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Introduction to
Condition
Monitoring
Prepared by
Essam Abdel-Halim Moustafa
Abstract
This lecture introduces the predictive maintenance concept of
condition monitoring for industrial rotating machines.
This makes it easier to understand how important the need for
condition monitoring is.
1
Introduction to
Condition
Monitoring
This lecture will touch on several important topics which concern CM, but
the focus will be on industrial applications using rotating machinery.
2
Types of Maintenance
Break-down
Corrective Cost
Maintenance
(Run-to-breakdown)
Repair it when it fails
Time
Preventive Cost
Maintenance
(Time Based Maintenance)
Maintenance at regular intervals
Time
Predictive Cost
Maintenance
(On Condition Maintenance)
Problem detected before predicted
failure.
Maintenance planned ahead
Time
3
Corrective Maintenance
-Run to Breakdown-
Not
recommended
for critical
machines
Corrective
CorrectiveMaintenance
Maintenance
leads
leadsto:
to:
Secondary
Secondarydamage
damage
Safety
Safetyrisk
risk
Unplanned
Unplanneddowntime
downtime
Unplanned
Unplanned
maintenance
maintenance
Break Product
Productwaste
waste
-down
Cost
Spares inventory
Spares inventory
Time
4
Preventive Maintenance
Time Based Maintenance
Not
recommended
for critical
machines
Time-based
Time-based Preventive
Preventive
Maintenance
Maintenance involves:
involves:
More
Morefrequent
frequentoverhauls
overhauls
Risk of early failures
Risk of early failures
Tampering
Tamperingwith
withgood
good
machines
machines
Time
Timeconsuming
consumingoverhauls
overhauls
Experts
Experts needed foreach
needed for each
overhaul
overhaul
5
Predictive Maintenance
On-condition -Maintenance
Monitor
Monitorthe
thecondition
conditionof
ofthe
the
Recommended machine
machine and predict whenitit
and predict when
for critical would
wouldfail
fail
machines
Plan
Plan maintenanceahead
maintenance aheadofof
time and save money
time and save money
Repair
Repairthe
themachines
machinesonly
only
when
when they needto
they need to
Focus
Focusoverhauls
overhaulsonly
onlyon
onfaulty
faulty
parts
parts
☺☺ Higher
Higherplant
plantavailability,
availability,
performance
performanceandandreliability
reliability
☺☺ Greater safety
Greater safety
☺☺ Better
Betterproduct
productquality
quality
☺☺ Attention to environment
Attention to environment
☺☺ Longer
Longerequipment
equipmentlife
life
☺☺ Greater cost effectiveness
Greater cost effectiveness
6
Comparison of Maintenance Strategies
•High spare parts inventory •Failure may occur before •Initial investment in equipment
Disadvant- scheduled maintenance.
•High machine downtime
ages •Maintenance may be perf-
•High overtime labor costs
•low production availability ormed unnecessarily.
•Maintenance may cause
failure.
Used only on cheap,
Use abundant and insignificant Used on all machines Used on all machines
components
7
Why Make Condition Monitoring ?
8
Predictive Maintenance Flow Chart
Start
Reference
creation
Regular
Measurements
No Fault
detected
Machine Yes
Trouble-
Specs. Fault shooting
& diagnosis Chart
Drawings
Fault
correction
9
Machine Potential Failures Analysis
10
Parameters Used for Detection of machine Faults
nt
re
Parameters
n
si
io
p.
su
rre
ly
ow
at
m
na
Type of
es
Cu
br
Te
Fl
la
machine fault
Vi
Pr
Oi
Out of Balance Yes
Misalignment / Yes Yes
Bent Shaft
Damage of rolling
Yes Yes Yes
elements bearings
Damage of
journal bearing Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Damage of
gearboxes Yes Yes
Motor
Yes Yes
Problems
Mechanical Yes
Looseness
Resonance Yes
Why Vibration ?
Vibration is used as the fault detection parameter simply because it can
give an early warnings of fault development for a wider variety of typical
rotating machinery faults.
Other detection techniques, if used in isolation, limit the variety of faults,
and so unexpected breakdown by a fault type not included, is a real
possibility.
11
12
13
What is Vibration
Force
•Forces caused by
-Imbalance - Friction
-Shock -Acoustic
Input Freq. x
Forces Mobility
•Structural Parameters:
x -Mass -Stiffness
System -Damping
Response
(Mobility) Freq. =
Vibration
= •Vibration Parameters:
-Acceleration -Velocity
Vibration -Displacement
Freq.
What is Vibration?
Vibration is mechanical oscillation about a reference position. Vibration is
an everyday phenomenon, we meet it in our homes, during transport and
at work. Vibration is often a destructive and annoying side effect of a
useful process, but is sometimes generated intentionally to perform a
task.
Vibration of machines
Vibration is a result of dynamic forces in machines which have moving
parts and in structures which are connected to the machine. Different
parts of the machine will vibrate with various frequencies and amplitudes.
Vibration causes wear and fatigue. It is often responsible for the ultimate
breakdown of the machine.
14
Signal level Descriptors
Amplitude
T
1 T 2 1 T Peak
T ∫0 T ∫0
RMS = x ( t )dt Average = x( t ) dt Crest Factor :
RMS
15
Time Signal Descriptors
Amplitude
Peak- Peak
Peak
RMS
Average
Time
1 T Peak
T ∫0
1 T 2 Average =
T ∫0
RMS = x ( t )dt x( t ) dt Crest Factor :
RMS
16
FFT transformation
Displacement
d = D sinωnt
Displacement
Time 1 Frequency
T
T
Period, Tn in [sec]
m 1
Frequency, fn= T in [Hz = 1/sec]
n
k k
ωn= 2 π fn =
m
17
Spectrum Analysis
We see that the longer the period of the sine wave, the lower the
frequency.
The magnitude of the peak in the spectrum corresponds to the energy
content of the sine wave (RMS).
18
Vibration Parameters
d
v a
k
c m
Mechanical Parameters
Before going into a discussion about vibration measurement and analysis,
we will examine the basic mechanical parameters and components and
how they interact.
All mechanical systems contain the three basic components: spring,
damper, and mass. When each of these in turn is exposed to a constant
force they react with a constant displacement, a constant velocity and a
constant acceleration respectively.
19
Acceleration, Velocity and Displacement
a
M v
d a v
d Acceleration
M
M
a a
Velocity
m v
v
d
m d Displacement
m
Frequency
Time (real machine)
(Simple vibration)
20
Man-Machine Link
Correct &
Effective
M/C Maintenance
Decision
Information
& Operation
+
+
Diagnostic
Knowledge
+
21
Example of Machine Information table
22
Example of Machine Component
23
Frequency Spectrum
Motor Speed : 600 r.p.m
Rigid Coupling-1:
Co No. of bolts 4
First gear :50
:50 teeth
Second gear :20
:20 teeth
Rigid Coupling-2:
Co No. of bolts 6
Fan blades :5
Vib.
r.p.m or (Hz)
24
Frequency Spectrum interpretation
Motor Speed : 600 r.p.m
Rigid Coupling-1
Co : No. of bolts 4
First gear : 50 teeth
Second gear : 20 teeth
Rigid Coupling-2
Co : No. of bolts 6
Fan blades :5
5 blades
600 r.p.m
Vib.
(10 Hz)
Hz .m
5 r.p
)
(2 00
25 00
z)
z)
(15 00
50 teeth x600
m 0
)
0H
0H
(1 15
Hz
r p 60
rpm 15
Or 20 teeth x 1500
(4
rp s X
00 lt X
00 olt X
00 d e 30,000 rpm(500Hz)
24 Bo
m
75 Bla
6B
4
90
r.p.m or (Hz)
25
Measuring Points
26
Reference Spectrum
Vib.
r.p.m or (Hz)
27
Overall Alarm
r.p.m or (Hz)
28
Band Alarm
r.p.m or (Hz)
29
Example of Bands alarm Sheet
Vib.
r.p.m or (Hz)
30
Profile or Narrow band alarm
r.p.m or (Hz)
31
Overall Analysis
Vib.
r.p.m or (Hz)
32
Frequency Spectrum or Overall Level
Fan
Frequency Date
Vibration 5
5 1 2 3 4
4
3
2
1
Gearbox
Frequency Date
33
END
34