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Chapter 1

Due to the fast development of the industry, the existence of deadly heavy

metals (Cadmium and Lead) which are found in water can cause harm to the

people in the community, especially to those who are susceptible to heavy metal

poisoning. Cadmium and Lead are toxics that are deadly to humans. However in

the past, there had beneficial use to humankinds, unfortunately, they have

recognized as toxic and are posing a widespread threat to humans and wildlife.

Treatment of these metals from polluted water has received a great deal of

attention.

Cadmium has a number of effects on humans such as diarrhea, stomach

pains and severe vomiting, bone fracture, reproductive failure that will lead to

infertility, damage to the central nervous system, and many more –

correspondingly Lead exposure can also causes anemia, hypertension, renal

impairment, immunotoxicity and toxicity to the reproductive organs.

In lieu with this, the researchers were able to know through reading

researches about the adsorptive property of Peanut pericarp of heavy metals

specifically Cadmium and Lead. The peanut pericarp has an adsorptive property,

which is used to purify liquids and gases, including drinking water, food and

beverage processing, odor removal, industrial pollution control, and removing

heavy metals. Activated carbon filtration is very common in some home water

treatment systems. It attracts organic chemicals from vapor and liquid streams and

cleaning them of unwanted chemicals. It does not have a great capacity for these
chemicals, but is very cost effective for treating large volumes of air or water in

removing dilute concentrations of contamination.

The researchers found out that peanut pericarp was not used and has little

or even no value in factories and businesses that manufacture peanuts. Since

contaminated wastewater can easily find its way into both surface water and

ground water, this problem should be of great concern to anyone who obtains their

drinking water from these sources. The contamination of the metal ions from heavy

metals may cause severe damages in our body. The contamination also affects

the lives of plants animals and other living things. Some people do not know that

the water that they drink has already been contaminated by the metal ions found

in the water. Due to this problem, the researchers found a cheap yet easy way to

find material to filter the contaminated water which is the use of Peanut Pericarp.

This study would like to test the efficiency of pyrolyzed and nonpyrolyzed peanut

pericarp in adsorbing heavy metals on wastewater effluents and the effectiveness

of organic materials as potential bio adsorbents in heavy metal separation

methods.

Statement of the problem

This study aims to prove that Peanut (Arachis hypogaea) Pericarp (pyrolyzed

and nonpyrolyzed) has the capacity to adsorb heavy metals (i.e. Cadmium and

Lead) in water.

a. General- This study aims to eliminate and lessen heavy metal suspension in

bodies of water.
b. Specific- in addition, this seeks to provide answers of the following.

1. Can pyrolyzed and nonpyrolyzed Peanut Pericarp be able to adsorb heavy

metals in simulated aqueous solutions?

2. What is the effect of the adsorbent dosage on the level of adsorption of

heavy metals (Cadmium and Lead) onto the pyrolized and nonpyrolized

Peanut Pericarp?

3. Which is more effective in absorbing heavy metals in aqueous solution,

pyrolized peanut pericarp or nonpyrolized peanut pericarp?

Hypotheses

The researchers gather sufficient information with regards in making the

following hypotheses.

1. If the amount of heavy metals (Cadmium and Lead) lessens, then the

pyrolyzed and nonpyrolyzed Peanut (Arachis hypogaea) Pericarp could

adsorb the following heavy metals simulated aqueous solution.

2. The possible effects are:

A. As the dosage of pyrolyzed and nonpyrolyzed Peanut (Arachis

hypogaea) Pericarp increases, the adsorption level against

Cadmium and Lead also increases.

B. As the dosage of pyrolyzed and nonpyrolyzed Peanut (Arachis

hypogaea) Pericarp increases, the adsorption level against

Cadmium and Lead decreases.


3. Ha – The pyrolyzed and nonpyrolyzed peanut pericarp will be able to

adsorb the heavy metals (Cadmium and Lead).

Ho – The pyrolyzed and nonpyrolyzed peanut pericarp will not be able

to adsorb the heavy metals (Cadmium and Lead)

4. Ha – There will be a significant difference between peanut pericarp

dosage and the level of adsorbed heavy metals.

Ho – There will be no significant difference between peanut pericarp

dosage and the level of adsorbed heavy metals.

5. Ha – The water will be purified when the activated carbon is mixed with

the aqueous solution.

Ho – The water will not be purified when the activated carbon is mixed

with the aqueous solution.

6. Ha – Pyrolyzed peanut pericarp is more effective in purifying aqueous

solution than nonpyrolyzed peanut pericarp.

Ho – Nonpyrolyzed peanut pericarp is more effective in purifying aqueous

solution than pyrolyzed peanut pericarp.

Significance of the Study


This study is significant to the following:

A. To the other researchers- This study can be their reference for

future studies related with removal of heavy metals in Aqueous

Solution through adsorption of biohazards.


B. To the country- This study can reduce contamination problems such

as: waste water pollution, contamination of well water, drinking water

contamination

C. Human-beings- This study could secure the health of people by

providing them clean water that are free from toxic contaminants like

heavy metals that could cause illnesses or maybe death when

adsorbed by the body.

D. Water Purifiers- This study can help them to find an affordable

material to use for water purifying and easy to find and could help

them achieve their major goal, to separate heavy metals (Cadmium

and Lead) from water.

Scope and Limitations

The study aims to purify the aqueous solution with the presence of the

heavy metals (Cadmium and Lead) using peanut pericarp pyrolyzed and

nonpyrolyzed and comparing pyrolyzed peanut pericarp and nonpyrolyzed peanut

pericarp which is more effective in purifying the aqueous solution. This study

doesn’t involve other heavy metals like: Mercury, Copper and etc. This study

provides initial and sufficient knowledge to the people who are immensely affected

by the heavy metal contamination in water.

Definition of Terms
Adsorption - The adhesion in an extremely thin layer of molecules (as gases,

solutes, liquids) to the surfaces of solid bodies or liquids with which they are in

contact.

Aqueous - solutions containing water or similar to water; made from, with, or by

water.

Arachis hypogaea - Scientific name of peanut.

Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry - A standard laboratory procedure used

to measure the quantity of material adsorbed by a sorbent.

Biohazards – A risk to human health or the environment arising from biological

work, especially with microorganisms.

Deionized- The process of removing ions from water.

Heavy metals - Refer to the chemical pollutants found in a solution such as Nickel,

Cadmium, Iron, etc.

Pericarp – Another term for shells, the part of a fruit formed from the wall of the

ripened ovary.

Pyrolyzed - Burnt; the method where pyrolysis is applied.


Conceptual Framework

Independent variable: Dependent variable:

Bisorption rate of heavy metals Modification in the level of heavy metals


(Cadmium and Lead) onto the pyrolyzed (Cadmium and Lead) in PPM after the
and nonpyrolyzed Peanut (Arachis adsorption using pyrolyzed and
hypogaea) Pericarp as sorbent. nonpyrolyzed Peanut (Arachis
hypogaea) Pericarp.

Moderating variable:

Different dosage of pyrolyzed and


nonpyrolyzed Peanut (Arachis hypogaea)
Pericarp applied on heavy metal
concentrations (Cadmium and Lead)

Figure 1. Conceptual framework


Review of Related Literature

Activated carbon is used to purify liquids and gases, including drinking

water, food and beverage processing, odor removal, industrial pollution control,

and point-of-use filters in the home.

Activated carbon filtration is very common in a number of home water

treatment systems. It can be used as a standalone filter to reduce or eliminate bad

tastes and odors, chlorine, heavy metals and many organic contaminants in

municipal (pre-treated or chlorinated) water supplies to produce a significantly

improved drinking water.

Cadmium is first transported to the liver through the blood. There, it is bond

to proteins to form complexes that are transported to the kidneys. Cadmium

accumulates in kidneys, where it damages filtering mechanisms. This causes the

excretion of essential proteins and sugars from the body and further kidney

damage. It takes a very long time before cadmium that has accumulated in kidneys

is excreted from a human body.

Cadmium has a number of effects on humans like diarrhea, stomach pains

and severe vomiting, bone fracture, reproductive failure and possibly even

infertility, damage to the central nervous system, damage to the immune system,

psychological disorders, and possibly DNA damage or cancer development.

Cadmium strongly adsorbs to organic matter in soils. When cadmium is

present in soils it can be extremely dangerous, as the uptake through food will

increase. Soils that are acidified enhance the cadmium uptake by plants. This is a
potential danger to the animals that are dependent upon the plants for survival.

Cadmium can accumulate in their bodies, especially when they eat multiple plants.

Cows may have large amounts of cadmium in their kidneys due to this.

Cadmium is produced as an inevitable by-product of zinc (or occasionally

lead) refining, since these metals occur naturally within the raw ore. However, once

collected the cadmium is relatively easy to recycle.

Peanut, also known as groundnut and goober (Arachis hypogaea), is a crop

of global importance. It is widely grown in the tropics and subtropics, being

important to both smallholder and large commercial producers.

Heavy metals are natural components of the Earth's crust. They cannot be

degraded or destroyed. To a small extent they enter our bodies by means of food

consumption, drinking water and air. Some heavy metals are essential to maintain

the metabolism of the human body. However, at higher concentrations they can

lead to poisoning. Heavy metal poisoning could result, for instance, from drinking-

water contamination (e.g. lead pipes), high ambient air concentrations near

emission sources, or intake via the food chain.

Lead has had serious consequences for the health of children. At high levels

of exposure, lead attacks the brain and central nervous system to cause coma,

convulsions and even death. Children who survive severe lead poisoning may be

left with mental retardation and behavioural disorders.

Lead exposure also causes anaemia, hypertension, renal impairment,

immunotoxicity and toxicity to the reproductive organs.


Activated carbon attracts organic chemicals from vapor and liquid streams

cleaning them of unwanted chemicals. It does not have a great capacity for these

chemicals, but is very cost effective for treating large volumes of air or water to

remove dilute concentrations of contamination.

Study reports on the effectiveness peanut hulls as low-cost biosorbent for

Cr (VI) biosorption from aqueous solution. Thermodynamic study showed the

biosorption process was spontaneous and endothermic, and suggests potential for

the use of peanut hulls for industrial wastewater treatment

A study of the feasibility of subjecting organic substances in waste waters

to pyrolysis prior to their employment in purification of the water itself is reported.

Refinery wastes and those from a biochemical industry were examined. In the case

of the refinery wastes, oil filtered on sand granules was carbonized in various gas

atmospheres for various periods. The quality of the carbon obtained was

determined with reference to its oil-carbon transformation yield, adsorption

capacity, and residual hydrocarbon content, comparison being made with a

commercial active carbon. Carbon from biochemical wastes was obtained by

pyrolysis of the mycelium after fermentation and filtration. This process is

promising in that an improvement in the system used for the sludges disposal is

required to obtain the active carbon required for the treatment of wastes.
Chapter II

METHODS

The experiment was laid out in a Completely Randomized Block Design

(CRBD) with four experimental treatments.

The researchers have gathered the data through experimentation

conducted inside a chemical analytical laboratory, In the experimentation, the

researchers have prepared the following set-ups for pyrolyzed peanut pericarp:

Set-ups for Cadmium Solution T0= 50 mL of Cadmium Sol, T1= 12.5 g/50 mL of

Cadmium Sol’n,T2= 25 g/50 mL of Cadmium Sol’n, T3= 37.5 g/ 50 mL Cadmium

Sol’n, T4= 50 g/50 mL Cadmium Sol’n. Set-ups for Lead Solution T0= 50 mL of

Lead Sol’n, T1= 12.5 g/50 mL of Lead Sol’n, T2= 25 g/50 mL of Lead Sol’n, T3=

37.5 g/50 mL of Lead Sol’n, T4= 50 g/50 mL of Lead Sol’n and for nonpyrolized

peanut pericarp: Set-ups for Cadmium Solution T0= 50 mL of Cadmium Sol, T1=

12.5 g/50 mL of Cadmium Sol’n,T2= 25 g/50 mL of Cadmium Sol’n, T3= 37.5 g/ 50

mL Cadmium Sol’n, T4= 50 g/50 mL Cadmium Sol’n. Set-ups for Lead Solution

T0= 50 mL of Lead Sol’n, T1= 12.5 g/50 mL of Lead Sol’n, T2= 25 g/50 mL of Lead

Sol’n, T3= 37.5 g/50 mL of Lead Sol’n, T4= 50 g/50 mL of Lead Sol’n.

Experiment was done by measuring the quantity of Cadmium and Lead after

it was subjected to Atomic Adsorption Spectrophotometry (AAS).

The variables that were held constant in this study are the contact time and

temperature.
Data analysis and Presentation

This part of the study includes the data analyzed by the researchers

collected. The data is gathered for us to understand it easily and to identify useful

informations of the experimentation. For the outcome of the experiment, it was

explained using a table that is made by the researchers.

Materials and Equipment

For the researchers to conduct the experimentation the following materials

will be used: Beaker, mortar and pestle, stirring rod, galvanized iron, graduated

cylinder, Bunsen burner, matches, hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, agua regia,

distilled water, blender, Lead Acetate, Peanut Pericarp, Ethanol, Triple Beam

Balance, and Ni-Cd batteries.

General Procedure

A. Pre–Experimentation:

(Preparation of Pyrolyzed Peanut Pericarp)

1. The researchers will get peanut pericarp from the peanut vendor.

2. The researchers will burn the peanut pericarp.

3. The researchers will get the activated carbon of the pyrolyzed peanut

pericarp.
(Preparation of Nonpyrolyzed Peanut Pericarp)

1. The researchers will get peanut pericarp from the peanut vendor.

2. The researchers will mesh the peanut pericarp.

(Preparation and extraction of heavy metal Cadmium)

1. The researchers will buy Ni-Cd batteries.

2. The researchers will dissect the battery and extract the Cadmium from it.

3. The dissected Cadmium will be washed by deionized or distilled water.


(Preparation of the Lead Solution)

1. The researchers prepared lead actetate.

2. The researchers mixed lead acetate to distilled water.

(Preparation of the laboratory equipment)

1. Wash all materials needed with alcohol.

2. The washed materials will be sterilized for 5-10 minutes

B. ACTUAL EXPERIMENTATION

(Preparation of Cadmium and Lead solution for Pyrolyzed)

1. The researchers will weigh 1.00 g of Cadmium using a weighing device

called, Triple Beam Balance.

2. The Cadmium will be added with 50 mL agua regia (3ml conc. HCI and 1 mL

conc. HNO3) and it will be heated until the metals are completely dissolved. For

the Lead solution, just prepare 50 mL Lead.


3. Separately transfer the 2 solutions into a 1-L volumetric flask and dilute to

volume with distilled water.

4. This will be the 1000mg/L Cadmium and Lead standard solution.

(Preparation of working standards)

1. Prepare separate set-ups with different dosage of pyrolyzed

peanut pericarp ranging from 12.5g-50g in 4 separate beakers

containing 50 mL of metal solution of initial concentration

1000mg/L.

2. The solutions will be agitated at a fixed stirring speed of 180 rpm.

SET-UPS

T1A =12.5 g/50 mL of Cadmium Sol’n T1B =12.5 g/50 mL of Lead Sol’n

T2A =25 g/50 mL of Cadmium Sol’n T2B =25 g/50 mL of Lead Sol’n

T3A =37.5 g/50 mL of Cadmium Sol’n T3B=37.5 g/50 mL of Lead Sol’n

T4A =50g/50 mL of Cadmium Sol’n T4B =50 g/50 mL of Lead Sol’n

T0A =no sorbent/ 50 mL Cadmium Sol’n T0B =no sorbent/50 mL lead Sol’n

(Adsorption Capacity Test)

1. The final concentration of each solution will be determined by

Atomic Adsorption Spectrophotometry (AAS)

2. The maximum sorption capacity will be determined from the

experimental equilibrium isotherm (Xm).


Where:

Xm= amount of solute adsorbed per unit of adsorbent required for

monolayer coverage of the surface.

Table 1. Data Collection For Pyrolyzed (Cadmium)

Set-ups Adsorbent Amount of Maximum Adsorption Sorption rate


dosage Cadmium left sorption per rate (100%) difference
after unit area of compared to
adsorption adsorbent the control
(ppm) (ppm/g) (%)
(grams)

T0A 0

T1A 12.5

T2A 25

T3A 37.5

T4A 50

Table 2. Data Collection For Pyrolyzed (Lead)

Set-ups Adsorbent Amount of Maximum Adsorption Sorption rate


dosage Lead left sorption per rate (100%) difference
after unit area of compared to
(grams) adsorption adsorbent the control
(ppm) (ppm/g) (%)

T0B 0

T1B 12.5

T2B 25

T3B 37.5

T4B 50
(Preparation of Cadmium and Lead solution for nonpyrolyzed)

1. The researchers will weigh 1.00 g of Cadmium using a weighing device

called, Triple Beam Balance.

2. The Cadmium will be added with 50 mL agua regia (3ml conc. HCI and 1 mL

conc. HNO3) and it will be heated until the metals are completely dissolved. For

the Lead solution, just prepare 50 mL Lead.

3. Separately transfer the 2 solutions into a 1-L volumetric flask and dilute to

volume with distilled water.

4. This will be the 1000mg/L Cadmium and Lead standard solution.

(Preparation of working standards)

1. Prepare separate set-ups with different dosage of nonpyrolyzed peanut

pericarp ranging from 12.5g-50g in 4 separate beakers containing 50 mL of

metal solution of initial concentration 1000mg/L.

2. The solutions will be agitated at a fixed stirring speed of 180 rpm.

SET-UPS

T1C =12.5 g/50 mL of Cadmium Sol’n T1D =12.5 g/50 mL of Lead Sol’n

T2C =25 g/50 mL of Cadmium Sol’n T2D =25 g/50 mL of Lead Sol’n

T3C =37.5 g/50 mL of Cadmium Sol’n T3D=37.5 g/50 mL of Lead Sol’n

T4C =50g/50 mL of Cadmium Sol’n T4D =50 g/50 mL of Lead Sol’n


T0C =no sorbent/ 50 mL Cadmium Sol’n T0D =no sorbent/50 mL lead Sol’n

(Adsorption Capacity Test)

1. The final concentration of each solution will be determined by Atomic

Adsorption Spectrophotometry (AAS)

2. The maximum sorption capacity will be determined from the experimental

equilibrium isotherm (Xm).

Where:

Xm= amount of solute adsorbed per unit of adsorbent required for

monolayer coverage of the surface.

Table 3. Data Collection For Nonpyrolyzed (Cadmium)

Set-ups Adsorbent Amount of Maximum Adsorption Sorption


dosage Cadmium left sorption per rate (100%) rate
after unit area of difference
adsorption adsorbent compared
to the
(ppm) (ppm/g) control
(grams)
(%)

T0C 0

T1C 12.5

T2C 25

T3C 37.5

T4C 50
Table 4. Data Collection Nonpyrolyzed (Lead)

Set-ups Adsorbent Amount of Maximum Adsorption Sorption


dosage Lead left sorption per rate (100%) rate
after unit area of difference
adsorption adsorbent compared
to the
(ppm) (ppm/g) control
(grams)
(%)

T0D 0

T1D 12.5

T2D 25

T3D 37.5

T4D 50

C. Post- Experimentation (Disposal)

1. The materials used will be stored in a disposable container after the

experimentation and a SOP (Standard Operating Procedure) will be followed

for the disposal of chemicals.

Chapter III

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

This chapter tackles about the results of the experimentation conducted by

the scientist in DALINC. Furthermore, it focuses on the presentation, interpretation

and the analysis of data extracted after conducting the experiment. It is followed
by a statistical testing using two-tailed t-test for the evaluation of the hypotheses

of whether it should be rejected or not.

The primary goal of the experimentation is to determine and prove

pyrolyzed peanut pericarp and nonpyrolyzed peanut pericarp has an adsorptive

potential against Cadmium and Lead in simulated aqueous solution, and if it is

proven, potential against heavy metal Cadmium and Lead in simulated aqueous

solution, and if proven, it seeks to verify how significant its adsorption property is.

Excluding the control, there were 4 set-ups under each heavy metal having

different dosage of adsorbent per set-up dissolved in the same amount of solvent.

The control variable is the set-up where in no adsorbent was applied. The results

of the experimentation were identified by measuring the amount of heavy metals

(Cadmium and Lead) left in parts per million (ppm) after the set-ups were

performed and undergone Atomic Adsorption Spectrophotometry (AAS). The

outcome of the experiment is shown in the following tables, where the results per

set-up were indicated and calculated.


Table 1. Data Collection For Pyrolyzed (Cadmium)

Set-ups Adsorbent Amount of Maximum Adsorption Sorption


dosage Cadmium left sorption per rate (100%) rate
after unit area of difference
(grams) adsorption adsorbent compared
to the
(ppm) (ppm/g) control

(%)

T0A 0 817 - - -

T1A 12.5 696 55.68 14.81 14.81

T2A 25 372 14.88 54.47 54.47

T3A 37.5 350 9.33 57.16 57.16

T4A 50 293 5.86 64.14 64.14

Table 1 shows the result of the total Cadmium content left after the Atomic

Adsorption Spectrophotometry (AAS). It also shows the maximum sorption

capacity of the sorbent per unit area and the adsorption rates.

The first variable was labeled T1A, wherein 12.5 grams of the sorbent. After

the AAS, then result was measured and the total amount of Cadmium left content

is 696 ppm. Which means 121 ppm of Cadmium was absorbed. Its maximum

sorption is 55.68 ppm/g; the adsorption rate is 14.81 %, while the sorption

difference compared to the control is 14.81 %

The second variable was labeled T 2A, wherein 25 grams of the sorbent.

After the AAS, then result was measured and the total amount of Cadmium left

content is 372 ppm. Which means 445 ppm of Cadmium was absorbed. Its
maximum sorption is 14.88 ppm/g; the sorption rate is 54.47%, while the sorption

difference compared to the control is 54.47%

The third variable was labeled T3A, wherein 37.5 grams of the sorbent. After

the AAS, then result was measured and the total amount of Cadmium left content

is 350 ppm. Which means 467 ppm of Cadmium was absorbed. Its maximum

sorption is 9.33 ppm/g; the sorption rate is 57.16%, while the sorption difference

compared to the control is 57.16%.

The fourth variable was labeled T4A, wherein 50 grams of the sorbent. After

the AAS, then result was measured and the total amount of Cadmium left content

is 293 ppm. Which means 524 ppm of Cadmium was absorbed. Its maximum

sorption is 5.86 ppm/g; the sorption rate is 64.14%, while the sorption difference

compared to the control is 64.14%.


Table 2. Data Collection For Pyrolyzed (Lead)

Set-ups Adsorbent Amount of Maximum Adsorption Sorption


dosage Lead left sorption per rate (100%) rate
after unit area of difference
(grams) adsorption adsorbent compared
to the
(ppm) (ppm/g) control

(%)

T0B 0 139,808 - - -

T1B 12.5 34,361 2748.88 75.42 75.42

T2B 25 25,820 1032.80 81.53 81.53

T3B 37.5 25,219 672.51 81.96 81.96

T4B 50 13,353 270.7 90.45 90.45

Table 2 shows the result of the total Lead content left after the Atomic

Adsorption Spectrophotometry (AAS). It also shows the maximum sorption

capacity of the sorbent per unit area and the adsorption rates.

The first variable was labeled T1B, wherein 12.5 grams of the sorbent. After

the AAS, then result was measured and the total amount of Lead left content is

34,361 ppm. Which means 105,447 ppm of Lead was absorbed. Its maximum

sorption is 2748.88 ppm/g; the sorption rate is 75.42%, while the sorption

difference compared to the control is 75.42%.

The second variable was labeled T 2B, wherein 25 grams of the sorbent.

After the AAS, then result was measured and the total amount of Lead left content

is 25,820 ppm. Which means 113,988 ppm of Lead was absorbed. Its maximum
sorption is 1032.80 ppm/g; the sorption rate is 81.53%, while the sorption

difference compared to the control is 81.53%.

The third variable was labeled T3B, wherein 37.5 grams of the sorbent. After

the AAS, then result was measured and the total amount of Lead left content is

25,219 ppm. Which means 114,589 ppm of Lead was absorbed. Its maximum

sorption is 672.51 ppm/g; the sorption rate is 81.96%, while the sorption difference

compared to the control is 81.96%.

The fourth variable was labeled T4B, wherein 50 grams of the sorbent. After

the AAS, then result was measured and the total amount of Lead left content is

13,353 ppm. Which means 126,455 ppm of Lead was absorbed. Its maximum

sorption is 270.7 ppm/g; the sorption rate is 90.45%, while the sorption difference

compared to the control is 90.45%.

Table 3. Data Collection For Nonpyrolyzed (Cadmium)

Set-ups Adsorbent Amount of Maximum Adsorption Sorption


dosage Cadmium left sorption per rate (100%) rate
after unit area of difference
(grams) adsorption adsorbent compared
to the
(ppm) (ppm/g) control
(%)

T0C 0 835 - - -

T1C 12.5 703 56.24 15.81 15.81

T2C 25 306 12.24 63.35 63.35

T3C 37.5 250 6.67 70.6 70.6

T4C 50 181 3.62 78.32 78.32


Table 3 shows the result of the total Cadmium content left after the Atomic

Adsorption Spectrophotometry (AAS). It also shows the maximum sorption

capacity of the sorbent per unit area and the adsorption rates.

The first variable was labeled T1C, wherein 12.5 grams of the sorbent. After

the AAS, then result was measured and the total amount of Cadmium left content

is 703 ppm. Which means 132 ppm of Cadmium was absorbed. Its maximum

sorption is 56.24 ppm/g; the adsorption rate is 15.81%, while the sorption

difference compared to the control is 15.81%.

The second variable was labeled T2C, wherein 25 grams of the sorbent.

After the AAS, then result was measured and the total amount of Cadmium left

content is 306 ppm. Which means 529 ppm of Cadmium was absorbed. Its

maximum sorption is 12.24 ppm/g; the sorption rate is 63.35%, while the sorption

difference compared to the control is 63.35%.

The third variable was labeled T3C, wherein 37.5 grams of the sorbent. After

the AAS, then result was measured and the total amount of Cadmium left content

is 250 ppm. Which means 654 ppm of Cadmium was absorbed. Its maximum

sorption is 6.67 ppm/g; the sorption rate is 70.6%, while the sorption difference

compared to the control is 70.6%.

The fourth variable was labeled T4C, wherein 50 grams of the sorbent.

After the AAS, then result was measured and the total amount of Cadmium left

content is 181 ppm. Which means 524 ppm of Cadmium was absorbed. Its
maximum sorption is 3.62 ppm/g; the sorption rate is 78.32%, while the sorption

difference compared to the control is 78.32%

Table 4. Data Collection Nonpyrolyzed (Lead)

Set-ups Adsorbent Amount of Maximum Adsorption Sorption


dosage Lead left sorption per rate (100%) rate
after unit area of difference
(grams) adsorption adsorbent compared
to the
(ppm) (ppm/g) control

(%)

T0D 0 139,808 - - -

T1D 12.5 44,509 3560.72 68.16 68.16

T2D 25 41,663 1666.52 70.20 70.20

T3D 37.5 33,181 884.83 76.27 76.27

T4D 50 28,394 567.88 79.69 79.69

Table 4 shows the result of the total Lead content left after the Atomic

Adsorption Spectrophotometry (AAS). It also shows the maximum sorption

capacity of the sorbent per unit area and the adsorption rates.

The first variable was labeled T1D, wherein 12.5 grams of the sorbent. After

the AAS, then result was measured and the total amount of Lead left content is

44,509 ppm. Which means 105,447 ppm of Lead was absorbed. Its maximum

sorption is 3560.72 ppm/g; the sorption rate is 68.16%, while the sorption

difference compared to the control is 68.16%.


The second variable was labeled T 2D, wherein 25 grams of the sorbent.

After the AAS, then result was measured and the total amount of Lead left content

is 41,663ppm. Which means 113,988 ppm of Lead was absorbed. Its maximum

sorption is 1666.52 ppm/g; the sorption rate is 70.20%, while the sorption

difference compared to the control is 70.20%.

The third variable was labeled T3D, wherein 37.5 grams of the sorbent. After

the AAS, then result was measured and the total amount of Lead left content is

33,181 ppm. Which means 114,589 ppm of Lead was absorbed. Its maximum

sorption is 884.83 ppm/g; the sorption rate is 76.27%, while the sorption difference

compared to the control is 76.27%.

The fourth variable was labeled T4D, wherein 50 grams of the sorbent. After

the AAS, then result was measured and the total amount of Lead left content is

28,394 ppm. Which means 126,455 ppm of Lead was absorbed. Its maximum

sorption is 567.88 ppm/g; the sorption rate is 79.69%, while the sorption difference

compared to the control is 79.69%.


Figure 5. Adsorption rate of Cadmium in Different Concentrations in
pyrolyzed

Adsorption Rate of Cadmium in Different Concentrations


y = -139.4x + 923.8
R² = 0.8814
900 817
800
696
700
600
500
372 350
400
293
300
200
100
0
T0 T1 T2 T3 T4

Figure 6. Adsorption rate of Lead in Different Concentrations in pyrolyzed

Adsorption Rate of Lead in Different Concentrations


y = -26205x + 126328
R² = 0.6343
160,000
139,808
140,000
120,000
100,000
80,000
60,000
34,361
40,000 25,820 25,219
20,000 13,353

0
-20,000 T0 T1 T2 T3 T4
Figure 7. Adsorption rate of Cadmium in Different Concentrations in
nonpyrolyzed

Adsorption Rate of Cadmium in Different Concentrations


y = -176.1x + 983.3
R² = 0.8983
900 835
800 703
700
600
500
400 306
300 250
181
200
100
0
T0 T1 T2 T3 T4

Figure 8. Adsorption rate of Lead in Different Concentrations in


nonpyrolyzed

Adsorption Rate of Lead in Different Concentrations


y = -23416x + 127758
R² = 0.6351
160,000
139,808
140,000
120,000
100,000
80,000
60,000 44,509 41,663
40,000 33,181 28,394
20,000
0
T0 T1 T2 T3 T4
Figure 9. Data Summary of Cadmium (pyrolyzed)

Figure 10. Data Summary of Lead (pyrolyzed)


Figure 11. Data Summary of Cadmium (nonpyrolyzed)

Figure 12. Data Summary of Lead (nonpyrolyzed)


ABSTRACT

The study identified the effectiveness of pyrolyzed and nonpyrolyzed Peanut (Arachis
hypogaea) Pericarp in adsorbing heavy metals in wastewater and comparing pyrolyzed to
nonpyrolyzed which is more effective. The peanut pericarp was treated by pyrolysis and
nonpyrolyzed in anticipation of increasing its adsorption efficiency when compared to untreated
material. Pyrolysis and nonpyrolysis was applied in order to decrease if not totally eliminate the
water-retaining capacity of peanut Peanut (Arachis hypogaea) Pericarp and in order to increase
the surface area of exposure to promote molecular attractions. It is theorized that pyrolysis and
nonpyrolyzed can activate the binding sites found in the surface of the bio sorbent. Furthermore,
the study evaluated the significant level of sorbet adsorbed between the bio sorbent and the control
in terms of removing Cadmium and Lead in water.
Four set-ups were prepared and replicated 4 times for the test of Cadmium and Lead: T1A
and T2A=with 12.5 g sorbent, T1B and T2B=25.0 g sorbent, T1C and T2C=with 37.5 g of sorbent
and T1D and T2D=50.0 g of sorbent. Starting from T1 to T2, pyrolyzed peanut pericarp is used.
T3A and T4A=with 12.5 g sorbent, T3B and T4B=25.0 g sorbent, T3C and T4C=with 37.5 g of
sorbent and T3D and T4D=50.0 g of sorbent. Then, from T3 to T4, the researchers have used
nonpyrolyzed peanut pericarp with the same amount of grams of the entire T1 and T2 batch, A
standard Cadmium solution was prepared by dissolving 1-g Cadmium metal to 50-mL acidic
solution. On the other hand, 50 mL of Lead compound was used to prepare the Standard Lead
Solution. Temperature, pH level, agitation and contact time were held constant. The batch samples
were tested using Atomic Adsorption Spectrophotometry (AAS) to determine the amount of
Cadmium (in ppm) and Lead (in %) left after the adsorption process.
After the test, it was found out that as the dosage of sorbent increases, the quantity of heavy
metal adsorbed also increases. This is displayed by the decreased level of heavy metals left after
the test. The effect of adsorbent dosage is caused by the increased in the surface area of sorbent
exposed for binding.
It was found out that there’s a significant level of difference among the set-ups in terms of
removing Cadmium and Lead. This means that there is a significant difference in the performance
of the bio sorbent in varying amounts.
Using one way-ANOVA, it was found out that there’s a significant level of difference among
the set-ups in terms of removing Cadmium and Lead. This means that there is a significant
difference in the performance of the biosorbent in varying amounts.
Based on the result of this study, it’s proven that pyrolyzed and nonpyrolyzed Peanut
(Arachis hypogaea) Pericarp are low-cost and an efficient in adsorbing heavy metals in water and
pyrolyzed peanut pericarp is more effective than nonpyrolyzed peanut pericarp.

Keywords: Atomic Adsorption Spectrophotometry (AAS), Bio sorbent, Pyrolyzed,


wastewater effluents, Nonpyrolyzed
Acknowledgement

The researchers would like to give their effusive thanks and gratitude to the

following people who helped and exerted a lot of effort just to establish this study

and make it successful.

First, the researchers would like to thank their research adviser Mr. Jerry P.

Hermocilla and their research consultant Mr. Rex Felix Canete for teaching,

support and guiding us to make our study successful. The researchers would also

thank Ms. Rose Ann Martin for allowing the researcher to use the school laboratory

and for helping the researcher to make their experiment and the researchers would

also thank Ms. Amybelle Bacalla their English teacher for correcting our grammars.

Second, the researchers thank thier parents for financing our study and

supporting us.

The researchers also thank Melzar Nicole Galicia, Victor Luis Villamor,

Kristian Karl Gonzales, Kyle RisCent Devera, Andrea Faith Gazo, Earl Patrick

Maravilla, Kien James Seballa, Vincent Tandu, and Kimjude Seballa for sharing

and helping on finding ideas and for their suggestions on making their study work

and Ms. Veronica Lucille L. Bravo for sharing her knowledge about related studies

The researchers would also thank researchers’ batchmates, schoolmates,

and friends for always offering their help in times needed.

And above all, the researchers would like to thank Almighty God for guiding

them during their research and experimentation and the researcher thank him for
giving them strength, courage, and wisdom in order to proceed and be success

despite all the trials the researcher has faced.

SUMMARY

The researchers aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of pyrolyzed and

nonpyrolyzed as a bio sorbents in heavy metals such as Cadmium and Lead. The

researchers gathered information that can support this study. The peanut pericarp

undergone the process of pyrolysis and pulverization. Then they dissected the Ni-

Cd battery to obtain the heavy metal Cadmium and they mixed the Lead acetate

to the distilled water to have the Lead solution in preparation for the actual

experimentation. The researchers prepared the Cadmium from the Ni-Cd battery

and the Lead solution and organized the experimental set-ups. The set-ups were

then subjected to Atomic Adsorption Spectrophotometry (AAS). Using of ONE-

WAY ANOVA the results were then calculated and examined to test the hypothesis

formulated. The researchers therefore conclude that both pyrolyzed peanut

pericarp and nonpyrolyzed peanut pericarp are an effective bio sorbent against

heavy metals but pyrolyzed peanut pericarp is more effective than nonpyrolyzed

peanut pericarp.

Conclusion

This section illustrates the conclusions directly addressing the aims and

purposes established in the on-set of this undertaking. This also includes the

feasibility and possible application of this study as vividly discussed in the

recommendations.
As a result of the findings, the following conclusions were established.

1. Yes, pyrolyzed and nonpyrolyzed peanut pericarp can adsorb heavy metals in

simulated aqueous solutions

2. That there is no significant difference between among experimental set-ups in

terms of adsorbing heavy metals.

3. The result was pyrolyzed peanut pericarp has removed more Cadmium and

more Lead in aqueous solution than nonpyrolyzed peanut pericarp. Therefore the

researchers conclude that, pyrolyzed peanut pericarp is more effective than

nonpyrolyzed peanut pericarp based on the results conducted.

4. As the dosage of pyrolyzed and nonpyrolyzed Peanut (Arachis hypogaea)

Pericarp increases, the adsorption level against Cadmium and Lead also

increases.

5. Ha – The pyrolyzed and nonpyrolyzed peanut pericarp will be able to adsorb the

heavy metals (Cadmium and Lead).

6. Ho -There will be no significant difference between peanut pericarp dosage and

the level of adsorbed heavy metals.

7. Ha – The water will be purified when the activated carbon is mixed with the

aqueous solution.

8. Ha – Pyrolyzed peanut pericarp is more effective in purifying aqueous solution

than nonpyrolyzed peanut pericarp.


Recommendations

After the experimentation was conducted and the results were analyzed

and interpreted, the researchers came up with recommendations.

1. The researchers would also like to recommend the use of different heavy

metals aside from Cadmium and Lead with the same adsorbent in the same

type of experimentation.

2. The researchers would like to recommend to gather more RRL on how to

utilize the adsorption potential of peanut pericarp.

3. The researches would like to recommend to use other cheaper materials

with the presence of activated carbon.

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