NOMINAL MAXIMUM SIZE OF COARSE AGGREGATE SHALL NOT BE

LARGER THAN:

- 1/5 the narrowest dimension between side forms

arkireviewph
- 1/3 the depth of slabs  Photos of arki
 Personal
- ¾ the minimum clear spacing between individual reinforcing Message
bars or wires, bundles of bars, or prestressing tendons or
ducts  RSS Feed [?]
 Report Abuse


DEFORMED REINFORCEMENTS

- ASTM A 184 – Fabricated Deformed Steel Bar Mats

- ASTM A 185 – Steel Welded Wire Fabric, Plain

- ASTM A 496 – Steel Wire, Deformed

- ASTM A 497 – Steel Welded Wire Fabric, Deformed

- ASTM A 615M – Deformed and Plain-Billet Steel Bars

- ASTM A 616M – Rail-Steel Deformed and Plain Bars

- ASTM A 617M – Axle-Steel Deformed and Plain Bars

- ASTM A 706M – Low-Alloy Steel Deformed Bars

- ASTM A 767M – Zinc-Coated (Galvanized) Steel Bars

- ASTM A 775M – Epoxy-Coated Reinforcing Steel Bars

- ASTM A 884M – Epoxy-Coated Steel Wire and Welded Wire

Fabric

- ASTM A 934M – Epoxy-Coated Prefabricated Steel

Reinforcing Bars
PRESTRESSING TENDONS

- ASTM A 416M – Steel Strand, Uncoated Seven-Wire

- ASTM A 421 – Uncoated Stress-Relieved Steel Wire

- ASTM A 722 – Uncoated High-Strength Steel Bar

CURING

- concrete (other than high-early strength) shall be maintained

above 10°C and in a moist condition for at least the first 7
days after placement

- high-early strength concrete shall be maintained above 10°C

and in a moist condition for at least the first 3 days

CONDUITS AND PIPES EMBEDDED IN CONCRETE

- they (including their fittings) shall not displace more than 4%

of the area of cross section when embedded within a
column

- they shall not be larger in outside dimension than 1/3 the

overall thickness of slab, wall or beam in which they are
embedded

- they shall be spaced not closer than 3 diameters or widths

on center

- conduits, pipes and sleeves may be considered as replacing

structurally in compression the displaced concrete,
 provided:

o they are of uncoated or galvanized iron or steel not

thinner than standard Schedule 40 steel pipe

o they have a nominal inside diameter not over 50mm

and are spaced not less than 3 diameters on centers

- concrete cover shall not be less than 40mm for concrete

exposed to earth or weather, or less than 20mm for
concrete not exposed to weather or in contact with ground

- reinforcement with an area not less than 0.002 times the

area of concrete section shall be provided normal to the
piping

CONSTRUCTION JOINTS

- construction joints in floors shall be located within the middle

third of spans of slabs, beams and girders

- joints in girders shall be offset a minimum distance of 2

times the width of intersecting beams

STANDARD HOOKS

- 180-degree bend plus 4db extension, but not less than

60mm at free end of bar

- 90-degree bend plus 12db extension at free end of bar

- for stirrup and tie hooks:

o 16mm diameter bar and smaller – 90-degree bend plus

6db extension at free end of bar, or

o 20 and 25mm diameter bar – 90-degree bend plus 12db

 extension at free end of bar, or

o 25mm diameter bar and smaller – 135-degree bend

plus 6db extension at free end of bar

MINIMUM BEND DIAMETERS

- bar size of 16mm and smaller (for stirrups and ties) – 4db
(inside diameter)

- bar size of 10mm through 25mm – 6db

- bar size of 28, 32 and 36mm – 8db

SPACING LIMITS FOR REINFORCEMENT

- the minimum clear spacing between parallel bars in a layer

shall be db but not less than 25mm

- the minimum clear spacing between parallel bars in 2 or

more layers shall not be less than 25mm between layers

- in spirally reinforced or tied reinforced compression

members, clear distance between longitudinal bars shall not
be less than 1.5db or less than 40mm

- in walls and slabs other than concrete joist construction,

primary flexural reinforcement shall not be spaced farther
apart than 3 times the wall or slab thickness, nor farther
than 450mm

BUNDLED BARS
 - shall be limited to 4 bars in 1 bundle

- shall be enclosed within stirrups or ties

- bars larger than 36mm diameter shall not be bundled in

beams

- individual bars within a bundle terminated within the span of

flexural members shall terminate at different points with at
least 40db stagger

- where spacing limitations and minimum concrete cover are

based on bar diameter db, a unit of bundled bars shall be
treated as a single bar of a diameter derived from the
equivalent total area

- minimum concrete cover shall be equal to the equivalent

diameter of the bundle, but need not be greater than 50mm

PRESTRESSING TENDONS AND DUCTS

- center-to-center spacing of pretensioning tendons at each

end of a member shall not be less than 5db for wire, nor
4db for strands

MINIMUM CONCRETE COVER FOR CAST-IN-PLACE CONCRETE

(NONPRESTRESSED)

- concrete cast against and permanently exposed to earth –

75mm

- concrete exposed to earth or weather:

 o 20mm through 36mm diameter bar – 50mm

o 16mm diameter bar and smaller – 40mm

- concrete not exposed to weather or in contact with ground:

o slabs, walls, joists:

 45 to 60mm diameter bars – 40mm

 36mm diameter bar and smaller – 20mm

o beams, columns:

 primary reinforcement, ties, stirrups, spirals –

40mm

o shells, folded plate members:

 20mm diameter bar and larger – 20mm

 16mm diameter bar and smaller – 12mm

MINIMUM CONCRETE COVER FOR PRECAST

CONCRETE

- concrete exposed to earth or weather:

o wall panels:

 45mm and 60mm diameter bars – 40mm

 36mm diameter bar and smaller – 20mm

o other members:

 45mm and 60mm diameter bars – 50mm

 20mm through 36mm diameter bar – 40mm

  16mm diameter bar and smaller – 30mm

- concrete not exposed to earth or in contact with ground:

o slabs, walls, joists:

 45mm and 60mm diameter bars – 30mm

 36mm diameter bar and smaller – 15mm

o beams, columns:

 primary reinforcement – db but not less than

15mm and need not exceed 40mm

 ties, stirrups, spirals – 10mm

o shells, folded plate members:

 20mm diameter bar and larger – 15mm

 16mm diameter bar and smaller – 10mm

MINIMUM CONCRETE COVER FOR PRESTRESSED

CONCRETE

- concrete cast against and permanently exposed to earth –

75mm

- concrete exposed to earth or weather:

o wall panels, slabs, joists – 25mm

o other members – 40mm

- concrete not exposed to earth or in contact with ground:

o slabs, walls, joists – 20mm

 o beams, columns:

 primary reinforcement – 40mm

 ties, stirrups, spirals – 25mm

o shells, folded plate members:

 16mm diameter bar and smaller – 10mm

 other reinforcement – db but not less than

20mm

OFFSET BARS

- slope of inclined portion of an offset bar with axis of column

shall not exceed 1 in 6

- portions of bar above and below an offset shall be parallel to

axis of column

- lateral ties or spirals, if used, shall be placed not more than

150mm from points of bend

- offset bars shall be bent before placement in the forms

- where a column face is offset 75mm or greater, longitudinal

bars shall not be offset bent. Separate dowels, lap sliced
with the longitudinal bars adjacent to the offset column
faces, shall be provided

SPIRALS

- for cast-in-place construction, size of spirals shall not be

less than 10mm diameter

- clear spacing between spirals shall not exceed 75mm or be

 less than 25mm

- anchorage of spiral reinforcement shall be provided by 1½

extra turns of spiral bar or wire at each end of a spiral unit

- spiral reinforcement shall be lap spliced by 48db but not less

than 300mm or welded

- in columns with capitals, spirals shall extend to a level at

which the diameter or width of capital is 2 times that of the
column

- plain bars shall conform to one of the following

specifications:

o ASTM A 615M

o ASTM A 616M

o ASTM A 617M

- plain wire shall conform to:

o ASTM A 82 – Steel Wire, Plain

TIES

- 10mm diameter lateral ties for longitudinal bars 32mm

diameter or smaller

- 12mm diameter lateral ties for longitudinal bars 36 diameter

and bundled bars

- vertical spacing of ties shall not exceed:

o 16db of longitudinal bars

o 48db of tie bars

o least dimension of compression member

- ties shall be arranged that no bar shall be farther than

 150mm clear on each side along the tie

- ties shall be located vertically not more than ½ a tie spacing

above the top of footing or slab in any story

- where beams or brackets frame from 4 directions into a

column, termination of ties not more than 75mm below
reinforcement in shallowest of such beams or brackets shall
be permitted

SHRINKAGE AND TEMPERATURE REINFORCEMENT

- shrinkage and temperature reinforcement shall be spaced

not farther apart than 5 times the slab thickness, or 450mm

- spacing of prestressed tendons shall not exceed 1.80m

T-BEAM CONSTRUCTION

- the flange and web shall be built integrally or otherwise

effectively bonded together

- width of slab effective as a T-beam flange on each side of

the web shall not exceed:

o ¼ the span length of the beam,

o 8 times the slab thickness, or

o ½ the clear distance to the next web

- for beams with a slab on one side only, the effective

overhanging flange width shall not exceed:

o 1/12 the span length of the beam,

o 6 times the slab thickness, or

 o ½ the clear distance to the next web

- transverse reinforcement shall be spaced not farther apart

than 5 times the slab thickness, nor 450mm

JOIST CONSTRUCTION

- ribs shall not be less than 100mm in width and shall have a
depth of not more than 3½ times the minimum width of rib

- clear spacing between ribs shall not exceed 750mm

- slab thickness over permanent fillers shall not be less than

1/12 the clear distance between ribs nor less than 40mm

- when removable forms or fillers are used, slab thickness

shall not be les than 1/12 the clear distance between ribs,
or less than 50mm

- where conduits or pipes are embedded within the slab, slab

thickness shall be at least 25mm greater than the total
overall depth of the conduits or pipes at any point

REQUIRED STRENGTH

- dead load and live load

o U = 1.4D + 1.7L

- dead load, live load and wind load

o U = 0.75 (1.4D + 1.7L + 1.7W)

o U = 0.9D + 1.3W

- dead load, live load and earthquake load

 o U = 1.3D + 1.1L + 1.1E

o U = 0.99D + 1.1E

STRENGTH-REDUCTION FACTOR

- flexure without axial load, 0.90

- axial tension and axial tension with flexure, 0.90

- axial compression and axial compression with flexure:

o spiral reinforced, 0.75

o tie reinforce, 0.70

- shear and torsion, 0.85

- bearing on concrete, 0.70

- post-tensioned anchorage zones, 0.85

MINIMUM THICKNESS OF NONPRESTRESSED BEAMS OR ONE-WAY

SLABS UNLESS DEFLECTIONS ARE COMPUTED (members are not
supporting or attached to partitions or other construction likely to be damaged
by large deflections)

- solid one-way slabs:

o simply supported, L/20

o one end continuous, L/24

o both ends continuous, L/28

o cantilever, L/10

- beams or ribbed one-way slabs:

 o simply supported, L/16

o one end continuous, L/18.5

o both ends continuous, L/21

o cantilever, L/8

- for Fy other than 415Mpa, the values shall be multiplied by

(0.4 + Fy/700)

DISTANCE BETWEEN LATERAL SUPPORTS OF FLEXURAL

MEMBERS

- spacing of lateral supports for a beam shall not exceed 50

times the least width b of compression flange or face

LIMITS FOR REINFORCEMENT OF COMPRESSION MEMBERS

- minimum number of longitudinal bars in compression

members shall be 3 for bars within triangular ties, 4 for bars
within rectangular or circular ties, and 6 for bars enclosed
by spirals

SPACING LIMITS FOR SHEAR REINFORCEMENT

- shall not exceed d/2 in non-prestressed members and 3/4h

in prestressed members or 600mm
SPLICES

- lap splices shall not be used for bars larger than 36mm
diameter

- lap splices of bars in a bundle shall be based on the lap

splice length required for individual bars within the bundle

- individual bar splices within a bundle shall not overlap

- entire bundles shall not be lap spliced

- bars spliced by non-contact lap splices in flexural members

shall not be spaced transversely farther apart than 1/5 the
required lap splice length, or 150mm

- splices shall be staggered at least 600mm

WALLS

- minimum ratio of vertical reinforcement area to gross

concrete area shall be:

o 0.0012 – deformed bars not larger than 16mm diameter

with a specified yield strength not less than 420Mpa, or

o 0.0015 – for other deformed bars, or

o 0.0012 – for welded wire fabric (plain or deformed)

- minimum ratio of horizontal reinforcement area to gross

concrete area shall be:
 o 0.0020 – deformed bars not larger than 16mm diameter
with a specified yield strength not less than 420 Mpa, or

o 0.0025 – for other deformed bars, or

o 0.0020 – for welded wire fabric (palin or deformed)

- in addition to the minimum reinforcement required, not less

than 2-16mm diameter bars shall be provided around all
window and door openings. Such bars shall be extended to
develop the bar beyond the corners of the openings but not
less than 600mm

NON-BEARING WALLS

- thickness shall not be less than 100mm, or not less than

1/30 the least distance between members that provide
lateral support

MINIMUM FOOTING DEPTH

- depth of footing above bottom reinforcement shall not be

less than 150mm for footings on soil, or not less than
300mm for footings on piles

TRANSVERSE REINFORCEMENT (HOOPS)

- the first hoop shall be located not more than 50mm from the
face of a supporting member
 - maximum spacing of the hoops shall not exceed:

o d/4

o 8 times the diameter of the smallest longitudinal bar

o 24 times the diameter of the hoop bars

o 300mm

- where hoops are not required, stirrups shall be placed at no

more than d/2 throughout the length of the member

STRUCTURAL STEEL

LIMITING SLENDERNESS RATIOS

- for members whose design is based on compressive force,

the slenderness ratio preferably should not exceed 200

- for members whose designed is based on tensile force, the

slenderness ratio preferably should not exceed 300

ALLOWABLE STRESSES

- for tension in structural steel in terms of gross area, 0.60Fy

- for tension in structural steel based on effective net area,

0.50Fu

- for tension on pin-connected members based on net area,

 0.45Fy

- for tension on eyebars on the body area, 0.60Fy

- for flexural members with compact sections, Fb = 0.66Fy

- for flexural members with non-compact sections, Fb =

0.60Fy

PIN-CONNECTED MEMBERS

- minimum net area beyond the pinhole, parallel to the axis of

the member, shall not be less than 2/3 of the net area
across the pinhole

- width of the body of an eyebar shall not exceed 8 times its

thickness

- pin diameter shall not be less than 7/8 times the eyebar
width

- pinhole diameter shall be no more than 0.8mm greater than

the pin diameter

SHEAR CONNECTORS

- shear connectors shall have at least 25mm of lateral

concrete cover

- diameter of studs shall not be greater than 2½ times the

thickness of the flange to which they are welded

- minimum center-to-center spacing of stud connectors shall

be 6 diameters along the longitudinal axis and 4 diameters
transverse to the longitudinal axis maximum center-to-
center spacing of stud connectors shall not exceed 8 times
the total slab thickness
WELDS

- weld access holes shall have a length from the toe of the
weld preparation not less than 1½ times the thickness of
the material in which the hole is made

- groove welds:

o effective area = effective length of the weld x effective

throat thickness

o effective length = width of the part joined

o effective throat thickness of a complete-penetration

groove weld = thickness of the thinner part joined

o minimum effective throat thickness of partial-penetration

groove welds =

 3mm (thicker part joined to 6mm inclusive)

 5mm (thicker part joined over 6 to 12mm)

 6mm (thicker part joined over 12 to 20mm)

 8mm (thicker part joined over 20 to 38mm)

 10mm (thicker part joined over 38 to 57mm)

 12mm (thicker part joined over 57 to 150mm)

 16mm (thicker part joined over 150mm)

o effective throat thickness of a flare groove weld =

 flare bevel groove, 5/16R

 flare V-groove, ½R
- fillet welds:

o effective area of fillet welds = effective length x effective

throat thickness

o effective throat thickness of a fillet weld = shortest

distance from the root of the joint to the face of the
diagrammatic weld

o minimum size of fillet welds =

 3mm (thicker part joined to 6mm inclusive)

 5mm (thicker part joined over 6 to 12mm)

 6mm (thicker part joined over 12 to 20mm)

 8mm (thicker part joined over 20mm)

o maximum size of fillet welds along edges =

 not greater than the thickness of the material

(material less than 6mm thick)

 not greater than the thickness of the material

minus 1.6mm (material 6mm or more in
thickness)

o minimum effective length of a fillet weld designed on the

basis of strength shall not be less than 4 times its
nominal size

o if greater than 4 times its nominal size, the size of the

weld should not exceed ¼ its effective length

o effective length of any segment of intermittent fillet

welding shall not be less than 4 times the weld size,
with a minimum of 38mm

o in lap joints, minimum lap shall be 5 times the thickness

of the thinner part joined, but not less than 25mm

o slide or end fillet welds terminating at ends or sides,

respectively, of parts or members shall, wherever
practicable, be returned continuously around the
corners for a distance not less than 2 times the nominal
size of the weld
 - plug and slot welds:

o diameter of the hole for a plug weld shall not be less

than the thickness of the part containing it plus 8mm,
nor greater than the minimum diameter plus 3mm or
2¼ times the thickness of the weld

o minimum spacing of lines of slot welds in a direction

transverse to their length shall be 4 times the width of
the slot

o minimum center-to-center spacing in a longitudinal

direction shall be 2 times the length of the slot

o length of the slot shall not exceed 10 times the

thickness of the weld

o width of the slot shall not be less than the thickness of

the part containing it plus 8mm, nor shall it be larger
than 2¼ times the thickness of the weld

o thickness of plug or slot welds in material 16mm or less

thick = thickness of the material

o thickness of plug or slot welds in material over 16mm

thick = ½ the thickness of the material but not less than
16mm

FASTENERS

- distance between centers of standard, oversized or slotted

fastener holes shall not be less than 2 2/3 times the
nominal diameter of the fastener

- maximum distance from the center of any rivet or bolt to the

nearest edge of parts in contact shall be 12 times the
 thickness of the connected part, but shall not exceed
150mm

CAMBER

- trusses of 24.4m or greater span generally shall be

cambered for approximately the dead-load deflection

- crane girders of 22.9m or greater span generally shall be

cambered for approximately the dead-load deflection plus
½ the live-load deflection

Tags: concrete and steel, structural

0 comments share

May 11, '08 3:38 AM

Structural Notes
for everyone

STRUCTURAL
Zoning, site The procedures and limitations for the
characteristics, design of structures shall be determined by
occupancy, configuring the following factors.
structural system and
height
14 Minimum number of stories recommended
to be provided with at least 3 approved
recording accelerographs.
Owner Maintenance and service of
accelorographs shall be provided by the
___
Occupant o the building Who shall be responsible for keeping the
actual live load below the allowable limits
and shall be liable for any failure on the
structure due to overloading
Load duration The period of continuous application of a
given load or the aggregate of periods of
intermittent application of the same load
14 sq. m Minimum area in square meters a member
supports which the design live load may be
reduced
1.50 sq. m Minimum height of any wall requiring
structural design to resist loads onto which
they are subjected
1/240 of wall span Maximum deflection of a brittle finished
 wall subjected to a load of 250 Pascal
applied. Perpendicular to said wall
1/120 of wall span Maximum deflection of flexible finished
wall subjected to a load of 250 Pascal
applied perpendicular to said wall
60 sq. m Maximum floor area for a low-cost housing
unit
Base The level at which the earthquake motions
are considered to be imparted to the
structure of the level at which the
structure as a dynamic vibrator is
supported
Collector A member or an element provided to
transfer lateral forces from a portion of a
structure to vertical elements of the lateral
force resisting system
Diaphragm A horizontal or nearly horizontal system
acting to transmit lateral forces to the
vertical resisting elements it includes
horizontal bracing system
Base Shear V The total designed lateral force or shear at
the base of a structure
Boundary element An element at edge of opening or at
perimeters of shear walls or diaphragm
Brace Frame An essentially vertical truss system of the
concentric or accentric type which is
provided to resist lateral forces
Building Frame System A essentially complete space frame which
provides supports for gravity loads
Dual System A combination of a Special or Intermediate
Moment Resisting Space Frame and Shear
Walls or Braced Frame
Eccentric Brace Frame The form of braced frame where at least
(EBF) one end of each brace intersects a beam at
a point away from the column girder joint
Joints The entire assemblage at the Intersection
of the members
Girder The horizontal member in a frame system,
a beam
-the major horizontal supporting member
of the floor system
Diaphragm Strut An element of a diaphragm parallel to the
applied load, which collects and
transfers diaphragm shear to vertical
resisting elements of distributes loads
within the diaphragm. Such members may
take axial tension or compression
Diaphragm Chord The boundary element of a diaphragm
or a shear wall which is assumed to take
axial stresses analogous to the flanges
of a beam
Essential facilities Those structures which are necessary for
emergency post earthquake operations
Lateral Force Resisting That part of the structural system assigned
System to resist lateral forces
Ordinary Moment Moment resisting space frame not meeting
Resisting Space Frame special detailing requirements for ductile
behavior
 Story Drift The displacement of one level relative to
the level above or below
Strength The usable capacity of a structure or its
members to resist loads within the
deformation limits prescribed in this
document
Platform The lower rigid portion of a structure
having a vertical combination of structural
system
Horizontal Bracing Horizontal truss system that serves the
system same function as a diaphragm
Structure An assemblage of framing members
designed to support gravity loads and
resist lateral forces
Bearing Wall System A structural system without complete
vertical load carrying space frame. This
system provides support for gravity loads.
Resistance to lateral load is provided by
shear walls or braced frames
Building Frame system A structural system with essentially
complete space frame providing support
for gravity loads. Resistance to lateral load
is provided by shear walls or braced
frames
Moment Resisting A structural system with an essentially
Frame System complete space frame providing support
for gravity loads. Moments resisting space
frames provide resistance to lateral load
primarily by flexural action of members.
Weak story Is one in which the story strength is less
than 80% of that the story above
Time History Analysis An elastic or inelastic dynamic analysis in
which a mathematical model of the
structure is subjected to a ground motion
time history. The structures time
dependant dynamic response to these
motion is obtained through numerical
integration of its equations of motions.
Orthogonal Effect The effect on the structure due to
earthquake motions acting in directions
other than parallel to the direction of
resistance under consideration
P-delta effect The secondary effect on shears and
moments of frame members induced by
the vertical loads acting on the laterally
displaced building frame
Admixture Material other than water aggregate or
hydraulic cement used as an ingredient of
concrete and added to concrete before or
during its mixing to modify its properties
Plain Concrete Concrete that doesn’t not conform to
definition of reinforced concrete
Pedestal Upright compression member with a ratio
of unsupported height to average least
lateral dimension of less than three (3 m)
Modulus of Elasticity Ratio of normal stress to corresponding
strain for tensile or compressive stresses
below proportional limit of material
 -in the formula e=PL/AE, E stands for ___
Jacking Force In prestressed concrete, temporary force
exerted by device that introduces tension
into prestressing tendons
Embedment Length Length of embedded reinforcement
provided beyond a critical section
Effective Prestress Stress remaining in prestressing tendons
after all losses have occurred, excluding
effects of dead load and superimposed
loads
Development Length Length of embedded reinforcement
required to develop the design
strength of reinforcement at a critical
section
Curvature friction Friction resulting from bends or curves in
the specified prestressing tendon profile
Structural Lightweight Concrete containing lightweight aggregate
Concrete
Bonded tendon Prestressing tendon that is bonded to
concrete either directly or through grouting
Structural Steel ASTM A36
ASTM A514 High Yield Strength Quenched and
Tempered Alloy Steel Plate, Suitable for
Welding
TRUE True or False, bar larger than 32mm in
diameter shall not be bundled in beams
40 mm Minimum concrete cover for a Prestressed
concrete for beams and columns for
primary reinforcement
Poisson’s Ratio In a material under tension or
compression, the absolute value of the
ratio transverse strain to the
corresponding longitudinal strain
Slenderness Ratio In column, the ratio of its effective length
to its least radius of gyration
Torsion A quantity which measures the resistance
of the mass to being revolved about a line
Flat slab A type of concrete floor which has no beam
Shear The tendency for one part of a beam to
move vertically with respect to an adjacent
part
Deformation A change in shape of a material when
subjected to the action of force
Yielding Stress The maximum value of tension,
compression, or shear respectively the
material sustain without failure
Stress -It means that by which a body develops
internal resistance to stress
-Intensity of force per unit area
Allowable Stress The greatest stress which a material is
capable of developing without permanent
deformation remaining upon the complete
release of stress
Tie / Stirrup Loop of reinforcing bar or wire enclosing
longitudinal reinforcement
Stiffness Ration The measure of stiffness of a material
Punching Shear The failure in a base when a heavily loaded
column strikes hole through it
 Deflection The deformation of a structural member as
a result of loads acting on it
6 inches Nominal thickness of a timber
Equilibrium The sum of forces in the orthogonal
directions and the sum of all moments
about any points are zero
2 years The complete records of tests conducted
(slump, compression test, etc.) shall be
preserved and made available for
inspection during the progress of
construction and after completion of the
project for a period of not less than ___
Not less than 1”x4” Wood board should have a thickness
specification
Run The distance from the first to the last riser
of a stair flight
Portable Hand router A high-speed rotary shaping hand power
tool used to make smooth cutting and
curving on solid wood
Knots Wood defects are: heart shake, cup shake,
star shake and ___
Smoothed and planed Dressed lumber is referred to ___
lumber
Live load It refers to the occupancy load which is
either partially or fully in place or may not
be present at all
Cross cut saw The other kind of handsaw other than rip
cut saw
Effective Length The distance between inflection points in
the column when it breaks
Volume The amount of space measured in cubic
units
Contraction Joint An expansion joint of adjacent parts of a
structure to permit expected movements
between them
Total Run The total of all tread widths in a stair
Bond stress The force adhesion per unit area of contact
between two bonded surfaces
Purlin A structural member spanning from truss
to truss or supporting a rafter
Size of dead load Size of camber for a 25 meters steel truss
deflection
Shear connector A connector such as a welded strut, spiral
bar, or short length of channel which
resists horizontal shear between elements
Shear Stress (Shearing The force per unit area of cross section
Stress) which tend to produce shear
Hook’s Law The law that relates the linear relationship
between stresses and strain
4 x diameter of bolt Minimum spacing of bolts in timber
connection measured from center of bolts
parallel for parallel to grain loading is equal
to ___

4 x diameter of bolt According to the provision of the NSCP on

timber connection and fastening the loaded
edge distance for perpendicular to grain
loading shall be at least
 2.5 NSCP specifies spacing between rows of
bolts for perpendicular to grain loading
shall be at least ___ times bolt diameter
for L/d ratio of 2
12 mm Minimum diameter of bolts to be used in
timber connections and fastening in
accordance with NSCP specifications
50 Simple solid timber columns have
slenderness ratio not exceeding ___
11 diameters Nails and spikes for which the wire gauges
or lengths not set forth in the NSCP
specifications shall have a required
penetration of not less than __
1/6 depth of member Notches in sawn lumber bending members
in accordance with the NSCP specifications
shall not exceed
Middle third span Notches in sawn lumber shall not be
located in the
¼ the depth Notches in the top and bottom of joist shall
not exceed
.60 of specified yield Allowable stresses for tension in structural
strength steel in terms of gross area
.50 of specified Allowable tensile stress of structural steel
minimum tensile based on effective area
strength
0.45 Fy Allowable stress for tension on pin
connected members based on net area
0.40 Fy Allowable shear stress on structural steel
on the cross sectional area effective in
resisting shear
100% For structures carrying live loads which
induce impact, the assumed live load shall
be increased sufficiently to provide for
same, for supports of elevators the
increase shall be
200 The slenderness ratio of compression
members shall not exceed ___
240 The slenderness ratio main members in
tension shall not exceed ___
40 mm Concrete cover for pipes, conduits, and
fittings shall not be less than ___ for
concrete exposed to earth or weather
20 mm Concrete cover for pipes, conduits, and
fittings shall not be less than ___ for
concrete not exposed to earth or weather
7 days Curing of concrete (other than high-early
strength) shall be maintained above 10 C
and in moist condition for at least the first
___ days after placement
7 days If concrete in structure will dry under
service conditions, cores shall be air-dried
for ___ days before test and shall be
tested dry.
3 days Cutting for high early strength concrete
shall be maintained above 10 C and in
moist condition for at least the ___days
after placement
 25 mm The minimum clear spacing between
parallel bars in layer shall be db (diameter
of bar) but not less than ___
180 deg. Bend +4db Standard hooks used in reinforced
extension but not less concrete beam shall mean
than 65 mm at the end
of bar
90 deg. Bend + 6db Standard hooks for stirrups and tie hooks
extension at free end 16mm bar and smaller
90 deg. Bend + 12db Standard hooks for stirrups and thie hooks
extension at free end 20-25 mm bar
-12 mm Allowable tolerance on minimum concrete
cover for depth greater than 200 mm
+-50 mm Allowable tolerance for longitudinal
location of bends and ends of
reinforcement
40 db Individual bars with a bundle terminated
within the span of flexural members shall
terminate at different points with a stagger
of at least
3 db Clear distance between pre-tensioning
tendons at each end of member shall not
be less than ___ for strands
4 db Clear distance between pre-tensioning
tendons at each of member shall to be less
than ___ for wire
75 mm Minimum concrete cover provided for
reinforcement of cast in place against
permanently exposed earth or weather
using bars larger than 36 mm

Tags: structural
0 comments share

May 11, '08 3:14 AM

Sample Reviewer
for everyone

www.ARKISPECS.COM

Acoustics

What is a repetitious reflective sound due to parallel walls?

a. echo – delayed sound heard a fraction of a second after the direction of sound
is heard

b. flutter

c. noise – unpleasant or unwanted sound

What is the study of reactions of humans to audible sound?

a. psycho acoustics

b. environmental acoustics – study of effects on environment upon audible sound

c. electro acoustics – study of sound generated by equipment

What is the distance between two similar points in succession waves traveling in one
cycle?

a. sound – a sensation felt by the brain resulting from the distance of molecules
in the air

b. frequency – rate of repetition of a periodic phenomenon

c. wavelength

What is the amount of sound energy produced by the source?

a. magnitude

b. decibel – unit of loudness of sound

c. velocity – at speed of sound normal temperature and pressure

What is the reflected sound that gathers in a central portion of the room?

a. dead room – one characterized by large amounts of absorption

b. live room – characterized by very small amounts of absorption

c. sound foci

What is the persistence of sound after the source of sound has stopped?

a. reverberation

b. resonance – state existing in a system which is set into oscillation

c. pure tone – simplest kind of sound composed entirely of sound waves of a

 single frequency

Electrical

What is a utilization equipment which is generally industrial built in?

a. alternator – a generator of alternating current

b. ammeter – device used to measure rate of flow of electricity

c. appliances

d. capacitor – device for storing electric energy

What is a surface, material, device, or object that scatters light or sound from a source?

a. dimmer – controls intensity of light

b. diffuser

c. rectifier – device used to transform AC to DC

d. illumeter – device that indicates light intensity in Footcandle

What is a flexible armored conduit used to encase electrical wiring?

a. regulator – controls the flow of current to the distribution elements

b. entrance cap – cap that receives the service drop

c. utility box – box used for maintaining light control devices

d. greenfield

What is an electromagnetic force flowing between the positive and negative terminals?

a. flux

b. voltage – electromotive force

c. phase – number of AC that flow in a conductor

d. watt – rate or measure of power used or consumed

What is an electric device having a resistance which can be adjusted?

a. regulator – controls the flow of current to the distribution elements

b. ohmmeter – instrument used to measure the resistance of a conductor

c. rheostat

d. insulator – materials that resist the flow of electric current

What is the unit for quantity of electricity?

a. ohm – unit of resistance

b. coulomb

c. volts – unit of electromotive force

d. candela – unit of candlepower

Furniture Design

What do you call the study that deals with human measurements?

a. anthropometrics

b. ergonometrics – deals with space planning in relationship with man’s activities

c. ergonomics – human factor engineering

d. carpentry – is a process by which woodworks are manufactured and produced

Which Philippine furniture is specifically designed for giving birth?

a. kapiya – is a modified church pew

b. comoda – is an exquisite chest drawers

c. butaca

d. gallinera – is a wooden sofa that features a cabinet compartment below the

 seat

Which Philippine furniture is usually used to store pillows and mats?

a. almario

b. aparador – refers to a wardrobe with mirror attached to the door

c. paminggalan – is used to store food and utensils

d. diban – is a daybed

What is escritoire?

a. arm chair with closed arms – is called bergere

b. a writing desk

c. hanging or standing shelves – is called the etagere

d. crowning ornament on furniture – is called finial

Who designed the “Barcelona Chair”?

a. Le Corbusier – designed the adjustable chaise lounge

b. Alvar Aalto – designed the cantilevered chair

c. Ludwig Mies van de Rohe

d. Marcel Bruer – designed the cesca cantilevered chair

It is a chair made of molded fiberglass rest on a cast aluminum pedestal

a. tulip chair

b. chaise – is made of nylon stretch fabric over urethane foam

c. ribbon chair – is made of tubular steel frame cobered with rubber webbing and
pre-foamed latex foam

d. gyro chair – is made of reinforced molded fiberglass

Materials and resources

In fabric construction, what kind of weave requires an intricate series of hole-punched

cards that tell the machine which threads to drop?

a. twill weaves – are those in which 2 or more thread pass over or under set of
threads, skipping at regular intervals to produce irregular effect

b. pile weaves – are produced by loops of tuffs of yarn that stand out from the
surface of the fabric

c. satin weave – has a few interlacing and long floats

d. jacquard weave

In general finishes, what do you call the finishing process applied to fabrics for the
purpose of removing fuzz of protruding fibers?

a. gassing

b. beetling – is the process of closing the weave and creating a heavy and
compact appearance

c. crabbing – is a wool finishing process to prevent creases of other forms of

uneven shrinkage in later stages of finishing

d. fulling – is a finish applied to wool fabrics, it is a pre-shrinking process

In special finishes, what do you call the finish that is given to loosely constructed fabric
or fabric with low thread count?

a. slip-resistant finish

b. napping – is a mechanical finish of subjecting the surface of a fabric to a

brushing process to raise the fiber ends

c. antiseptic finish – is a chemical treatment designed to make a fabric bacteria

resistant

d. drip-dry finish – also known as wash and wear, it dries smoothly and need a
little or no ironing after washing

In fabric design, it is a kind of applied design in which the block is pressed down firmly
by hand on the fabric until the color and design are transferred.
 a. roller printing – is a machine counterpart of block printing, designs are
engraved on rollers

b. stencil painting – is method of fabric painting in which the design is cut on a

cardboard wood or metal then color is applied, penetrating only the cut
portions

c. block printing

d. discharge printing – is another method of fabric design wherein the color is

removed from the fabric using chemicals, thus, creating design

It is a kind of shade that consist of two rows of lightweight fabric seamed to fall into
deep scallops.

a. roman shades – have a flat surface when extended down, drawn upward by a
cord and the surface overlaps in horizontal folds

b. pleated fabric shades – are factory manufactured and can be insulated, also
called accordion shades

c. honeycombed shades – have smaller pleats and are usually made of a heavy
polyester fabric

d. Austrian shades

What do you call the horizontal bars separating the glass pane?

a. casing – is the fittings into the wall

b. mullions

c. frame – is the wide molding covering the casing and the framing

d. muntins – are the vertical bars separating the glass pane

Mechanical

What is also known as a synthetic chemical refrigerant?

a. ammonia – gas used as refrigerant with water

b. freon

c. plenum – an air compartment or chamber

 d. effluent – liquid which is discharged as a waste

A material which stops the transfer of heat is also known as?

a. humidifier – device used only to add humidity in the air

b. conduction – heat is transferred through materials

c. insulation

d. evaporator – a process which refrigerant from liquid to gas

What is a cooling or heating element which is made of pipe or tubing?

a. damper – device used to vary the volume of air passing a duct

b. coil

c. freon – synthetic chemical refrigerant

d. relay – device to control the thermostat

It is a platform or car for hoisting or lowering passenger or freight.

a. governor – stops car and grips counterweight in case of emergency

b. sprocket assembly – where the endless belt of steps pass around during
operation of an escalator

c. elevator

d. relay – device to control the thermostat

What is a closed vessel in which liquid is heated or vaporized?

a. closed nipple – pipe fitting with outside threads use for connecting pipes

b. condenser – vessel where vapor is liquefied by removal of heat

c. damper – device used to vary the volume of air passing aduct

d. boiler
It consists of DC motors and the shaft of which is connected directly to the brake wheel
and driving sheave.

a. gearless traction

b. hydronics – the art and practice of heating and cooling with water

c. governor – stops car and grips counterweight in case of emergency

d. hoistropes – steel wires used to compensate cars and counterweights

Sanitary

The receptacle in which liquid is retained for deposition of sediment is called?

a. drain – pipe for wastewater

b. dip - lowest portion of a trap

c. catch basin

d. effluent – liquid waste

These are vertical pipes which receive discharge from water closets.

a. standpipe – vertical pipe used for the storage of water

b. septic tank – receptacle for organic discharge

c. sludge – accumulated or settled solid waste

d. soil stack

It is a loud thumping noise that results from a sudden stoppage of the flow in water
lines.

a. back siphonage – backflow due to negative pressure

b. water hammer

c. escutcheon – a flange used on a pipe to cover a hole

d. spigot – end of a pipe that fits into a bell

What do you call a vertical pipe installed primarily for the purpose of providing
circulation of air to and from any part of the drainage system?

a. soil stack – vertical pipes which receive discharge from water closets

b. fumigant – gas, fume or vapor used for the destruction or control of insects

c. standpipe – vertical pipe used for the storage of water

d. vent stack

It automatically closes to prevent the flow of fluid in a reverse direction.

a. closed nipple – pipe fitting used for connecting pipes

b. check valve

c. cistern – reservoir for liquid

d. flush valve – valve for controlling the flushing of fixtures

It is the method of rendering a pipe fitting waterproof by using oakum or lead

a. caulking

b. disinfections – process of injecting chlorine gas into the water

c. escutcheon – a flange used on a pipe to cover a hole

d. fumigant – gas, fume or vapor used for the destruction or control of insects

Structural

What is known as the deformation in which parallel planes slide relative to each other so
as to remain parallel?

a. fatigue – periodic reversal of stresses

b. shear

c. strain – elongation of material subject to axial force

d. deflection – deformation that accompanies bending of a beam

A column that is subjected to both direct axial stress and bending stress is known as?

a. equilibrium – state of a body in which the forces acting on it are equally

balanced

b. cantilevered – projected beyond it supports

c. eccentrically loaded

d. long column – concrete column whose load capacity must be reduced,

according to code requirements, because of its slenderness

What is known as an imaginary line in a beam, shaft, or other bending, where there is no
tension nor compression and where no deformation takes place?

a. neutral axis

b. maximum moment – bending magnitude wherever the shear passes through

zero

c. torque – the product of the force and lever arms which tends to twist the body

d. yield point – unit stress at which deformation increases without any increase
in the load

Unit stress in a bar just before it breaks is called?

a. vertical shear – tendency of one part of a beam to move vertically with respect
to an adjacent part

b. ultimate strength

c. yield point – unit stress at which deformation increases without any increase in
the load

d. working stress – in the design of structures, the maximum unit stress permitted
under working loads by codes and specifications

It is the tendency of a force to cause rotation about a given point or axis.

a. shear – a deformation in which parallel planes slide relative to each other so as

to remain parallel

b. stiffness – ratio of the force applied to a structure to the corresponding

displacement
 c. moment

d. inertia – state of rest or motion

It is a method of concrete building construction in which floor (and roof) slabs are cast
usually at ground level and then raised into position by jacking.

a. lift slab

b. flatslab – concrete floor system which has no beam

c. cupping – distortion of the board in which the face convex or concave across
the board

d. seasoning – kiln drying

Tags: acoustics, furniture design, materials&resources,

mechanical, sanitary, structural, sample questions
0 comments share

© 2008 Multiply, Inc. About · Blog · Terms · Privacy · Corp Info · Contact Us · Help