Middle East College

HYDRAULICS – 1 (FALL 2018 –F18 CIVL 0008

Lab report
Analysis of the basic physical properties of fluids

Done by:
Aisha Khalfan Issa Al Tubi (15f14949)
Summited to:
Mohamed Abushammala

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1. Summary:

1.1 The target of this report is to analyses the properties of fluids. and explain in terms: Sp.Gr of
the liquid, viscosity, density, the principle of verification of Archimedes and poetic effect with
the discussion of the results of each experiment and the explanation of physical applications and
equations this is very important in scientific life and practical (refer to table 1.1, 1.2, and1.3) for
results. This report incorporates the accompanying three investigations: density and specific
gravity of liquid, capillary effect and Archimedes Principle.

1.2 within the first experiment The outcomes that were gotten demonstrated that the liquid
density can be acquired through materials and ways where it aims to determine the density and
the gravity according to the volume and the mass using 3 types methods is Measuring Beaker,
Eureka Can and Density Bottle provided given that the final product of the density is around
1000 kg/m3.

1.3 within the second experiment used 3 glass tubes of equal in the in thickness of (0.8 mm,
1.6mm and 0.8mm length)additionally the bottle plates are provided with plastic chip material,
ideally, One thickness of yellow chips are utilized Give the board partition roughly 0.5mm. The
results that were gotten exhibited that the when the liquid experiences a slim with a greater width
the liquid tallness can cut down liquid with a tube with a lower breadth. The aim of this
experiment is to the effect of the capillary into the fluid; determine the poetic effect and the
diameter.

1.4 Within the last experiment Concerning the Archimedes rule, it exhibited that the weight of
any material can be found by submerging it in a fluid and figuring the evacuated fluid.
Additionally, for the Viscosity it shown that at whatever the liquid density grow, the speed of a
material going overbite the slower it will be. This is the result obtained for this experiment.

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2. Introduction:

2.1 The main purpose of this experiment is specifying gravity and determining the density of
water. Has been used in this experiment a different process to achieve the above objective
through measuring of density bottle, Eureka can and beaker. A specific gravity is can help to
decide the fluid thickness through setting this object in the fluid which will dunk into it.
Therefore, the profundity of fluid plunge considered as a pointer of fluid thickness. Specific
gravity and Density of the liquid chosen (water) was figured to see the influence in the water
properties. Thickness is considered as mass over volume which is spoken to us by the symbol (p)
with the estimation of Kg/m3and its formulation can be expressed as pursuing:

The normal image is S.G for the specific gravity. Also, we can state that the proportion of the
mass of material to the mass of reference material for a similar volume. Deciding the thickness
of strong body can be accomplished through estimating the mass of the body, figuring its size
and after that isolating the mass by volume. Inundating the body in the water help deciding its
size through thinking about that the body estimate is equivalent to the volume of water
overabundance. Furthermore, with finding the density it tends to be utilized to locate the specific
gravity (Sp.Gr) of the liquid utilized (Water). Specific gravity is found by isolating the density of
the liquid utilized over the thickness of water which is a consistent number of 1000 Kg/m3
(Density and specific gravity, 2015). Its formulation can be expressed as pursue:

With respect to specific gravity and in addition coral reef aquaculture devotees, there are some
great applications that help to assess and estimating their saltiness bowls. This application can be
utilized too for various particular sorts of works, for example, biology, chemistry, geology, and
medicine.

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2.2 Capillary effect can be characterized as the water capacity to move in thin places on account
of the adhesion forces and the cohesion. Capillarity effect is utilized to quantify the capacity for
the liquid utilized in the trial to stream tight places (like little tubes) with no assistance from
gravity or some other outside powers. Its formulation can be expressed as pursue:

The Capillary impact happens when essentially the grip to the mass of any protest is more
grounded than the union of the particles of the liquid. Water or liquids is adhered to numerous
things and not simply to glass tubes. For instance, it can catch garments, papers, soil, and other
substance. Ordinarily, the Capillary activity can be utilized in human life and also in chemistry
and physics.

2.3 The last experiment is Archimedes' principle. Objects often seem to weigh less once
submerged during an exceedingly in a very} fluid than they are doing within the air as a result of
the downward drag of gravity is diluted by an up force, referred to as the buoyant force that's
given by the liquid. If the buoyant force is massive spare, it will defeat gravity entirely associated
reason an objective to float. Archimedes principle is the hypothesis that says when an Object is
completely overwhelmed in a liquid then the dislodged liquid is equivalent to the mass of the
question flooded (ole miss, 2016). Its formulation can be expressed as pursue:

2.4 The target behind this report is to debate the essential laws and to explain some physical
properties of hydraulic liquids through the tools used and also the calculations and results of
every one of them. The outline bound essential properties of fluids which can be helpful to have
an effect on the essential rules of hydraulics to the answer of sensible issues on fluid strength and
kinds of flow and equations of fluid motion, the move through valves and openings.

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3. Principles and Methods:

3.1 specific gravity and density

Theory:

3.1.1Density of a liquid

For determination, the density of a liquid, the mass and therefore the volume of the liquid used
square measure required. The mass is obtained by considering the liquid itself by exploitation a
pair of instrumentality’s by consideration 1st the instrumentality whereas empty and therefore
the filling it with water and subtracting the empty container from the cramped one. And therefore
the formula can be expressed as:

3.1.2 Specific Gravity of a liquid

Comparison between the density of water with the density of that liquid which is a constant
number of 1000 kg/m3. Its formulation can be expressed as pursue:

Apparatus: Eureka Can, Weigh device, Triple beam balance, Density Bottle, Measuring Beaker
100ml and Measuring Beaker 800ml.

Materials: Water and Metal Cube

Method:

 Measuring Beaker

Procedures:

 Weigh the vacuous beaker and record the mass as (W1).

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 Fill the container with water and the record the volume evident as (V1).
 Gauge the Beaker with the water inside it and record the mass as (W2).
 Figure the water mass by subtracting W1 from W2 and record it as (W3)
 Next after calculating the mass compute the thickness of the water utilizing (W3) and
(V1).
 With the density recorded compute the particular gravity of the water from inside the
measuring glass.

 Eureka Can
 Measure the volume of the metal shape and recorded it as (V1).
 Fill the Eureka can until the edge of within opening.
 Gauge empty beaker and recorded the mass as (W1)
 Put the empty beaker under the exit of the Eureka can.
 Toss the metal cube in the Eureka can.
 Let the water flooding from the (Eureka Can) fall into the measuring glass.
 Calculate and ascertain the mass the beaker in addition to the water and recorded as
(W2).
 Calculate and ascertain the volume of the cube shape.
 Calculate and Ascertain the density and after it the Specific Gravity of the material.

 Density Bottle
 Ensure the density bottle is dry.
 Gauge the bottle without water and record the mass as (W1).

 Fill the container with water yet ensure the outside of the bottle is dry.
 Gauge the container with the water and record it as (W2).
 Compute the volume of the water inside the container by subtracting (W1) from
(W2) and record it as (W3)
 Compute the density of the fluid utilizing

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  Compute the Specific Gravity of the fluid.

Result:

 Measuring Beaker

w1=209.65g , w2=495.25g , v=300ml

Mass of water only= w2-w1=495.25g - 209.65g = 285.6g

285.6𝑔
Density=300𝑐𝑚3 = 0.952𝑔/𝑐𝑚3

0.952𝑔/𝑐𝑚3
Sp.Gr= = 0.952
1𝑔/𝑐𝑚3

 Eureka Can

w1=35.5g , w2=38.95g , v=18.9cm3

Mass of the water inside the beaker=38.95g-35.5g=3.45g

3.45𝑔
Density=18.9𝑐𝑚3 = 0.1825𝑔/𝑐𝑚3

0.1825𝑔/𝑐𝑚3
Sp.Gr= = 0.1825
1𝑔/𝑐𝑚3

 Density Bottle

w1=31.4g , w2=81.8g , v=50 cm3

Mass of water=81.8g-31.4g=50.4g

50.4𝑔
Density=50𝑐𝑚3 = 1.008𝑔/𝑐𝑚3

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 1.008𝑔/𝑐𝑚3
Sp.Gr= = 1.008
1𝑔/𝑐𝑚3

3.2 Capillary effect

Theory:

The main aim is to determine the capillary result of fluid in several diameter tubes and to
measure the capillary effect of the water. a vacant an empty tank has been used and filled with
blue ink. As a second step in this test, a glass tube with various size estimations (distance across
0.4mm, 0.8mm and 1.6mm) have been utilized and dropped into the tank-which is brimming
with hued water-and also utilizing a glass plate which is 0.5mm thick. Finally, and as for the last
advance in this test, begin estimating and recording the tallness of water in the wake of
expanding its volume and rising up because of the capillary tubes and additionally the glass
plate.

Apparatus: Ruler, Water, Three glass capillary tubes. (Bore of: 0.4mm, 0.8mm, 1.6mm), Glass
sheet and Water Bath.

Materials: Ink

Method:

 Fill the water shower to a suitable level.

 Put a couple of drops of the ink in the water shower (Blue shading utilized)
 Place the narrow tubes in their place in the water shower with their drawback scarcely
inside the water.
 Put the glass plate in the side of the water bath
 Record the readings taken by utilizing the ruler and estimating the separation that the
water got inside the tubes.
 Calculate height by the Coloring given and fill the table below.

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Result:

3.3 Verification of Archimedes principle

Theory:

As featured over, the principle of Archimedes expressed that the procedure of inundation is
equivalent to the submerged body measure, accordingly in this examination the obvious loss of
question weight in water is equivalent to the water weight uprooted. Accordingly, there are some
extraordinary articles have been utilized to demonstrate a similar like stout pop, stone, and steel.
Also, with the end goal to demonstrate the idea of Archimedes principle, all the last outcomes
have been thought about together and it has been discovered that the water weight dislodged
must equivalent evident loss of question weight in water through utilizing Dive protests and after
that ascertaining the measure of falling water falling the container technique. In this trial a few
materials and mechanical assembly have been utilized like: some unique items: steel, plump pop,
and stone measuring glasses Eureka can, and spring balance.

Apparatus: Objects of different shapes (steel, plump pop and stone), Beakers, Eureka Can,
Spring Balance and Measuring Jar.

Materials: Water.

Method:

 Registration the material used in the table.

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  Record the mass of the given object and Weigh using the spring balance and put the
value of the mass in the table below
 Fill a Eureka will with water till the water starts to overflow out of it
 Connect a string to the given the objects in the spring balance snare utilizing a string and
embed it inside the can without making the objects contact neither the sides nor the base
of the can.
 Record the reading on the spring scale
 Measure water gathered from the flooding spout and note its weight and volume.
 Record both the weight and volume in the table.
 Record both the weight and volume in the table and Repeat the past advance in every
one of the objects gave.
 Compare the visible loss of the article in water with a load of water displaced by it.

Result:

Weight of empty beaker=35.496g

Weight of empty beaker with water for steel=47.15g

Weight of empty beaker with water for stone=54.932g

Weight of empty beaker with water for Plum bob=76.912g

Calculations of Weight of water displaced:

Weight of Weight of water displaced= Weight of empty beaker- Weight of empty beaker with
water

(Steel) 35.496-76.912=11.519g

(Stone) 35.496-47.15=19.436g

(Plum bob) 35.496-54.932=41.416g

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4. Discussion:

4.1 in the first experiment, According to the result which I got it in the experiment as shown in
the above result the specific gravity and the density relying upon the material utilized as in the
first part the specific gravity is 0.952 and the density is 0.952g/cm3 and the density of water is
1g/cm3 and is near from the value that was taken as likewise in the third part of the trial which
the thickness is 0.1825g/cm3. In the second part the density was ascertained as 1.008g/cm3
However is showed an accurate result because of the bottle used that has a known size which
basically has been designed for calculating the density of any type of liquid (Mario, A, (2009)).

4.2 in the second experiment, According to the result which I got it in the experiment as shown
in the above result all results and data of capillary effect experiment I noted down that there is an
inverse relationship between water and the diameter. When using the smallest diameter capillary
tube (0.4mm) I notice that water rise up and reaches 1.8cm and when to use the largest diameter
capillary tube (1.6mm) I notice that water falling down until it reaches to 0.9 cm. Subsequently,
the fluid’s height is relying upon the adhesion force which will be bigger than the cohesive force.
This durable power will fundamentally go about as obstruction between the fluid and the tube
wall. At long last, the gravity force is considered as another factor that endeavors to pull down
the liquid.

4.3 in the last experiment, According to the result which I got it in the experiment as shown in
the above result the standard of Archimedes should be underlined. In this way, the last
consequences of this examination featured that, there were a few blunders because of dislodging

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water and falling it into the ground as opposed to falling it into the container that readied to
contain the equivalent. In this way, it was hard to tally the full weight of water and then having
inaccurate final results. For instance, Weight of empty beaker with water for Plum bob was 40g
but water weight displaced dislodged was 41.416g which mean there are 41.416g considered a
mistake. So Evident Loss of weight of the object in water and the value of Weight of water
uprooted ought to be equivalent to one another. These sorts of little blunders can be in all
practical experiments. Therefore, it has presupposed from the up following:

 Consistent with the last outcomes discovered, it has been affirmed that the body when it
is inundated either totally or atom in the water, a portion of its weight lost.
 When drenching the body totally in the water, at that point its aggregate weight is lost.
 Either for submerging the body completely or somewhat in water is the accompanying
equations are utilized:
o the heaviness of water that falls when the body is brought into water=Loss in
body weight
o volume of the body submerged in water=Volume of water displaced

5. Conclusion:

5.1 Experiment1: three unique techniques have been utilized with the end goal to discover and
figure water density and these methods are Eureka can, density bottle and measuring beaker. As
the made reference to beforehand in this report, there were three different outputs for this
analysis came about because of utilizing these different outputs. The technique for utilizing
density bottle featured the higher exactness among the majority of the three with genuine last
aftereffect of 1.008g/cm3. However, the procedure of measuring beaker explains another correct
output which was calculated to be 0.952g/cm3. On the other hand, the technique for Eureka can
feature the most minimal yield among the three which was 0.1825g/cm3 because of the higher
percentage of mistake that could happen as a result of the trouble of assessing and containing
everything of the amount of water that dislodged to the cup from the Eureka can. In conclusion,
it is bespoke to utilize the procedure of density bottle in order to measure the fluid density since
it is considered as the most exact and in addition it is more effective and exact among the
majority of the three procedure and In end the density of any fluid utilized in the analysis could
change contingent upon the materials utilized while doing the trial.

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5.2 Experiment2: In conclusion, the Capillary action is happening pretty much consistently either
in typical life or just in the lab report. As featured in the outcome segment, all information and
consequences of slim capillary effect, utilizing the littlest distance across a fine tube (0.4mm)
demonstrated the largest amount of tallness at 1.8cm. Then again, utilizing the biggest breadth
fine tube (1.6mm) spoke to the most minimal level of tallness at 0.9cm. Therefore, the fluid’s
height is relying upon the adhesion force which will be more noteworthy than the cohesive force.
This cohesive force will essentially go about as obstruction between the fluid and the tube wall.
At last, the gravity force is considered as another factor that endeavors to pull down the liquid.

5.3 Experiment3: three objects have been utilized to confirm the principles of Archimedes and
these three items accomplished the reason for utilizing them. For instance, on account of utilizing
the Plum bob, the outcome demonstrated that the genuine weight before bringing it into the water
was roughly 40 g however in the introducing the same into the water, the real weight of the water
dislodged was about 41.416g. It was indicating same weight from the genuine, and the same was
for whatever remains of the objects. The principles of Archimedes' standard expressed that the
aggregate weight of objects is equivalent to the heaviness of dislodged water when a similar
body has been brought into the water. Thus, there are a few proposals raised up from this
experiment:

1. Conserving the dislodged water while bringing the body into it and gauging it precisely.

2. The body ought to bring gradually into the water; therefore results will be more exact and
precise.

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6. References

1. Lab Manual

2. e- Library (2018) [Online] available from < URL > https://elibrary.mec.edu.om/Mec [9

November 2018]

3. Density and specific gravity (2018) [Online] available from < URL
>http://vhs.vale.k12.or.us/sites/vhs.vale.k12.or.us/files/u16/chemistry/chapter_2/lab%20density

%20and%20specific%20gravity%202015.pdf >. [5/12/2016]

4. olemiss, (2016), Experiment 10: Archimedes’ Principle, {online} available from <
http://www.phy.olemiss.edu/lab/genlab/labmanual/2016Manual/223/Experiments/Arc
hemides.pdf > [5/12/2016]

5. Density and specific gravity (2018) [Online] available from < URL
>https://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/fplgtr/fplgtr76.pdf [15 Apr1993]

6. Density and specific gravity (2018) [Online] available from < URL
>https://www.unr.edu/Documents/science/physics/labs/151/09_Archimedes_Principle.pdf[9

Aug 2017]

7. Archimedes’ Principle (2018) [Online] available from < URL

>https://www.unr.edu/Documents/science/physics/labs/151/09_Archimedes_Principle.pdf[15

Apr 2017]

8. Archimedes’ Principle (2018) [Online] available from < URL

>http://www.phy.olemiss.edu/lab/genlab/labmanual/2016Manual/223/Experiments/Archemides.
pdf[3 Feb 2016]

9. Accuracy and the Measurement of Volume (2018) [Online] available from < URL
>file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/Lab%203%20CHM130LL%20Accuracy%20and%20Measure
ment%20of%20Volume%20w%20Answer%20Key%20(2).pdf[22 may 2017]

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10. Archimedes principle(2018) [Online] available from < URL
>http://www.infoplease.com/encyclopedia/science/archimedes-principle.html

7. Appendices:

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