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Due to the fast development of the industry, the existence of deadly heavy
metals (Cadmium and Lead) which are found in water can cause harm to the
people in the community, especially to those who are susceptible to heavy metal
poisoning. Cadmium and Lead are toxics that are deadly to humans. However in
the past, there had beneficial use to humankinds, unfortunately, they have
recognized as toxic and are posing a widespread threat to humans and wildlife.
Treatment of these metals from polluted water has received a great deal of
attention.
pains and severe vomiting, bone fracture, reproductive failure that will lead to
In lieu with this, the researchers were able to know through reading
specifically Cadmium and Lead. The peanut pericarp has an adsorptive property,
which is used to purify liquids and gases, including drinking water, food and
heavy metals. Activated carbon filtration is very common in some home water
treatment systems. It attracts organic chemicals from vapor and liquid streams and
cleaning them of unwanted chemicals. It does not have a great capacity for these
chemicals, but is very cost effective for treating large volumes of air or water in
The researchers found out that peanut pericarp was not used and has little
contaminated wastewater can easily find its way into both surface water and
ground water, this problem should be of great concern to anyone who obtains their
drinking water from these sources. The contamination of the metal ions from heavy
metals may cause severe damages in our body. The contamination also affects
the lives of plants animals and other living things. Some people do not know that
the water that they drink has already been contaminated by the metal ions found
in the water. Due to this problem, the researchers found a cheap yet easy way to
find material to filter the contaminated water which is the use of Peanut Pericarp.
This study would like to test the efficiency of pyrolyzed and nonpyrolyzed peanut
methods.
This study aims to prove that Peanut (Arachis hypogaea) Pericarp (pyrolyzed
and nonpyrolyzed) has the capacity to adsorb heavy metals (i.e. Cadmium and
Lead) in water.
a. General- This study aims to eliminate and lessen heavy metal suspension in
bodies of water.
b. Specific- in addition, this seeks to provide answers of the following.
heavy metals (Cadmium and Lead) onto the pyrolized and nonpyrolized
Peanut Pericarp?
Hypotheses
following hypotheses.
1. If the amount of heavy metals (Cadmium and Lead) lessens, then the
5. Ha – The water will be purified when the activated carbon is mixed with
Ho – The water will not be purified when the activated carbon is mixed
contamination
providing them clean water that are free from toxic contaminants like
material to use for water purifying and easy to find and could help
The study aims to purify the aqueous solution with the presence of the
heavy metals (Cadmium and Lead) using peanut pericarp pyrolyzed and
pericarp which is more effective in purifying the aqueous solution. This study
doesn’t involve other heavy metals like: Mercury, Copper and etc. This study
provides initial and sufficient knowledge to the people who are immensely affected
Definition of Terms
Adsorption - The adhesion in an extremely thin layer of molecules (as gases,
solutes, liquids) to the surfaces of solid bodies or liquids with which they are in
contact.
water.
Heavy metals - Refer to the chemical pollutants found in a solution such as Nickel,
Pericarp – Another term for shells, the part of a fruit formed from the wall of the
ripened ovary.
Moderating variable:
water, food and beverage processing, odor removal, industrial pollution control,
tastes and odors, chlorine, heavy metals and many organic contaminants in
Cadmium is first transported to the liver through the blood. There, it is bond
excretion of essential proteins and sugars from the body and further kidney
damage. It takes a very long time before cadmium that has accumulated in kidneys
and severe vomiting, bone fracture, reproductive failure and possibly even
infertility, damage to the central nervous system, damage to the immune system,
present in soils it can be extremely dangerous, as the uptake through food will
increase. Soils that are acidified enhance the cadmium uptake by plants. This is a
potential danger to the animals that are dependent upon the plants for survival.
Cadmium can accumulate in their bodies, especially when they eat multiple plants.
Cows may have large amounts of cadmium in their kidneys due to this.
lead) refining, since these metals occur naturally within the raw ore. However, once
Heavy metals are natural components of the Earth's crust. They cannot be
degraded or destroyed. To a small extent they enter our bodies by means of food
consumption, drinking water and air. Some heavy metals are essential to maintain
the metabolism of the human body. However, at higher concentrations they can
lead to poisoning. Heavy metal poisoning could result, for instance, from drinking-
water contamination (e.g. lead pipes), high ambient air concentrations near
Lead has had serious consequences for the health of children. At high levels
of exposure, lead attacks the brain and central nervous system to cause coma,
convulsions and even death. Children who survive severe lead poisoning may be
cleaning them of unwanted chemicals. It does not have a great capacity for these
chemicals, but is very cost effective for treating large volumes of air or water to
biosorption process was spontaneous and endothermic, and suggests potential for
Refinery wastes and those from a biochemical industry were examined. In the case
of the refinery wastes, oil filtered on sand granules was carbonized in various gas
atmospheres for various periods. The quality of the carbon obtained was
promising in that an improvement in the system used for the sludges disposal is
required to obtain the active carbon required for the treatment of wastes.
Chapter II
METHODS
researchers have prepared the following set-ups for pyrolyzed peanut pericarp:
Set-ups for Cadmium Solution T0= 50 mL of Cadmium Sol, T1= 12.5 g/50 mL of
Sol’n, T4= 50 g/50 mL Cadmium Sol’n. Set-ups for Lead Solution T0= 50 mL of
Lead Sol’n, T1= 12.5 g/50 mL of Lead Sol’n, T2= 25 g/50 mL of Lead Sol’n, T3=
37.5 g/50 mL of Lead Sol’n, T4= 50 g/50 mL of Lead Sol’n and for nonpyrolized
peanut pericarp: Set-ups for Cadmium Solution T0= 50 mL of Cadmium Sol, T1=
mL Cadmium Sol’n, T4= 50 g/50 mL Cadmium Sol’n. Set-ups for Lead Solution
T0= 50 mL of Lead Sol’n, T1= 12.5 g/50 mL of Lead Sol’n, T2= 25 g/50 mL of Lead
Sol’n, T3= 37.5 g/50 mL of Lead Sol’n, T4= 50 g/50 mL of Lead Sol’n.
Experiment was done by measuring the quantity of Cadmium and Lead after
The variables that were held constant in this study are the contact time and
temperature.
Data analysis and Presentation
This part of the study includes the data analyzed by the researchers
collected. The data is gathered for us to understand it easily and to identify useful
will be used: Beaker, mortar and pestle, stirring rod, galvanized iron, graduated
cylinder, Bunsen burner, matches, hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, agua regia,
distilled water, blender, Lead Acetate, Peanut Pericarp, Ethanol, Triple Beam
General Procedure
A. Pre–Experimentation:
1. The researchers will get peanut pericarp from the peanut vendor.
3. The researchers will get the activated carbon of the pyrolyzed peanut
pericarp.
(Preparation of Nonpyrolyzed Peanut Pericarp)
1. The researchers will get peanut pericarp from the peanut vendor.
2. The researchers will dissect the battery and extract the Cadmium from it.
B. ACTUAL EXPERIMENTATION
2. The Cadmium will be added with 50 mL agua regia (3ml conc. HCI and 1 mL
conc. HNO3) and it will be heated until the metals are completely dissolved. For
1000mg/L.
SET-UPS
T1A =12.5 g/50 mL of Cadmium Sol’n T1B =12.5 g/50 mL of Lead Sol’n
T2A =25 g/50 mL of Cadmium Sol’n T2B =25 g/50 mL of Lead Sol’n
T0A =no sorbent/ 50 mL Cadmium Sol’n T0B =no sorbent/50 mL lead Sol’n
T0A 0
T1A 12.5
T2A 25
T3A 37.5
T4A 50
T0B 0
T1B 12.5
T2B 25
T3B 37.5
T4B 50
(Preparation of Cadmium and Lead solution for nonpyrolyzed)
2. The Cadmium will be added with 50 mL agua regia (3ml conc. HCI and 1 mL
conc. HNO3) and it will be heated until the metals are completely dissolved. For
3. Separately transfer the 2 solutions into a 1-L volumetric flask and dilute to
SET-UPS
T1C =12.5 g/50 mL of Cadmium Sol’n T1D =12.5 g/50 mL of Lead Sol’n
T2C =25 g/50 mL of Cadmium Sol’n T2D =25 g/50 mL of Lead Sol’n
Where:
T0C 0
T1C 12.5
T2C 25
T3C 37.5
T4C 50
Table 4. Data Collection Nonpyrolyzed (Lead)
T0D 0
T1D 12.5
T2D 25
T3D 37.5
T4D 50
Chapter III
and the analysis of data extracted after conducting the experiment. It is followed
by a statistical testing using two-tailed t-test for the evaluation of the hypotheses
proven, potential against heavy metal Cadmium and Lead in simulated aqueous
solution, and if proven, it seeks to verify how significant its adsorption property is.
Excluding the control, there were 4 set-ups under each heavy metal having
different dosage of adsorbent per set-up dissolved in the same amount of solvent.
The control variable is the set-up where in no adsorbent was applied. The results
(Cadmium and Lead) left in parts per million (ppm) after the set-ups were
outcome of the experiment is shown in the following tables, where the results per
(%)
T0A 0 817 - - -
Table 1 shows the result of the total Cadmium content left after the Atomic
capacity of the sorbent per unit area and the adsorption rates.
The first variable was labeled T1A, wherein 12.5 grams of the sorbent. After
the AAS, then result was measured and the total amount of Cadmium left content
is 696 ppm. Which means 121 ppm of Cadmium was absorbed. Its maximum
sorption is 55.68 ppm/g; the adsorption rate is 14.81 %, while the sorption
The second variable was labeled T 2A, wherein 25 grams of the sorbent.
After the AAS, then result was measured and the total amount of Cadmium left
content is 372 ppm. Which means 445 ppm of Cadmium was absorbed. Its
maximum sorption is 14.88 ppm/g; the sorption rate is 54.47%, while the sorption
The third variable was labeled T3A, wherein 37.5 grams of the sorbent. After
the AAS, then result was measured and the total amount of Cadmium left content
is 350 ppm. Which means 467 ppm of Cadmium was absorbed. Its maximum
sorption is 9.33 ppm/g; the sorption rate is 57.16%, while the sorption difference
The fourth variable was labeled T4A, wherein 50 grams of the sorbent. After
the AAS, then result was measured and the total amount of Cadmium left content
is 293 ppm. Which means 524 ppm of Cadmium was absorbed. Its maximum
sorption is 5.86 ppm/g; the sorption rate is 64.14%, while the sorption difference
(%)
T0B 0 139,808 - - -
Table 2 shows the result of the total Lead content left after the Atomic
capacity of the sorbent per unit area and the adsorption rates.
The first variable was labeled T1B, wherein 12.5 grams of the sorbent. After
the AAS, then result was measured and the total amount of Lead left content is
34,361 ppm. Which means 105,447 ppm of Lead was absorbed. Its maximum
sorption is 2748.88 ppm/g; the sorption rate is 75.42%, while the sorption
The second variable was labeled T 2B, wherein 25 grams of the sorbent.
After the AAS, then result was measured and the total amount of Lead left content
is 25,820 ppm. Which means 113,988 ppm of Lead was absorbed. Its maximum
sorption is 1032.80 ppm/g; the sorption rate is 81.53%, while the sorption
The third variable was labeled T3B, wherein 37.5 grams of the sorbent. After
the AAS, then result was measured and the total amount of Lead left content is
25,219 ppm. Which means 114,589 ppm of Lead was absorbed. Its maximum
sorption is 672.51 ppm/g; the sorption rate is 81.96%, while the sorption difference
The fourth variable was labeled T4B, wherein 50 grams of the sorbent. After
the AAS, then result was measured and the total amount of Lead left content is
13,353 ppm. Which means 126,455 ppm of Lead was absorbed. Its maximum
sorption is 270.7 ppm/g; the sorption rate is 90.45%, while the sorption difference
T0C 0 835 - - -
capacity of the sorbent per unit area and the adsorption rates.
The first variable was labeled T1C, wherein 12.5 grams of the sorbent. After
the AAS, then result was measured and the total amount of Cadmium left content
is 703 ppm. Which means 132 ppm of Cadmium was absorbed. Its maximum
sorption is 56.24 ppm/g; the adsorption rate is 15.81%, while the sorption
The second variable was labeled T2C, wherein 25 grams of the sorbent.
After the AAS, then result was measured and the total amount of Cadmium left
content is 306 ppm. Which means 529 ppm of Cadmium was absorbed. Its
maximum sorption is 12.24 ppm/g; the sorption rate is 63.35%, while the sorption
The third variable was labeled T3C, wherein 37.5 grams of the sorbent. After
the AAS, then result was measured and the total amount of Cadmium left content
is 250 ppm. Which means 654 ppm of Cadmium was absorbed. Its maximum
sorption is 6.67 ppm/g; the sorption rate is 70.6%, while the sorption difference
The fourth variable was labeled T4C, wherein 50 grams of the sorbent.
After the AAS, then result was measured and the total amount of Cadmium left
content is 181 ppm. Which means 524 ppm of Cadmium was absorbed. Its
maximum sorption is 3.62 ppm/g; the sorption rate is 78.32%, while the sorption
(%)
T0D 0 139,808 - - -
Table 4 shows the result of the total Lead content left after the Atomic
capacity of the sorbent per unit area and the adsorption rates.
The first variable was labeled T1D, wherein 12.5 grams of the sorbent. After
the AAS, then result was measured and the total amount of Lead left content is
44,509 ppm. Which means 105,447 ppm of Lead was absorbed. Its maximum
sorption is 3560.72 ppm/g; the sorption rate is 68.16%, while the sorption
After the AAS, then result was measured and the total amount of Lead left content
is 41,663ppm. Which means 113,988 ppm of Lead was absorbed. Its maximum
sorption is 1666.52 ppm/g; the sorption rate is 70.20%, while the sorption
The third variable was labeled T3D, wherein 37.5 grams of the sorbent. After
the AAS, then result was measured and the total amount of Lead left content is
33,181 ppm. Which means 114,589 ppm of Lead was absorbed. Its maximum
sorption is 884.83 ppm/g; the sorption rate is 76.27%, while the sorption difference
The fourth variable was labeled T4D, wherein 50 grams of the sorbent. After
the AAS, then result was measured and the total amount of Lead left content is
28,394 ppm. Which means 126,455 ppm of Lead was absorbed. Its maximum
sorption is 567.88 ppm/g; the sorption rate is 79.69%, while the sorption difference
0
-20,000 T0 T1 T2 T3 T4
Figure 7. Adsorption rate of Cadmium in Different Concentrations in
nonpyrolyzed
The study identified the effectiveness of pyrolyzed and nonpyrolyzed Peanut (Arachis
hypogaea) Pericarp in adsorbing heavy metals in wastewater and comparing pyrolyzed to
nonpyrolyzed which is more effective. The peanut pericarp was treated by pyrolysis and
nonpyrolyzed in anticipation of increasing its adsorption efficiency when compared to untreated
material. Pyrolysis and nonpyrolysis was applied in order to decrease if not totally eliminate the
water-retaining capacity of peanut Peanut (Arachis hypogaea) Pericarp and in order to increase
the surface area of exposure to promote molecular attractions. It is theorized that pyrolysis and
nonpyrolyzed can activate the binding sites found in the surface of the bio sorbent. Furthermore,
the study evaluated the significant level of sorbet adsorbed between the bio sorbent and the control
in terms of removing Cadmium and Lead in water.
Four set-ups were prepared and replicated 4 times for the test of Cadmium and Lead: T1A
and T2A=with 12.5 g sorbent, T1B and T2B=25.0 g sorbent, T1C and T2C=with 37.5 g of sorbent
and T1D and T2D=50.0 g of sorbent. Starting from T1 to T2, pyrolyzed peanut pericarp is used.
T3A and T4A=with 12.5 g sorbent, T3B and T4B=25.0 g sorbent, T3C and T4C=with 37.5 g of
sorbent and T3D and T4D=50.0 g of sorbent. Then, from T3 to T4, the researchers have used
nonpyrolyzed peanut pericarp with the same amount of grams of the entire T1 and T2 batch, A
standard Cadmium solution was prepared by dissolving 1-g Cadmium metal to 50-mL acidic
solution. On the other hand, 50 mL of Lead compound was used to prepare the Standard Lead
Solution. Temperature, pH level, agitation and contact time were held constant. The batch samples
were tested using Atomic Adsorption Spectrophotometry (AAS) to determine the amount of
Cadmium (in ppm) and Lead (in %) left after the adsorption process.
After the test, it was found out that as the dosage of sorbent increases, the quantity of heavy
metal adsorbed also increases. This is displayed by the decreased level of heavy metals left after
the test. The effect of adsorbent dosage is caused by the increased in the surface area of sorbent
exposed for binding.
It was found out that there’s a significant level of difference among the set-ups in terms of
removing Cadmium and Lead. This means that there is a significant difference in the performance
of the bio sorbent in varying amounts.
Using one way-ANOVA, it was found out that there’s a significant level of difference among
the set-ups in terms of removing Cadmium and Lead. This means that there is a significant
difference in the performance of the biosorbent in varying amounts.
Based on the result of this study, it’s proven that pyrolyzed and nonpyrolyzed Peanut
(Arachis hypogaea) Pericarp are low-cost and an efficient in adsorbing heavy metals in water and
pyrolyzed peanut pericarp is more effective than nonpyrolyzed peanut pericarp.
The researchers would like to give their effusive thanks and gratitude to the
following people who helped and exerted a lot of effort just to establish this study
First, the researchers would like to thank their research adviser Mr. Jerry P.
Hermocilla and their research consultant Mr. Rex Felix Canete for teaching,
support and guiding us to make our study successful. The researchers would also
thank Ms. Rose Ann Martin for allowing the researcher to use the school laboratory
and for helping the researcher to make their experiment and the researchers would
also thank Ms. Amybelle Bacalla their English teacher for correcting our grammars.
Second, the researchers thank thier parents for financing our study and
supporting us.
The researchers also thank Melzar Nicole Galicia, Victor Luis Villamor,
Kristian Karl Gonzales, Kyle RisCent Devera, Andrea Faith Gazo, Earl Patrick
Maravilla, Kien James Seballa, Vincent Tandu, and Kimjude Seballa for sharing
and helping on finding ideas and for their suggestions on making their study work
and Ms. Veronica Lucille L. Bravo for sharing her knowledge about related studies
And above all, the researchers would like to thank Almighty God for guiding
them during their research and experimentation and the researcher thank him for
giving them strength, courage, and wisdom in order to proceed and be success
SUMMARY
nonpyrolyzed as a bio sorbents in heavy metals such as Cadmium and Lead. The
researchers gathered information that can support this study. The peanut pericarp
undergone the process of pyrolysis and pulverization. Then they dissected the Ni-
Cd battery to obtain the heavy metal Cadmium and they mixed the Lead acetate
to the distilled water to have the Lead solution in preparation for the actual
experimentation. The researchers prepared the Cadmium from the Ni-Cd battery
and the Lead solution and organized the experimental set-ups. The set-ups were
WAY ANOVA the results were then calculated and examined to test the hypothesis
pericarp and nonpyrolyzed peanut pericarp are an effective bio sorbent against
heavy metals but pyrolyzed peanut pericarp is more effective than nonpyrolyzed
peanut pericarp.
Conclusion
This section illustrates the conclusions directly addressing the aims and
purposes established in the on-set of this undertaking. This also includes the
recommendations.
As a result of the findings, the following conclusions were established.
1. Yes, pyrolyzed and nonpyrolyzed peanut pericarp can adsorb heavy metals in
3. The result was pyrolyzed peanut pericarp has removed more Cadmium and
more Lead in aqueous solution than nonpyrolyzed peanut pericarp. Therefore the
Pericarp increases, the adsorption level against Cadmium and Lead also
increases.
5. Ha – The pyrolyzed and nonpyrolyzed peanut pericarp will be able to adsorb the
7. Ha – The water will be purified when the activated carbon is mixed with the
aqueous solution.
After the experimentation was conducted and the results were analyzed
1. The researchers would also like to recommend the use of different heavy
metals aside from Cadmium and Lead with the same adsorbent in the same
type of experimentation.
References
retrieve 07/20/16.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0043135476901925 retrieve
09/13/16.
cadmium and lead through food consumption. Rev Med Chir Soc Med Nat lasi.
Tchounwou PB, Yedjou CG, Patlolla AK, Sutton DJ. Heavy metal toxicity
Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2015 Dec; 12(12): 14958-14973. Published