Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
Mohr Circle and Failure Theories
University of Padova
Department of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, Via Ognissanti, 39 – Padova (Italy)
phone: +39.049.827.7901
e‐mail: marco.favaretti@unipd.it
website: www.marcofavaretti.net
1
The Mohr circle and Failure Theories
In this case we are referring to the STRENGTH of the soil, which is really
the maximum or ultimate stress the material can support.
2
Strength of different materials
Tensile Compressive
C i Shear
strength strength strength
3
Shear failure of soils
Soils generally fail in shear
Embankment
Strip footing
m
Failure surface m
Mobilized shear
strength
Retaining
wall
5
Shear failure of soils
Soils generally fail in shear
Mobilized shear
Retaining
resistance
wall m
Failure
surface
failure surface
m
At failure, shear stress along the failure surface () reaches the
g ((f)).
shear strength
8
F
Stress at a point
The concept of stress at a point in
a soil is really fictitious. S
V
The point of application of a force
F within a soil mass could be on a
particle
i l or in
i a void.
id
A = 1
A void cannot support any force, but if the force were applied to a particle, the
stress could be extremelyy large.
g
When we speak about stress in the context of soil materials we are really
speaking about a force per unit area, in which the area under consideration is
the gross cross‐sectional or engineering area.
Consider a soil mass which is supporting a set of forces F1, F2, ..., Fn.
We could
Figure 1
Figure 1
resolve these
forces into
components
components
on a small
element at
element at
any point
within the
soil mass,
such as point
O in figure.
10
Stress at a point
Figure 2
The resolution of these forces into normal and shear components acting for
example on a plane passing through point O at an angle from the
horizontal which is an expanded view of a small element at point O.
O
11
Stress at a point
Figure 3
For convenience we assume compressive
forces and stresses as positive because
most normal stresses in geotechnical
engineering are compressive.
i i i
This convention then requires that a positive shear stress produce counter
clockwise couples on our element.
i.e.: positive shears produce clockwise moments about a point located just
outside the element.
Clockwise angles are also taken to be positive.
These conventions are the opposite of those normally assumed in structural
pp y
mechanics. 12
Stress at a point
Figure 2
Let’ss assume that
Let assume that
the distance AC
along the
inclined plane
has unit length,
and that the
figure has a unit
depth to the
to the
plane of the
slide.
slide.
Summing in
horizontal and
vertical
directions, we
obtain:
bt i
Dividing the forces in eq.1 by the areas upon which they act, we obtain the normal
and shear stresses ( and ).
We shall denote the horizontal normal stress by x and the vertical normal stress by
y; the stresses on the ‐plane are the normal stress and the shear stress :
15
Stress at a point
2 x y x y
2
x sin y cos cos 2 (3)
2 2
x y
x y sin cos
2
sin 2
(4)
If
If you square and add these equations, you will obtain the equation for a circle
d dd th ti ill bt i th ti f i l
with a radius of (x ‐ y)/2 and centre at [( x + y)/2, 0].
When this circle is plotted in ‐ space (Fig.3b) for the element in Fig. 3a, it is
known as the Mohr circle of stress.
16
Stress at a point
Figure 3a
It represents the state of stress at
a point at equilibrium, and it
p q ,
applies to any material, not just
soil.
Note that the scales for t and s
have to be the same to obtain a
circle from these equations.
S ce t e e t ca a d o o ta
Since the vertical and horizontal
planes in Fig.2 and 3a have no
shearing stresses acting on them,
they are by definition principal
planes.
Fi
Figure 3b
3b
17
Stress at a point
Pi i l
Principal stresses act on planes where
l h
= 0.
The stress with the largest magnitude
is called the major principal stress and Figure 3c
denoted by the symbol 1.
denoted by the symbol
The smallest principal stress is called
the minor principal stress,
h l 3 and the
d h
stress in the third dimension is the
intermediate principal stress 2.
intermediate principal stress,
18
Stress at a point
In Fig. 3b, 2 is neglected
since our derivation was
for two‐dimensional
(plane stress) conditions.
We could however draw
two additional Mohr
circles for 1 and 2 and
3 to make a complete
Mohr diagram (Fig.3c).
Figure 3 b,c
19
Stress at a point
1 3 1 3 (5)
cos 2
Now we can write Eq. 2 2
3 and 4 in terms of
principal stresses
principal stresses.
1 3
sin 2 (6)
2
Figure 3b
20
Stress at a point
From these equations also verify that the coordinates of the centre of the
From these equations, also verify that the coordinates of the centre of the
circle are [( 1 + 3)/2, 0], and that the radius is [( 1 ‐ 3)/2].
It is now possible to calculate the normal stress and shear stress
on any plane , as Iong as we know the principal stresses.
In fact, we could almost as easily derive equations for the general case where
x and y are not principal planes.
These equations are known as the double angle equations.
21
Stress at a point
This point has a very useful property: any straight line drawn through the pole
will intersect the Mohr circle at a point which represents the state of stress on
p p
a plane inclined at the same orientation in space as the line.
This concept means that if you know the state of stress and , on some plane
This concept means that if you know the state of stress, and on some plane
in space, you can draw a line parallel to that plane through the coordinates of
and on the Mohr circle.
The pole then is the point where that line intersects the Mohr circle.
O
Once the pole is known, the stresses on any plane can be found by simply
h l i k h l b f db i l
drawing a line from the pole parallel to that plane; the coordinates of the point
of intersection with the Mohr circle determine the stresses that plane
of intersection with the Mohr circle determine the stresses that plane.
22
example n.1
stresses on an element Fig. a
Find normal stress and shear
stress on the plane inclined at
= 35° from the horizontal
reference plane.
23
example n.2
stresses on the same element
rotated 20°
Find normal stress and shear
stress on the plane inclined at
stress on the plane inclined at
= 35° from the horizontal
reference plane.
24
Stress‐strain relationships and failure criteria
Figure 4 a,b
The stress‐strain curve for mild steel is shown in Fig.4a.
The initial portion up to the proportional limit or yield point is linearly elastic.
This means that the material will return to its original shape when the stress is
g p
released, as long as the applied stress is below the yield point.
25
Stress‐strain relationships and failure criteria
Figure 4 a,b
It is possible, however, for a material to have a nonlinear stress‐strain curve and
still be elastic, as shown in Fig.4b.
till b l ti h i Fi 4b
Note that both these stress‐strain relationships are independent of time.
If time is a variable, then the material is called visco‐elastic.
Some real materials such as most soils and polymers are visco‐elastic
Some real materials such as most soils and polymers are visco elastic.
26
Stress‐strain relationships and failure criteria
Figure 4 a,b
Why don’t we use a visco‐elastic theory to describe the behaviour of soils?
Soils have a highly nonlinear stress‐strain‐time behaviour, and unfortunately only
l h h hl l b h d f l l
a mathematically well‐developed linear theory of visco‐elasticity is available.
Note that so far we’ve said nothing about failure or yield.
Even linearly elastic materials yield (Fig.4a) if sufficient stress is applied.
27
Stress‐strain relationships and failure criteria
b
At the proportional limit the
At the proportional limit, the a
material becomes plastic or yields
plastically.
plastically.
Real materials behaviour can be
c d
idealized by several plastic stress‐
idealized by several plastic stress‐
strain relationships (Fig.4c,d,f).
P f tl l ti
Perfectly plastic materials (Fig.4c),
t i l (Fi 4 )
sometimes called rigid‐plastic, can
be treated relatively easily
be treated relatively easily e f
mathematically, and thus are
popular subjects of study by
mechanicians and mathematicians.
A more realistic stress‐strain
Fi
Figure 4
4
relationship is elasto‐plastic (Fig.4d). 28
Stress‐strain relationships and failure criteria
b
The material is Iinearly elastic up to a
the yield point y; then it becomes
perfectly plastic.
f l l i
Both perfectly plastic and elasto‐ c d
plastic materials continue to strain
even without any additional stress
applied.
li d
The stress‐strain curve for mild steel
e f
can be approximated by an elasto‐
plastic stress‐strain curve, and this
theory is very useful in working
theory is very useful in working,
punching, and machining of metals.
Fi
Figure 4
4
29
Stress‐strain relationships and failure criteria
b
Sometimes materials such as cast
Sometimes materials such as cast a
iron (ita‐ghisa), concrete, and a lot of
rocks are brittle, in that they exhibit
rocks are brittle, in that they exhibit
very little strain as the stress
increases. Then, at some point, the c d
material suddenly collapses or
crushes (Fig.4e).
More complex but also realistic for
many materials are the stress‐strain e f
relations shown in Fig.4f.
Work‐hardening materials become
stiffer (higher modulus) as they are
strained or “worked.”
Fi
Figure 4
4
30
Stress‐strain relationships and failure criteria
b
a
The little hump in the stress‐strain
curve for mild steel after yield
curve for mild steel after yield
(Fig.4a) is an example of work‐
hardening.
g c d
Many soils are also work‐hardening,
for example, compacted clays and
for example, compacted clays and
loose sands.
e f
Work‐softening materials (Fig.4f)
materials (Fig 4f)
show a decrease in stress as they are
strained beyond a peak stress.
y p
Fi
Figure 4
4
31
Stress‐strain relationships and failure criteria
Sensitive clay soils and dense sands are examples of work‐softening
materials. At what point on the stress‐strain curve do we have failure?
i l A h i h i d h f il ?
We could call the yield point “failure” if we wanted to.
In some situations, if a material is stressed to its yield point, the strains
or deflections are so large that for all practical purposes the material
has failed
has failed.
This means that the material cannot satisfactorily continue to carry the
applied loads. The stress at “failure” is often very arbitrary, especially
l dl d h “f l ” f b ll
for nonlinear materials.
32
Stress‐strain relationships and failure criteria
b
a
With brittle‐type materials, however,
there is no question when failure
occur it’s obvious.
Even with work‐softening materials c d
(Fig.4f), the peak of the curve or the
maximum stress is usually defined as
failure.
On the other hand, with some plastic e f
materials it may not be obvious.
Where would you define failure if you
y y
had a work‐hardening stress‐strain
curve (Fig.4f)?
Fi
Figure 4
4
33
Stress‐strain relationships and failure criteria
b
a
With these materials, we usually
define failure at some arbitrary
y
percent strain, i.e. 15% or 20%, or at a
strain or deformation at which the c d
function of the structure might be
impaired.
Now we can also define the strength
of a material. e f
It is the maximum or yield stress or
the stress at some strain which we
have defined as “failure.”
Fi
Figure 4
4
34
Stress‐strain relationships and failure criteria
b
a
There are many ways of defining
failure in real materials; or put
failure in real materials; or put
another way, there are many failure
criteria. c d
Most of the criteria don’t work for
soils.
soils.
The most common failure criterion
e f
applied to soils is the Mohr‐
applied to soils is the Mohr‐
Coulomb failure criterion.
Fi
Figure 4
4
35
MOHR-COULOMB FAILURE CRITERION
Christian Otto MOHR (1835‐1918) hypothesized (1900) a criterion of
failure for real materials in which he stated that materials fail when
the shear stress on the failure plane at failure reaches some unique
function of the normal stress on that plane:
The first subscript f
p refers to the plane on which the stress acts (in
p (
this case the failure plane) and the second f means “at failure.”
ff is the shear strength of the material.
is the shear strength of the material.
36
MOHR‐COULOMB FAILURE CRITERION
We will assume that a failure
plane exists, which is not a
bad assumption for soils,
rocks, and many other
materials.
t i l
37
MOHR‐COULOMB FAILURE CRITERION
Also we won’tt worry
Also, we won worry
now about how the ff = f (ff)
principal stresses at
failure are applied to the
element (test specimen
or representative
element in the field) or Figure 5
how they are measured.
If we know the principal
stresses at failure, we
can draw a Mohr circle to
represent this state of
hi f
stress for this particular
element.
element
38
MOHR‐COULOMB FAILURE CRITERION
Such a series is plotted in Fig.6.
N t th t l th t h lf of the Mohr circles are drawn, which is conventionally
Note that only the top half f th M h i l d hi h i ti ll
done in soil mechanics for convenience only.
Since the Mohr circles are determined at failure, it is possible to construct the
limiting or failure envelope of the shear stress.
This envelope, called Mohr failure envelope, expresses the functional relationship
between shear stress ff and normal stress ff at failure (Eq.7).
39
MOHR‐COULOMB FAILURE CRITERION
Failure occurs only when the combina‐
Figure 6
tion of and stress is such that the
Mohr circle is tangent to the Mohr
failure envelope.
Circles lying above Mohr failure envelope (circle B) cannot exist.
The material would fail before reaching these states of stress.
g
If this envelope is unique for a given material, then the point of tangency of Mohr
failure envelope gives the stress conditions on failure plane at failure
failure envelope gives the stress conditions on failure plane at failure.
Using the pole method, we can determine the angle of the failure plane from the
point of tangency of the Mohr circle and the Mohr failure envelope
point of tangency of the Mohr circle and the Mohr failure envelope.
40
MOHR‐COULOMB FAILURE CRITERION
The Mohr failure hypothesis is
illustrated in Fig.7a for the element at
failure shown in Fig.7b.
Stated another way: the Mohr failure
hypothesis states that the point of
tangency of the Mohr failure envelope
with the Mohr circle at failure Figure 7
d t
determines the inclination of the
i th i li ti f th
failure plane. 41
MOHR‐COULOMB FAILURE CRITERION
This also means, if the Mohr failure
hypothesis is valid, that it is equally likely
that a failure plane will form at an angle
of ‐f (Fig.7a).
( )
It is nonuniform stress conditions on the
ends of a test specimen and small
inhomogeneities within the specimen Figure 7
it lf th t
itself that we think cause a single failure
thi k i l f il
plane to often form in a test specimen. 42
MOHR‐COULOMB FAILURE CRITERION
43
MOHR‐COULOMB FAILURE CRITERION
These constructions were built by rule
of thumb, and unfortunately for the
, y
French military defences many of
these works failed.
Coulomb became interested in the
problem of the lateral pressures
exerted against retaining walls, and he
devised a system for analysis of earth
pressures against retaining structures
that is still used today.
Figure 7
Figure 7
44
MOHR‐COULOMB FAILURE CRITERION
One of the things he needed for design was shearing strength of the soil
One of the things he needed for design was shearing strength of the soil.
Being also interested in the sliding friction characteristics of different materials, he
set up a device for determining the shear resistance of soils.
d i f d i i h h i f il
He observed that there was a stress‐independent component of shear strength
and a stress‐dependent component.
The stress‐dependent component is similar to sliding friction in solids, so he called
this component the angle of internal friction, denoting it by the symbol .
The other component seemed to be related to the intrinsic cohesion of the
material and it is commonly denoted by the symbol c.
Coulomb s equation is, then:
Coulomb’s equation is, then:
f = tan
+ c ((8))
45
MOHR‐COULOMB FAILURE CRITERION
where f is the shear strength of the soil,
where is the shear strength of the soil
is the applied normal stress, and and c
are the strength parameters of the soil.
This relationship gives a straight line and
Figure 8
is, therefore, easy to work with.
Neither , nor c are inherent properties of the material; they are dependent on
the conditions operative in the test.
We could plot the results of a shear test on soil to obtain the strength parameters
p g p
and c (Fig.8).
Note that either strength parameter could be zero for any particular stress
Note that either strength parameter could be zero for any particular stress
condition; that is, = c when = 0, or = tan , when c = 0.
46
MOHR‐COULOMB FAILURE CRITERION
These relationships are valid for certain
specific test conditions for some soils.
Although who first did so is unknown, it
Figure 8
would seem reasonable to combine the
Coulomb equation, Eq.8, with the Mohr
failure criterion, Eq.7.
Engineers traditionally prefer to work with straight lines since anything higher
Engineers traditionally prefer to work with straight lines since anything higher
than a first‐order equation (straight line) is too complicated!!!
So the natural thing to do was to straighten out that curved Mohr failure
So the natural thing to do was to straighten out that curved Mohr failure
envelope, or at least approximate the curve by a straight line over some given
stress range; then the equation for that line in terms of the Coulomb strength
stress range; then the equation for that line in terms of the Coulomb strength
parameters could be written. 47
MOHR‐COULOMB FAILURE CRITERION
Thus the Mohr‐Coulomb strength criterion
was born, which is by far the most popular
strength criterion applied to soils
strength criterion applied to soils.
Mohr‐Coulomb criterion can be written as: Figure 8
This is a simple, easy‐to‐use criterion that
has many distinct advantages over other
failure criteria
failure criteria.
48
MOHR‐COULOMB FAILURE CRITERION
It is the only failure criterion which predicts the stresses on the failure plane at
It is the only failure criterion which predicts the stresses on the failure plane at
failure, and since soil masses have been observed to fail on rather distinct
surfaces, we would like to be able to estimate the state of stress on potential
sliding surfaces.
So the Mohr‐Coulomb criterion is very useful for analyses of the stability of
y y y
earth slopes and foundation.
They have several interesting characteristics that will be useful later on.
Fi
First, if we know the angle of inclination of the Mohr failure envelope or have
if k h l f i li i f h M h f il l h
determined it from laboratory tests, then it is possible to write the angle of the
failure plane f in terms of the slope
failure plane in terms of the slope of the Mohr failure envelope.
of the Mohr failure envelope
49
MOHR‐COULOMB FAILURE CRITERION
To do this, we have to invoke the Mohr failure hypothesis. Then the failure angle
To do this, we have to invoke the Mohr failure hypothesis. Then the failure angle
measured relative to the plane of the major principal stress is:
f 45 (10)
2
Let’ss look at a soil element subjected to principal
Let look at a soil element subjected to principal
stresses which are less than the stresses required to
cause failure (Fig.9a). f is mobilized shear resistance
cause failure (Fig.9a). is mobilized shear resistance
on the potential failure plane, and ff is shear
strength available (shear stress on failure plane at
failure).
Since we haven’t reached failure yet, there is some
y ,
reserve strength remaining and this really is a
definition of the factor of safety in the material.
Figure 9 50
MOHR‐COULOMB FAILURE CRITERION
ff (available)
Factor of Safety (F.S.) (11)
f (applied)
Now, if the stresses increase so that failure occurs, then the Mohr
circle becomes tangent to the Mohr failure envelope.
g p
According to the Mohr failure hypothesis, failure occurs on the plane inclined at f
that plane of ff.
and with shear stress that plane of
and with shear stress
This is not the largest or maximum shear stress in the element!!!
The maximum shear stress acts on the plane inclined at 45° and is equal to:
1f 3 f
max ff (12)
2
51
MOHR‐COULOMB FAILURE CRITERION
Why doesn’tt failure occur on the 45
Why doesn failure occur on the 45°
plane?
I
It cannot because on that plane the
b h l h
shear strength available is greater than
max so failure cannot occur.
so failure cannot occur
This condition is represented by the
distance from the maximum point on
distance from the maximum point on
the Mohr circle up to the Mohr failure
envelope in Fig.9b.
envelope in Fig.9b.
That would be the shear strength Figure 9
available when the normal stress on
available when the normal stress on
the 45° plane was (1f + 3f)/2.
52
MOHR‐COULOMB FAILURE CRITERION
The only exception would be when shear
y p
strength is independent of normal stress,
i.e., when Mohr failure envelope is
horizontal and = 0.
This situation (Fig.9c) is valid for special
conditions (UU triaxial tests).
Such materials are called purely cohesive
p y
for obvious reasons.
The shear strength is f, and the normal
stress on the theoretical failure plane at
stress on the theoretical failure plane at
failure is (1f + 3f)/2. 53
MOHR‐COULOMB FAILURE CRITERION
Figure 10
Another useful thing that
Another useful thing that
we should do before going
on is to write the Mohr
on is to write the Mohr‐
Coulomb failure criterion
in terms of principal
stresses at failure, rather
than as in Eq.9 in terms of
ff and ff.
Look at Fig.10 and note 1f 3 f
that sin = R/D or:
sin 2
1f 3 f
c cot
2
1f 3 f 1 1 sin
13 sin 14
1f 3 f 3 1 sin
3 1 sin
15
1 1 sin
Figure 10
55
MOHR‐COULOMB FAILURE CRITERION
1 2 3 2
16 tan 45 tan 45 17
3 2 1 2
Figure 10
56
MOHR‐COULOMB FAILURE CRITERION
These four equations are only Figure 10
valid where c = 0.
Inspection of these equations and Fig.10 shows that the coordinates of the point
of tangency of the Mohr failure envelope and the Mohr circle ( ff, ff) are the
stresses on the plane of maximum obliquity in the soil element.
In other words, the ratio ff/ff is a maximum on this plane.
57
MOHR‐COULOMB FAILURE CRITERION
Thi l
This plane is not the plane of
i t th l f
maximum shear stress.
On that plane ( = 45°), the obliquity
will be less than the maximum value
since the ratio of max/[( 1 +
since the ratio of + 3)/2] is
)/2] is
less than ff/ff. Figure 10
Th bli i
The obliquity relationships are very
l i hi
useful for evaluating TX test data and
in theories of lateral earth pressure
in theories of lateral earth pressure.
The last factor we should consider is
the effect of the intermediate principal
the effect of the intermediate principal
stress 2 on conditions at failure.
Figure 11 58
MOHR‐COULOMB FAILURE CRITERION
It is obvious that 2 can have no
influence on the conditions at
failure for the Mohr failure criterion,
no matter what magnitude it has.
The intermediate principal stress 2
probably does have an influence in
real soil, but the Mohr‐Coulomb
f il
failure theory does not consider it.
th d t id it
Figure 11 59