2
= (𝑥3 −2)2 after resolving.

Example 2

√𝑥+1
Differentiate 𝑦 =
√𝑥−1

𝑑𝑢 1 −½ 1 𝑑𝑣 1 −½ 1
𝑢 = √𝑥 + 1 ∴ = 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣 = √𝑥 − 1 ∴ = 𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥 2 2√𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2 2√𝑥

Substituting in the quotient rule,

1 1 √𝑥 − 1 √𝑥 + 1 (√𝑥 − 1) − (√𝑥 + 1)
(√𝑥 − 1) ( ) − (√𝑥 + 1) ( ) −
𝑑𝑦 2√𝑥 2√𝑥 2√𝑥 2√𝑥 2√𝑥
= 2 = 2 = 2
𝑑𝑥 (√𝑥 − 1) (√𝑥 − 1) (√𝑥 − 1)

−2 −1
= 2 = 2
(2√𝑥)(√𝑥 − 1) (√𝑥)(√𝑥 − 1)
Example 3

1−𝑥
Differentiate 𝑦 = √1+𝑥

1 − 𝑥 (1 − 𝑥)½
𝑦=√ =
1 + 𝑥 (1 + 𝑥)½

Here, the numerator and denominator are functions of a function in type and this method is employed in
finding their respective derivatives.

𝑑(1 − 𝑥)½ 1 1 1 1 −1
= (1 − 𝑥)−2 (−1) = − (1 − 𝑥)−2 =
𝑑𝑥 2 2 2√1 − 𝑥

𝑑(1 + 𝑥)½ 1 1 1
= (1 + 𝑥)−2 (1) =
𝑑𝑥 2 2√1 + 𝑥
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
𝑑𝑦 𝑣( )−𝑢( )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Substituting in the quotient rule, =
𝑑𝑥 𝑣2

−1 1
(√1 + 𝑥) ( ) − (√1 − 𝑥) ( )
𝑑𝑦 2√1 − 𝑥 2√1 + 𝑥
= 2
𝑑𝑥 (√1 + 𝑥)
−1
= 3 (after resolving).
(√1−𝑥)(√1+𝑥)

Section 5

Differentiation of the Trigonometric Functions

(Note:- All funtions are now expressed in Radians.)

The differential coefficients of the trigonometric functions are

Function Derivitive

Sin(𝑥) Cos (𝑥)

Cos(𝑥) −𝑆𝑖𝑛(𝑥)

1
Tan (𝑥) 𝑆𝑒𝑐 2 (𝑥) = = 1 + 𝑇𝑎𝑛2 (𝑥)
𝐶𝑜𝑠 2 (𝑥)

−1
Cot (𝑥) −𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 (𝑥) = = −(1 + 𝐶𝑜𝑡 2 (𝑥))
𝑆𝑖𝑛2 (𝑥)

Sec (𝑥) 𝑆𝑒𝑐(𝑥) Tan(𝑥)

𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐(𝑥) −𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐(𝑥)𝐶𝑜𝑡(𝑥)
Examples of Differentiation of the Trigonometric Functions

Example 1
𝑑𝑦
𝑦 = 3 sin 𝑥. Find
𝑑𝑥

As 𝑦 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡, then the problem is solved via the product rule

𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑
(3 sin 𝑥) = 3 ( (sin 𝑥)) + (sin 𝑥) ( (3)) = (3 cos 𝑥) + 0 = 3 cos 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Example 2
𝑑𝑦
𝑦 = sin 3𝑥. Find
𝑑𝑥

As 3𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 sin 𝑥, then the problem is solved via the function within a function rule.

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑥
= (𝑑𝑢) (𝑑𝑥 ) where 𝑢 = 3𝑥 and 𝑣 = sin 𝑥

𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑𝑦
=( (3𝑥)) ( (sin 𝑥)) = 3 Cos(3𝑥) (The 𝑥 in (sin 𝑥) is regarded as 3𝑥).
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Example 3

𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑦 = cos ( ) Find
2 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑥 𝑑 1 1 𝑥 𝑑 𝑥
= ( )( cos 𝑥) = (−𝑆𝑖𝑛(𝑥)) = − sin (The 𝑥 in (cos 𝑥) is regarded as ).
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 2 2 2 𝑑𝑥 2

Example 4
𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑦 = tan Find
3 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑥 𝑑 1 𝑥 1 𝑥 1 𝑑 𝑥
= ( )( tan 𝑥) = (1 + 𝑇𝑎𝑛2 ( )) = 𝑆𝑒𝑐 2 ( ) = 𝑥 (The 𝑥 in tan 𝑥 is regarded as ).
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 3 3 3 3 𝐶𝑜𝑠 2 ( ) 𝑑𝑥 3
3

Here, there is more than one way to express the answer. This is due to trigonometric identities.

Example 5
𝑑𝑦
𝑦 = sec 0.6𝑥 Find
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
= (0.6𝑥) (sec 𝑥) = 0.6𝑆𝑒𝑐(0.6𝑥) Tan(0.6𝑥) (The 𝑥 in sec 𝑥 is regarded as 0.6x).
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Example 6
 𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑦 = cosec Find
6 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑥 𝑑 1 𝑥 𝑥 1 𝑥 𝑥
= ( ) (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥) = (−𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 ( ) 𝐶𝑜𝑡 ( )) = − (𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 ( ) 𝐶𝑜𝑡 ( ))
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 6 𝑑𝑥 6 6 6 6 6 6

𝑑
(The 𝑥 in cosec 𝑥 is regarded as 0.6x).
𝑑𝑥

Example 7
𝑑𝑦
𝑦 = sin 2𝑥 + cos 2𝑥 Find
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
= (2𝑥) (sin 𝑥) + (2𝑥) (cos 𝑥) = 2 cos 2𝑥 − 2 sin 2𝑥 = 2(cos 2𝑥 − sin 2𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑
(The 𝑥 in (sin 𝑥) and (cos 𝑥)is regarded as 2x).
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Example 8
𝑑𝑦
𝑦 = sin 3𝑥 − cos 3𝑥 Find
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
= ( (3𝑥)) ( (sin 𝑥)) − (3𝑥) ( (cos 𝑥)) = 3 Cos(3𝑥) − (3(−𝑆𝑖𝑛(3𝑥)))
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

= 3 Cos(3𝑥) + 3𝑆𝑖𝑛(3𝑥) = 3(cos 3𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥)

Example 9
𝑑𝑦
𝑦 = sec 𝑥 + tan 𝑥 Find
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑
= (sec 𝑥) + (tan 𝑥) = (sec 𝑥)(𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥) + (𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥) = sec 𝑥 (tan 𝑥 sec 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Here, the most convienient identity was found. The answer is expressed in terms of sec 𝑥 and tan 𝑥 which are not raised
𝑑
to any powers. Had (tan 𝑥) = 1 + 𝑇𝑎𝑛2 (𝑥) been used, the answer would have been a little more complicated
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦
= (sec 𝑥)(𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥) + (1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥

Example 10
𝑑𝑦
𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 4𝑥 + cos 5𝑥 Find
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
= (4𝑥) ( (sin 𝑥)) + (5𝑥) ( (cos 𝑥)) = 4 cos 4𝑥 + (−5 sin 5𝑥) = 4 cos 4𝑥 − 5 sin 5𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Example 11

𝜃 𝜃 𝑑𝑦
𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 Find
2 4 𝑑𝜃
 𝑑𝑦 𝑑 1 𝑑 𝑑 𝜃 𝑑 1 𝜃 1 𝜃 1 𝜃 1 𝜃
= ( 𝜃) ( (cos 𝜃)) + ( ) ( (sin 𝜃)) = (− sin ) + (cos ) = (cos ) − (sin )
𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝜃 2 𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝜃 4 𝑑𝜃 2 2 4 4 4 4 2 2

𝑑 𝑑 𝜃 𝜃
(The 𝜃 in (cos 𝜃) and (sin 𝜃) is regarded as and respectivly.
𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝜃 2 4

Note that when differentiating,

𝑑𝑦 𝜃 1 𝜃 1 𝜃 𝜃
𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( ) = − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑦 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛, 𝑛𝑜𝑡 = − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 The could easily be mistakenly inserted.
𝑑𝜃 2 2 2 2 4 4

Example 12

𝜋 𝑑𝑦
𝑦 = sin (2𝑥 + ) Find
2 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑 𝜋
= (2𝑥) (sin 𝑥) = 2 cos (2𝑥 + )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝑑𝑦 𝜋
Here, 2𝑥 + is a function of sin 𝑥 (sin 𝑥) here is regarded as sin (2𝑥 + ) and dissappears as ( ) is equal to
2 2 2 𝑑𝑥 2
𝜋
(0) ( ) (𝑥 0−1 ) =0
2

Example 13

𝑑𝑦
𝑦 = cos(3𝜋 − 𝑥) Find
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑
= ( (3𝜋 − 𝑥)) ( cos 𝑥) = −1(− sin(3𝜋 − 𝑥)) = sin(3𝜋 − 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑
Here, the 𝑥 in cos 𝑥 is regarded as cos(3𝜋 − 𝑥).
𝑑𝑥

Example 14

𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 (𝑎 − ) Find
2 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑥 𝑑 1 𝑥 𝑥 1 𝑥 𝑥
= ( ) ( (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥)) = − ( ) (−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 (𝑎 − )) (cot (𝑎 − )) = ( ) (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 (𝑎 − )) (cot (𝑎 − ))
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 2 2 2 2 2 2

𝑑 𝑑 𝑥
Here, (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥) is regarded as 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 (𝑎 − ).
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2

Example 15

𝑑𝑦
𝑦 = sin 𝑥 3 Find
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦
= (3𝑥 2 ) cos 𝑥 3
𝑑𝑥

Example 16
Example 17
𝑑𝑦
𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 (2𝑥) Find
𝑑𝑥

Rewriting,

3
𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 (2𝑥) = (𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝑥))

𝑑𝑦 𝑑 3 𝑑 2 2
= ( (𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝑥)) ) ( (cos 𝑥)) = (3(𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝑥)) (2)) (−𝑆𝑖𝑛(2𝑥)) = −6(𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝑥)) (𝑆𝑖𝑛(2𝑥))
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= −6𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 (2𝑥)(𝑆𝑖𝑛(2𝑥))

3 𝑑𝑦
Here, (𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝑥)) is a function of a function and for the second part, (cos 𝑥), (cos 𝑥) is regarded as (cos 2𝑥).
𝑑𝑥

Example 18
𝑑𝑦
𝑦 = sec(𝑥 2 ) Find
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑
= ( (𝑥 2 )) ( (sec 𝑥)) = 2𝑥(sec 𝑥 2 )(tan 𝑥 2 )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑
Here (sec 𝑥) = 𝑆𝑒𝑐(𝑥) Tan(𝑥) but 𝑥 is substituted next step for 𝑥 2 which now relates the differential to y.
𝑑𝑥

Example 19a

𝑑𝑦
𝑦 = tan √1 − 𝑥 Find
𝑑𝑥

𝑦 = tan √1 − 𝑥 = tan(1 − 𝑥)½

Using the product rule,

d 1 −1
(√1 − 𝑥) = (1 − 𝑥)−½ (−1) =
𝑑𝑥 2 2√1 − 𝑥

𝑑𝑦 d 𝑑
(tan √1 − 𝑥) = ( (√1 − 𝑥)) (tan 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Where √1 − 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 𝑖𝑛 (tan 𝑥)

𝑑𝑦 −1
=( ) (𝑆𝑒𝑐 2 (√1 − 𝑥))
𝑑𝑥 2√1 − 𝑥

2 2
𝑑𝑦 − (𝑆𝑒𝑐 (√1 − 𝑥)) −(sec √1 − 𝑥) 2
= = 𝑁𝑜𝑡𝑒: − 𝑆𝑒𝑐 2 (√1 − 𝑥) ≠ 𝑆𝑒𝑐 (1 − 𝑥) 𝑏𝑢𝑡 = (𝑆𝑒𝑐 (√1 − 𝑥))
𝑑𝑥 2√1 − 𝑥 2√1 − 𝑥
Example19b
𝑑𝑦
𝑦 = tan √𝑥 − 1 Find
𝑑𝑥

𝑦 = tan √𝑥 − 1 = tan(𝑥 − 1)½

𝑑 1 1
(𝑥 − 1)½ = (𝑥 − 1)−½ (1) =
𝑑𝑥 2 2√𝑥 − 1

𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑
= (𝑥 − 1)½ ( tan 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 1 𝑆𝑒𝑐 2 (√𝑥 − 1)
=( ) 𝑆𝑒𝑐 2 (𝑥) =
𝑑𝑥 2√𝑥 − 1 2√𝑥 − 1

Example 20
𝑑𝑦
𝑦 = (𝑎 sin 𝑛𝑥) + (𝑏 cos 𝑛𝑥) Find
𝑑𝑥

Here, both parts are differentiated seperatly with use of the product rule then combined in a single expression.

𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
(𝑎 sin 𝑛𝑥) = ( (𝑎)) ((𝑎 sin 𝑛𝑥)) + ( (sin 𝑛𝑥)) (𝑎) = 𝑎𝑛(cos(𝑛𝑥))
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
(𝑏 cos 𝑛𝑥) = ( (𝑏)) (𝑏 cos 𝑛𝑥) + ( (𝑏 cos 𝑛𝑥)) (𝑏) = −𝑏𝑛(sin 𝑛(𝑛𝑥))
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦
= 𝑎𝑛(cos(𝑛𝑥)) − 𝑏𝑛(sin 𝑛(𝑛𝑥))
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦
= 𝑛(𝑎 cos 𝑛𝑥 − 𝑏 sin 𝑛𝑥)
𝑑𝑥

Example 21
𝑑𝑦
𝑦 = 𝑎(1 − cos 𝑥) Find
𝑑𝑥

𝑦 = 𝑎(1 − cos 𝑥) = 𝑎 − 𝑎 cos 𝑥

𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑
= ( (𝑎)) − (𝑎 cos 𝑥) = 0 − (−𝑎 sin 𝑥) = 0 + 𝑎 sin 𝑥 = 𝑎 sin 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Example 22

𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑦 = 2 tan Find
2 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑥 𝑑 𝑥
= ( (2)) (tan ) + ( (tan )) (2)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 2

1 𝑥
= 0 + (1 + 𝑇𝑎𝑛2 ( )) (2)
2 2
 𝑥
= 1 + 𝑇𝑎𝑛2 ( )
2
𝑥
= 𝑆𝑒𝑐 2 ( )
2

Using the product rule resolving to an identity.

Example 23

𝜋 𝑑𝑦
𝑦 = cos (2𝑥 + ) Find
2 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑 𝜋
=( 2𝑥) ( (cos 𝑥)) Function of a function rule where 2𝑥 + 𝑖𝑠 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑙𝑦 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2

𝑑𝑦 𝜋 𝜋
= (2) (− sin (2𝑥 + )) = −2 sin (2𝑥 + )
𝑑𝑥 2 2

Example 24
𝑑𝑦
𝑦 = tan 2𝑥 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥 Find
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑
= (tan 2𝑥) − (𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

= 2 sec 2𝑥 − 2(tan 𝑥)(𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥)

2 (sec 2𝑥 − (tan 𝑥)(𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥))

𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
(𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥) is a function of a function so (𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥) = (tan 𝑥)2 = 2(tan 𝑥) (tan 𝑥) = 2(tan 𝑥)𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Example 25

𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 3 sin ( ) Find
2 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 𝑑 2 𝑑 𝑥
= (𝑥 ) + (3 sin ( ))
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑 𝑥 𝑑 𝑥 1 𝑥 3 𝑥
Here, (3 sin ( )) = ( ) (3 sin 𝑥) = ( ) (3) (cos ) = cos
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 2 2 2 2 2

𝑥 𝑥
The of sin ( ) is temporarily called 𝑥.
2 2

𝑑𝑦 1 𝑥 3 𝑥
= 2𝑥 + ( ) (3) (cos ( )) = 2𝑥 + cos ( )
𝑑𝑥 2 2 2 2

Example 26
𝑎 𝑑𝑦
𝑦 = cos Find
𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑎
𝑦 = cos = cos 𝑎𝑥 −1
𝑥

𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑
= (𝑎𝑥 −1 ) (sin 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
 𝑎
= (−𝑎𝑥 −2 ) (− sin )
𝑥
𝑎 𝑎
= 2
(sin )
𝑥 𝑥

Example 27
𝑑𝑦
𝑦 = 𝑥 sin 𝑥 Find
𝑑𝑥

For this example, the product rule is used.

𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑
= ( (𝑥)) (sin 𝑥) + ( (sin 𝑥)) (𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦
= sin 𝑥 + 𝑥 cos 𝑥
𝑑𝑥

Example 28
𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑦= Find
sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

For this example, the quotient rule is used viz

𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
𝑑𝑦 𝑣 (𝑑𝑥 ) − 𝑢 (𝑑𝑥 )
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑣2
𝑑𝑢
Where 𝑢 = 𝑥 ∴
𝑑𝑥
=1

𝑑𝑣
and 𝑣 = sin 𝑥 ∴ = cos 𝑥
𝑑𝑥

Substituting,

𝑑𝑦 (sin 𝑥)(1) − 𝑥(cos 𝑥) sin 𝑥 − 𝑥 cos 𝑥

= =
𝑑𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥
Example 29
𝑑𝑦
𝑦 = 𝑥 tan 𝑥 Find
𝑑𝑥

𝑦 = 𝑥 tan 𝑥 (Solution using the Product rule)

𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑
= ( (𝑥)) (tan 𝑥) + ( (tan 𝑥)) 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

= tan 𝑥 + (𝑠𝑒𝑐2 𝑥)𝑥

=𝑥(𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥) + tan 𝑥

Example 30
𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑦= Find
tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
𝑑𝑦 𝑣( )−𝑢( )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
(Solving using Quotient rule
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑣2
)

𝑥
𝑦=
tan 𝑥

𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
𝑢=𝑥 ∴ = 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣 = tan 𝑥 ∴ = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥
dx dx

𝑑𝑦 (tan 𝑥) − 𝑥(𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥)
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥

Example 31
𝑑𝑦
𝑦 = sin 2𝑥 + sin(2𝑥)2 Find
𝑑𝑥

Here, sin(2𝑥)2 should be resolved to save misreading as sin(2𝑥 2 ) which is incorrect. So

𝑦 = sin 2𝑥 + sin(2𝑥)2 = sin 2𝑥 + sin 4𝑥 2

𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑
= (sin 2𝑥) + (sin 4𝑥 2 )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦
= 2 cos 2𝑥 + 8𝑥 cos 4𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦
= 2(cos 2𝑥 + 4𝑥 cos 4𝑥 2 )
𝑑𝑥

Example 32
𝑑𝑦
𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝑥 2 Find
𝑑𝑥

𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝑥 2 = (cos 𝑥 2 )3

𝑑𝑢
If cos 𝑥 2 = 𝑢 then y=𝑢3 and so = 3𝑢2
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑢
Substituting, = (3(cos 𝑥 2 )2 )
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑
= (3(cos 𝑥 2 )2 ) (𝑥 2 ) (cos 𝑥 2 )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦
= (3(cos 𝑥 2 )2 )(2𝑥)(− sin 𝑥 2 )
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦
= −6𝑥(cos 𝑥 2 )2 (sin 𝑥 2 ) = −6𝑥(𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 2 )(sin 𝑥 2 )
𝑑𝑥

Example 33
𝑑𝑦
𝑦 = 𝑥 2 tan 𝑥 Find
𝑑𝑥

For this example, the product rule is used.

𝑑 𝑑
(𝑥 2 ) = 2𝑥 and (tan 𝑥) = 𝑆𝑒𝑐 2 (𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦
= (2𝑥)(tan 𝑥) + (𝑆𝑒𝑐 2 (𝑥))(𝑥 2 )
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦
= 2𝑥(tan 𝑥) + 𝑥 2 (𝑆𝑒𝑐 2 (𝑥))
𝑑𝑥

Example 34
𝑑𝑦
𝑦 = cot(5𝑥 + 1) Find
𝑑𝑥

This is a function of a function problem.

𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑
=( (5𝑥 + 1)) ( cot 𝑥) (5𝑥 + 1) is temporalily substituted as x
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦
= (5)(−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 (5𝑥 + 1))
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦
= −5𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 (5𝑥 + 1)
𝑑𝑥

Example 35
𝑑𝑦
𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 3𝑥 Find
𝑑𝑥

𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 3𝑥 = (cot 3𝑥)2

This is a function of a function problem.

𝑑𝑦
= 2(cot 3𝑥)(3)(−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 (3𝑥))
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦
= −6(cot 3𝑥)(−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 (3𝑥))
𝑑𝑥

Example 36
𝑑𝑦
𝑦 = √cos 𝑥 Find
𝑑𝑥

This is a function of a function problem

1
𝑦 = √cos 𝑥 = (cos 𝑥)2

𝑑𝑦 1
= (cos 𝑥)−½ (−sin 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 2

𝑑𝑦 sin 𝑥
=
𝑑𝑥 2√cos 𝑥

Example 37
𝑑𝑦
𝑦 = (sin 2𝑥)(cos 2𝑥) Find
𝑑𝑥
For this example, the product rule is used containing functions of a function.

𝑦 = 𝑢𝑣

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢
= (𝑢) ( ) + (𝑣) ( )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑢
𝑢 = sin 2𝑥 ∴ = 2 cos 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑣
𝑣 = cos 2𝑥 ∴ = −2 sin 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦
= (sin 2𝑥)(−2 sin 2𝑥) + (cos 2𝑥)(2 cos 2𝑥)
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦
= −2(sin 2𝑥)2 + 2(cos 2𝑥)2
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦
= 2(cos 2𝑥)2 − 2(sin 2𝑥)2
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦
= 2((cos 2𝑥)2 − (sin 2𝑥)2 )
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦
= 2(𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 2𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 2𝑥)
𝑑𝑥

Example 38
𝑑𝑦
𝑦 = (sin2 𝑥)(cos 2 𝑥) Find (Solve using Product Rule containing function of a function)
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢
= (𝑢) ( ) + (𝑣) ( )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑢
𝑢 = (sin2 𝑥) = (sin 𝑥)2 ∴ = 2(sin 𝑥)(cos 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑣
𝑣 = (cos 2 𝑥) = (cos 𝑥)2 ∴ = 2(cos 𝑥)(− sin 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦
= (sin2 𝑥)2(cos 𝑥)(− sin 𝑥) + (cos 2 𝑥)2(sin 𝑥)(cos 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦
= 2(cos 3 𝑥)(sin 𝑥) − 2(cos 𝑥)(sin3 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥

Example 39
𝑑𝑦
𝑦 = (sin2 𝑥) + (cos 2 𝑥) Find (Solve using function of a function rule for each term)
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑𝑦
= (sin2 𝑥) + (cos 2 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦
= 2(sin 𝑥)(cos 𝑥) + (−2(cos 𝑥)(sin 𝑥))
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
=0
𝑑𝑥

At first an odd looking result but it is expected since (sin2 𝑥) + (cos 2 𝑥) = 1 and the gradient of 1 is zero.

Example 40
𝑑𝑦
𝑦 = (sin2 𝑥) − (cos 2 𝑥) Find (Solve using function of a function rule for each term)
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑𝑦
= (sin2 𝑥) − (cos 2 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦
= 2(sin 𝑥)(cos 𝑥) − (−2(cos 𝑥)(sin 𝑥))
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦
= 2(sin 𝑥)(cos 𝑥) + 2(cos 𝑥)(sin 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦
= 4(sin 𝑥)(cos 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥

Example 41
1 𝑑𝑦
𝑦= Find (Using the quotient rule)
1+cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
𝑑𝑦 𝑣 (𝑑𝑥 ) − 𝑢 (𝑑𝑥 )
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑣2
𝑑𝑢
𝑢=1 ∴ =0
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣
𝑣 = (1 + cos 𝑥) ∴ = 0 + (− sin 𝑥) = (− sin 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 (1 + cos 𝑥)(0) − 1(− sin 𝑥) 0 − (− sin 𝑥) sin 𝑥
= = =
𝑑𝑥 (1 + cos 𝑥)2 (1 + cos 𝑥)2 (1 + cos 𝑥)2

Example 42
(1−cos 𝑥) 𝑑𝑦
𝑦 = (1+cos Find (Here, the quotient rule is used)
𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
𝑑𝑦 𝑣 (𝑑𝑥 ) − 𝑢 (𝑑𝑥 )
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑣2
𝑑𝑢
𝑢 = (1 − cos 𝑥) ∴ = 0 − (− sin 𝑥) = sin 𝑥
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑣
𝑣 = (1 + cos 𝑥) ∴ = 0 + (− sin 𝑥) = (− sin 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 (1 + cos 𝑥)(sin 𝑥) − (1 − cos 𝑥)(− sin 𝑥)
=
𝑑𝑥 (1 + cos 𝑥)2

𝑑𝑦 (sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥 sin 𝑥) − (− sin 𝑥 + sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥)

=
𝑑𝑥 (1 + cos 𝑥)2

𝑑𝑦 sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥 sin 𝑥 + sin 𝑥 − sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥

=
𝑑𝑥 (1 + cos 𝑥)2

𝑑𝑦 2 sin 𝑥
=
𝑑𝑥 (1 + cos 𝑥)2

Example 43

√𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑦= Find
sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Using the quotient rule,

𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
𝑑𝑦 𝑣 (𝑑𝑥 ) − 𝑢 (𝑑𝑥 )
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑣2

√𝑥
𝑦=
sin 𝑥

𝑑𝑢 1
𝑢 = 𝑥½ ∴ =
𝑑𝑥 2√𝑥

𝑑𝑣
𝑣 = sin 𝑥 ∴ = cos 𝑥
𝑑𝑥

1
(sin 𝑥) ( ) − √𝑥(cos 𝑥)
𝑑𝑦 2 √𝑥
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥
sin 𝑥
− 𝑥(cos 𝑥)
𝑑𝑦 2√𝑥 √
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥

sin 𝑥 − 2√𝑥(√𝑥)(cos 𝑥)
𝑑𝑦 2√ 𝑥
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥

𝑑𝑦 sin 𝑥 − 2𝑥(𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥)
=
𝑑𝑥 2√𝑥(𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥)

If the product rule has been used for 𝑦 = (𝑥 ½ )((𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)−1 ) the result is

√𝑥 (− cos 𝑥) 1
+ which is more difficult to calculate when using numbers.
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 (2√𝑥)(sin 𝑥)

Example 44
𝑑𝑦
𝑦 = 𝑥 2 cos(2𝑥) Find
𝑑𝑥

Using Product rule,

𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑
= ( (𝑥 2 )) (cos(2𝑥)) + ( (cos(2𝑥))) (𝑥 2 )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦
= (2𝑥)(cos(2𝑥)) + (−2 sin(2𝑥))(𝑥 2 )
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦
= 2𝑥 cos(2𝑥) − 2𝑥 2 sin(2𝑥)
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦
= 2𝑥(cos(2𝑥) − 𝑥 sin(2𝑥))
𝑑𝑥

Example 45

𝑥2 𝑑𝑦
𝑦= Find
cos(2𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

Using the quotient rule,

𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
𝑑𝑦 𝑣 (𝑑𝑥 ) − 𝑢 (𝑑𝑥 )
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑣2

𝑑𝑢
𝑢 = 𝑥2 ∴ = 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑣
𝑣 = cos(2𝑥) ∴ = −2 sin(2𝑥)
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 (cos(2𝑥))(2𝑥) − (𝑥 2 )(−2 sin(2𝑥))

=
𝑑𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 (2𝑥)

𝑑𝑦 2𝑥(cos(2𝑥)) + 2𝑥 2 (sin(2𝑥))
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 (2𝑥)

𝑑𝑦 2𝑥((cos(2𝑥)) + 𝑥 sin(2𝑥))
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 (2𝑥)

Example 46

tan(𝑥 − 1) 𝑑𝑦
𝑦= Find
sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Using the quotient rule,

𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
𝑑𝑦 𝑣 (𝑑𝑥 ) − 𝑢 (𝑑𝑥 )
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑣2

𝑑𝑢
𝑢 = tan(𝑥 − 1) ∴ = (𝑆𝑒𝑐 2 (𝑥 − 1))
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑣
𝑣 = sec (𝑥) ∴ = sec (𝑥) tan (𝑥)
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 (sec (𝑥))(𝑆𝑒𝑐 2 (𝑥 − 1)) − (tan(𝑥 − 1))(sec (𝑥) tan (𝑥))

=
𝑑𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 (sec (𝑥))(𝑆𝑒𝑐 2 (𝑥 − 1)) (tan(𝑥 − 1))(sec (𝑥) tan (𝑥))
= −
𝑑𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥

𝑑𝑦 𝑆𝑒𝑐 2 (𝑥 − 1) (tan(𝑥 − 1))(tan 𝑥)

= −
𝑑𝑥 sec (𝑥) sec (𝑥)

Example 47

𝑑𝑦
𝑦 = 𝑥√sin 𝑥 Find
𝑑𝑥

Using the product rule,

𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑
= ( (𝑥)) (√sin 𝑥) + ( (√sin 𝑥)) (𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 1
= (1)(√sin 𝑥) + (sin 𝑥)−½ (cos 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 2

𝑑𝑦 𝑥 cos 𝑥
= √sin 𝑥 +
𝑑𝑥 2√sin 𝑥

𝑑𝑦 2 sin 𝑥 + 𝑥 cos 𝑥
=
𝑑𝑥 2√sin 𝑥

Example 48

𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑦= Find
1 + sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Using the quotient rule,

𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
𝑑𝑦 𝑣 (𝑑𝑥 ) − 𝑢 (𝑑𝑥 )
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑣2

𝑑𝑢
𝑢 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 ∴ = 2(sin 𝑥)(cos 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑣
𝑣 = (1 + sin 𝑥) ∴ = (cos 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 (1 + sin 𝑥)(2(sin 𝑥)(cos 𝑥)) − (𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥)(cos 𝑥)

=
𝑑𝑥 (1 + sin 𝑥)2

𝑑𝑦 (1 + sin 𝑥)(2(sin 𝑥)(cos 𝑥)) − (sin 𝑥)(sin 𝑥)(cos 𝑥)

=
𝑑𝑥 (1 + sin 𝑥)2

𝑑𝑦 ((sin 𝑥)(cos 𝑥))((1 + sin 𝑥)(2) − (sin 𝑥))

=
𝑑𝑥 (1 + sin 𝑥)2

𝑑𝑦 ((sin 𝑥)(cos 𝑥))(2 + 2sin 𝑥 − (sin 𝑥))

=
𝑑𝑥 (1 + sin 𝑥)2
𝑑𝑦 (sin 𝑥)(cos 𝑥)(2 + sin 𝑥)
=
𝑑𝑥 (1 + sin 𝑥)2

Example 49

1 𝑑𝑦
𝑦= 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑
1 − tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Using the quotient rule,

𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
𝑑𝑦 𝑣 (𝑑𝑥 ) − 𝑢 (𝑑𝑥 )
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑣2

𝑑𝑢
𝑢=1 ∴ =0
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑣
𝑣 = 1 − tan 𝑥 ∴ = 0 − 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 = (−𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 (1 − tan 𝑥)(0) − (1)(−𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥)

=
𝑑𝑥 (1 − tan 𝑥)2

𝑑𝑦 0 − (−𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥)
=
𝑑𝑥 (1 − tan 𝑥)2

𝑑𝑦 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥
=
𝑑𝑥 (1 − tan 𝑥)2

Example 50

𝑑𝑦
𝑦 = (𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥)(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥) 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢
Using the product rule,
𝑑𝑥
= (𝑢) (𝑑𝑥) + (𝑣) (𝑑𝑥 )

𝑑𝑢
𝑢 = (𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥) = (sec 𝑥)2 ∴ = 2(sec 𝑥)(𝑆𝑒𝑐(𝑥) Tan(𝑥)) = 2(𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥)(tan 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣
𝑣 = (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥) ∴ = −𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐(𝑥)𝐶𝑜𝑡(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= (𝑠𝑒𝑐2 𝑥)(−1)(𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐(𝑥)𝐶𝑜𝑡(𝑥)) + (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥)2(𝑠𝑒𝑐2 𝑥)(tan 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
1 1 1
Substituting with sec 𝑥 = ; cosec 𝑥 = and cot 𝑥 =
cos 𝑥 sin 𝑥 tan 𝑥

𝑑𝑦 1 2 1 1 1 1 2
= −( ) ( )( ) + 2( )( ) (tan 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 cos 𝑥 sin 𝑥 tan 𝑥 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥
sin 𝑥
Finally substituting tan 𝑥 = bringing the expression to cos and sin functions,
cos 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 sin 𝑥
= −( ) ( )( )+( ) 2( )( )
𝑑𝑥 cos 𝑥 sin 𝑥 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥
cos 𝑥

𝑑𝑦 1 2 1 cos 𝑥 1 2 1 sin 𝑥
= −( ) ( )( )+( ) 2( )( )
𝑑𝑥 cos 𝑥 sin 𝑥 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1 cos 𝑥 1 sin 𝑥
= −( 2 )( 2 )+ ( 2 )2( )
𝑑𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 cos 𝑥 (sin 𝑥)(cos 𝑥)

𝑑𝑦 1 cos 𝑥 1 1
= −( 2 )( 2 )+ ( 2 )2( )
𝑑𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 cos 𝑥 (cos 𝑥)

𝑑𝑦 − cos 𝑥 2
= 2
+
𝑑𝑥 (cos 𝑥)(𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥) (cos3 𝑥)
2

𝑑𝑦 − cos2 𝑥 + 2𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥
= which could be considered as a complete resolve or there could follow
𝑑𝑥 (cos3 𝑥)(𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥)

𝑑𝑦 −(cos2 𝑥) + 2𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 1
=( 2 )( )
𝑑𝑥 (cos 𝑥)(𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥)
2 (cos 𝑥)

𝑑𝑦 1 2 1
= (− ( 2 ) + ( 2 )) ( )
𝑑𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 cos 𝑥 (cos 𝑥)

𝑑𝑦 1 1 1
= [− ( 2 ) + 2 ( 2 )] ( )
𝑑𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 cos 𝑥 (cos 𝑥)

𝑑𝑦
= ((−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥) + (2𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥))(sec 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= sec 𝑥 (2𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥) Without powers.
𝑑𝑥

Example 51

𝑑𝑦
𝑦 = (sec √𝑥)(tan √𝑥) 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢
Using the product rule,
𝑑𝑥
= (𝑢) (𝑑𝑥) + (𝑣) (𝑑𝑥 )

𝑑𝑢 1 (sec √𝑥)(tan √𝑥)

𝑢 = (sec √𝑥) ∴ = (sec √𝑥)(tan √𝑥) ( )=
𝑑𝑥 2√𝑥 2√𝑥

𝑑𝑣 1 (𝑠𝑒𝑐2 √𝑥)
𝑣 = (tan √𝑥) ∴ = (𝑠𝑒𝑐2 √𝑥) ( )=
𝑑𝑥 2√ 𝑥 2 √𝑥

𝑑𝑦 (𝑠𝑒𝑐2 √𝑥) (sec √𝑥)(tan √𝑥)

∴ = (sec √𝑥) + (tan √𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 2 √𝑥 2 √𝑥
𝑑𝑦 (𝑠𝑒𝑐3 √𝑥) (𝑡𝑎𝑛2 √𝑥)(sec √𝑥)
= +
𝑑𝑥 2 √𝑥 2√ 𝑥

𝑑𝑦 (𝑠𝑒𝑐3 √𝑥) + (𝑡𝑎𝑛2 √𝑥)(sec √𝑥)

=
𝑑𝑥 2√ 𝑥

2 2
𝑑𝑦 (sec √𝑥) ((𝑡𝑎𝑛 √𝑥) + 𝑠𝑒𝑐 √𝑥) 𝑥
= ( )
𝑑𝑥 2 √𝑥 𝑎

A graphical view of trigonometric functions.

Section 6

Differentiation of Inverse Trigonometric Functions

Inverse Function Derivitive Quicker method with factor (a) in Denominator

1 𝑥 1
sin−1 (𝑥) sin−1 ( ) =
√1−𝑥 2 𝑎 √𝑎2 −𝑥 2

−1 𝑥 𝑎
cos −1 (𝑥) tan−1 ( ) =
√1−𝑥 2 𝑎 𝑎 2 +𝑥 2

1 𝑥 𝑎
tan−1 (𝑥)
𝑥 2 +1
sec −1 ( ) =
𝑎 𝑥√𝑥 2 −𝑎2

1 𝑥 −1
sec −1 𝑥 cos −1 (𝑎) =
𝑥√𝑥2 −1 √𝑎2 −𝑥2

1
cosec −1(𝑥) −
𝑥√𝑥2 −1

1
cot −1 (𝑥) − 𝑥2 +1

A graphical view of inverse trigonometric functions.

Examples of Differentiation of Inverse Trigonometric Functions

Example 1a
𝑑𝑦
𝑦 = sin−1 (4𝑥) Find
𝑑𝑥
 𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
Using sin−1 (𝑥) = and the function of a function rule, = (𝑑𝑢) (𝑑𝑥 ),
𝑑𝑥 √1−𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑥
= (𝑑𝑢) (𝑑𝑥 ) where 𝑢 = 4𝑥 and 𝑣 = sin−1 (𝑥)

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢 1
∴
𝑑𝑢
= 4 and 𝑑𝑣 =
√1−𝑥2

𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑
∴ sin−1 (4𝑥) = ( (4𝑥)) ( (sin−1 (𝑥)))
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

1
𝑥 is now substituted for (4𝑥) in , so
√1−𝑥 2

𝑑𝑦 1 4
sin−1 (4𝑥) = (4) ( )=
𝑑𝑥 √1 − (4𝑥) 2 √1 − 16𝑥 2

Example 1b

𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑦 = sin−1 ( ) Find
2 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑𝑦 𝑥 1 𝑑𝑦 𝑥 1
Here, either sin−1 (𝑥) = or the more direct sin−1 ( ) = could be used. sin−1 ( ) = is an
𝑑𝑥 √1−𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑎 √𝑎2 −𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑎 √𝑎2 −𝑥 2
𝑑𝑦 1
easier method since it is in effect the same as sin−1 (𝑥) = but with the middle calculations already being
𝑑𝑥 √1−𝑥 2
done,that is the function of a function calculation, the answer is arrived at more efficiently. Here’s both methods:-

𝑑𝑦 1
Using sin−1 (𝑥) =
𝑑𝑥 √1−𝑥 2

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢 𝑥
Using the function of a function rule, = ( ) ( ) so 𝑢 = and 𝑣 = sin−1 (𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥 2

𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑𝑢 1
∴
𝑑𝑢
= 2 and =
𝑑𝑣 √1−𝑥2

𝑑𝑦 −1 𝑥 𝑑 𝑥 𝑑
∴ sin ( ) = ( ( )) ( (sin−1 (𝑥)))
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥

𝑥 1
(𝑥) is now substituted for ( ) in , so
2 √1−𝑥 2

𝑑𝑦 𝑥 1 1
∴ sin−1 ( ) = ( )
𝑑𝑥 2 2 𝑥 2
√
( 1 − (2 ) )

𝑑𝑦 1
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑥2
2√1 −
4

𝑑𝑦 1
=
𝑑𝑥 4 − 𝑥2
2√
4
𝑑𝑦 1
=
𝑑𝑥 2
√4(4 − 𝑥 )
4

𝑑𝑦 1
=
𝑑𝑥 √4 − 𝑥 2

𝑥 1
Now using sin−1 ( ) = where 𝑎 = 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 = 𝑥
𝑎 √𝑎2 −𝑥 2

𝑑𝑦 −1 𝑥 1
sin ( ) =
𝑑𝑥 𝑎 √22 − 𝑥 2

𝑑𝑦 1
=
𝑑𝑥 √4 − 𝑥 2

Example 2a
𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑦 = 𝑏 cos−1 𝑎 Find 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 −1 𝑥
Using cos −1 (𝑥)= and the product rule incorporating the function of a function rule since 𝑎 is a
𝑑𝑥 √1−𝑥 2
𝑥
function of a function of cos−1 𝑎.

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑥
= ( (𝑏)) (cos−1 ) + ((cos−1 )) (𝑏)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑎 𝑑𝑥 𝑎

𝑑𝑦 𝑥 −1 1
= (0) (cos−1 ) + (𝑏) ( )( )
𝑑𝑥 𝑎 √1 − 𝑥 2 𝑎

−1 𝑥
At this point, the 𝑥 2 of √ is now substituted by ( )
1−𝑥 2 𝑎

𝑑𝑦 𝑥 −1 1
∴ = (0) (cos −1 ) + (𝑏) ( )
𝑑𝑥 𝑎 2 𝑎
√1 − (𝑥 )
( 𝑎 )

𝑑𝑦 −1 1
=0+𝑏 ( )
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 2 𝑎
√
( 1 − (𝑎) )

𝑑𝑦 −𝑏
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑥2
𝑎 (√1 − )
( 𝑎2 )
𝑑𝑦 −𝑏
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑎2 − 𝑥 2
𝑎 (√ )
( 𝑎2 )

𝑑𝑦 −𝑏
=
𝑑𝑥 2 (𝑎 2 − 𝑥 2)
√𝑎
( 𝑎2 )

𝑑𝑦 −𝑏
=
𝑑𝑥 √(𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 )

Example 2b
𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑦 = cos −1 (3) Find 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 𝑥 −1
Using the preworked cos−1 (𝑎) = √ where 𝑎 = 3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 = 𝑥,
𝑑𝑥 𝑎2 −𝑥 2

𝑑𝑦 𝑥 −1 −1
cos−1 ( ) = =
𝑑𝑥 𝑎 2
√3 − 𝑥 2 √9 − 𝑥 2
−1
This can be left as factors if required, as
√(3−𝑥)(3+𝑥)

Example 3
𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑦 = tan−1 𝑎 Find
𝑑𝑥

𝑥 𝑎
tan−1 ( ) = 2
𝑎 𝑎 + 𝑥2
𝑑𝑦 𝑥 𝑎
Using the preworked
𝑑𝑥
tan−1 (𝑎) = 𝑎2 +𝑥2 Arriving directly to the answer.

Or the longer method full calculation, by employing the function of a function.

𝑑𝑦 𝑥 1
( )=
𝑑𝑥 𝑎 𝑎
𝑥
Substituting , remembering also to substitute 𝑥 for 𝑎

𝑑𝑦 𝑥 1 1
tan−1 = ( ) ( )
𝑑𝑥 𝑎 𝑎 𝑥 2
(𝑎) + 1
 1 1
= ( )( 2 )
𝑎 𝑥
+1
𝑎2

1 1
= ( )( 2 )
𝑎 𝑥 + 𝑎2
𝑎2

1 𝑎2
= ( )( 2 )
𝑎 𝑥 + 𝑎2

𝑑𝑦 𝑎
= 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑎 + 𝑥 2

Example 3b
𝑑𝑦
𝑦 = tan−1 (𝑎 − 𝑥) Find
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 1
Using the function of a function rule and tan−1 (𝑥) = Where 𝑥 2 is substituted for (𝑎 − 𝑥),
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 2 +1

𝑑
(𝑎 − 𝑥) = −1
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1
∴ tan−1 (𝑎 − 𝑥) = (−1) ( )
𝑑𝑥 (𝑎 − 𝑥)2 + 1

−1
=
(𝑎 − 𝑥)2 + 1

This can be multiplied our further if required but usually the answer is left as factors,

Example 4
𝑑𝑦
𝑦 = cos −1 2𝑥 2 Find
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 −1
Using the function of a function rule and cos−1 (𝑥) = , Where 𝑥 2 is substituted for 2𝑥 2 ,
𝑑𝑥 √1−𝑥2

𝑑𝑦 2
2𝑥 = 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 −1
∴ cos−1 2𝑥2 = (4𝑥) ( )
𝑑𝑥 √1 − (2𝑥2 )2

𝑑𝑦 −4𝑥
=
𝑑𝑥 √1 − 4𝑥4
Example 4b

𝑑𝑦
𝑦 = sin √𝑥 Find 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 1
Using the function of a function rule and sin−1 (𝑥) = , where 𝑥 is substituted for √𝑥,
𝑑𝑥 √1−𝑥2

𝑑 1 −1 1
√𝑥 = 𝑥 2 =
𝑑𝑥 2 2√𝑥

𝑑𝑦 1 1
∴ sin √𝑥 = ( )
𝑑𝑥 2√𝑥 2
√
( 1 − (√𝑥) )

𝑑𝑦 1
=
𝑑𝑥 2√𝑥√1 − 𝑥2

𝑑𝑦 1
=
𝑑𝑥 2√𝑥 − 𝑥2

After resolving.

Example 5

𝑑𝑦
𝑦 = 𝑥 sin−1 𝑥 Find 𝑑𝑥

Here, there exists a factor, 𝑥. The product rule is then used together with the function of a function rule in
determining the differential expression.
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 1
(𝑥) = 1 and sin−1 𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 √1−𝑥2

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑥 sin−1 𝑥 = ( (𝑥)) (sin−1 𝑥) + ( sin−1 𝑥) (𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

1
= (sin−1 𝑥) + ( ) (𝑥)
√1 − 𝑥2
𝑥
= (sin−1 𝑥) + ( )
√1 − 𝑥2

Example 5b

1 𝑑𝑦
𝑦 = sin−1 ( ) Find
𝑥 𝑑𝑥
 𝑑𝑦 𝑥 1
This example cannot be solved by using sin−1 ( ) = (substituting 1 for 𝑥 and 𝑥 for 𝑎) because the form
𝑑𝑥 𝑎 √𝑎2 −𝑥2
𝑥
taken with this method is that is, the 𝑥 value is divided by 𝑎. The form of the example is where 𝑥 is reciprocated, that
𝑎
𝑑𝑦 1
is 1 is divided by 𝑥. So sin−1 (𝑥)= is used instead.
𝑑𝑥 √1−𝑥 2

Employing the function of a function rule where

𝑑 1 −1
( )= 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑 1 𝑑𝑦
sin−1 ( ) = ( ) (𝑑𝑥 sin−1 (𝑥))
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥

−1 1
= ( 2 )( )
𝑥 √1 − 𝑥 2
1 1
Continuing substituting (𝑥) for in
𝑥 √1−𝑥 2

−1 1
=( 2)
𝑥 1 2
√
( 1 − (𝑥 ) )

−1
=
1
𝑥2 √1 −
𝑥2

𝑑𝑦 −1
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑥(√𝑥 − 1)

After resolving.

Example 6a

𝑑𝑦
𝑦 = sin−1 (3𝑥 − 1) Find
𝑑𝑥

Employing the function of a function rule where

𝑑 𝑑 1
(3𝑥 − 1) = 3 and sin−1 (𝑥)=
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 √1−𝑥 2

𝑑𝑦 −1 𝑑𝑦
∴ sin (3𝑥 − 1) = 3 ( sin−1 (𝑥))
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 1
= 3( ) Now 𝑥 is substituted for (3𝑥 − 1) in ( )
√1−𝑥 2 √1−𝑥 2

1
= 3( )
√1 − (3𝑥 − 1)2

3
=
√6𝑥 − 9𝑥 2
After resolving.

Example 6b

𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑦 = cosec −1 ( ) Find
2 𝑑𝑥

Employing the function of a function rule where

𝑑 𝑥 1 𝑑 1
( ) = 2 and (cosec −1(𝑥)) =−
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑥√𝑥2 −1

𝑑𝑦 𝑥 1 −1 𝑥 −1
∴ 𝑑𝑥 cosec−1 (2) = (2) ( ) Now 𝑥 is substituted for (2) in ( )
𝑥√𝑥2 −1 𝑥√𝑥 2 −1

𝑑𝑦 1 −1
=( )
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑥 𝑥 2
√
(2 (2) − 1)

1 −1
=( )
2 𝑥 𝑥2
√
(2 4 − 1 )

1 −1
=( )
2 𝑥 𝑥2 − 4
√
(2 4 )

1 −2
=( )
2 2
√𝑥 − 4
(𝑥 4 )

−1
=
√ 𝑥2 − 1
(𝑥 4 )

−1
=
√𝑥2 − 4
𝑥( )
( √4 )

𝑑𝑦 −2
=( )
𝑑𝑥 𝑥(√𝑥2 − 4)

Example 7a

𝑑𝑦
𝑦 = tan−1 (𝑥 + 1) Find
𝑑𝑥
Employing the function of a function rule where
𝑑 𝑑 1
(𝑥 + 1) = 1 and tan−1 (𝑥) =
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥2 +1

𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑
∴ tan−1 (𝑥 + 1) = ( (𝑥 + 1)) ( tan−1 (𝑥))
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

1
= 1( )
𝑥2 +1
1
Now 𝑥 is substitiúted for (𝑥 + 1) in (𝑥2 +1)

1
=( 2 )
(𝑥 + 1)2 + 1

𝑑𝑦 1
= 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 2
Example 7b

𝑑𝑦
𝑦 = (𝑥 2 + 1)(tan−1 𝑥) Find
𝑑𝑥

Here, the product rule is followed containing a function of a function.

𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑
= ( (𝑥2 + 1)) (tan−1 𝑥) + ( tan−1 𝑥) (𝑥2 + 1)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑 𝑑 1
(𝑥2 + 1) = 2𝑥 and (tan−1 𝑥) =
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥2 +1

𝑑𝑦 2 1
∴ (𝑥 + 1)(tan−1 𝑥) = (2𝑥)(tan−1 𝑥) + ( 2 ) (𝑥 2 + 1)
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 +1
1
Now 𝑥 is substitiuted for (𝑥) in (𝑥2 +1) ie on this occation there is no apparent change.

1
= (2𝑥)(tan−1 𝑥) + ( ) (𝑥2 + 1)
𝑥2 +1

𝑑𝑦
= (2𝑥)(tan−1 𝑥) + 1
𝑑𝑥

Example 8a

𝑑𝑦
𝑦 = tan−1 √1 − 𝑥 Find 𝑑𝑥

Employing the function of a function rule where

𝑑 −1 𝑑 1
(√1 − 𝑥) = 2 and tan−1 (𝑥) =
𝑑𝑥 √1−𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥2 +1
 𝑑𝑦
∴ tan−1 (√1 − 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
−1 1
=( )( 2 )
2√1 − 𝑥 𝑥 + 1
1
Now 𝑥 is substitiuted for √1 − 𝑥 in 𝑥 2 +1

−1 1
=( )( 2 )
2√1 − 𝑥 (√1 − 𝑥) + 1

−1 1
=( )( )
2√1 − 𝑥 1 − 𝑥 + 1

−1 1
=( )( )
2√1 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 −1
=
𝑑𝑥 2(√1 − 𝑥)(2 − 𝑥)

Left as factors.

Example 8b

𝑑𝑦
𝑦 = sin−1 √1 − 𝑥 2 Find
𝑑𝑥

Employing the function of a function rule where

𝑑 −𝑥 𝑑 1
(√1 − 𝑥2) = and 𝑑𝑥 sin−1 (𝑥) =
𝑑𝑥 √1−𝑥 2 √1−𝑥2

𝑑𝑦 −1 −𝑥 1
∴ sin (√1 − 𝑥 2 ) = ( )( )
𝑑𝑥 √1 − 𝑥 2 √1 − 𝑥2
1
Now 𝑥 is substitiuted for √1 − 𝑥 2 in 𝑥 2 +1

−𝑥 1
=( )
√ 1 − 𝑥2 2
√ √ 2
( 1−( 1−𝑥 ) )

−𝑥 1
=( )( )
√ 1 − 𝑥2 √1 − (1 − 𝑥 2 )

−𝑥 1
=( )( )
√ 1 − 𝑥2 √𝑥 2
 −𝑥 1
=( )( )
√ 1 − 𝑥2 𝑥

𝑑𝑦 −1
=
𝑑𝑥 √1 − 𝑥 2

Example 9a

𝑑𝑦
𝑦 = sec −1 5𝑥 Find
𝑑𝑥

Employing the function of a function rule where

𝑑 𝑑 1
(5𝑥) = 5 and 𝑑𝑥 = (sec −1 𝑥) =
𝑑𝑥 𝑥√𝑥2 −1

𝑑𝑦 1
∴ (sec −1 5𝑥) = 5 ( )
𝑑𝑥 𝑥√𝑥 2 − 1
1
Now 𝑥 is substitiuted for 5𝑥 in
𝑥√𝑥2 −1

5
=
5𝑥√𝑥 4 − 1
𝑑𝑦 1
(sec−1 5𝑥) =
𝑑𝑥 𝑥√𝑥4 − 1
Example 9b

𝑑𝑦
𝑦 = sec −1 𝑥 2 Find 𝑑𝑥

Employing the function of a function rule where

𝑑 𝑑 1
(𝑥 2 ) = 2𝑥 and sec −1 𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥√𝑥2 −1

𝑑𝑦 1
∴ (sec−1 𝑥2 ) = (2𝑥) ( )
𝑑𝑥 𝑥√𝑥 2 − 1
1
Now 𝑥 is substitiuted for (𝑥 2 ) in
𝑥√𝑥2 −1

2𝑥
=
𝑥 2 √(𝑥2 )2 − 1

𝑑𝑦 2
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑥√𝑥4 − 1

Example 10a

𝑑𝑦
𝑦 = sin−1 (sin 𝑥) Find
𝑑𝑥

Employing the function of a function rule where

𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 1
(𝑥) = 1; (sin 𝑥) = cos 𝑥 and sin−1 (𝑥) =
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 √1−𝑥 2

𝑑𝑦 1
∴ = (1)(cos 𝑥) ( )
𝑑𝑥 √1 − 𝑥 2
1
Now 𝑥 is substitiuted for (sin 𝑥) in √
1−𝑥 2

1
= (cos 𝑥) ( )
√1 − (sin 𝑥)2
cos 𝑥
=
√1 − (sin 𝑥)2

𝑑𝑦 cos 𝑥
=
𝑑𝑥 √1 − sin2 𝑥

This can be further resolved by employing the identity cos 𝑥 = √1 − sin2 𝑥

𝑑𝑦 cos 𝑥
∴ = =1
𝑑𝑥 cos 𝑥
Example 10b

𝑑𝑦
𝑦 = sin−1 (√sin 𝑥) Find
𝑑𝑥

Employing the function of a function rule where

1
𝑑 1 cos 𝑥
(√sin 𝑥) = ( ) ((sin 𝑥)−2 ) (cos 𝑥)(1) = and
𝑑𝑥 2 2√sin 𝑥

𝑑 1
sin−1 (𝑥) =
𝑑𝑥 √1 − 𝑥 2

𝑑𝑦 cos 𝑥 1
∴ =( )( )
𝑑𝑥 2√sin 𝑥 √1 − 𝑥2
1
Now 𝑥 is substitiuted for (√sin 𝑥) in √
1−𝑥 2

cos 𝑥 1
=( )
2√sin 𝑥 2
√
( 1 − (√sin 𝑥) )
cos 𝑥
=
2√sin 𝑥 √1 − sin 𝑥

√1+sin 𝑥
There now follows a lengthy resolving sequence. First multiplying by
√1+sin 𝑥

cos 𝑥 (√1 + sin 𝑥)

=
2√sin 𝑥 √1 − sin 𝑥 √1 + sin 𝑥
 cos 𝑥 (√1 + sin 𝑥)
=
2√sin 𝑥 √(1 − sin 𝑥)(1 + sin 𝑥)

cos 𝑥(√1+sin 𝑥) √1+sin 𝑥

= The introduction of reduces (√1 − sin 𝑥 √1 + sin 𝑥) of the denominator to
2 √1+sin 𝑥
2√sin 𝑥√1−sin 𝑥

√1 − sin2 𝑥 and furthermore, 1 − sin2 𝑥 = Cos2 𝑥. ∴ √1 − sin2 𝑥 = √Cos 2 𝑥 =

cos 𝑥. Continuing,

cos 𝑥 (√1 + sin 𝑥)

=
2√(sin 𝑥)(cos 𝑥)

(√1 + sin 𝑥)
=
2√(sin 𝑥)

1 1 + sin 𝑥
= ( ) (√ )
2 sin 𝑥

1 1
= ( ) (√ + 1)
2 sin 𝑥

𝑑𝑦 1
= √1 + cosec 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 2

Example 11a

𝑑𝑦
𝑦 = 2 sec −1 𝑎𝑥 Find 𝑑𝑥

Employing the function of a function and product rule where

𝑑 𝑑 𝑑𝑦 1
( 2) = 0, (𝑎𝑥) = 𝑎 and (sec −1 𝑥) = ,
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥√𝑥 2 −1

𝑑𝑦 1
= (0)(sec 𝑎𝑥) + (2)(𝑎) ( )
𝑑𝑥 𝑥√𝑥 2 − 1
1
Now 𝑥 is substitiuted for (𝑎𝑥) in ( )
𝑥√𝑥2 −1

𝑑𝑦 1
∴ = (2)(𝑎) ( )
𝑑𝑥 𝑎𝑥√(𝑎𝑥)2 − 1

2𝑎
=
𝑎𝑥√(𝑎𝑥)2 − 1

𝑑𝑦 2
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑥√(𝑎𝑥)2 − 1
Example 11b
𝑑𝑦
𝑦 = tan−1 √𝑥 Find
𝑑𝑥

𝑑 1 𝑑 1
(√𝑥) = and tan−1 𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥 2√𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 2 +1

𝑑𝑦 1 1
∴ tan−1 √𝑥 = ( )( 2 )
𝑑𝑥 2√ 𝑥 𝑥 + 1

1
Now 𝑥 is substitiuted for (√𝑥) in ( )
𝑥2 +1

1 1
= ( )( )
2√𝑥 (√𝑥)2 + 1

1 1
= ( )( )
2√ 𝑥 𝑥 + 1

𝑑𝑦 1
=
𝑑𝑥 (2√𝑥)(𝑥 + 1)

Example 12a
2𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑦 = tan−1 Find
1−𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 2𝑥
Here, the quotient rule is employed in finding ( ) but although the product rule would also suffice, it would
𝑑𝑥 1−𝑥 2
result in a more complicated expression.

𝑑𝑦 2𝑥 2(1+𝑥 2 )
( )= After resolving.
𝑑𝑥 1−𝑥 2 (1−𝑥 2 )2

𝑑𝑦 1
tan−1 (𝑥) = 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 +1

𝑑𝑦 2𝑥 𝑑𝑦 2𝑥 𝑑𝑦
∴ (tan−1 )=( ( )) ( tan−1 (𝑥))
𝑑𝑥 1−𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 1−𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 2𝑥 𝑑𝑦 2𝑥 1
∴ (tan−1 )=( ( )) ( 2 )
𝑑𝑥 1 − 𝑥2 𝑑𝑥 1 − 𝑥 2 𝑥 +1

2𝑥 1
Now 𝑥 is substitiuted for (1−𝑥2 ) in 𝑥 2 +1

𝑑𝑦 2(1 + 𝑥 2 ) 1
∴ =( )( )
𝑑𝑥 (1 − 𝑥 2 )2 2𝑥 2
( ) +1
1 − 𝑥2
𝑑𝑦 2𝑥 2
∴ (tan−1 )= After resolving.
𝑑𝑥 1−𝑥 2 𝑥 2 +1
Example 12b

√1−𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦
𝑦 = tan−1 Find
𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑 √1−𝑥 2
Here the quotient rule is employed to find ( ) , resulting in
𝑑𝑥 𝑥

𝑑 √1 − 𝑥 2 −1
( )=
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 2
𝑥 √1 − 𝑥
𝑑 1
( tan−1 𝑥) =
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 2 +1

𝑑𝑦 √1−𝑥 2 𝑑 √1−𝑥 2 𝑑
∴ ( )= ( )( ( tan−1 𝑥))
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

−1 1
=( )( 2 )
𝑥 2 √1 −𝑥 𝑥 +1

√1−𝑥 2 1
Now 𝑥 is substitiuted for ( 𝑥
) in
𝑥 2 +1

−1 1
=( ) 2
𝑥 2 √1 −𝑥 √1 − 𝑥 2
( ) +1
( 𝑥 )

𝑑𝑦 −1
=
𝑑𝑥 √1 − 𝑥 2

After resolving completely.

Example 13a

𝑎 𝑑𝑦
𝑦 = sec −1 Find
√𝑎2 −𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥

Employing the quotient rule,

𝑑𝑦 𝑎 𝑎𝑥
( )= and
𝑑𝑥 √𝑎2 −𝑥 2 √(𝑎2 −𝑥 2 )3

𝑑𝑦 1
(sec−1 𝑥) =
𝑑𝑥 𝑥√𝑥2 − 1

𝑑𝑦 𝑎 𝑑𝑦 𝑎 𝑑𝑦
∴ (sec −1 )=( ( )) ( (sec −1 𝑥)) (using the function of a function rule)
𝑑𝑥 √𝑎2 −𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 √𝑎2 −𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥

𝑎𝑥 1
=( )( )
√(𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 )3 𝑥√𝑥 2 − 1

𝑎 1
Now 𝑥 is substituted with ( ) in ( )
√𝑎2 −𝑥 2 𝑥√𝑥 2 −1
 𝑑𝑦 𝑎𝑥 1
∴ =( )
𝑑𝑥 √(𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 )3 2
𝑎 𝑎
( 2 2
) √( 2 2
) −1
( √𝑎 − 𝑥 √𝑎 − 𝑥 )

𝑑𝑦 𝑎𝑥 𝑎2 − 𝑥 2
=( )( )
𝑑𝑥 √(𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 )3 𝑎𝑥

𝑑𝑦 1
= After resolving.
𝑑𝑥 √𝑎2 −𝑥 2

Example 13b

𝑥 2 +1 𝑑𝑦
𝑦 = sec −1 Find
𝑥 2 −1 𝑑𝑥

Using Quotent rule,

𝑑𝑦 𝑥 2 + 1 −4𝑥
( )= 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 2 − 1 (𝑥 − 1)2

𝑑𝑦 1
(sec−1 𝑥) =
𝑑𝑥 𝑥√𝑥2 − 1

𝑑𝑦 𝑥 2 +1 𝑑𝑦 𝑥 2 +1 𝑑𝑦
∴ (sec −1 )=( ( )) ( (sec −1 𝑥)) (using the function of a function rule)
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 2 −1 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 2 −1 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 −4𝑥 1
=( 2 )( )
𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 − 1)2 𝑥√𝑥 2 − 1

𝑥 2 +1 1
Now 𝑥 is substituted with ( ) in ( )
𝑥 2 −1 𝑥√𝑥 2 −1

𝑑𝑦 −4𝑥 1
∴ =( 2 )
𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 − 1)2 2
𝑥2 + 1 √ 𝑥2 + 1
( 2 ) ( (( 2 )) − 1)
𝑥 −1 𝑥 −1
( )

𝑑𝑦 −2
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 2 +1

After resolving

Example 14
𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑦 = sin−1 Find 𝑑𝑥
√1+𝑥 2
Employing the quotient rule,

𝑑𝑦 𝑥 1
=
𝑑𝑥 √1 + 𝑥2 √(1 + 𝑥2 )3

Also
𝑑𝑦
sin−1 𝑥 = √
1
𝑑𝑥 1−𝑥 2

𝑑𝑦 𝑥 𝑥
sin−1 √
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 −1
∴ = 𝑑𝑥 (√ )( (sin 𝑥)) (using the function of a function rule)
𝑑𝑥 1+𝑥2 1+𝑥2 𝑑𝑥

1 1 1 𝑥
=( )( ) now , the 𝑥 of ( ) is substituted for ( ) and so the expression continues
√(1+𝑥 2 )3 √1−𝑥2 √1−𝑥2 √1+𝑥 2

𝑑𝑦 1 1
=( )
𝑑𝑥 √(1 + 𝑥2 )3 2
√1 − ( 𝑥
)
( √ 1 + 𝑥2 )

𝑑𝑦 1
𝑑𝑥
= 1+𝑥2 After resolving.

Example 15
1 𝑑𝑦
𝑦 = cosec −1 Find 𝑑𝑥
2𝑥 2 −1

Employing the quotient rule,

𝑑𝑦 1 −4𝑥
𝑑𝑥 2𝑥 2 −1
= 2 and
(2𝑥2 −1)

𝑑𝑦 1
cosec−1(𝑥) = −
𝑑𝑥 𝑥√𝑥 2 − 1
𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑𝑦
cosec −1 = (( ) (cosec−1 (𝑥))) (following the function of a function rule)
𝑑𝑥 2𝑥 2 −1 𝑑𝑥 2𝑥 2 −1 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 −4𝑥 1
=( 2 2
) (− )
𝑑𝑥 (2𝑥 − 1) 𝑥√𝑥 2 − 1
1 1
At this point, the 𝑥 of − is replaced by 2𝑥2−1. Continuing,
𝑥√𝑥2 −1
𝑑𝑦 −4𝑥 −1
=( )
𝑑𝑥 (2𝑥2 − 1)2 1 1 2
( ) (√( 2 ) − 1)
( 2𝑥 2−1 2𝑥 − 1 )
𝑑𝑦 2
= After resolving.
𝑑𝑥 √1−𝑥 2

Example 16
𝑑𝑦
𝑦 = 𝑥 tan−1 𝑥 Find
𝑑𝑥

Employing the product rule,

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
= (𝑥) ( (tan−1 𝑥)) + ( (𝑥)) (tan−1 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 1
= (𝑥) ( 2 ) + (tan−1 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 +1

𝑑𝑦 𝑥
=( 2 ) + (tan−1 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 +1

Example 17

𝑑𝑦
𝑦 = (tan 𝑥)(sin−1 𝑥) Find
𝑑𝑥

Employing the product rule,

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
= (sin−1 𝑥) ( (tan 𝑥)) + (tan 𝑥) ( (sin−1 𝑥))
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 1
= (sin−1 𝑥)(sec 𝑥)2 + (tan 𝑥) ( )
𝑑𝑥 √1 − 𝑥 2

𝑑𝑦 tan 𝑥
= (sin−1 𝑥)(sec 𝑥)2 ( )
𝑑𝑥 √1 − 𝑥 2

Example 18

𝑥+√𝑥 2 +𝑎2 𝑑𝑦
𝑦=( ) Find
𝑎 𝑑𝑥

Rewriting and using the chain rule,

1
𝑦= (𝑥 + √𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 )
𝑎

𝑑𝑦 𝑑 1 𝑑 1
= { ( )} {𝑥 + √𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 } + { (𝑥 + √𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 )} { }
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑎 𝑑𝑥 𝑎

𝑑 1
( ) = 0 and
𝑑𝑥 𝑎
 𝑑𝑦
The chain rule is again used to find (𝑥 + √𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 )
𝑑𝑥

𝑑
(𝑥 + √𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 )
𝑑𝑥

𝑑 𝑑 2 1 𝑑
= (𝑥) + (𝑥 + 𝑎2 )2 ( (𝑥 2 ))
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

1 1
= 1 + (𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 )−2 (2𝑥)
2
2𝑥
=1+
2√𝑥 2 + 𝑎2
𝑥
=1+
√𝑥 2 + 𝑎2

𝑑 √𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 + 𝑥
=
𝑑𝑥 √𝑥 2 + 𝑎2

Substituting in

𝑑𝑦 𝑑 1 𝑑 1
= { ( )} {𝑥 + √𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 } + { (𝑥 + √𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 )} { }
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑎 𝑑𝑥 𝑎

𝑑𝑦 √𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 + 𝑥 1
= {0} {𝑥 + √𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 } + {( )} { }
𝑑𝑥 2
√𝑥 + 𝑎 2 𝑎

𝑑𝑦 𝑥 + √𝑥 2 + 𝑎2
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑎√𝑥 2 + 𝑎2

Section 7

Differentiation of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

Note

Hereafter, the term for differential co-efficient will be denoted 𝑓´(𝑦) and

The second differential 𝑓´´(𝑦) etc.

Logs to base e (natural logs) will be denoted ln 𝑥

Logs to base 10 will be denoted log 𝑥

Logs to base a will be denoted log 𝑎 𝑥

The exponential constant is denoted 𝑒 and has an unending, non repeating value of
2.7182818284590452353602874713527……

Table of differential coeffients for power functions including 𝒆

 Function Differential Coefficient
𝑒𝑥 𝑒𝑥
𝑒 −𝑥 −𝑒 −𝑥
𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑎𝑒 𝑎𝑥
𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 −𝑎𝑒 −𝑎𝑥

𝑎𝑥 (𝑎 𝑥 )(ln 𝑎)
𝑥𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 (1 + ln 𝑥)
𝑥 𝑎𝑥 𝑥 𝑎𝑥 (1 + ln 𝑥)

ln 𝑥 1
𝑥

log 𝑎 𝑥 1
𝑥 ln 𝑎

log10 𝑥 1
𝑥 ln 10

Examples of Differentiation of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

(Conventionally, 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 means 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟏𝟎 𝒙 and 𝐥𝐧 𝒙 means 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒆 𝒙)

Example 1
 2
𝑦 = 𝑒 3𝑥 Find 𝑓´(𝑦)

As 𝑥 2 is a function of 3𝑥 2 , the function of a function rule is used here.

2
∴ 𝑓´(𝑦) = (𝑒 3𝑥 )(𝑓´(3𝑥 2 ))

𝑓´(3𝑥 2 ) = 6𝑥
2 2
∴ 𝑓´(𝑒 3𝑥 ) = (𝑒 3𝑥 )(6𝑥)

Example 2

𝑦 = ln 𝑥 2 Find 𝑓´(𝑦)

1
From the table of differential coeffients for 𝑒, 𝑓´(ln 𝑥) =
𝑥

First 𝑥 2 is differentiated where 𝑓´(𝑥 2 ) = 2𝑥

1
Now the 𝑥 of of the differential formula is substituted for 𝑥 2 (from the 𝑦 expression). Continuing,
𝑥

1
𝑓´(ln 𝑥 2 ) = ( ) (𝑓´(𝑥 2 ))
𝑥2

1
𝑓´(ln 𝑥 2 ) = ( ) (2𝑥)
𝑥2

2
𝑓´(ln 𝑥 2 ) =
𝑥

Example 3

𝑥2
𝑦 = ln ( ) Find 𝑓´(𝑦)
√𝑥 2 −1

Rewriting in log form,

𝑥2
𝑦 = ln ( ) = ln 𝑥 2 − ln (√𝑥 2 − 1)
√𝑥 2 − 1
1
𝑦 = ln 𝑥 2 − ln(𝑥 2 − 1)2

So now,

𝑥2 1
𝑓´(𝑦) = 𝑓´ ln ( ) = 𝑓´(ln 𝑥 2 ) − 𝑓´ (ln(𝑥 2 − 1)2 )
√𝑥 2 − 1
1
2
From example 1, we already know 𝑓´(ln 𝑥 2 ) = . Continuing in the same format but with 𝑓´ (ln(𝑥 2 − 1)2 ), that is
𝑥
1
using , 𝑓´(ln 𝑥) = ,
𝑥

1 1
1 1 1
𝑓´ (ln(𝑥 2 − 1)2 ) = ( 1 ) (𝑓´ ((𝑥 2 − 1)2 )) where the (𝑥) of in 𝑓´(ln 𝑥) = has now been substituted
𝑥 𝑥
(𝑥 2 −1)2
1
with (𝑥 2 − 1)2
 1 1
1 1
=( 1 ) ( ) (𝑥 2 − 1)−2 (2𝑥) Employing the function of a function rule for 𝑓´ ((𝑥 2 − 1)2 )
2
(𝑥 2 −1)2

1 2𝑥
=( 1) ( 1)
(𝑥 2 − 1)2 2(𝑥 2 − 1)2
𝑥
=
𝑥2 −1
1
𝑥2
Now returning to the main calculation 𝑓´ ln ( ) = 𝑓´(ln 𝑥 2 ) − 𝑓´ (ln(𝑥 2 − 1)2 )
√𝑥 2 −1

1
2 𝑥
and substituting 𝑓´(ln 𝑥 2 ) for and 𝑓´ ((𝑥 2 − 1)2 ) for
𝑥 𝑥 2 −1

𝑥2 2 𝑥
𝑓´ ln ( )=( )−( 2 )
√𝑥 2 −1 𝑥 𝑥 −1

2(𝑥 2 − 1) − 𝑥 2
=
𝑥(𝑥 2 − 1)

2𝑥 2 − 2 − 𝑥 2
=
𝑥(𝑥 2 − 1)

𝑥2 − 2
=
𝑥(𝑥 2 − 1)

𝒙𝟐 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐
∴ 𝒇´ 𝐥𝐧 ( )=
√𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏 𝒙(𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏)

Example 4

𝑦 = 𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 sin(𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐) Find 𝑓´(𝑦)

Using the product rule,

𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = (𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 )(𝑓′(sin(𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐))) + (sin(𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐))𝑓 ′ (𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 )

In part,

𝑓 ′ (sin(𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐)) = 𝑏 cos(𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐)

𝑓 ′ (𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 ) = −𝑎𝑒 −𝑎𝑥

∴ 𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = (𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 )(𝑓 ′ (sin(𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐))) + (sin(𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐))(𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 )

= (𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 )(𝑏 cos(𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐)) + (sin(𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐))(−𝑎𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 )

= (𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 )(𝑏 cos(𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐)) − (sin(𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐))(𝑎𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 )

= (𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 ){𝑏 cos(𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐) − a(sin(𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐))}

Example 5
𝑦 = 𝑒 5𝑥 Find 𝑓´(𝑦)

Using the function of a function rule (chain rule),

𝑓´(5𝑥) = 5

∴ 𝑓´(𝑒 5𝑥 ) = 5𝑒 5𝑥

Example 6
𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑒2 Find 𝑓´(𝑦)

Using the function of a function rule (chain rule),

𝑥 1
𝑓´ ( ) =
2 2
𝑥 1 𝑥
∴ 𝑓´ (𝑒 2 ) = 𝑒 2
2

Example 7

𝑦 = 𝑒 √𝑥 Find 𝑓´(𝑦)

Using the function of a function rule (chain rule),

1 −1
𝑓´(√𝑥) = 𝑥 2
2
1 1
∴ 𝑓´(𝑒 √𝑥 ) = 𝑒 √𝑥 ( 𝑥 −2 )
2

𝑒 √𝑥
𝑓´(𝑒 √𝑥 ) = ( )
2√ 𝑥

Example 8

𝑦 = 𝑒 −2𝑥 Find 𝑓´(𝑦)

Using the function of a function rule (chain rule),

𝑓´(−2𝑥) = −2

Example 9
5𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑒− 2 Find 𝑓´(𝑦)

Using the function of a function rule (chain rule),

5𝑥 5
𝑓´ (− )=−
2 2
 5𝑥 5 5𝑥
∴ 𝑓´ (𝑒 − 2 ) = − 𝑒 − 2
2

Example 10

𝑦 = 𝑒 (5−2𝑥) Find 𝑓´(𝑦)

Using the function of a function rule (chain rule),

𝑓´(5 − 2𝑥) = −2

∴ 𝑓´(𝑒 (5−2𝑥) ) = −2𝑒 (5−2𝑥)

Example 11

𝑦 = 𝑒 −𝑝𝑥 Find 𝑓′(𝑦)

Using the function of a function rule (chain rule),

𝑓 ′ (−𝑝𝑥) = −𝑝

∴ 𝑒 −𝑝𝑥 = −𝑝𝑒 −𝑝𝑥

Example 11
𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑒𝑎 Find 𝑓′(𝑦)

Using the function of a function rule (chain rule),

𝑥 1
𝑓′ ( ) =
𝑎 𝑎
𝑥 1 𝑥
𝑓 ′ (𝑒 𝑎 ) = 𝑒𝑎
𝑎

Example 12

𝑦 = 𝑒 (𝑎𝑥+𝑏) Find 𝑓′(𝑦)

Using the function of a function rule (chain rule),

𝑓 ′ (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) = 𝑎

∴ 𝑓 ′ (𝑒 (𝑎𝑥+𝑏) ) = 𝑎𝑒 (𝑎𝑥+𝑏)

Example 13 Alternative Method

𝑦=
𝑒 𝑥 +𝑒 −𝑥
Find 𝑓′(𝑦) 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 1 𝑥 1 −𝑥
2 = 𝑒 + 𝑒
2 2 2
𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 1 𝑥 1 1
= (𝑒 + 𝑒 −𝑥 ) 𝑓′ ( 𝑒 𝑥) = 𝑒 𝑥
2 2 2 2
Using the product rule, 1 1
𝑓 ′ ( 𝑒 −𝑥 ) = − 𝑒 −𝑥
2 2

𝑒𝑥 + 𝑒−𝑥 1 1
∴ 𝑓′ ( ) = 𝑒𝑥 − 𝑒−𝑥
2 2 2

𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 1
𝑓′ ( ) = (𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 )
2 2
 𝑒 𝑥 +𝑒 −𝑥 1 1
𝑓′ ( ) = ( ) 𝑓 ′ (𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 ) + (𝑓′( )(𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 ))
2 2 2

𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 1
𝑓′ ( ) = ( ) (𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 ) + 0
2 2

𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥
𝑓′ ( )=
2 2

Example 14

𝑒 𝑥 −𝑒 −𝑥
𝑦= Find 𝑓′(𝑦)
2

𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 1 𝑥
= (𝑒 − 𝑒 −𝑥 )
2 2

Using the product rule,

𝑒 𝑥 −𝑒 −𝑥 1 1
𝑓′ ( ) = ( ) 𝑓 ′ (𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 ) + (𝑓′( )(𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 ))
2 2 2

𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 1
𝑓′ ( ) = ( ) (𝑒 𝑥 − (−𝑒 −𝑥 )) + 0
2 2

𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥
𝑓′ ( )=
2 2

Example 15
2
𝑦 = 𝑒𝑥 Find 𝑓´(𝑦)
2
𝑓´(𝑦) = (𝑒 𝑥 )𝑓´(𝑥 2 )

𝑓´(𝑥 2 ) = 2𝑥
2 2 2
𝑓´(𝑒 𝑥 ) = (𝑒 𝑥 )(2𝑥) = 2𝑥𝑒 𝑥

Example 16

𝑦 = 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 Find 𝑓´(𝑦)

Using the product rule,

𝑓´(𝑦) = 𝑥(𝑓´(𝑒 𝑥 )) + 𝑒 𝑥 (𝑓´(𝑥))

𝑓´(𝑦) = 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥

𝑓´(𝑦) = 𝑥(𝑒 𝑥 + 1)

Example 17

𝑦 = 𝑥𝑒 −𝑥 Find 𝑓´(𝑦)
Using the product rule,

𝑓´(𝑦) = 𝑥(𝑓´(𝑒 −𝑥 )) + 𝑒 −𝑥 (𝑓´(𝑥))

𝑓´(𝑦) = −𝑥𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥

𝑓´(𝑦) = −𝑒 −𝑥 (𝑥 − 1)

𝑓´(𝑦) = 𝑒 −𝑥 (−𝑥 + 1)

𝑓´(𝑦) = 𝑒 −𝑥 (1 − 𝑥)

Example 18

𝑦 = 𝑥 2 𝑒 −𝑥 Find 𝑓´(𝑦)

Using the product rule,

𝑓´(𝑦) = 𝑥 2 (𝑓´(𝑒 −𝑥 )) + 𝑒 −𝑥 (𝑓´(𝑥 2 ))

𝑓´(𝑦) = −𝑥 2 𝑒 −𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑒 −𝑥

𝑓´(𝑦) = 𝑥𝑒 −𝑥 (2 − 𝑥)

Example 19

𝑦 = (𝑥 + 4)𝑒 𝑥 Find 𝑓′(𝑦)

Using the product rule,

𝑓′(𝑦) = (𝑥 + 4)𝑓´(𝑒 𝑥 ) + (𝑒 𝑥 )𝑓´(𝑥 + 4)

𝑓′(𝑦) = (𝑥 + 4)𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥

𝑓′(𝑦) = 𝑒 𝑥 ((𝑥 + 4) + 1)

𝑓′(𝑦) = 𝑒 𝑥 (𝑥 + 5)

Example 20

𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑥 Find 𝑓′(𝑦)

Using the product rule,

𝑓′(𝑦) = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑓´(sin 𝑥) + (sin 𝑥)𝑓′(𝑒 𝑥 )

𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = 𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑥 + (sin 𝑥)𝑒 𝑥

𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = 𝑒 𝑥 (cos 𝑥 + sin 𝑥)

Example 21

𝑦 = 10𝑒 𝑥 Find 𝑓′(𝑦)

Using the product rule,

𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = 10𝑓´(𝑒 𝑥 ) + 𝑒 𝑥 𝑓´(10)

𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = 10𝑒 𝑥

Example 22

𝑦 = 2𝑥 Find 𝑓′(𝑦)

Using 𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = (𝑎 𝑥 )(ln 𝑎)

𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = (2𝑥 )(ln 2)

Example 23

𝑦 = 102𝑥 Find 𝑓′(𝑦)

Using 𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = (𝑎 𝑥 )(ln 𝑎) and the chain rule,

Using 𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = (102𝑥 )(ln 10)(𝑓′(2𝑥))

𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = 2(102𝑥 )(ln 10)

Example 24

𝑦 = 𝑒 sin 𝑥 Find 𝑓′(𝑦)

Using 𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = (𝑎 𝑥 )(ln 𝑎) and the chain rule,

𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = 𝑒 sin 𝑥 (ln 𝑒)𝑓′(sin 𝑥)

𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = 𝑒 sin 𝑥 (1)(cos 𝑥)

𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = 𝑒 sin 𝑥 (cos 𝑥)

Example 25

𝑦 = 𝑥𝑛𝑎𝑥 Find 𝑓′(𝑦)

Using 𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = (𝑎 𝑥 )(ln 𝑎) and the chain rule,

𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = (𝑓´(𝑥 𝑛 ))𝑎 𝑥 + (𝑓´(𝑎 𝑥 ))(𝑥 𝑛 )

𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = 𝑎 𝑥 𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1 + (𝑎 𝑥 )(ln 𝑎)𝑥 𝑛

𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = 𝑎 𝑥 (𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1 + 𝑥 𝑛 ln 𝑎)

Example 26

𝑦 = 𝑎2𝑥+1 Find 𝑓′(𝑦)

Using 𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = (𝑎 𝑥 )(ln 𝑎) and the chain rule,

𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = (𝑎2𝑥+1 )(ln 𝑎)𝑓´(2𝑥 + 1)

𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = (𝑎2𝑥+1 )(ln 𝑎)(2)

𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = 2(𝑎2𝑥+1 )(ln 𝑎) (Rearranging)

Example 27

𝑦 = 𝑒 cos 𝑥 Find 𝑓′(𝑦)

Using 𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = (𝑎 𝑥 )(ln 𝑎) and the chain rule,

𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = 𝑒 cos 𝑥 (𝑓´(cos 𝑥))

𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = 𝑒 cos 𝑥 (𝑓´(cos 𝑥))

𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = 𝑒 cos 𝑥 (− sin 𝑥)

Example 28
2
𝑦 = 𝑎𝑏𝑥 Find 𝑓′(𝑦)

Using 𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = (𝑎 𝑥 )(ln 𝑎) and the chain rule,

2
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = (𝑎𝑏𝑥 )(ln 𝑎)(𝑓´(𝑏𝑥 2 ))

2
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = (𝑎𝑏𝑥 )(ln 𝑎)(2𝑏𝑥)
2
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = (2𝑏𝑥)(𝑎𝑏𝑥 )(ln 𝑎) (Rearranging)

Example 29

𝑦 = (𝑎 + 𝑏)𝑥 Find 𝑓′(𝑦)

Using 𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = (𝑎 𝑥 )(ln 𝑎) and the chain rule,

𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = (𝑎 + 𝑏) 𝑥 (ln(𝑎 + 𝑏))(𝑓′(𝑥))

𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = (𝑎 + 𝑏) 𝑥 (ln(𝑎 + 𝑏))

Example 30

𝑒 tan 𝑥 Find 𝑓′(𝑦)

Using the chain rule,

𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = 𝑒 tan 𝑥 (𝑓′(tan 𝑥))

𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = 𝑒 tan 𝑥 (𝑆𝑒𝑐 2 (𝑥))

All three results of 𝑓′(𝑦)
1
𝑓′(𝑦) = 𝑒 tan 𝑥 are equal but expressed
𝐶𝑜𝑠 2 (𝑥)
differently
𝑓′(𝑦) = 𝑒 tan 𝑥 (1 + 𝑇𝑎𝑛2 (𝑥))

(Conventionally, 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 means 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟏𝟎 𝒙 and 𝐥𝐧 𝒙 means 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒆 𝒙)

Example 31
 𝑥
𝑦 = ln Find 𝑓′(𝑦)
𝑎

1
Using 𝑓 ′ (ln 𝑥) = and the chain rule,
𝑥

1 𝑥
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = ( 𝑥 ) (𝑓′( ))
𝑎
𝑎

𝑎 1
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = ( ) ( )
𝑥 𝑎

1
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) =
𝑥

Example 32

𝑦 = log10 (𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐) Find 𝑓′(𝑦)

1
Using 𝑓 ′ (log10 𝑥) = and the chain rule, (where 𝑥 = (𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐))
𝑥 ln 10

1
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = ( 2
) (𝑓′(𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐))
(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐) ln 10

1
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = ( 2
) (2𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)
(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐) ln 10

2𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) =
(𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐) ln 10

Conversely, had the log been to base e such that

𝑦 = ln(𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐)
1
Using 𝑓 ′ (ln 𝑥) = and the chain rule,
𝑥
1
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = ( ) 𝑓 ′ (𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐)
(𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐)

2𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = ( )
(𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐)

Example 33

𝑦 = ln 𝑥 2 Find 𝑓′(𝑦)
1
Using 𝑓 ′ (ln 𝑥) = and the chain rule,
𝑥

1
𝑓′(𝑦) ( 2 ) (𝑓′(𝑥 2 ))
𝑥

2𝑥 2
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = =
𝑥2 𝑥
Example 34

𝑦 = ln(𝑥 3 + 3) Find 𝑓′(𝑦)

1
Using 𝑓 ′ (ln 𝑥) = and the chain rule,
𝑥

1
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = ( 3 ) 𝑓′(𝑥 3 + 3)
𝑥 +3

1
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = ( 3 ) (3𝑥 2 )
𝑥 +3

3𝑥 2
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = ( )
𝑥3 + 3

Example 35

𝑦 = 𝑥 ln 𝑥 Find 𝑓′(𝑦)

Using the product rule,

𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = (𝑥)𝑓′(ln 𝑥) + (ln 𝑥)𝑓′(𝑥)

1
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = (𝑥) ( ) + (log 𝑥)(1)
𝑥
𝑥
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = ( ) + log 𝑥
𝑥 ln 10

𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = 1 + log 𝑥

Example 36

𝑦 = ln(𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞) Find 𝑓′(𝑦)

1
Using 𝑓 ′ (𝑙𝑛 𝑥) = and the chain rule, (where 𝑥 = (𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞))
𝑥

1
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = ( ) 𝑓′(𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞)
(𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞)

𝑝
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) =
(𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞)

Example 37

𝑦 = ln(sin 𝑥) Find 𝑓′(𝑦)

1
Using 𝑓 ′ (𝑙𝑛 𝑥) = and the chain rule, (where 𝑥 = (sin 𝑥))
𝑥

1
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = ( ) 𝑓′(sin 𝑥)
sin 𝑥

𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = (csc 𝑥)(cos 𝑥)

𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = (cot 𝑥)
Example 38

𝑦 = ln(cos 𝑥) Find 𝑓′(𝑦)

1
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = ( ) 𝑓′(cos 𝑥)
cos 𝑥

1
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = ( ) (− sin 𝑥)
cos 𝑥

− sin 𝑥
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = ( )
cos 𝑥

𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = (− tan 𝑥)

Example 39

𝑎+𝑥
𝑦 = ln ( ) Find 𝑓′(𝑦)
𝑎−𝑥

1 𝑎+𝑥
Using 𝑓 ′ (𝑙𝑛 𝑥) = and the chain rule, (where 𝑥 = ( ))
𝑥 𝑎−𝑥

𝑎+𝑥 𝑎+𝑥 2𝑎
𝑓′( ) is found using the quotient rule ∴ 𝑓 ′ ( ) = (𝑎−𝑥)2
𝑎−𝑥 𝑎−𝑥

1 𝑎+𝑥
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = ( 𝑎 + 𝑥 ) 𝑓′ ( )
𝑎−𝑥
𝑎−𝑥
𝑎−𝑥 2𝑎
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = ( )( )
𝑎 + 𝑥 (𝑎 − 𝑥)2

1 2𝑎
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = ( )( )
𝑎+𝑥 𝑎−𝑥

2𝑎
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) =
𝑎2 + 𝑥 2

Example 40

𝑦 = ln(𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 ) Find 𝑓′(𝑦)

1
Using 𝑓 ′ (𝑙𝑛 𝑥) = and the chain rule, (where 𝑥 = (𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 ))
𝑥

1
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = ( 𝑥 ) 𝑓′(𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 )
𝑒 + 𝑒 −𝑥

1
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = ( 𝑥 ) (𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 )
𝑒 + 𝑒 −𝑥

𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = ( 𝑥 )
𝑒 + 𝑒 −𝑥

Example 41

y = ln(𝑥 + √𝑥 2 + 1) Find 𝑓′(𝑦)

 1
Using 𝑓 ′ (𝑙𝑛 𝑥) = and the chain rule, (where 𝑥 = (𝑥 + √𝑥 2 + 1))
𝑥

1
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = ( ) 𝑓′ (𝑥 + √𝑥 2 + 1)
𝑥 + √𝑥 2 + 1

1 𝑥
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = ( ) (1 + )
2
𝑥 + √𝑥 + 1 2
√𝑥 + 1

1 √𝑥 2 + 1 + 𝑥
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = ( )( )
𝑥 + √𝑥 2 + 1 √𝑥 2 + 1

1
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) =
√𝑥 2 + 1

Example 42

y = √𝑥 − ln(1 + √𝑥) Find 𝑓′(𝑦)

1
Using 𝑓 ′ (𝑙𝑛 𝑥) = (where 𝑥 = (1 + √𝑥) and the chain rule (for 𝑓′(ln(1 + √𝑥)),
𝑥

𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = 𝑓 ′ (√𝑥) − 𝑓′(ln(1 + √𝑥))

1
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = 𝑓 ′ (√𝑥) − ( ) 𝑓′(1 + √𝑥)
1+√𝑥

1 1 1 1 1
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = ( 𝑥 −2 ) − ( ) ( 𝑥 −2 )
2 1 + √𝑥 2

1 1 1
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = ( )−( )( )
2√𝑥 1 + √ 𝑥 2√ 𝑥
1 1
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = ( )−( )
2√𝑥 2√𝑥+2𝑥

2√𝑥 + 2𝑥 − 2√𝑥
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = ( )
2√𝑥(2√𝑥 + 2𝑥)

2𝑥
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = ( )
2√𝑥(2√𝑥 + 2𝑥)

1 2𝑥
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = ( ) ( )
2 √𝑥(2√𝑥 + 2𝑥)

1 2𝑥
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = ( ) ( )
2 (2𝑥 + 2𝑥 √𝑥)

1 𝑥
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = ( ) ( )
2 (𝑥 + 𝑥 √𝑥)

1 𝑥
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = ( ) ( )
2 𝑥(1 + √𝑥)
 1 1
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = ( ) ( )
2 (1 + √𝑥)

1
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = ( )
2(1 + √𝑥)

Example 43

𝑥
𝑦 = ln (tan ) Find 𝑓′(𝑦)
2

1 𝑥 𝑥
Using 𝑓 ′ (𝑙𝑛 𝑥) = (where 𝑥 = (tan ) and the chain rule (for 𝑓′(ln (tan )),
𝑥 2 2

1 𝑥
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = ( ′
𝑥 ) 𝑓 (tan 2)
tan
2

1 1 𝑥 2
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = ( )
𝑥 2 ( ) (1 + (tan ) )
tan 2
2

𝑥 2
1+(tan2) There now follows a long identity
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = ( 𝑥 ) resolving process.
2 tan
2

𝑥 2
(sec )
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = 2
𝑥
2 tan
2
2
1
( 𝑥)
cos
𝑓 ′ (𝑦)
= 2
𝑥
sin ( )
2( 2 )
𝑥
cos ( )
2
2
1
( 𝑥)
cos
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = 2
𝑥
2 sin ( )
2
𝑥
cos ( )
2

1
𝑥
cos 2
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = 2
𝑥
2 sin ( )
2
𝑥
cos ( )
2
𝑥
cos(2)
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = 1 𝑥
( 𝑥)(2 sin( 2))
cos2 2

Here, since 2 cos 𝑥 sin 𝑥 = sin 2𝑥

𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
⇒ 2 (cos ) (sin ( )) = sin 2 ( ) = sin 𝑥
2 2 2
 1
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = 𝑥 𝑥
2 (cos ) (sin ( ))
2 2
1
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) =
sin 𝑥

Example 44

𝑦 = ln √𝑥 2 + 1 Find 𝑓′(𝑦)
1
Using 𝑓 ′ (𝑙𝑛 𝑥) = (where 𝑥 = (√𝑥 2 + 1) and the chain rule (for 𝑓′(√𝑥 2 + 1),
𝑥

1
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = ( ) 𝑓 ′ (√𝑥 2 + 1)
2
√𝑥 + 1

1
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = ( ) 𝑓 ′ (√𝑥 2 + 1)
2
√𝑥 + 1

1 𝑥
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = ( )( )
2 2
√𝑥 + 1 √𝑥 + 1
𝑥
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) =
𝑥2 + 1

Example 45

𝑒𝑥
𝑦 = ln Find 𝑓′(𝑦)
√𝑥

1 𝑒𝑥 𝑒𝑥
Using 𝑓 ′ (𝑙𝑛 𝑥) = (where 𝑥 = ( ) and the chain rule for 𝑓′( ),
𝑥 √𝑥 √𝑥

1 𝑒𝑥
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = ( ) 𝑓´ ( )
𝑒𝑥 √𝑥
√𝑥

√𝑥 1
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = ( 𝑥
) 𝑓´ (𝑒 𝑥 𝑥 −2 )
𝑒

√𝑥 1 1
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = ( 𝑥
) (𝑓 ′ (𝑒 𝑥 ) (𝑥 −2 ) + 𝑓 ′ (𝑥 −2 ) (𝑒 𝑥 ))
𝑒

√𝑥 1 1 3
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = ( 𝑥
) ((𝑒 𝑥 ) (𝑥 −2 ) + (− 𝑥 −2 ) (𝑒 𝑥 ))
𝑒 2

√𝑥 1 1
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = ( 𝑥
) ((𝑒 𝑥 ) ( ) − ( ) (𝑒 𝑥 ))
𝑒 √ 𝑥 2√𝑥 3

√𝑥 𝑒𝑥 𝑒𝑥
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = ( ) (( ) − ( ))
𝑒𝑥 √𝑥 2√𝑥 3

√𝑥 (2𝑥𝑒 𝑥 ) − (𝑒 𝑥 )
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = ( )( )
𝑒𝑥 2√𝑥 3
 √𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 (2𝑥 − 1)
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = ( )( )
𝑒𝑥 2√𝑥 3

2𝑥 − 1
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) =
2𝑥

Example 46

𝑦 = ln 𝑥 2 𝑒 4𝑥 Find 𝑓′(𝑦)
1
Using 𝑓 ′ (𝑙𝑛 𝑥) = (where 𝑥 = (𝑥 2 𝑒 4𝑥 ) and the chain rule for 𝑓′(𝑥 2 𝑒 4𝑥 ),
𝑥

1
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = ( 2 4𝑥 ) 𝑓 ′ (𝑥 2 𝑒 4𝑥 )
𝑥 𝑒

1
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = ( 2 4𝑥 ) {𝑥 2 𝑓 ′ (𝑒 4𝑥 )} + {𝑒 4𝑥 𝑓 ′ (𝑥 2 )}
𝑥 𝑒

1
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = ( 2 4𝑥 ) (𝑥 2 4𝑒 4𝑥 + 𝑒 4𝑥 2𝑥)
𝑥 𝑒

1
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = ( 2 4𝑥 ) 4𝑒 4𝑥 (𝑥 2 + 2𝑥)
𝑥 𝑒

4𝑒 4𝑥 (𝑥 2 + 2𝑥)
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = ( )
𝑥 2 𝑒 4𝑥

4(𝑥 2 + 2𝑥)
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = ( )
𝑥2

4𝑥 2 2𝑥
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = + 2
𝑥2 𝑥
2
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = 4 +
𝑥

4𝑥 + 2
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) =
𝑥

2(2𝑥 + 1)
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) =
𝑥

Example 47

𝑦 = 𝑎𝑒 −𝑘𝑥 sin 𝑘𝑥 Find 𝑓′(𝑦)

Using the product rule,

𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = (𝑓′(𝑎𝑒 −𝑘𝑥 ))(sin 𝑘𝑥) + (𝑓′(sin 𝑘𝑥))(𝑎𝑒 −𝑘𝑥 )

𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = −𝑘(𝑎𝑒 −𝑘𝑥 )(sin 𝑘𝑥)+(𝑘 cos 𝑘𝑥)(𝑎𝑒 −𝑘𝑥 )

𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = (𝑘 cos 4𝑥)(𝑎𝑒 −𝑘𝑥 ) − 𝑘(𝑎𝑒 −𝑘𝑥 )(sin 𝑘𝑥)

𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = 𝑘𝑎𝑒 −𝑘𝑥 (cos 𝑘𝑥 − sin 𝑘𝑥)

Example 48

𝑒 𝑎𝑥
𝑦= Find 𝑓′(𝑦)
√𝑥

With this example, either the quotient or product rule could be used. If the product rule is used then rewriting,
1
𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 (𝑥 −2 )

1 1
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = (𝑓′(𝑒 𝑎𝑥 )) (𝑥 −2 ) + (𝑓 ′ (𝑥 −2 )) (𝑒 𝑎𝑥 )

1 1 3
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = (𝑎𝑒 𝑎𝑥 ) (𝑥 −2 ) + (𝑓 ′ (− 𝑥 −2 )) (𝑒 𝑎𝑥 )
2

1 1
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = (𝑎𝑒 𝑎𝑥 ) ( ) + (− ) (𝑒 𝑎𝑥 )
√𝑥 2√𝑥 3

𝑎𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑒 𝑎𝑥
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = ( ) + (− )
√𝑥 2√𝑥 3

2𝑥𝑎𝑒 𝑎𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑎𝑥
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) =
2√𝑥 3

𝑒 𝑎𝑥 (2𝑎𝑥 − 1)
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) =
2√𝑥 3

Example 49
𝑦 = ln(√sin 𝑥) Find 𝑓′(𝑦)

1
Using 𝑓 ′ (𝑙𝑛 𝑥) = (where 𝑥 = (√sin 𝑥) and the chain rule for 𝑓′(√sin 𝑥),
𝑥

1
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = ( ) 𝑓′(√sin 𝑥)
√sin 𝑥

1 1
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = ( ) 𝑓′(sin 𝑥)2
√sin 𝑥

1 1 1
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = ( ) ( ) (sin 𝑥)−2 (cos 𝑥)
√sin 𝑥 2

1 1 1
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = ( ) ( )( ) (cos 𝑥)
√sin 𝑥 2 √sin 𝑥
cos 𝑥
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) =
2 sin 𝑥
cot 𝑥
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) =
2

Example 50

𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥 Find 𝑓′(𝑦)
First, 𝑥 𝑥 has to be expressed as a power of 𝑒. This is accomplished by using the log rule 𝑎𝑏 = 𝑒 𝑏 ln 𝑎 where

𝑥 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 ln 𝑥

∴ 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 ln 𝑥

Using the chain rule for 𝑓´(𝑒 𝑥 ln 𝑥 ) and the chain rule for 𝑓′(𝑥 ln 𝑥),

∴ 𝑓 ′ (𝑒 𝑥 ln 𝑥 ) = 𝑒 𝑥 ln 𝑥 𝑓′(𝑥 ln 𝑥)

𝒇′ (𝒙 𝐥𝐧 𝒙) = (𝒇´(𝒙)) 𝐥𝐧 𝒙 + (𝒇´(𝐥𝐧 𝒙))𝒙

𝟏
𝒇′ (𝒙 𝐥𝐧 𝒙) = (𝟏) 𝐥𝐧 𝒙 + ( ) 𝒙
𝒙

𝒇′ (𝒙 𝐥𝐧 𝒙) = (𝐥𝐧 𝒙) + 𝟏

∴ 𝑓 ′ (𝑒 𝑥 ln 𝑥 ) = 𝑒 𝑥 ln 𝑥 (1 + ln 𝑥)

𝑓 ′ (𝑒 𝑥 ln 𝑥 ) = 𝑥 𝑥 (1 + ln 𝑥) Replacing (𝑒 𝑥 ln 𝑥 ) with (𝑥 𝑥 ).

Example 51

𝑦 = ln(√𝑥 − 1 + √𝑥 + 1) Find 𝑓′(𝑦)

1
Using 𝑓 ′ (𝑙𝑛 𝑥) = , where 𝑥 = (√𝑥 − 1 + √𝑥 + 1) and the chain rule (for 𝑓′(√𝑥 − 1 + √𝑥 + 1),
𝑥

1
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = ( ) {𝑓´(√𝑥 − 1) + 𝑓´(√𝑥 + 1)}
√𝑥 − 1 + √𝑥 + 1

1 1 1 1 1
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = ( ) { (𝑥 − 1)−2 + (𝑥 + 1)−2 }
√𝑥 − 1 + √𝑥 + 1 2 2

1 1
+
′ (𝑦) 2√𝑥 − 1 2√𝑥 + 1
𝑓 =( )
√𝑥 − 1 + √𝑥 + 1

√𝑥 + 1 + √𝑥 − 1
2(√𝑥 − 1)(√𝑥 + 1)
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) =
√𝑥 − 1 + √𝑥 + 1
( )
1
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) =
2√𝑥 2 − 1

Example 52

𝑒𝑥
𝑦 = ln ( ) Find 𝑓′(𝑦)
1+𝑒 𝑥

1 𝑒𝑥
Using 𝑓 ′ (𝑙𝑛 𝑥) = (where 𝑥 = ) and the quotient rule,
𝑥 1+𝑒 𝑥
 1 𝑒𝑥
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = ( 𝑥 ) 𝑓′ ( )
𝑒 1 + 𝑒𝑥
1 + 𝑒𝑥

1 + 𝑒𝑥 𝑒𝑥
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = ( 𝑥 ) ( )
𝑒 (1 + 𝑒 𝑥 )2

1
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = ( )
1 + 𝑒𝑥

Example 53

𝑦 = (sin 𝑥)(ln(sin 𝑥)) Find 𝑓′(𝑦)

1
Using the product rule for 𝑓 ′ (sin 𝑥)(ln(sin 𝑥)) and 𝑓 ′ (𝑙𝑛 𝑥) = (where 𝑥 = (sin 𝑥)) for 𝑓 ′ (ln(sin 𝑥))
𝑥

𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = (𝑓 ′ (sin 𝑥))(ln(sin 𝑥)) + (sin 𝑥)𝑓 ′ (ln(sin 𝑥))

𝟏 𝟏
𝒇′ (𝐥𝐧(𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙)) = ((𝐬𝐢𝐧 ) (𝒇′ (𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙)) = ( ) (𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙)
𝒙) 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙

1
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = (cos 𝑥)(ln(sin 𝑥)) + (sin 𝑥) ( ) (cos 𝑥)
sin 𝑥

𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = (cos 𝑥)(ln(sin 𝑥)) + (cos 𝑥)

𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = (cos 𝑥)((ln(sin 𝑥)) + 1)

Example 54

√𝑎+√𝑥
𝑦 = ln ( ) Find 𝑓′(𝑦)
√𝑎−√𝑥

1 √𝑎+√𝑥
Using 𝑓 ′ (𝑙𝑛 𝑥) = (where 𝑥 = ( )) and the quotient rule for
𝑥 √𝑎−√𝑥

1 √𝑎 + √ 𝑥
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = 𝑓¨ ( )
√𝑎 + √𝑥 √𝑎 − √ 𝑥
( √𝑎 − √𝑥 )

√𝑎 − √𝑥 √𝑎
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = ( )( 2)
√𝑎 + √𝑥 √𝑥(√𝑎 − √𝑥)

√𝑎
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = ( )
√𝑥(𝑎 − 𝑥)

Example 55

𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 (sin 𝑥)2 Find 𝑓′(𝑦)

Using the product rule,

𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = (𝑒 𝑎𝑥 )𝑓´(sin 𝑥)2 + (sin 𝑥)2 𝑓´(𝑒 𝑎𝑥 )

𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = (𝑒 𝑎𝑥 )(sin2 𝑥) + (sin 𝑥)2 (𝑎𝑒 𝑎𝑥 )

𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = (𝑒 𝑎𝑥 )( sin2 𝑥 + 𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥)

Example 56
2
𝑦 = 𝑎3𝑥 Find 𝑓′(𝑦)

Using 𝑓´(𝑎 𝑥 ) = (𝑎 𝑥 )(ln 𝑎) and the chain rule,

2
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = (𝑎3𝑥 )(ln 𝑎)𝑓´(3𝑥 2 )
2
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = 6𝑥𝑎3𝑥 (ln 𝑎)

Example 57

𝑒 𝑥 −𝑒 −𝑥
𝑦= Find 𝑓′(𝑦)
𝑒 𝑥 +𝑒 −𝑥

𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
𝑣(𝑑𝑥 )−𝑢(𝑑𝑥)
Using the quotient rule, 𝑓′(𝑦) =
𝑣2

{(𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 )𝑓′(𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 )} − {(𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 )𝑓(𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 )}

𝑓 ′ (𝑦) =
(𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 )2

4
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = After resolving.
(𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 )2

Example 58

𝑦 = sin−1 (ln 𝑥) Find 𝑓′(𝑦)

1
Using 𝑓′(sin−1 (𝑥)) = (where 𝑥 = ln 𝑥) and the product rule,
√1−𝑥 2

1
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = ( ) 𝑓′(ln 𝑥)
√1 − (ln 𝑥)2

11
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = ( )( )
√1 − (ln 𝑥)2 𝑥

1
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) =
𝑥√1 − (ln 𝑥)2

Example 59

𝑦 = cos −1 (𝑒 −𝑥 ) Find 𝑓′(𝑦)

−1
Using 𝑓´cos −1 (𝑥) = (where 𝑥 = (𝑒 −𝑥 ) and the product rule,
√1−𝑥 2

−1
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = 𝑓´(𝑒 −𝑥 )
2
√ 1
( 1 − (𝑒 𝑥 ) )
 −1
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = (−𝑒 −𝑥 )
1
√
( 1 − 𝑒 2𝑥 )

𝑒 −𝑥
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = ( )
√1 − 𝑒 −2𝑥

Example 60

𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 (cos(𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐)) Find 𝑓′(𝑦)

Using the product rule,

𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = (𝑒 𝑎𝑥 )𝑓 ′ (cos(𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐)) + (cos(𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐))𝑓′(𝑒 𝑎𝑥 )

𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = (𝑒 𝑎𝑥 )((− sin(𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐))(𝑏)) + (cos(𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐))𝑎(𝑒 𝑎𝑥 )

𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = 𝑎𝑒 𝑎𝑥 (cos(𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐)) − 𝑏𝑒 𝑎𝑥 sin(𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐)

𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 (𝑎(cos(𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐)) − 𝑏 sin(𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐))

Example 61

𝑦 = (𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 )(cos 3𝑥) Find 𝑓′(𝑦)

Using the product rule,

𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = (𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 )𝑓 ′ (cos 3𝑥) + (cos 3𝑥 )𝑓′(𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 )

𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = (𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 )(−3 sin 3𝑥) + (cos 3𝑥 )(−𝑎𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 )

𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = −3𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 sin 3𝑥 − 𝑎𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 cos 3𝑥

𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = −𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 (3 sin 3𝑥 + 𝑎 cos 3𝑥)

Example 62
𝑥 𝜋
𝑦 = 𝑒 −2 (sin (𝜋𝑥 + )) Find 𝑓 ′ (𝑦)
2

Using the product rule, where

𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 1 1 𝑥
𝑓 ′ (𝑒 −2 ) = (𝑒 −2 ) 𝑓 ′ (− ) = (𝑒 −2 ) (− ) = − 𝑒 −2
2 2 2

and

𝜋 𝜋
𝑓 ′ (sin (𝜋𝑥 + )) = 𝜋 cos (𝜋𝑥 + )
2 2
𝑥 𝑥
𝜋 𝜋
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = (𝑒 −2 ) 𝑓 ′ (sin (𝜋𝑥 + )) + {𝑓′(𝑒 −2 )} (sin (𝜋𝑥 + ))
2 2

𝑥 𝜋 1 𝑥 𝜋
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = (𝑒 −2 ) 𝜋 cos (𝜋𝑥 + ) + (− 𝑒 −2 ) (sin (𝜋𝑥 + ))
2 2 2
 𝑥 𝜋 1 𝑥 𝜋
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = (𝑒 −2 ) 𝜋 cos (𝜋𝑥 + ) − ( 𝑒 −2 ) (sin (𝜋𝑥 + ))
2 2 2
𝑥 𝜋 1 𝜋
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = −𝑒 −2 (−𝜋 cos (𝜋𝑥 + ) + sin (𝜋𝑥 + ))
2 2 2
𝑥 1 𝜋 𝜋
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = −𝑒 −2 {( sin (𝜋𝑥 + )) − 𝜋 cos (𝜋𝑥 + )}
2 2 2

Example 63
𝑥
𝑦 = ln Find 𝑓′(𝑦)
𝑎−√𝑎2 −𝑥 2

1 𝑥 𝑥
Using 𝑓 ′ (𝑙𝑛 𝑥) = (where 𝑥 = ( )) and the quotient rule for ( ),
𝑥 𝑎−√𝑎2 −𝑥 2 𝑎−√𝑎2 −𝑥 2

𝑥 𝑎
𝑓′ ( )=
2
𝑎 − √𝑎 − 𝑥 2 (−𝑎 + √𝑎 − 𝑥 2 )(√𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 )
2

1 𝑥
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = ( 𝑥 ) 𝑓′ ( )
𝑎 − √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2
𝑎 − √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2

𝑎 − √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 𝑎
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = ( )( )
𝑥 (−𝑎 + √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 )(√𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 )

𝑎2
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = − ( )
𝑥√𝑎2 − 𝑥 2

Example 64

𝑒 𝑥 −𝑒 −𝑥
𝑦 = sin−1 ( ) Find 𝑓′(𝑦)
𝑒 𝑥 +𝑒 −𝑥

1 𝑒 𝑥 −𝑒 −𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 −𝑒 −𝑥
Using 𝑓 ′ (sin−1 𝑥) = where 𝑥 = ( ) and the quotient rule for ( ) where
√1−𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑥 +𝑒 −𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 +𝑒 −𝑥

𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 4
𝑓′ ( 𝑥 −𝑥
)= 𝑥
𝑒 +𝑒 (𝑒 + 𝑒 −𝑥 )2

1 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = 𝑓′ ( )
𝑒 −𝑒 𝑥 −𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥
√
( 1 − (𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 ) )
 1 4
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = ( )
− 𝑒𝑥 𝑒 −𝑥 2 (𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 )2
√
( 1 − (𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 ) )

1 4
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = ( )
(𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 )2 (𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 )2
√1 −
( (𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 )2 )

1 4
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = ( 𝑥 )
(𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 )2− (𝑒 𝑥
− 𝑒 −𝑥 )2 (𝑒 + 𝑒 −𝑥 )2
√
( (𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 )2 )

1 4
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = ( 𝑥 )
√(𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 )2 − (𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 )2 (𝑒 + 𝑒 −𝑥 )2
( √(𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 )2 )

√(𝑒 𝑥 +𝑒 −𝑥 )2 4
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = ( ) ((𝑒 𝑥 )
√(𝑒 𝑥 +𝑒 −𝑥 )2 −(𝑒 𝑥 −𝑒 −𝑥 )2 +𝑒 −𝑥 )2

(𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 ) 4 Only the positive root of 4 is used , the negative has

𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = ( )( 𝑥 ) no meaning to 𝑓´(𝑥) since the graph of
√4𝑒 𝑒𝑥 −𝑥 (𝑒 + 𝑒 )(𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 )
−𝑥
𝑒 𝑥 −𝑒 −𝑥
𝑦 = sin−1 ( ) follows a positive gradient
𝑒 𝑥 +𝑒 −𝑥

1 4
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = ( ) ( 𝑥 )
2 (𝑒 + 𝑒 −𝑥 )

2
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) =
𝑒𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥

Example 65

𝑦 = (sin 𝑥)(tan 𝑥) Find 𝑓′(𝑦)

First, (sin 𝑥)(tan 𝑥) has to be expressed as a power of 𝑒. This is accomplished by using the log rule 𝑎𝑏 = 𝑒 𝑏 ln 𝑎
where

(sin 𝑥)(tan 𝑥) = 𝑒 (tan 𝑥)(ln(sin 𝑥))

∴ 𝑦 = 𝑒 (tan 𝑥)(ln(sin 𝑥))

Using the chain rule to find 𝑓´(𝑒 (tan 𝑥)(ln(sin 𝑥)) )

𝑓 ′ (𝑒 (tan 𝑥)(ln(sin 𝑥)) ) = (𝑒 (tan 𝑥)(ln(sin 𝑥)) )𝑓´((tan 𝑥)(ln(sin 𝑥)))

𝑓 ′ (𝑒 (tan 𝑥)(ln(sin 𝑥)) ) = (𝑒 (tan 𝑥)(ln(sin 𝑥)) ){(𝑓´(tan 𝑥))(ln(sin 𝑥)) + ((𝑓´(ln(sin 𝑥)))(tan 𝑥))}

𝒇′ (𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙) = 𝟏 + 𝑻𝒂𝒏𝟐 (𝒙) 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒇′ (𝐥𝐧(𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙)) = 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝒙

∴ 𝑓 ′ (𝑒 (tan 𝑥)(ln(sin 𝑥)) ) = (𝑒 (tan 𝑥)(ln(sin 𝑥)) ){(1 + 𝑇𝑎𝑛2 (𝑥))(ln(sin 𝑥)) + (cot 𝑥)(tan 𝑥)}

∴ 𝑓 ′ (𝑒 (tan 𝑥)(ln(sin 𝑥)) ) = (𝑒 (tan 𝑥)(ln(sin 𝑥)) ){(1 + 𝑇𝑎𝑛2 (𝑥))(ln(sin 𝑥)) + 1}

Replacing (𝑒 (tan 𝑥)(ln(sin 𝑥)) ) with ((sin 𝑥)(tan 𝑥) ),

𝑓 ′ (sin 𝑥)(tan 𝑥) = ((sin 𝑥)(tan 𝑥) ){(1 + 𝑇𝑎𝑛2 (𝑥))(ln(sin 𝑥)) + 1}

Below is the graph of 𝑦 = (sin 𝑥)(tan 𝑥) and its derivative.

Section 8

Differentiation of Hyperbolic and Inverse Hyperbolic Functions

1 1
The curves of 𝑦 = (𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 ) and 𝑦 = (𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 ) have properties similar to 𝑦 = cos 𝑥 and 𝑦 = sin 𝑥 and they also
2 2
have similar properties to a hyperbola in the way trigonometric or circular functions relate to a circle.
1
Due to this similarity, the curve of 𝑦 = (𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 ) is called the hyperbolic cosine and
2

1
the curve of 𝑦 = (𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 ) is called the hyperbolic sine.
2

The hyperbolic cosine is shortened to cosh 𝑥 (pronounced “cosh x”) and the hyperbolic sine is shortened to sinh 𝑥
(pronounced “shine x”).

List of hyperbolic identities

1
cosh 𝑥 = (𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 )
2
 1 𝑥
sinh 𝑥 = (𝑒 − 𝑒 −𝑥 )
2

cosh 𝑥 + sinh 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥

cosh 𝑥 − sinh 𝑥 = 𝑒 −𝑥

sinh 𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑒 2𝑥 − 1 Pronnounced “than”

tanh 𝑥 = = =
cosh 𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑒 2𝑥 + 1
1 2
cosech 𝑥 = =
sinh 𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 −𝑒 −𝑥
Pronnounced “coshec”
1 2
sech 𝑥 = = 𝑥 Pronnounced “shec”
cosh 𝑥 𝑒 + 𝑒 −𝑥

1 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 Pronnounced “coth”
coth 𝑥 = = 𝑥
tanh 𝑥 𝑒 − 𝑒 −𝑥

cosh2 𝑥 − sinh2 𝑥 = 1

sinh2 𝑥 = cosh2 𝑥 − 1

cosh2 𝑥 = 1 + sinh2 𝑥

cosh2 𝑥 + sinh2 𝑥 = cosh 2𝑥

Osborn’s Rule

Osborn’s rule is a rule for converting a trigonometric identity into a corresponding hyperbolic one. The rule states that
one replaces every occurrence of sine or cosine with the corresponding hyperbolic sine or cosine, and wherever one has
a product of two sines, the product of the hyperbolic sines must be negated.

Identities involving other trigonometric functions must be written in terms of sine and cosine first for this rule to be
reliably applied.

This rule does not apply to formulae involving calculus.

Examples of Osbourn’s Rule

Trig sech2 𝑥 = 1 + (tan 𝑥)2 changes to sech2 𝑥 = 1 − tanh2 𝑥

 List of Differentials of Hyperbolic Functions

Function Differential
sinh 𝑥 cosh 𝑥
cosh 𝑥 sinh 𝑥
tanh 𝑥 1
= sech2 𝑥
cosh2 𝑥
csch 𝑥 (− csch 𝑥)(coth 𝑥)
sech 𝑥 −(sech 𝑥)(tanh 𝑥)
coth 𝑥 −(csch 𝑥)2

List of Differentials of Inverse Hyperbolic Functions

Function Differential
sinh−1 𝑥 1
√𝑥 2 + 1
cosh−1 𝑥 1
√𝑥 2 − 1
tanh −1
𝑥 1
1 − 𝑥2
csch−1 𝑥 −1
𝑥√1 + 𝑥 2
sech −1
𝑥 −1
𝑥√1 − 𝑥 2
coth −1
𝑥 −1
2
𝑥 −1
 𝑥 1
sinh−1
𝑎 √𝑥 2 + 𝑎2
𝑥 1
cosh−1
𝑎 √𝑥 2− 𝑎2
𝑥 𝑎
tanh−1
𝑎 𝑎2 − 𝑥 2

List of Inverse Hyperbolic Functions in Logarithmic Form

Function Logarithmic (Ln) Form

sinh−1 𝑥 ln (𝑥 + √𝑥 2 + 1)
cosh−1 𝑥 ± ln(𝑥 + √𝑥 2 − 1) The convention is that the positive
sign is taken.

tanh−1 𝑥 1 1+𝑥
(ln ( ))
2 1−𝑥
𝑥 𝑥 + √𝑥 2 + 𝑎2
sinh−1 ln ( )
𝑎 𝑎
𝑥 𝑥 + √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2
cosh−1 ln ( )
𝑎 𝑎
𝑥 1 𝑎+𝑥
tanh−1 (ln ( ))
𝑎 2 𝑎−𝑥

Example 1
𝑥
𝑦 = sinh Find 𝑓´(𝑦)
2

The procedure resembles that when differentiating trigonometric functions.

𝑥 𝑥 1
Using the chain rule, where 𝑓´(sinh 𝑥) = cosh 𝑥 (𝑥 is substituted with ) and 𝑓´ ( ) =
2 2 2

𝑥 𝑥
𝑓´(𝑦) = (𝑓´ (sinh )) (𝑓´ ( ))
2 2

𝑥 1
𝑓´(𝑦) = (cosh ) ( )
2 2

1 𝑥
𝑓´(𝑦) = cosh
2 2

Example 2

𝑦 = sinh 2𝑥 Find 𝑓´(𝑦)

Using the chain rule, where 𝑓´(sinh 𝑥) = cosh 𝑥 (𝑥 is substituted with 2𝑥) and 𝑓´(2𝑥) = 2

𝑓´(𝑦) = (𝑓´(sinh 2𝑥))(𝑓´(2𝑥))

𝑓´(𝑦) = (cosh 2𝑥)(2)

𝑓´(𝑦) = 2 cosh 2𝑥

Example 3
𝑥
𝑦 = cosh Find 𝑓´(𝑦)
3

𝑥 𝑥 1
Using the chain rule, where 𝑓´(cosh 𝑥) = sinh 𝑥 (𝑥 is substituted with ) and 𝑓´ ( ) =
3 3 3

𝑥 𝑥
𝑓´(𝑦) = (𝑓´ (cosh )) (𝑓´ ( ))
3 3

𝑥 1
𝑓´(𝑦) = (sinh ) ( )
3 3

1 𝑥
𝑓´(𝑦) = sinh
3 3

Example 4

𝑦 = tanh 𝑎𝑥 Find 𝑓´(𝑦)

1
Using the chain rule where 𝑓´(tanh 𝑥) = = sech2 𝑥 (𝑥 is substituted with 𝑎𝑥) and 𝑓´(𝑎𝑥) = 𝑎
cosh2 𝑥

𝑓´(𝑦) = (𝑓´(tanh 𝑥))(𝑓´(𝑎𝑥))

𝑓´(𝑦) = (sech2 𝑎𝑥)(𝑎)

𝑓´(𝑦) = 𝑎 sech2 𝑎𝑥

Example 5
𝑥
𝑦 = tanh Find 𝑓´(𝑦)
4

1 𝑥 𝑥 1
Using the chain rule where 𝑓´(tanh 𝑥) = = sech2 𝑥 (𝑥 is substituted with ) and 𝑓´ ( ) =
cosh2 𝑥 4 4 4

𝑥 𝑥
𝑓´(𝑦) = (𝑓´ (tanh )) (𝑓´ ( ))
4 4

𝑥 1
𝑓´(𝑦) = (sech2 ) ( )
4 4

1 𝑥
𝑓´(𝑦) = sech2
4 4

Example 6

𝑦 = sinh 𝑎𝑥 + cosh 𝑎𝑥 Find 𝑓´(𝑦)

𝑓´(𝑦) = 𝑓´(sinh 𝑎𝑥) + 𝑓´(cosh 𝑎𝑥)

Using the chain rule for each part,

𝑓´(𝑦) = 𝑎 cosh 𝑎𝑥 + a sinh 𝑎𝑥

𝑓´(𝑦) = 𝑎(cosh 𝑎𝑥 + sinh 𝑎𝑥)

Example 7
1
𝑦 = sinh Find 𝑓´(𝑦)
𝑥

1 1 1
Using the chain rule where 𝑓´(sinh 𝑥) = cosh 𝑥 (𝑥 is substituted with ) and 𝑓´ ( ) = −
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥2

1
𝑓´(𝑦) = (𝑓´(sinh 𝑥)) (𝑓´ ( ))
𝑥

1 1
𝑓´(𝑦) = (cosh ) (− 2 )
𝑥 𝑥

1 1
𝑓´(𝑦) = − cosh
𝑥2 𝑥

Example 8

𝑦 = sinh2 𝑥 Find 𝑓´(𝑦)

Using the chain rule

𝑓´(𝑦) = 𝑓´(sinh 𝑥)2 (𝑓´(𝑥))

𝑓´(𝑦) = 2 sinh 𝑥 cosh 𝑥

From the table of identities, sinh 2𝑥 = 2 sinh 𝑥 cosh 𝑥

∴ 𝑓´(𝑦) = 2 sinh 𝑥 cosh 𝑥 = sinh 2𝑥

Example 9

𝑦 = cosh3 𝑥 Find 𝑓´(𝑦)

Using the chain rule

𝑓´(𝑦) = 𝑓(cosh 𝑥)3 (𝑓´(𝑥))

𝑓´(𝑦) = 3 cosh2 𝑥 sinh 𝑥

Example 10

𝑦 = sinh(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) Find 𝑓´(𝑦)

Using the chain rule

𝑓´(𝑦) = 𝑓´((sinh(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)))(𝑓´(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏))

𝑓´(𝑦) = 𝑓´((cosh(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)))(𝑎)

𝑓´(𝑦) = 𝑎 cosh(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)
Example 11

𝑦 = cosh 2𝑥 2 Find 𝑓´(𝑦)

Using the chain rule,

𝑓´(𝑦) = 𝑓´(cosh 2𝑥 2 )(𝑓´(2𝑥 2 ) For the 𝒇´(𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡 𝟐𝒙𝟐 ) part, use 𝒇´ (𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡 𝒙) = 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡 𝒙 and replace 𝒙 with
𝟐𝒙𝟐 becoming 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡 𝟐𝒙𝟐 then multiply by 𝒇´(𝟐𝒙𝟐 )
2
𝑓´(𝑦) = 4𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ 2𝑥

Example 12

y = sinh𝑛 𝑎𝑥 Find 𝑓´(𝑦)

Using the chain rule,

y = sinh𝑛 𝑎𝑥 = (sinh 𝑎𝑥)𝑛

𝑓´(𝑦) = (𝑓´(sinh 𝑎𝑥)𝑛 )(𝑓´(sinh 𝑎𝑥)) 𝐅𝐨𝐫 𝒇´(𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡 𝒂𝒙) 𝐮𝐬𝐞 𝒇´(𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡 𝒙) = 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡 𝒙 and replace 𝒙 with 𝒂𝒙 then
multiply by 𝒇´(𝒂𝒙)
𝑓´(𝑦) = (𝑛(sinh 𝑎𝑥)𝑛−1 )(𝑎 cosh 𝑎𝑥)

𝑓´(𝑦) = 𝑎𝑛(sinh 𝑎𝑥)𝑛−1 (cosh 𝑎𝑥) ∴ 𝒇´(𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡 𝒂𝒙) = 𝒂𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡 𝒂𝒙

Example 13 or 𝑓

𝑦 = (sinh 𝑥)(cosh 𝑥) Find 𝑓´(𝑦)

Using the product rule,

𝑓´(𝑦) = (𝑓´(sinh 𝑥))(cosh 𝑥) + (𝑓´(cosh 𝑥))(sinh 𝑥)

𝑓´(𝑦) = cosh2 𝑥 + sinh2 𝑥 Using (cosh 𝑥)2 + (sinh 𝑥)2 = cosh 2𝑥

𝑓´(𝑦) = cosh 2𝑥

Example 14

𝑦 = sinh2 𝑥 + cosh2 𝑥 Find 𝑓´(𝑦)

𝑓´(𝑦) = 𝑓´(sinh2 𝑥) + 𝑓´(cosh2 𝑥)

Using the identity 𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡 𝒙 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡 𝟐𝒙
𝑓´(𝑦) = 2(sinh 𝑥)(cosh 𝑥) + 2(cosh 𝑥)(sinh 𝑥)
𝟐(𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡 𝒙)(𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡 𝒙) + 𝟐(𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡 𝒙)(𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡 𝒙)
𝑓´(𝑦) = 2(2(sinh 𝑥)(cosh 𝑥))
= 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡 𝟐𝒙 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡 𝟐𝒙
𝑓´(𝑦) = 2 sinh 2𝑥
= 𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡 𝟐𝒙
Example 15

𝑦 = tanh2 𝑥 Find 𝑓´(𝑦)

Using the chain rule,

𝑓´(𝑦) = 𝑓´(tanh2 𝑥)𝑓´(tanh 𝑥)

𝑓´(𝑦) = 2 tanh 𝑥 sech2 𝑥

Example 16

𝑦 = ln tanh 𝑥 Find 𝑓´(𝑦)

1 1
Using the chain rule where 𝑓´(ln 𝑥) = substituting 𝑥 for tanh 𝑥 and 𝑓´(tanh 𝑥) = = sech2 𝑥,
𝑥 cosh2 𝑥

𝑓´(𝑦) = 𝑓´(ln tanh 𝑥)𝑓´(tanh 𝑥)

1 1
𝑓´(𝑦) = ( )( )
tanh 𝑥 cosh2 𝑥

𝑓´(𝑦) = coth 𝑥 sech2 𝑥

Alternativly,

1 1
𝑓´(𝑦) = ( )( )
tanh 𝑥 cosh2 𝑥

1
𝑓´(𝑦) = ( )
sinh 𝑥 cosh 𝑥

Using the identity 2 sinh 𝑥 cosh 𝑥 = sinh 2𝑥 and

2 sinh 𝑥 cosh 𝑥
reducing by multiplying by ,
2 sinh 𝑥 cosh 𝑥

1 2 sinh 𝑥 cosh 𝑥
𝑓´(𝑦) = ( )( )
sinh 𝑥 cosh 𝑥 2 sinh 𝑥 cosh 𝑥

2 sinh 𝑥 cosh 𝑥 1
𝑓´(𝑦) = ( )( )
sinh 𝑥 cosh 𝑥 2 sinh 𝑥 cosh 𝑥

1
𝑓´(𝑦) = (2) ( )
2 sinh 𝑥 cosh 𝑥

2
𝑓´(𝑦) =
2 sinh 𝑥 cosh 𝑥

Again using the identity 2 sinh 𝑥 cosh 𝑥 = sinh 2𝑥

2
𝑓´(𝑦) =
sinh 2𝑥
Example 17

𝑦 = 𝑥 sinh 𝑥 − cosh 𝑥 Find 𝑓´(𝑦)

Using the product rule for 𝑥 sinh 𝑥

𝑓´(𝑥 sinh 𝑥) = sinh 𝑥 + 𝑥 cosh 𝑥 and

𝑓´(cosh 𝑥) = sinh 𝑥

𝑓´(𝑦) = 𝑓´(𝑥 sinh 𝑥) − 𝑓´(cosh 𝑥)

𝑓´(𝑦) = sinh 𝑥 + 𝑥 cosh 𝑥 − sinh 𝑥

𝑓´(𝑦) = 𝑥 cosh 𝑥

Example 18

𝑦 = ln cosh 𝑥 Find 𝑓´(𝑦)

1
Using the chain rule where 𝑓´(ln 𝑥) = substituting 𝑥 for cosh 𝑥 and 𝑓´(cosh 𝑥) = sinh 𝑥,
𝑥

𝑓´(𝑦) = 𝑓´(ln cosh 𝑥)𝑓´(cosh 𝑥)

1
𝑓´(𝑦) = ( ) (sinh 𝑥)
cosh 𝑥

sinh 𝑥
𝑓´(𝑦) =
cosh 𝑥

𝑓´(𝑦) = tanh 𝑥

Example 19

𝑦 = 𝑥 3 sinh 3𝑥 Find 𝑓´(𝑦)

Using the product rule where 𝑓´(𝑥 3 ) = 3𝑥 2 and 𝑓´(sinh 3𝑥) = 3 cosh 3𝑥

𝑓´(𝑦) = (𝑓´(𝑥 3 ))(sinh 3𝑥) + (𝑓´(sinh 3𝑥))(𝑥 3 )

𝑓´(𝑦) = 3𝑥 2 sinh 3𝑥 + (3 cosh 3𝑥)(𝑥 3 )

𝑓´(𝑦) = 3𝑥 2 sinh 3𝑥 + 3 𝑥 3 cosh 3𝑥

𝑓´(𝑦) = 3𝑥 2 (sinh 3𝑥 + 𝑥cosh 3𝑥)

Example 20

𝑦 = ln(sinh 𝑥 + cosh 𝑥) Find 𝑓´(𝑦)

1
Using the chain rule and 𝑓´ (ln 𝑥 = ) Where 𝑥 = sinh 𝑥 + cosh 𝑥 and 𝑓´(sinh 𝑥 + cosh 𝑥) = (cosh 𝑥 + sinh 𝑥)
𝑥

1
𝑓´(𝑦) = ( ) 𝑓´(sinh 𝑥 + cosh 𝑥)
sinh 𝑥 + cosh 𝑥

1
𝑓´(𝑦) = ( ) (cosh 𝑥 + sinh 𝑥)
sinh 𝑥 + cosh 𝑥

𝑓´(𝑦) = 1

Example 21

𝑦 = 𝑒 sinh 𝑥 Find 𝑓´(𝑦)

𝑓´(𝑦) = (𝑒 sinh 𝑥 )𝑓´(sinh 𝑥)

𝑓´(𝑦) = cosh 𝑥 (𝑒 sinh 𝑥 )

Example 22

𝑦 = √sinh 𝑥 Find 𝑓´(𝑦)

Using the chain rule,

1
𝑓´(√sinh 𝑥) = 𝑓´(sinh 𝑥)2 (𝑓´(sinh 𝑥))

1 1
𝑓´(𝑦) = { (sinh 𝑥)−2 } {cosh 𝑥}
2

cosh 𝑥
𝑓´(𝑦) =
2√sinh 𝑥

Example 23

1+tanh 𝑥
𝑦 = ln ( ) Find 𝑓´(𝑦)
1−tanh 𝑥

1 1+tanh 𝑥 1+tanh 𝑥
Using the chain rule and 𝑓´ (ln 𝑥 = ) Where 𝑥 = ( ) and the quotient rule for 𝑓´ ( )
𝑥 1−tanh 𝑥 1−tanh 𝑥

1 1 + tanh 𝑥
𝑓´(𝑦) = ( ) (𝑓´ ( ))
1 + tanh 𝑥 1 − tanh 𝑥
1 − tanh 𝑥

1 − tanh 𝑥 2 sech2 𝑥
𝑓´(𝑦) = ( )( )
1 + tanh 𝑥 (1 − tanh 𝑥)2

2 sech2 𝑥
𝑓´(𝑦) = ( )
(1 + tanh 𝑥)(1 − tanh 𝑥)

2 sech2 𝑥
𝑓´(𝑦) =
1 − tanh2 𝑥

Simplifying by using the relationship sech2 𝑥 = 1 − tanh2 𝑥,

2 sech2 𝑥
𝑓´(𝑦) =
sech2 𝑥

𝑓´(𝑦) = 2

Example 24

𝑦 = 𝑒 tanh 𝑥 Find 𝑓´(𝑦)

Using the chain rule,

𝑓´(𝑦) = (𝑒 tanh 𝑥 )(𝑓´(tanh 𝑥))

𝑓´(𝑦) = (𝑒 tanh 𝑥 )(sech2 𝑥)

𝑓´(𝑦) = sech2 𝑥 𝑒 tanh 𝑥

Example 25
𝑥
𝑦 = sinh−1 Find 𝑓´(𝑦)
2

𝑥 1
Using 𝑓´ (sinh−1 = ) (𝑎 is replaced by 2)
𝑎 √𝑥 2 +𝑎2

1
𝑓´(𝑦) =
√𝑥 2 + 22

1
𝑓´(𝑦) =
√𝑥 2 +4

Example 26

𝑥
𝑦 = cosh−1 ( ) Find 𝑓´(𝑦)
5

𝑥 1
Using 𝑓´ (cosh−1 ( ) = ) (𝑎 is replaced by 5)
𝑎 √𝑥 2 −𝑎2

1
𝑓´(𝑦) =
√𝑥 2 − 52

1
𝑓´(𝑦) =
√𝑥 2 − 25

Example 27

1−𝑥
𝑦 = sinh−1 ( ) Find 𝑓´(𝑦)
1+𝑥

1 1−𝑥 1−𝑥
Using the chain rule with 𝑓´ (sinh−1 𝑥 = ) (𝑥 is replaced by( ) ) and using the quotient rule for 𝑓´ ( )
√𝑥 2 +1 1+𝑥 1+𝑥

1−𝑥 −2
𝑓´ ( ) = (𝑥+1)2
1+𝑥

1 1−𝑥
𝑓´(𝑦) = {𝑓´ ( )}
2 1+𝑥
√ 1−𝑥
{ (1 + 𝑥 ) + 1 }

1 −2
𝑓´(𝑦) = ( )
𝑥2 (𝑥 + 1)2
√ − 2𝑥 + 1
( 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1 + 1)

1 −2
𝑓´(𝑦) = ( )
𝑥2 − 2𝑥 + 1 + + 2𝑥 + 1 (𝑥
𝑥2 + 1)2
√
( 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1 )

1 −2
𝑓´(𝑦) = ( )
+2 2𝑥 2 (𝑥 + 1)2
√
( 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1)
 1 −2
𝑓´(𝑦) = ( )
2𝑥 2
+2 (𝑥 + 1)2
√
( (𝑥 + 1)2 )

1 −2
𝑓´(𝑦) = ( )
√2𝑥 2
+2 (𝑥 + 1)2
2
( √(𝑥 + 1) )

1 −2
𝑓´(𝑦) = ( )
√2𝑥 2
+2 (𝑥 + 1)2
( (𝑥 + 1) )

(𝑥 + 1) −2
𝑓´(𝑦) = ( )( )
√2𝑥 2 +2 (𝑥 + 1)2

−2
𝑓´(𝑦) = ( )
(𝑥 + 1)√2𝑥 2 + 2

−2
𝑓´(𝑦) = ( )
(𝑥 + 1)√2(𝑥 2 + 1)

Example 28

𝑦 = sinh−1 (tan 𝑥) Find 𝑓´(𝑦)

1
Using the chain rule with 𝑓´ (sinh−1 𝑥 = ) (𝑥 is replaced by(tan 𝑥) ) and 𝑓´(tan 𝑥) = 1 + Tan2 (𝑥)
√𝑥 2 +1

1
𝑓´(𝑦) = { } {𝑓´(tan 𝑥)}
√tan2 𝑥+1

1
𝑓´(𝑦) = { } {1 + 𝑇𝑎𝑛2 (𝑥)}
√tan2 𝑥+1

1 + Tan2 (𝑥)
𝑓´(𝑦) = { }
√tan2 𝑥 + 1

𝑓´(𝑦) = √tan2 𝑥 + 1

𝑓´(𝑦) = sec 𝑥 Since 𝑺𝒆𝒄𝟐 (𝒙) = 𝟏 + 𝑻𝒂𝒏𝟐 (𝒙)

Example 29

𝑦 = tan−1 (sinh 𝑥) Find 𝑓´(𝑦)

1
Using the chain rule with 𝑓´ (tan−1 𝑥 = ) (𝑥 is replaced by (sinh 𝑥) ) and 𝑓´(sinh 𝑥) = cosh 𝑥
𝑥 2 +1

1
𝑓´(𝑦) = { } {𝑓´(sinh 𝑥)}
sinh2𝑥+1
 1
𝑓´(𝑦) = { } {cosh 𝑥}
sinh2 𝑥 + 1
cosh 𝑥
𝑓´(𝑦) =
sinh2 𝑥+1

cosh 𝑥
𝑓´(𝑦) = 𝐒𝐢𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡𝟐 𝒙 + 𝟏 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡𝟐 𝒙
cosh2 𝑥
1
𝑓´(𝑦) =
cosh 𝑥

1
𝑓´(𝑦) =
cosh 𝑥

𝑓´(𝑦) = sech 𝑥

Example 30

𝑦 = tanh−1 (sin 𝑥) Find 𝑓´(𝑦)

1
Using the chain rule with 𝑓´ (tan−1 𝑥 = ) (𝑥 is replaced by(sin 𝑥) ) and 𝑓´(sin 𝑥) = cos 𝑥
1−𝑥 2

1
𝑓´(𝑦) = { } {𝑓´(sin 𝑥)}
1 − sin2 𝑥

1
𝑓´(𝑦) = { } {cos 𝑥}
1 − sin2 𝑥
cos 𝑥
𝑓´(𝑦) =
1−sin2 𝑥

cos 𝑥
𝑓´(𝑦) = Since 𝟏 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝒙 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝒙
cos 2 𝑥
1
𝑓´(𝑦) =
cos 𝑥

𝑓´(𝑦) = sec 𝑥

Example 31

𝑦 = sin−1 (tanh 𝑥) Find 𝑓´(𝑦)

1
Using the chain rule where 𝑓´(sin−1 𝑥) = (𝑥 is replaced by tanh 𝑥) and 𝑓´(tanh 𝑥) = sech2 𝑥.
√1−𝑥 2

1
𝑓´(𝑦) = { } {𝑓´(tanh 𝑥)}
√1 − 𝑥 2

1
𝑓´(𝑦) = { } {𝑓´(tanh 𝑥)}
√1 − tanh2 𝑥

1
𝑓´(𝑦) = { } {sech2 𝑥}
√1 − tanh2 𝑥
sech2 𝑥
𝑓´(𝑦) =
√1−tanh2 𝑥
Replacing 𝐬𝐞𝐜𝐡𝟐 𝒙 using the identity 𝐬𝐞𝐜𝐡𝟐 𝒙 = 𝟏 − 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐡𝟐 𝒙
 1−tanh2 𝑥
𝑓´(𝑦) =
√1−tanh2 𝑥

𝑓´(𝑦) = √1 − tanh2 𝑥

𝑓´(𝑦) = sech 𝑥

Example 32

cosh−1 (sec 𝑥) Find 𝑓´(𝑦)

1
Using the chain rule where 𝑓´(cosh−1 (𝑥)) = (𝑥 is replaced by sec 𝑥) and 𝑓´(sec 𝑥) = 𝑆𝑒𝑐(𝑥) Tan(𝑥).
√𝑥 2 −1

1
𝑓´(𝑦) = { } {𝑓´(sec 𝑥)}
√𝑥 2 −1

1
𝑓´(𝑦) = { } {𝑆𝑒𝑐(𝑥) Tan(𝑥)}
√sec 2 𝑥−1
𝑆𝑒𝑐(𝑥) Tan(𝑥)
𝑓´(𝑦) =
√sec2 𝑥−1 Using the identity 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟐 𝒙 = 𝟏 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟐 𝒙

𝑆𝑒𝑐(𝑥) Tan(𝑥) Rearranging

𝑓´(𝑦) =
√tan2 𝑥
𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟐 𝒙 − 𝟏 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟐 𝒙
𝑆𝑒𝑐(𝑥) Tan(𝑥)
𝑓´(𝑦) =
Tan(𝑥)

𝑓´(𝑦) = 𝑆𝑒𝑐(𝑥)

Example 33

2𝑥
𝑦 = tanh−1 ( ) Find 𝑓´(𝑦)
1+𝑥 2

1 2𝑥
Using the chain rule and quotient rule, where 𝑓´ (tanh−1 (𝑥) = then replacing 𝑥 with )
1−𝑥 2 1+𝑥 2

2𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 2
𝑓´ ( ) =
1 + 𝑥2 (1 + 𝑥 2 )2

1
𝑓´(tanh−1 𝑥) =
1 − 𝑥2

1 2𝑥
𝑓´(𝑦) = ( 2 ) (𝑓´ (1 ))
2𝑥 + 𝑥2
1−( )
1 + 𝑥2
 1 2−2𝑥 2 1 2𝑥
𝑓´(𝑦) = ( 2𝑥 2
) ((1+𝑥 2)2) Replacing 𝑥 of ( ) with( )
1−𝑥2 1+𝑥2
1−( )
1+𝑥2

1 2−2𝑥 2
𝑓´(𝑦) = ( 4𝑥2
) ((1+𝑥 2 )2)
1− 2
(1+𝑥2 )

1 2−2𝑥 2
𝑓´(𝑦) = ( 2 ) ((1+𝑥 2 )2)
(1+𝑥2 ) −4𝑥2
2
(1+𝑥2 )

(1 + 𝑥 2 )2 2 − 2𝑥 2
𝑓´(𝑦) = ( ) ( )
(1 + 𝑥 2 )2 − 4𝑥 2 (1 + 𝑥 2 )2

2 − 2𝑥 2
𝑓´(𝑦) =
(1 + 𝑥 2 )2 − 4𝑥 2

2 − 2𝑥 2
𝑓´(𝑦) =
𝑥 4 + 2𝑥 2 + 1 − 4𝑥 2

2 − 2𝑥 2
𝑓´(𝑦) =
𝑥4 − 2𝑥 2 + 1

2(1 − 𝑥 2 )
𝑓´(𝑦) =
(𝑥 2 − 1)2

−2(𝑥 2 − 1)
𝑓´(𝑦) =
(𝑥 2 − 1)2

−2
𝑓´(𝑦) =
𝑥2 −1
−2 −1
𝑓´(𝑦) = ( )
𝑥 2 − 1 −1

2
𝑓´(𝑦) =
1 − 𝑥2

Example 34

𝑦 = cosh−1 (4𝑥 + 1) Find 𝑓´(𝑦)

1
Using the chain rule where 𝑓´(cosh−1 𝑥) = then replacing 𝑥 with (4𝑥 + 1) and 𝑓´(4𝑥 + 1) = 4,
√𝑥 2 −1

1
𝑓´(cosh−1 𝑥) =
√𝑥 2 −1

𝑓´(4𝑥 + 1) = 4,

1
𝑓´(𝑦) = ( ) 𝑓´(4𝑥 + 1)
√(4𝑥 + 1)2 − 1
 1
𝑓´(𝑦) = ( ) (4)
√(4𝑥 + 1)2 − 1

4
𝑓´(𝑦) =
√(4𝑥 + 1)2 − 1

4
𝑓´(𝑦) =
√16𝑥 2 + 8𝑥 + 1 − 1

4
𝑓´(𝑦) =
√16𝑥 2 + 8𝑥

4
𝑓´(𝑦) =
√4(4𝑥 2 + 2𝑥)

4
𝑓´(𝑦) =
2√(4𝑥 2 + 2𝑥)

2
𝑓´(𝑦) =
√(4𝑥 2 + 2𝑥)

2
𝑓´(𝑦) =
√2𝑥(2𝑥 + 1)

Example 35

𝑦 = sinh−1 (2𝑥√1 + 𝑥 2 ) Find 𝑓´(𝑦)

1 2(1+2𝑥 2 )
Using the chain rule where 𝑓´ sinh−1 (𝑥) = then replacing 𝑥 with (2𝑥√1 + 𝑥 2 ) and 𝑓´(2𝑥√1 + 𝑥 2 ) = ,
√𝑥 2 +1 √1+𝑥 2

For full calculation steps for 𝒇´(𝟐𝒙√𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 ) see example 4 of section Differentiation with the Function
Within a Function Rule (Chain Rule)

1
𝑓´(𝑦) = {𝑓´ (2𝑥 √1 + 𝑥 2 )}
2
√ 2
{ (2𝑥√1 + 𝑥 ) + 1}

1 2(1 + 2𝑥 2 )
𝑓´(𝑦) = { }{ }
√4𝑥 2 (1 + 𝑥 2 ) + 1 √1 + 𝑥 2

1 2(1 + 2𝑥 2 )
𝑓´(𝑦) = { }{ }
√4𝑥 4 + 4𝑥 2 + 1 √1 + 𝑥 2

1 2(1+2𝑥 2 )
𝑓´(𝑦) = { }{ } 𝟒𝒙𝟒 + 𝟒𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏 = (𝟏 + 𝟐𝒙𝟐 )𝟐
√((1+2𝑥 2 )2 ) √1+𝑥 2
 1 2(1 + 2𝑥 2 )
𝑓´(𝑦) = { } { }
(1 + 2𝑥 2 ) √1 + 𝑥 2

2
𝑓´(𝑦) =
√1 + 𝑥 2

Example 36

1
𝑦 = tanh−1 ( ) Find 𝑓´(𝑦)
1+𝑥

1 1 1 −1
Using the chain rule where 𝑓´(tanh−1 𝑥) = then replacing 𝑥 with ( ) and 𝑓´ ( ) = (1+𝑥)2 (quotient rule)
1−𝑥 2 1+𝑥 1+𝑥

1 1
𝑓´(𝑦) = ( 2 ) 𝑓´ (1 )
1 +𝑥
1−( )
1+𝑥

1 −1
𝑓´(𝑦) = ( )( )
1 (1 + 𝑥)2
1−
(1 + 𝑥)2

1 −1
𝑓´(𝑦) = ( 2 )( )
(1 + 𝑥) − 1 (1 + 𝑥)2
(1 + 𝑥)2

(1 + 𝑥)2 −1
𝑓´(𝑦) = ( )( )
(1 + 𝑥) − 1 (1 + 𝑥)2
2

−1
𝑓´(𝑦) = ( )
(1 + 𝑥)2 − 1

−1
𝑓´(𝑦) = ( 2 )
𝑥 + 2𝑥

−1
𝑓´(𝑦) = ( )
𝑥(𝑥 + 2)

Example 37

𝑦 = tan−1 𝑥 + tanh−1 𝑥 Find 𝑓´(𝑦)

𝑓´(𝑦) = 𝑓´(tan−1 𝑥) + 𝑓´(tanh−1 𝑥)

1 1
𝑓´(𝑦) = +
𝑥2 + 1 1 − 𝑥2

(1 − 𝑥 2 ) + (𝑥 2 + 1)
𝑓´(𝑦) =
(𝑥 2 + 1)(1 − 𝑥 2 )

2
𝑓´(𝑦) =
1 − 𝑥4

Example 38
 𝑥
𝑦 = tanh−1 (tan ) Find 𝑓´(𝑦)
2

Using the chain rule,

1 𝑥
𝑓´(tanh−1 𝑥) = (𝑥 is substituted for (tan )
1−𝑥 2 2

𝑥 1 𝑥
𝑓´ (tan ) = {1 + 𝑇𝑎𝑛2 ( )}
2 2 2
𝑥
𝑓´(𝑦) = {𝑓´(tanh−1 𝑥)} {𝑓´ (tan )}
2

1 1 𝑥
𝑓´(𝑦) = { } { {1 + 𝑇𝑎𝑛2 ( )}}
𝑥 2 2 2
1 − (tan )
2
𝑥
1 1 + 𝑇𝑎𝑛2 ( )
𝑓´(𝑦) = { 2 }
𝑥 }{ 2
1 − tan2 ( )
2
𝑥
1 1 + 𝑇𝑎𝑛2
𝑓´(𝑦) = { } { 2}
2 𝑥 2
1 − tan ( )
2
𝑥
1 + 𝑇𝑎𝑛2 ( )
𝑓´(𝑦) = 2
𝑥
2 − 2tan2 ( )
2
𝑥
sec 2 ( )
𝑓´(𝑦) = 2
𝑥
2 (1 − tan2 ( ))
2
1 𝑥
(sec2 (2))
2
𝑓´(𝑦) = 𝑥 There now follows a lengthy simplification.
(1−tan2 ( ))
2

1 1 𝟏
( ) 𝒙 𝟏
2 cos2(𝑥)
2
Since 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝒙 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 ⇒ 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟐 (𝟐) = 𝒙
𝑓´(𝑦) = 𝑥
𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐 ( )
𝟐
1−tan2 ( )
2

(𝟏+𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝒙) 𝟏
1 1 Since 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝒙 = = (𝟏 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝒙)
( ) 𝟐 𝟐
2 1
(1 + cos 𝑥)
(𝑓´𝑦) = 2 𝒙 𝟏 𝒙 𝟏
𝑥 ⇒ 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐 ( ) = (𝟏 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 ( )) = (𝟏 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙)
1 − tan2 ( ) 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
2

1 1 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙
( )
2 1(1+cos 𝑥)
2
Since 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙
(𝑓´𝑦) = 𝑥
sin2( 2)
1− 𝑥
cos2( 2) 𝒙
𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 ( )
𝟐
⇒ 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟐 ( ) = 𝒙
𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐 ( )
𝟐
 𝟏
Since 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒙 = 𝟐 (𝟏 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐𝒙)

𝒙 𝟏 𝒙 𝟏
⇒ 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 ( ) = (𝟏 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐 ( )) = (𝟏 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙)
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
1 1
( )
2 1
(1 + cos 𝑥) Also
(𝑓´𝑦) = 2
1
(1 − cos 𝑥)
1−2 1
𝟏
Since 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝒙 = 𝟐 (𝟏 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐𝒙)
(1 + cos 𝑥)
2
𝒙 𝟏 𝒙 𝟏
⇒ 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 ( ) = (𝟏 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐 ( )) = (𝟏 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙)
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐

1 1
( )
2 1
(1 + cos 𝑥)
(𝑓´𝑦) = 2
1 1 Now all trig functions have been simplified to a single
(1 (1
2 + cos 𝑥) − 2 − cos 𝑥) function ie cos x.
1
(1 + cos 𝑥)
2

1 1
( )
2 1
(1 + cos 𝑥)
(𝑓´𝑦) = 2
1 1 1 1
(2 + 2 cos 𝑥) − (2 − 2 cos 𝑥)
1
(1 + cos 𝑥)
2

1 1
( )
2 1
(1 + cos 𝑥)
(𝑓´𝑦) = 2
1 1 1 1
2 + 2 cos 𝑥 − 2 + 2 cos 𝑥
1
(1 + cos 𝑥)
2

1 1
( )
2 1
(1 + cos 𝑥)
(𝑓´𝑦) = 2
1 1 1 1
2 − 2 + 2 cos 𝑥 + 2 cos 𝑥
1
(1 + cos 𝑥)
2
 1 1
( )
2 1
(1 + cos 𝑥)
(𝑓´𝑦) = 2
cos 𝑥
1
(1 + cos 𝑥)
2

1
1 1 (1 + cos 𝑥)
(𝑓´𝑦) = ( ( )) (2 )
2 1 (1 + cos 𝑥) cos 𝑥
2

1
(𝑓´𝑦) =
2 cos 𝑥

1
(𝑓´𝑦) = sec 𝑥
2

Example 39

𝑥
𝑦 = tan−1 (tanh ) Find 𝑓´(𝑦)
2

1 𝑥 𝑥 1 𝑥
Using the chain rule, 𝑓´ (tan−1 𝑥) = (𝑥 is replaced with (tanh ) ) and 𝑓´ (tanh ) = sech2
𝑥 2 +1 2 2 2 2

𝑥
𝑓´(𝑦) = {𝑓´(tan−1 𝑥)} {𝑓´ (tanh )}
2
1 1 𝑥 1 𝑥
𝑓´(𝑦) = { } { sech2 } (The 𝑥 of is now replaced with (tanh ) )
𝑥 2 +1 2 2 𝑥 2 +1 2

1 1 𝑥
𝑓´(𝑦) = { 𝑥 } { sech2 }
tanh2 +1 2 2
2

1 𝑥
sech2
𝑓´(𝑦) = 2 𝑥 2
tanh2 + 1
2
𝑥
1 sech2 2
𝑓´(𝑦) = ( 𝑥 )
2 tanh2 +1
2

𝐬𝐞𝐜𝐡𝟐 𝒙 = 𝟏 − 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐡𝟐 𝒙
𝑥
1 1−tanh2 2
𝑓´(𝑦) = ( 𝑥 ) 𝒙 𝒙
2 tanh2 +1
2 ∴ 𝐬𝐞𝐜𝐡𝟐 = 𝟏 − 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐡𝟐
𝟐 𝟐
 𝑥
sinh2 2
1− 𝒙
1 2
cosh 2
𝑥
𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡 𝒙 𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡𝟐
𝑓´(𝑦) = ( 𝑥 ) Since 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐡 𝒙 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡 𝒙 ⇒ 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒉𝟐 𝟐 = 𝟐
𝒙
2 sinh2 2 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡𝟐
1+ 𝟐
𝑥
cosh2 2

𝑥 𝑥
cosh2 − sinh2
2 2
cosh 2𝑥
1 2
𝑓´(𝑦) =
2 cosh2 𝑥 + sinh2 𝑥
2 2
cosh 2𝑥
( 2 )

2𝑥 2𝑥 𝑥
1 cosh 2 − sinh 2 cosh2
𝑓´(𝑦) = ( )( 2
2 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥)
cosh2 cosh2 + sinh2
2 2 2

2𝑥 2𝑥
1 cosh 2 − sinh 2
𝑓´(𝑦) = ( )
2 cosh2 𝑥 + sinh2 𝑥
2 2

𝒙 𝒙
1 1 Since 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡𝟐 𝒙 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡𝟐 𝒙 = 𝟏 ⇒ 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡𝟐 𝟐 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡𝟐 𝟐 = 𝟏
𝑓´(𝑦) = ( 𝑥 𝑥 )
2 cosh2 +sinh2
2 2

1 1 Since 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡𝟐 𝒙 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡𝟐 𝒙 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉 𝟐 𝒙

𝑓´(𝑦) = ( )
2 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 𝑥
𝒙 𝒙 𝒙
⇒ 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡𝟐 𝟐 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡𝟐 𝟐 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉 𝟐 (𝟐) = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉 𝒙

1
𝑓´(𝑦) = 𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ 𝑥
2

Example 40

𝑥+√𝑥 2 +𝑎2
𝑦 = ln ( ) Find 𝑓´(𝑦)
𝑎

1
Using 𝑓´ (ln 𝑥 = ) and the chain rule,
𝑥

𝑥+√𝑥 2 +𝑎2
1 𝑥 + √𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 For the full calculation of 𝑓´ ( 𝑎 ) see Example 5 of
𝑓´(𝑦) = { } {𝑓´ ( )}
𝑥 + √𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 𝑎 the section Differentiation with the Function Within a
𝑎
Function Rule (Chain Rule).
𝑎 𝑥+ √𝑥 2
+ 𝑎2
𝑓´(𝑦) = { }{ }
𝑥+ √𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 𝑎√𝑥 + 𝑎2
2

1
𝑓´(𝑦) =
√𝑥 2 + 𝑎2

Example 41
 𝑥+√𝑥 2 −𝑎2
𝑦 = ln ( ) Find 𝑓´(𝑦)
𝑎

1
Using 𝑓´ (ln 𝑥 = ) and the chain rule,
𝑥

1 𝑥 + √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2
𝑓´(𝑦) = { } {𝑓´ ( )}
𝑥 + √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 𝑎
𝑎

𝑎 𝑥 + √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2
𝑓´(𝑦) = { }{ }
𝑥 + √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 𝑎√𝑥 2 − 𝑎2

1
𝑓´(𝑦) =
√𝑥 2 − 𝑎2

Example 42

1 𝑎+𝑥
𝑦 = ln ( ) Find 𝑓´(𝑦)
2 𝑎−𝑥

1 𝑎+𝑥 1 𝑎+𝑥
𝑓´(𝑦) = {𝑓´ ( )} {ln ( )} + { } {𝑓´ ( )}
2 𝑎−𝑥 2 𝑎−𝑥

1 2𝑎
𝑓´(𝑦) = 0 + { } {𝑓´ ( 2 )}
2 𝑎 − 𝑥2
𝑎
𝑓´(𝑦) =
𝑎2 − 𝑥2

Section 9 (Additional Section)

Expressing Hyperbolic Functions in Logarithmic Form

Example 1
𝑥
Find the Logarithmic Form of sinh−1
2

𝑥
The Logarithmic Form of sinh−1 𝑥 is ln(𝑥 + √𝑥 2 + 1). Substituting 𝑥 for ,
2

𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 2
The Logarithmic form of sinh−1 = ln ( + √( ) + 1)
2 2 2

𝑥 𝑥2
= ln ( + √ + 1)
2 4

𝑥 𝑥2 + 4
= ln ( + √ )
2 4
 𝑥 √𝑥 2 + 4
= ln ( + )
2 √4

𝑥 √𝑥 2 + 4
= ln ( + )
2 2

𝑥 + √𝑥 2 + 4
= ln ( )
2

Example 2
𝑥
Find the Logarithmic form of cosh−1
3

𝑥
The Logarithmic form of cosh−1 𝑥 is ± ln(𝑥 + √𝑥 2 − 1). Substituting 𝑥 for ,
3

𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 2
The Logarithmic form of cosh−1 = ± ln ( + √( ) − 1)
3 3 3

𝑥 𝑥2
= ± ln ( + √ − 1)
3 9

𝑥 𝑥2 − 9
= ± ln ( + √ )
3 9

𝑥 √𝑥 2 − 9
= ± ln ( + )
3 √9

𝑥 √𝑥 2 − 9
= ± ln ( + )
3 3

𝑥 + √𝑥 2 − 9
= ± ln ( The convention is that only the positive sign is recognised. )
3

Example 3
2𝑥
Find the Logarithmic Form of sinh−1
3

2𝑥
The Logarithmic Form of sinh−1 𝑥 is ln(𝑥 + √𝑥 2 + 1). Substituting 𝑥 for ,
3

2𝑥 2𝑥 2𝑥 2
The Logarithmic form of sinh−1 = ln ( + √( ) + 1)
3 3 3
 2𝑥 4𝑥 2
= ln ( +√ + 1)
3 9

2𝑥 4𝑥 2 + 9
= ln ( +√ )
3 9

2𝑥 √4𝑥 2 + 9
= ln ( + )
3 √9

2𝑥 √4𝑥 2 + 9
= ln ( + )
3 3

2𝑥 + √4𝑥 2 + 9
= ln ( )
3

Example 4
3𝑥
Find the Logarithmic form of cosh−1
2

3𝑥
The Logarithmic form of cosh−1 𝑥 is ± ln(𝑥 + √𝑥 2 − 1). Substituting 𝑥 for ,
2

3𝑥 3𝑥 3𝑥 2
The Logarithmic form of cosh−1 = ± ln ( + √( ) − 1)
2 2 2

3𝑥 9𝑥 2
= ± ln ( +√ − 1)
2 4

3𝑥 9𝑥 2 − 4
= ± ln ( +√ )
2 4

3𝑥 √9𝑥 2 − 4
= ± ln ( + )
2 √4

3𝑥 √9𝑥 2 − 4
= ± ln ( + )
2 2

3𝑥 + √9𝑥 2 − 4
= ± ln ( ) The convention is that only the positive sign is recognised.
2

Example 5
𝑥
Find the Logarithmic form of tanh−1
4

𝑥 1 𝑎+𝑥
The Logarithmic form of tanh−1 is (ln ( )) . Substituting 𝑎 for 4,
𝑎 2 𝑎−𝑥

𝑥 1 4+𝑥
The logarithmic form of tanh−1 = ln ( )
4 2 4−𝑥
A graphical view of hyperbolic functions.
A graphical view of inverse hyperbolic functions.