ORGANIZATION MANAGEMENT
VARIOUS FORMS OF BUSINESS ACCORDING TO
NATURE OF OWNERSHIP
Sole proprietorship- owned by one person only
Partnership- owned by 2 or more persons
Corporation- owned by shareholders
According to primary activities
Service- the primary product is the services
rendered to their clients in exchange for a fee.
Merchandising- business is engaged in the
purchase and sale of goods and earns profit by
adding mark-up to the goods it is selling
Manufacturing- raw materials are transformed
to finish goods that are sold at a price
BUSINESS OPERATIONS AND THE ENVIRONMENT
General environment- organization’s external
environment that may affect the organization in
the long run
-Political or legal element- related to
government affairs and laws or regulations
-Economic element- related to the use and
allocation of scarce resources in the economy
to create and distribute wealth
-Social element- related to social
characteristics. It includes demographics and
values of people in society
-Technological element- related to new tools,
ideas, and approaches used to produce goods
or services
Operating environment- indicates the elements
of the external environment that has a direct
and immediate impact on the organization
-Customer element- related to individuals and
entities who buy goods and services produced
by the organization
-Supplier element- related to individuals and
entities who provide goods and services
needed by the organization in the production
of its outputs
-Competitor element- related to those whom
the organization monitors and responds to in the
battle for resources and markets
-Pressure group elements- related to special
interest group which persists in influencing the
actions of the organization
Internal environment- level of the environment
that is within the organization
-Corporate culture- consists of values and
beliefs that organization members have Local
environment- consists of general, operating and
internal environment of the firm
International environment- adds more
dimension to these levels peculiar to operating
in more than one country
International environment factors
-Economic
Economic development
Infrastructure
Resource and product markets
Per capita income
Exchange rates
Economic conditions
-Legal-political
Political risk
Taxation
Laws, regulations
-Socio-cultural
Social values
Religion (objects, taboos, holidays)
Education
Different phases of economic development
Developed countries- have a high level of
industrialization and income per person.
Role of business in relation to economy and
society
Ethics- deal with the morality of one’s actions
Corporate social responsibility- obligation of a
manager to operate the business in ways that
are both beneficial to the company and to the
society
Ways to scan the business environment PEST
and SWOT analyses
PEST
P- Political Factor- political stability and
government intervention in economy that
affect businesses and their expansion
E- Economic Factor- economic policies and
factors that affect businesses and their
expansion
S- Social Factor- social factors that affect
purchasing behavior of consumer markets
T- Technological Factor- the level of innovation,
research, and development
PEST Analysis- helps a manager determine the
impact of environment factors of contributions
to the long-term performance and activities of
the business.
SWOT
S- Strengths- list your advantages in terms of
resources
W- Weaknesses- list your disadvantages in terms
of resources
O- Opportunities- list the favorable
developments that provide changes to
improve performance
T- Threats- list the external developments that
can cause trouble to the business
SWOT- when this tool is used to analyze
environmental factors or conditions external to
the firm, they can either be perceived as an
opportunity or a threat by the manager
It is opportunity if it is a development that is
favorable to the operations of the company
CPA
LESSON 6 Interpretation and analysis in
contemporary art
Immanuel Kant
• He was the philosopher who laid the
philosophical foundation for artistic
modernism that has influenced
contemporary artists.
 • According to Kant, the viewers of art
should put themselves in a stat of sensory
awareness, give up their personal
interests ad not associate art with
anything when they respond it.
Therefore, they should consider arts as
independent of any purpose or utility
other than aesthetic value.
Aesthetics
• Is the branch of philosophy that deals
with the nature, beauty, and value of art
objects and experiences.
• It involves appreciating, understanding
and judging the value of art.
Clive Bell and Roger Fry
• The significant form of the artwork is what
should be exclusively attended to.
• Only the form is important and attention
to other aspects of the artwork such as its
subject matter, narrative content,
function to a culture or references to the
ordinary world, are considered
distractions of art viewing
Arnold Hauser – believes in the social history
of art. He insists that visual image is a window
to a specific time and space, to culture or to
a social condition.
Harold Rosenberg– a painting is not a picture of
a thing; it’s the thing itself.
Andy Warhol – everything is art. Pop art, comic
book imagery, and the other styles that
emerged claimed to have important narrative
content and demanded social and cultural
interpretations beyond Bell and Fry’s form.
Arthur Danto’s proclamation that art need not
be beautiful; it need not have a pictorial
subject; and need not deploy its forms in
pictorial space.
Example is Pablo Picasso’s cubist style where he
dropped the three dimensional forms as art, the
beautiful.
• Post-modernism – artists believe that is it
alright to copy masterpieces and exhibit
it as their own. The term used for this is
“appropriating” or “borrowing”.
• Modernist attempt to be pure in their use
of medium raising an issue rather that
with inventing a new image.
• Post-modernist – embrace a much wider
array of art-making activities and
projects and tend to be electric
regarding media and freely gather
imagery, techniques and inspiration from
a wide variety sources, much of it from
popular culture.
Art Analysis and Interpretation
Art analysis starts with a description of an
artwork.
The viewer focuses on beauty, design qualities
and value of an artwork.
The various elements that constitute analysis
are:
• A. Determination of subject matter
through naming events or issues
associated with the artwork.
• B. Discussion of how the qualities of the
artwork contribute to its appearance,
image or function
• C. Effect of the materials/ medium used
• D. Your reaction to the artwork
Art interpretation is employed by the viewer
after describing and analyzing an artwork
Focus is on the expressive qualities, the
meaning, theme, mood and idea
communicated by the artist.
The various elements that constitute
interpretation are:
• A. Main idea and the overall meaning of
the work
• B. Interpretative statement: Can I express
what I think the artwork is about in one
sentence?.
• C. The evidence inside or outside the
artwork that supports your interpretation
LESSON 7 Contemporary fine arts in the
Philippine regions
The fine arts consist of Architecture,
Sculpture, & Painting
 Fine arts require of the artist the mastery
of use of materials/medium, technique
and craftsmanship.
 Material designates the physical
elements of art, such as paint, stone,clay,
or metal
 Medium is a characteristic way of using
materials for an artistic purposes “ these
are considered as genres”
 Technique is a personal way of using a
medium or a material
 Craftsmanship is the skill of doing what
can be done in a medium and the ability
to do it.
 Contemporary Painting is made in any
styles at one time throughout the globe.
 We also describe the stylistic tendencies
that manifested in artwork. Stylistic
changes are apparent in stylistic
tendencies which contributes to the
creative inventions of artists working at
certain times and specific places.
Four styles that are based on stylistic
tendencies
1. Objective accuracy-
Objective accuracy is not easy to
achieve. Many contemporary artist face
the problem of creating an impression of
reality through a selective visual facts. In
objective accuracy the artist can do art
by being a detached observer or by
employing a selective eye.
Observation- is a form of deep listening
2 dimensions of being a detached
observer
1. Inner dimension – it is the ability or the
technique to stand back from or observe
in a detached way our own thoughts,
 feelings, emotions, attitudes, and
behavior.
2. The external dimension- is the technique
of being a witness to or an observer of
the scenes of the world around us.
How does one achieve objective accuracy?
 Through correct drawing,
 Control
 Focus
 Color
 Perspective.
 Correct drawing- Is the most common
device. It takes mastery acquired
through formal studies and serious
practice to make beautiful artworks.
Control and handling of illumination- help in
creating realistic images, the amount of light in
an object receives, the shapes of its shadow,
the transition from light to shadow, the source of
light – these artist learns to observe and control
in the medium he/she uses.
Sgrafitto is produced by applying layers of
plaster tinted in contrasting colors to a
moistened surface
Focus- Is achieved through sharpness,
distinctness or vagueness of form and contour
Color- Is a powerful instrument. It is mainly
connected with the description of the objects
 Perspective- Is the pictorial device that
relates to the artist’s ability to create the
illusion of deep space within the painting.
2. Formal Order- In contemporary art is
associated with stability and
permanence. Formal order is
exhibited by its qualities: (a.)
intellectual order, (b.) biomorphic
order, (c.) and aesthetic order.
3. The Style of Emotion- Themes of
emotion, feeling, romance, are
common features in painting.
Romanticism and emotion are used
in painting when the artist wishes to
disclose personal feelings in relation
to love.
Anxiety and despair- in painting express
disappointment, bitterness, disturbance, or
uncomfortable feeling and often look dark
and chaotic
 Joy and Celebration- Are displayed
through vigorous, uncomplicated
approach such as depiction of
movement and energy with the visual
representation of the sun, sky, air, water,
and mountains.
 The Style of Fantasy- The artist creates
strange forms or allow himself/herself to
experience creative process that leads
to fantastic outputs. It present no
common visual qualities.
Abdulmari Imao- was proclaimed national
artist in 2006. in his nomination, imao is
described as having helped tausugs,
maranaos, cordillerans, t’bolis and other
indigenous peoples “ developed their art by
introducing techniques and promote
efficiency and economy in the use of
indigenous materials in all aspects of the
brass making process, as in the making of
moulds and ornamentation.
Art production
1. Stone – can only be carved, drilled,
abraded and polished.
2. Wood – lends itself to the same processes
more easily although modern
technology permits it to be permanently
bent and molded.
3. Metals – can be cast, cut, drilled, filled,
extruded, bent, forged and stamped.
4. Bronze – has beautiful surface and color
characteristics and is the most common
casting material
5. Wax – it is not very permanent and can
easily be changed or damaged in
handling.
6. Terracota or clay – it possesses little
strength in tension or compression and
requires an armature for support.
7. Resin – it is used by many installation
artists and sculptors.
• TWO PROCESS OF SCULPTURE
1. Subtractive – where the material is
removed or carved until the desired form
is visible
2. Additive – wherein the material is added
part by part until the form is completed
THE FOUR BASIC SCULPTURE TECHNIQUES
1. MODELING – modeled sculptures are
created when a soft or malleable
material such as clay, is built using an
armature and then shaped to create a
form. (additive)
2. CARVING – involves cutting or chipping
away a shape from mass of stone, wood,
or other hard material.
Ramon Orlina – father of phillipine glass
sculpture
3. Casting – when sculpture is formed using
terracotta clay, it is made permanent
through plaster of Paris.
Ed Defensor’s the battle – casted in resin
4. Assembling is an additive process using
adhesive, welding, and other chemicals
for adhesion.
Josephine Turalba’s general mariana
STYLES AND MOVEMENT IN SCULPTURE
1. Monolithic Sculpture – is carved from a
slab of stone and is limited by the
material’s shape and size. Lucell
Larawan’s prostate
2. Constructivism is popular among
contemporary artists. It makes use of new
materials such as plastics, plexiglass,
metal wire, etc., and allows a break from
the figurative representation of
sculpture. Wilson Baldemor’s vise
tandem
3. Sculptural Assemblage – provides a
method to the contemporary artist that
 abandons carving, modeling and
casting. Several forms of found objects
including “metal (wire, pipe, sheet, rod,
spring, tube, bar and plate) are put
together through a single method of
attachment: welding; and a single color
and surface texture.
Michelle Holanes Lua’s broke bag
mounted
4. Kinetic sculpture when they are
suspended to the air, they can produce
musical sound as the elements move
with the wind and touch each other.
Impy Pilapil’s Rainbow Rings And
Nature’s Embrace
5. Niches, boxes, and grottoes
Niche – is a recessed place in a wall
where a sculptured figure or bust can be
located. It is important to think of niche
sculpture as “born from” walls,
conceived out of necessity to endow
plane surfaces with dramatic meaning.
Renato Habulan’s Takatak series
Boxes – are closed and can become
packages, a portable container for
something worth keeping. They are
distinguished by their careful
craftsmanship and connection to
something.
Grotto – is not associated with the wall
and is more like a room it relates instead
to the vault or convoluted inner spaces
of natural carverns.
Richmond campil’s revelation
LESSON 9 Contemporary Architecture
Two elements of art apply to architecture
1. Size – relates the structure and its parts to
the human beings who occupy the
space.
2. Scale – In architectural design relates to
the proportion of an object or space to
all the other objects in it and also to the
human beings and their activities held in
the structure.
Principle of organization
1. Emphasis – where the major and
subordinate elements are determined in
the structural design.
2. Pattern and ornament – give artistic
surfaces designed by the structural limits,
edges and corners.
Architectural materials
Classic materials
1. Wood
2. Stone
3. Brick
Modern materials
1. Cast iron
2. Structural steel
3. Reinforced concrete
Cast iron – set the stage for steel-skeleton
construction in architecture. It permits the
construction of tall building without prohibitively
thick walls.
Reinforced concrete or ferroconcrete – is vastly
more efficient than stonemasonry piers and
arches. The joints are the weakest points in
classical structures. The curve of ferroconcrete
eliminates such joints.
Ex. Pueblo Por La Playa in Pagbilao Quezon
Structural devices in architecture
1. Post – line – lintel – is the most ancient of
construction device and still enjoys wide use
today. It consists of two vertical supports
bridged by a horizontal beam.
2. Cantilever- is the horizontal extension of a
beam or a slab into space beyond its
supporting post. Its free end is unsupported, and
the point where it rests on its post acts like
fulcrum or a lever
3. Truss system is an application of the
geometric fact that no angle of triangle can be
changed without altering the dimensions of the
sides. Used where great spaces must be
spanned with few or no interior supports.
4. Arch Is used to support bridges and viaducts
and in association with large domical and
vaulted structures. Made of reinforced
concrete, steel or laminated wood, the modern
arch is much stronger than brick or stone.
5. Dome – the placement is on a cylindrical
drum over a circular foundation is logical from
the standpoint of geometry and construction.
But most domes structure rest on rectangular
foundations.
Church of the holy sacrifice
6. Shell structures – are the beneficiaries of
reinforced concrete and superior
mathematical tools for Calculating stresses and
strength materials.
Ex. Philippine arena
7. Solar panels – are also gaining popularity in
architecture. Solar panel roofing generates
electricity that can provide power to the entire
building anytime of the day and night.
Style in contemporary architecture
Biomorphic architecture – is designed with
patterns or shapes inspired by living organisms,
such as trees. It combines new materials and
devices such as collapsible domes with curved
metal hemispheres; shell structure made of
concrete sprayed over inflated balloons; or
ribbed ceilings looking like dinosaurs skeletons.
Environmental-friendly architecture
architects consider factors such as energy,
efficiency, the use of sustainable natural and
recycled materials. Instead of uprooting trees
and interrupting the river flow, architects could
design a building to make it part everyday life
by integrating nature into the structure.
Eco art – is a kind of art that promotes
environmental awareness and protection by
either depicting nature or using it as means to
reflect the beauty of the environment and the
importance of its preservation.
Ex. Green Canyon Resort Clark, Pampanga
Skyscrapers – are immensely tall buildings found
in densely populated cities all over globe. In
manila, there is a growing number of
skyscrapers that serves residences and business
offices.
DOORS, WINDOWS, WALLS AND INTERIOR
DECORS
Doors – can be made of wood or glass
combined with metal. The color of the door
should match the motif and color of the interior
of the structure.
Ex. Rodin’s gate of hell
Windows – are not just openings into a structure.
They serve as passage of light, air and sound.
Modern windows are usually made of glass,
which are transparent or translucent.
Ex. Station of the cross in windows
Walls – are usually made of concrete reinforced
with steel. In some cases, bricks or wooden
panels are mounted on the wall to give it
texture or a warm and aesthetic appeal.
Ex. Henry hotel lobby walls made of metal
sheets
Fountains – are usually located outside a
building but in contemporary art, architects and
engineers have devised ways of installing indoor
fountains, enhanced wth lights and sounds.
Ex. Reg yuson’s eternal fountain
THEOLOGY
1.2 Marriage and Jesus
True obedience is doing what is demanded,
but it looks beyond when another value is at
stake.
Divorce- a marital issue talked about by the
ordinary folks, people in the show business, and
even in the congress.
1.3 Marriage and History of the Church
Firmness- the unwavering adherence to one’s
goal, knowing that it is the right thing to be
done.
Marriage- a union between a man and a
woman constituted by recognized social and
legal aspects.
- therefore, marriage is a social institution
which imposes and regulates the affective,
sexual, and procreative relationship couples.
~Marriage was instituted by the transfer of a
dowry , a wealth transferred from the bride’s
family to the groom or to his family; while bride
price is a payment by the groom or to his
family to the bride’s parents.
~Marriage not only seen as an economic
contract.
Honor matrimonii- was the level of care
provided by the husband for his wife
Affectio maritalis- an outward and public sign
of his affection.
St. Augustine- an influential Church Father,
defended the greatness and dignity of
marriage against those who ignored the
importance of marriage chastity and need of
the grace in order to live it.
-He wrote the 3 fundamentals values or
‘’goods’’ in marriage.
- bonum fidei- one man with one woman
-bonum sacramenti- ubreakable character or
indissolubility of marital bond
-bonum prolis- procreativity or the openness to
having children.
Procreativity- a good thing that gives dignity to
matrimony and shows its deep
correspondence.
St. Augustine and St. Jerome- medieval
theologians who were influenced by them
taught marriage as the only form of
relationship permissible between man and
woman.
In Canon law 12 for girls and 14 for boys, legal
minimum age.
No Human law can go against Divine Law.
Vatican Council II- response to the growing
demands for reform in marital practices and
theology
Pope Paul VI- stated in his encyclical that sex
and marriage ‘must of necessity retain its
intrinsic relationship to the procreation of
human life’
1.4 The Church and Its Indissolubility
Forgiveness- not done in order that we will be
forgiven us first.
Ephesians 5:31
For this reason a man… shall cling to his wife
and the two shall be made one.
-Marriage is desecrated by issues like same sex
marriage and divorce.
- ‘’the two shall become one flesh’’. Therefore,
what God has joined together, no human
being must separate.
Conjugal Union
-Union- refers to the internal and external
consent by which marriage is contracted.
-Conjugal- man and woman get married in
order to lead a legitimate conjugal life.
Marriage is indissoluble
‘’what therefore God has joined together, let
no man separate.’’
Diriment Impediments
1.Age- if the man is under 16 years of age, or
the woman is 14 years of age then their
marriage is invalid.
an ecclesiastical impediment, and it does not
apply to a marriage between two non-
Catholicthe age limitation applies to the non- ~We were all baptized into one body
Catholic party as well Marriage- this is God’s gift to human race.
2.Impotence or Physical capacity for -one of themany blessings that God has
consummation lacking- antecedent and showered upon men.
perpetual impotence to have sexual - foundation for the family
intercourse, whether on the part of of the man Pope, St. John Paul II- tirelessly reminded us
or on that of the woman. that future of humanity depends on marriage
3.Previous Marriage- a person bound by the and the family.
bond of previous marriage, even if not Called the family a ‘’school of love.’’
consummated, invalidly attempts a marriage. The family’s inner principle is love.
4.Disparity of Cult- a marriage is invalid when Tasks of Christian Family
one of the two persons was baptized in the - Forming a community of persons
Catholic Church or received into it and has not
- Serving life through procreation and
by a forma act defected from it, and the other
education of offspring
was not baptized.
- Participating in the development of society
5.Sacred Orders- One of the parties has
- Sharing in the mission of Christ
received sacred orders.
Crucial Role of Parents
6.Perpetual Vow of Chastity- One of the parties
St. Paul in his letter admonished children and
has made a public vow of chastity.
parents who are building a family.
7.Abduction- No marriage can exist between a
‘’Children, obey your parents , for this is right’’
man and woman who has been abducted, or
“ Fathers, do not provoke your children to
at least detained
anger, but bring them up with the training and
8. Crime or Coniugicide-one or both of the
instruction of the Lord.”
parties has brought about the death of a
spouse with the view of entering marriage with PCP II no. 58 says ‘’ Young people and children
are truly the present and future of the Church.”
each other.
9.Consanguinity- marriage is invalid between Inheritance- could be jewels, money, or land.
those related by consanguinity in all degrees of
the direct line, whether ascending or
descending, legitimate or natural.
10.Affinity- affinity in any degree of the direct
line invalidates marriage.
11 Public Propriety- the impediment of public
propriety arises when a couple live together
after an invalid marriage, or from a notorious or
public concubinage.
12.Adoption- those who are legally related by
reason of adoption cannot validly marry each
other if their relationship is in the direct line or in
the second degree of the collateral line.
The vocation for marriage was carved in the
nature of man and woman as they were
created from the hands of the Creator.
Divorce- a civil law decreed from the state
while annulment is a canon law decreed from
the Church.
Divorce breaks matrimonial vocation while
annulment does not.
St. Thomas Aquinas- according to him, all laws,
both human and divine, are made for the
good of society

1.5 Marriage and Family Life

Sacrifice- an act of giving something we wat
for the greater glory of God and Fellowmen.