WRITING THE THESIS OR

ANY RESEARCH
Focus your research very
specifically.
 Don't try to have your research cover an
area too broad
 Begin Writing Those Parts That
You Are Most Comfortable
With
 Go with what interests you, start your writing
there, and then keep building!
 Look at the first section of your paper. When
you are ready, go ahead and write it. If you
are not ready, move section-by-section
through your paper until you find a section
where you have some input to make
Change Sections From The
Proposal To Sections For Final
Paper
 Pull out the proposal and begin by
checking your proposed research
methodology
 Change the tense from future
tense to past tense and then make
any additions or changes so that
the methodology section truly
reflects what you did.
Research writing is not designed
to be entertaining
 It should be clear and unambiguous
 You should prepare a list of key
words that are important to your
research and then your writing
should use this set of key words
throughout.
 Good grammar and thoughtful
writing will make the thesis easier to
read.
Review Two Or Three Well
Organized And Presented
Researches
 Examine their use of headings, overall
style, typeface and organization.
 Use them as a model for the
preparation of your own paper.
Present Findings Based On
The Order Of The Stated
Problems
 It is the main concern of your
questionnaire.
 The problems posed in Chapter 1 will
be the main concern of your
presentation, & analysis of data.
At The End, It's Time To
"Rewrite" Chapter One
 Reread Chapter One carefully with the
insight you now have from having
completed Chapter Five.
 Does Chapter One clearly help the
reader move in the direction of Chapter
Five?
Your Adviser Will Expect To Read
Each Chapter In Draft Form
 Do not be upset if a chapter---
especially the first one you write---
returns covered in red ink.
 Take a positive attitude to all the
scribbles with which your adviser
decorates your text: each comment
tells you a way in which you can
make your thesis better.
CHAPTER 1- The Problem; Its
Background
 Introduction
 Statement of the Problem/Objectives
 Hypotheses
 Significance of the Study
 Scope and Delimitation of the Problem
 Definition of Terms
Introduction

 Notion of the general scope of the problem

investigated.
 Idea about similar problems from other country (mega
level), in our country (macro level) and the particular
place where the research is conducted (micro level).
 Underscore the difficulties caused by the problem and
the importance of investigating it. Hence, this part of the
study, the introduction, is primarily designed to meet
this felt need to the reader.
 The presentation of the investigation should very
naturally lead to the objectives of the study.
Example

Flood Hazard Zoning of

Tarlac City: Towards the
Development of Flood
Overlay Zones and
Provision
 Introduction Mega Level

The Philippines is one of the countries around

the world oftentimes experiencing disasters such as
earthquake, volcanic eruption, typhoon, tsunami,
drought, as well as flooding among others. Flooding is
the most frequently experienced phenomenon in the
Philippines due to the monsoon rains and typhoons
experienced by the country. On average, the country
experiences about 20 typhoons (more or less) per
year. On the other hand, monsoon rain affects the
weather system of the country for about six months or
half of the year. This causes flooding in many parts of
the country.
.. . . . . . . . . . . . Macro Level

The province of Tarlac in the Philippines is one of the

commonly flooded areas due to its geographical
characteristics. The province is surrounded by high mountains
along its eastern outskirt (part of Nueva Ecija and Aurora
provinces) and western outskirt (province of Zambales) but
predominantly the province is a vast flat area. The province of
Tarlac has 17 municipalities and one city.
Good planning is the key to minimizing the long-term
risks of damage from flooding. The principle is simple – plan
and develop properties, buildings and structures so that they
are safe from flooding from the outset without compromising
the safety of other properties. Prevention is far cheaper than
the cure [10].

Rationale
Statement of The Objectives

 Objectives are the desired or expected

ends to be achieved through the research
activity that are not influenced by the
judgment or personal bias. They describe
the aims or goals, which expected to be
achieved at the end of the research
process.
Good objectives of the study have an
acronym of S-M-A-R-T-E-R:
 They should be stated in simple language;
 They use measurable concepts;
 They are attainable;
 They are result-oriented;
 They are time-bounded;
 They generate enthusiasm;
 They make use of the local resources.
Example
Statement of the Objectives
The present study focuses on the development of flood
model for the urban areas or urban barangays of Tarlac City
wherein a flood overlay zone will then be developed based on
the flood hazard model. Specifically, the study tries to attain
the following objectives.
1. To develop a flood inundation model.
2. To determine the flood hazard and susceptibility on
the existing land use and to determine the risks on the urban
barangays.
3. To look into the implications of land use policies
towards risk management.
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
The statement of the problem has the following
characteristics:
 The problem should be stated precisely,
accurately, and clearly.
 It can be stated either in the interrogation
form.
 It can be either one main statement/question,
or a series of statements/questions, or a
combination of these forms.
 The problem should be defined in terms of
the data that can be obtained (p.a).
Example
Statement of the Problem
The study aimed to look into the factors related to
the academic performance of the fourth Year high school
students of Dee Hwa Liong College Foundation.
Specifically, this study sought to answer the
following questions:
1.0 How are the high school students described in terms
of the following:
1.1. Personality Factor- Warmth, Reasoning,
Emotional Stability, Dominance, Liveliness, Rule-
consciousness, Social Boldness, Sensitivity, Vigilance,
Abstractedness, Privateness, Apprehension, Openness
to change, Self-reliance, Perfectionism and Tension?
1.2 Socio-Economic Status?
1.3 College Aptitude?
 Hypothesis
 Hypothesis may be defined as an
expectation about events based on
generalizations of the assumed relationship
between variables (Aquino, 1992) or
difference between groups.
 Other authors define it as an educated or
intelligent guess or prediction about the
existence, attribute or relationship between
variables (characteristics or phenomena) or
difference between groups covered by a
study.
Example:
Hypothesis
This study tested the following null
hypothesis:
There is no significant relationship
between the academic performance of
students and the following singly or in
combination:
 PersonalityFactors
 Socio-Economic Status
 College Aptitude
Example:
Hypothesis
The following are hypothesized in the study.
1. The flood inundation from the different rainfall
event return periods coupled with the reduced
capacity of the Tarlac River, creeks, and artificial
drainages within the city create the potential
hazard prone areas especially in the urban
barangays.
2. A flood hazard zoning plan and process can
help organize the land use arrangements and
decision-making process towards flood reduction
in the urban barangays of Tarlac City.
Importance of the Study
Justifies the launching of the research project.
The importance of the study should contain the
following:
 Contribution to the accumulation of knowledge or to
filling up a knowledge gap;
 Contribution to building, validating or refining theories;
 Finding a solution to a problem of a specific group or
improving certain conditions;
 Contribution to improve education, income, health, inter-
relations, and the like.
 Example:
Significance of the Study
The developed flood hazard model will be beneficial to
the city officials as to policy formulation and decision making.
During the presentation of flood model results and on the
workshop with the city government officials, flood mitigation
projects or strategies as well as policies based on the result of
the study can be proposed. Furthermore, the study will serve
as a possible basis towards the enhancement of the CLUP of
the city.
Good planning is the key to minimizing long-term risks
of damage from flooding. The principle is simple – plan and
develop properties, buildings and structures so that they are
safe from flooding from the outset without compromising the
safety of other properties. Prevention is far cheaper than the
cure (Melbourne Water, 2008).
 As to the residents, the flood model will serve as
basis as to the design of their dwellings which are located
in areas which are prone to the different flood hazards.
Flood hazards such as depth, velocity, and flow direction
can be considered by the residents in terms of designing
their houses.
Finally, the developed flood overlay zones may
serve as guide to future land use development plans of the
city. Construction or establishment of essential facilities
such as government facilities, hospitals, school buildings,
and evacuation areas may be properly designed and
located so as not to be prone to medium or high flood
hazard level. Development of future commercial, industrial,
and residential zones can likewise be planned according to
the result of this study.
 Scope and delimitations
 Scope. The scope defines the coverage or
boundaries of the study in terms of the area or
locality and subjects, population covered the
duration or period of the study, the nature of
variables treated, their number, and the
treatments they received, and instruments or
research design should be so stated.
 Delimitation. Delimitations are those conditions
beyond the control of the researcher that may
place restriction on the conclusions of the study
and their application to other situations.
 Example
Scope and Delimitation
The study is focused on the flood hazard modeling of the
urban barangays of Tarlac City. There are a total of 24 urban
barangays as identified in the 2001 – 2010 CLUP of Tarlac City.
The following are the urban barangays: Binauganan,
Carangnian, Cut-Cut 1st, Ligtasan, Mabini. Maligaya. Maliwalo,
Matatalaib, Paraiso, Poblacion, Salapungan, San Isidro, San
Jaun Bautista, San Miguel, San Nicolas, San Pablo, San Rafael,
San Roque, San Sebastian, San Vicente, Santo Cristo, Sepung
Calzada, Suizo and Tibag. In this study, the urban barangays
San Isidro and Tibag will not be considered, for they are not
contiguously connected with the other urban barangays. Facing
downstream, the aforesaid two barangays are located on the left
bank of the Tarlac River whereas the considered urban
barangays are situated on the right bank.
 The 2, 5, 10, 15, 25, 50 and 100 year computed
extreme rainfall were utilized to model the flood water level at
the Tarlac River as well as to model the flood hazards over
the urban barangays of Tarlac City. The possible overflowing
or overtopping of the Tarlac River, based on the different
computed extreme rainfall, is considered in the study. On the
other hand, flooding caused by the Tarlac River to the urban
barangays such as levee breach is not considered in the
study. If Tarlac River was found to be overtopped by flood
water based on any extreme rainfall event, the excess water
on the river system will be considered in the flood modeling of
the urban barangays. The identification of flood hazard zones
as well as the proposed flood overlay zone for the identified
urban barangays of the city is based on the overland runoff in
the urban barangays as well as the possible overtopping of
flood water from the Tarlac River.
DEFINITION OF TERMS USED IN THE STUDY

 Two essential functions. First, to

establish the rules and procedures the
investigator will use to measure variables.
Second, to provide unambiguous
meaning to terms that otherwise can be
interpreted in different ways.
 Two major types of definition of terms-
the conceptual and the operational.
 Example
Definition of Terms
Flood Characteristics – It is the extent, depth, velocity, direction, as
well as the time for maximum depth of flooding based on the
different rainfall return period considered in the model.
Flood Hazard – It is an inundation wherein its flood characteristics
may cause harm to people, destruction to property, or even loss of
life among others.
Flood Hazard Model – It is the result of the different flood models
which is derived using different extreme rainfall events.
Flood Hazard Zoning – It is the characterization of the inundation
among the urban barangays based on the flood characteristics such as
flood depth, flow velocity and flow direction.
Flood Overlay Zone – They are areas within the urban barangays
wherein policies and strategies as regards flood risk management are
to be implemented.
 Chapter 2

REVIEW OF RELATED
LITERATURE
AND STUDIES
 Related Literature
 Related Studies

Foreign
Local
 Conceptual Framework
Related literature
 The research literature consists of the
articles, and books written by
previous authorities giving theories,
ideas, opinions and experiences of
what is good and bad, the
desirable and undesirable within
the research problem
 Example
Related Literature
One benefit which can be attributed to zoning is
Promotion of public health and safety through compatible
arrangement of various land uses, e.g. buffering between
residential and industrial zones and through standards for
environmental protection and conservation (CLUP Guidebook
Volume 3, 2014).
According to the City Disaster Risk Reduction and
Management Office (CDRRMO), several barangays in the city
were identified as flood prone, heavily flooded areas or
isolated during heavy rains. Based on the record of the
CDRRMO, 17 out of the 76 barangays or 22.37 percent are
prone to flooding.
Related Studies
 Related studies refer to published
reports on researches, and
unpublished manuscripts such as
theses or dissertations of actual
research studies done previously
on the topic.
 Example
Related Studies
Probabilistic risk assessment levee system yields to
two important by-products and these are: First, a database
with flood simulations, consequence estimates, and detailed
statistical data which will serve as basis for future research
and development. Second, is the build-up of experience with a
truly risk-informed approach to flood risk management thereby
paving the way toward new and more efficient ways or
protection against floods (Jongejan and Maaskant, 2015).
In flood inundation modeling, channel roughness is the
important model parameter; however, a sensitivity test
showed that it is not very sensitive in terms of its impact on
the extent of flow inundation (Ghimire, 2013).
Function of the Chapter 2
The related literature and studies
would act as benchmark to formulate the
theoretical scheme of the intended
research paper. The theoretical
framework shall be the tentative
explanation of the phenomenon, which
the research is to investigate.
Guides to the making of the
Review
 A. Researchers don’t work in a vacuum.
1. Related research is a result of previous work on
a topic.
2. Knowing what others have done and found help
to avoid “reinventing the wheel.”
 B. Even those who don’t conduct research per se
often need to know what the findings from relevant
researches.
C. Regardless of the communication topic of interest,
it’s likely that there is some relevant research that
has been conducted in the past.
D. Reviewing previous research is bound to shape a
new study in a number of ways:
 To provide support for, or shape, the formal
research question or hypothesis posed.
 To gathering ideas for the design of own study.
 To Provide the foundation on which researchers
build.
 To find out what has already been done and
learned about the topic(s) of interest.
Conceptual Framework
 Conceptual framework consists of the
researcher’s own position on the problem
after the thorough scrutiny of various
theories related to the problem undertaken
Conceptual Framework
 Consists of the Paradigm of the Study and
the explanation of the concepts that were
used in the study.
 It explains how the variables are expected
to work in the study.
Example
The aim of the study is to identify the
different flood hazards over the existing land use
plan of Tarlac City based on their 2001-2010
CLUP. The different flood hazard characteristics
identified are flow depth, flow velocity as well as
flow direction. These characteristics are used for
flood hazard zoning as well as towards identifying
the flood overlay zones which is geared towards
the reduction of risk over the different land uses in
Tarlac City.
Conceptual Framework
 Theoretical Framework
Waterway networks Hydrographs and Digital Elevation 1D Modeling
and cross sections boundary conditions Model (DEM) • HMS
SCS Curve Number (Loss Method)
SCS Unit Hydrograph (Transform Method)
1D Modeling 2D Modeling
(Channel flow) (Overland flow) Muskingum-Cunge (Routing Method)

• RAS
Hazard and Risks
(Land Use and Community)
Unsteady Flow

Flood Hazard Mapping and

2D Modeling
Overlays Zones Green-Ampt Infiltration
Dynamic Wave Momentum
Risk Management Swiss Method
Policies and Strategies
 Chapter 3
METHODS OF STUDY AND SOURCES OF
DATA

 Research Design
 Population
 Sampling Design/Sampling
 Methods of Gathering Data
 Instruments for Gathering Data
 Statistical treatment
General Methodology: Qualitative vs.
Quantitative Research
The distinctions between qualitative and
quantitative researches lie on the description
and presentation of data. Under quantitative
research, the questions are how well, how much
or how accurately are the characteristics of
attributes described for a given set of data
(Fraenkel & Wallen, 1994), while qualitative
research relies mainly on narrative description.
Basic Research Designs
 DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH DESIGN
 CORRELATIONAL
 CAUSAL-COMPARATIVE
 EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN
 THE QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN
 RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
The Descriptive Research
 In a descriptive research, variables are studied,
as they exist in their setting. No experimental
variables are manipulated and the main
concerns are to describe the status, profile,
incidences or occurrences of the variables. The
lack of control variables in descriptive designs
makes the results unreliable for hypothesis
testing and the results to vary from one setting to
another.
The Causal-Comparative
Research
 Causal-comparative research attempts to determine the
causes or differences that already exist between or
among groups or individuals (Fraenkel and Wallen,
1993). The design compares two or more groups in
terms of a different variable that cannot be manipulated,
i.e., and high performing group versus low performing
group (Performance in the difference variable). The
research may observe that the two groups differ on
some variables to determine the reasons for their
difference.
Correlational Design
 Correlational research explores the relationship
between or among variables. The variables are
studied without any attempt to control or
manipulate them. Correlation research is also
sometimes referred to as a form of descriptive
research because it describes relationship
between variables. The relationship described,
however, differs from other designs because of
the degree of relatedness established between
or among variables.
Experimental designs
 Posttest Only Control Group Design
R G1 X O2
R G2 O2
 Pretest-Posttest Control Group Design
R G1 O1 X O2
R G2 O1 O2
Example: Research Design
This study made use of the correlational design because it
determined the factors that are significantly related to students’
academic performance. Other factors attempted to be
correlated to academic performance were socio-economic
status and college aptitude. The study used the questionnaire
to survey the personal data and other data pertaining to socio-
economic status. Other instruments used were the Sixteen-
Personality Factor, a standardized instrument intended to
assess the personality traits of the students; High school
achievement is the weighted average of the grades, expressed
in terms of grade point average; and the College Aptitude
Test. The scores in the aptitude test were obtained from the
results of the test administered by the DHLCF Guidance Office.
The College Aptitude Test serves as a predictive of success in
the nursing course.
Population
 Identification of the Population. This
specification of the population may seem
simple but it seldom is. It is important for
the researcher to anticipate decisions that
are likely to come up during the actual
sample selection.
Example
 Suppose a survey is to be conducted among
State Colleges and Universities on
Environment Policies. The population of the
study would include the administrators and
students. Should only the Deans and
Students be included? Must the students
cover the high school level? What about the
canteen personnel, extension service,
research and general services units? The
respondents must be qualified to respond on the
basis of two criteria
Unit of Analysis
 The sample unit is the smallest entity of
the population that will provide one
response. Sample units are usually
individuals. However, there are cases
when the sampling unit is not an
individual, it may be an institution,
organization, a household or a school.
SAMPLING DESIGN
 The purpose of sampling is simply to
take a small portion of the population
to represent the whole population.
The major reason why sampling is
done is economy.
 A small segment of the population
provides enough evidence about the
characteristics of a population as a
whole to draw conclusive evidences
with confidence.
Probability Versus Non
Probability Sampling
 Probability sampling provides equal chances
to every single element of the population to be
included in the sampling. Samples drawn by any
of the probability sampling techniques have
statistical properties that allow the researcher to
make inferences about the population, report
confidence intervals and statistical significance.
 Non-probability sampling does not use
probability in selecting the samples. The
samples are selected on the basis of
convenience. Used for qualitative researches.
Sampling Designs
 Random Sampling ie. Tambiolo selection
 Systematic Sampling with a Random Start.
Uses an interval added or subtracted from a
random start
 Stratified Sampling. Divides a population into
strata then draws random sample from each
stratum
 Cluster Sampling. Divides the population into
cluster and randomly selects samples from the
clusters.
Example:

1. Stratify a Population by sex.

2. In cluster sampling, the schools are
considered as clusters and are
randomly selected.
METHODS OF GATHERING
DATA
 The Direct or Interview Method. The direct or interview method
gives the accurate, complete and reliable data.
 The Indirect Method or Questionnaire. The questionnaire consists
of all possible questions that answer the problems raised in the
study. In a questionnaire, the respondents answer the questions by
writing or by marking the answer sheet.. Examples of the supply
type items take the form of self-checklists, scales, inventories, and
tests.
 The Registration Method or Documentary Analysis. This method
uses information that is on file like laws, ordinances, decrees or lists
from various offices. Documents such as birth, death and marriage
certificates, memoranda, newsletters, letters etc. are also important
sources of primary data.
 Observation. Participant observation, unobtrusive observation, etc.
Instrumentation
 Questionnaire
 Interview guide
 Test
 Scale
Statistical Treatment
 All the statistical treatments used in the study
must be so specified in this section of Chapter
III. It is also necessary for manually computed
statistical treatment to specify the formulae used
for computation. For data to be computed using
computer software, the coding scheme for the
data input is also included to facilitate easy
understanding of text.
Example
 Statistical Treatment
The data were computed and the results were analyzed
using the following descriptive and inferential statistical
procedures:

1. To determine the profile of the fourth year high

School students, the following were used.
a. Percentage & Frequency distribution
b. Arithmetic mean
c. Standard deviation

2. To determine the relationship between the academic

performance and each of the predictive variables, the
Pearson Product- Moment Correlation was used.
All computations were done using computer software in
statistics.
 Chapter 4
PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND
INTERPRETATION OF DATA
 Question

Answering
Data

Analysis

The Research Cycle

 Go back to the questions posed in your
statement of the Problem.
 In this section use them as Headings
and
 Convert them to the Titles and Subtitles
in the Declarative Form.
 A simple rule - if you are presenting
information in the form of a table or graph make
sure you introduce the table or graph in your
text. And then, following the insertion of the
table/graph, make sure you discuss it. If there is
nothing to discuss then you may want to
question even inserting it.

Another simple rule - if you have a whole

series of very similar tables try to use similar
words in describing each. Don't try to be
creative and entertaining with your writing. If
each introduction and discussion of the similar
tables uses very similar wording then the reader
can easily spot the differences in each table.
5.1 Developed Flood Model
5.1.1 RAS Model of Tarlac River
Tarlac River flow depth was modeled based on the
different computed extreme value for rainfall. The
developed model was based on the concept that there is
no base flow before the occurrence of the different extreme
rainfall. The no base flow concept is anchored from the flow
depth observed at the Tarlac River before the occurrence
of Typhoon Lando on October 18, 2015. Based on the
observed flow depth data gathered from the ARBFFWC,
most of the time the river has no base flow or has
insignificant water flow within the river reach. Observable
flowing water at the Tarlac River only occurs during the
heavy monsoon rains or typhoon.
Figure 25. Modeled Water Profile of Tarlac River (100-year Extreme Rainfall)
 Based on the different models developed on
the Tarlac River, there is no expected overtopping
by flood water as regards the different extreme
rainfall events modeled in the study. The RAS
model simulation considered in this study is based
on the concept that there is no base flow observed
within the river reach before the occurrence of any
extreme rainfall event. Henceforth, there is still no
100 percent assurance that the river reach will not
be overtopped with the occurrence of initial base
flow in combination with the occurrence of higher
extreme rainfall events. Further studies or
investigations should be delved into such
combination of events.
 Chapter 5
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS,
AND RECOMMENDATIONS
 While this is the chapter that is placed at
the end of the thesis or a research, it could
very well be the first part a reader reads
and therefore, it should be the best-written
chapter of all.
 Normally, it is composed of three
basic sections, namely: summary,
conclusions and recommendations. At
times, depending on the purpose and
intent of the study, it may also include
implications, before the
recommendation part.
 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS
A summary puts together all the
important aspects made in the study.
However, it is not supposed to be a mere
repetition of what has been previously
presented in every chapter of the thesis or
the dissertation.
The summary will be very helpful and
can lead readers to the complete
appreciation of the research paper even
without having read the report from the
beginning.
 Guidelines in Writing the Summary of Findings:
 Brief statements.
 Each stated problem should be answered without
citing the specifics.
 The order by which the summarized answers appear
must follow the sequence and order in which the
questions are answered.
 Only those findings that expressly answer the
questions raised should be included in the summary.
 Findings that have resulted to and have led to the
making of the recommendations may be included,
provided that these are not new findings which are not
supported by the data gathered and presented earlier.
 To emphasize the strength of the findings, they should
not be sugarcoated and laced with unnecessary
words.
CONCLUSIONS
 The researcher’s grasp of the significant
findings that would suggest new ways of
doing things and new implications should
be reflected in the conclusions
 This is where the link between the
problems raised and the answers to the
problems are established. This is the
portion which we can appropriately call,
the tying up of loose ends.
 The researcher’s contribution here is to
force the significant issues out in the open,
and differentiate or set them apart from
those that are less significant in the study.
 These will respond to the "So what"
statements. In other words, what are the
key ideas that we can draw from the study
to apply to the areas of concern.
 Conclusions should be followed by citing
the verified, validated findings. Other
parallel theories can also be cited to
strengthen or invalidate the assumptions
or theories posited in the
theoretical/conceptual frameworks used
in the conduct of the study.
RECOMMENDATIONS
 Treaties, appeals, and entities which are
perceived to solve the problems and help
establish new systems to ease out present
problems and make better existing situations,
form part of the recommendation.
 This portion is the researcher’s way of capping
up the study with doable and implementable
programs and activities.
 The recommendation states plans for ready
implementation or those that have far reaching
effects that could solve the present problems. As
always, recommendations are the direct results
of the findings and the conclusions reached.
Conclusion
The following conclusion are made based on
the results and findings of the study.
1. Flood Hazard modeling
The model of the flooding caused by the
Typhoon Lando incident over the different land uses
within the city was validated by the actual images
during the said event. The concurrence of the
members of the CDRRMC during the result
presentation and workshop as regards the results of
the flood model further strengthens the validity of the
model.
2. Risk on urban barangays
Tarlac City is prone to different flood
risks based on the developed flood models.
Hazards such as high flood depth as well as
fast flow velocity may be encountered in some
urban barangays within Tarlac City. Risks
such as possible damage to property, risk to
life, damage to agriculture, as well as
disruption of economic activity may be
eminent.
 Recommendation
The following recommendations are
based on the conclusions of the present study.

1. Flood hazard modeling

Other typhoon events which are properly
documented by the CDRRMO and with
corresponding rainfall and flow data can be
used to validate the developed model. A
survey of the cross-sections of Tarlac River as
well as the bridges can be implemented to
further enhance the model.
2. Risk on urban barangays
Strict implementation of the policies as
well as the monitoring of construction
procedures on areas identified as hazard
prone should be observed by the city officials
to ensure public safety. The implementation of
engineering and non-engineering flood
measures can be done in urban barangays to
lessen the level of risk of any flood event
towards the community.
A. Published Journals
REFERENCES
Abbas, Azhar., Amjath-Babu, T.S., Kachele, Harald., Usman, Muhammad., and Muller,
Klaus.,”An Overview of Flood Mitigation Strategy and Research Support in South Asia:
Implications for Sustainable Flood Risk Management.” International Journal of
Sustainable Development and World Ecology, Vol. 23, No. 1, pp. 98-111, 2016,
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13504509.2015.1111954
Suman, Asadusjjaman and Bhattacharya, Biswa., “Flood Characterisation of the Haor Region of
Bangladesh Using Flood Index.”, Hydrology Research, pp 824–835, 2015. doi:
10.2166/nh.2014.065

B. Published Theses and Dissertations

Abedin, Sayed Joinal Hossain., (2014). “GIS Framework for Spatiotemporal Mapping of Urban
Flooding and Analyze Watershed Hydrological Response to land Cover Change.”
Published Thesis. University of Nevada. Nevada, United State of America. ProQuest
LLC, UMI Number: 1585467
Bin Abdullah, Ahmad F., (2012). A Methodology for Processing Raw LiDar Data to Support
Urban Flood Modelling Framework.” Published Dissertation. Delft University of
Technology. Delft, Netherlands. CRC Press/Balkema , ISBN 978-0-415-62475-6.
http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0021/002160/216056e.pdf

C. Internet Sources

Federal Emergency Management Agency

https://www.fema.gov/flood-zones

Housing and Land Use Regulatory Board. (2014). “CLUP Guidebook: A Guide to
Comprehensive Land Use Plan Preparation”
www.hlurb.gov.ph
 Appendix A
APENDICES
Appendix F
Request Letter for the Digital Terrain Model of Tarlac
Theissen Method for the Rain Gauge Stations

Note:
Rain Gauge Stations considered in the study are:
1. Tibag, Tarlac City;
2. O’Donnell, Capas, Tarlac
3. Maasin, San Clemente, Tarlac
APENDICES Appendix P
FLO2D Flood Depth Model Result
(Major Streets in Tarlac City)

(50-year Extreme Rainfall)

Legend:
(in meters)

0 0.150.3 0.6 0.9 1.2

Kilometers
 Online Research Links
https://www.sciencedirect.com/
https://doaj.org/
https://www.omicsonline.org/open-
access-journals-list.php
https://ejournals.ph/
http://www.dlsu.edu.ph/library/reso
urces/free-databases.asp
Thank You!!!
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