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How to Approach
G.S. – Modern
Indian History

Copyright © by Vision IAS

All rights are reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or
transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or
otherwise, without prior permission of Vision IAS

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As we live our life in the present and read about the happenings around the world in newspapers, we
do not usually pause to think about the longer history of these events. We see change before our eyes,
but do not always ask, why are things changing? Very often we do not even notice that things were not
the same in the past. History is about tracking these changes, understanding how and why they are
taking place, how the present world in which we live has evolved. The subject of Modern Indian History
has always occupied a dominant space in both the Preliminary as well as Mains Civil Services
Examination of the UPSC.

The Innovative Classroom Sessions at Vision IAS would cover the preliminary and mains syllabus
exhaustively and also focus on generating interest and developing conceptual clarity. Using basic
concepts and chronological events we shall seek to understand the broader themes and cross-
connections amongst them as a focus area, more so if the current trends are kept in mind.

If you are one of those students -

• Who have a ‘Historo-Phobia’ – to mean that History is all about cramming of events with
endless dates and terrorizing names, which in the end becomes all too boring and tedious.

OR

• Who are still confused as to what is so significant about Mangal Pandey that Aamir Khan
choose to make a whole movie about him or what was so special about Gandhiji that we
have him on every currency note or why do we celebrate 26th January when we already
have 15th August or why we call West Bengal as ‘West’ while it is in geographical East
direction (If you think they are easy questions, try writing these in 200 words)

OR

• Who wish to go through the complete history syllabus quickly to get a kick start and gain
some confidence in UPSC journey preparation.

For such students, as a starting point we are providing the following basic readings from NCERTs, which
you are expected to complete before the Classroom Sessions begin.

You can start with Old NCERT for Class X – The Story of Civilization Part 2 by Arjun Dev. The last two
chapters of this book, Chapter-15, ‘India Awakening’ and Chapter-16, ‘India’s Struggle for
Independence’ cover all the major events in Indian History from 18th century to Independence. The
idea is, to read it not like a text book but like a story book. Don’t try to learn, memorize or make notes
but just enjoy reading these 55 pages like a short story. After giving a reading or two, in case you feel
the need, you should go through the questions at the end of these chapters and try to correlate them
with the story you have just read. At the end of this, the ONLY thing which you are expected of- is a
good feel about history and a broad picture covering all the major events.

Next, one can read the Old NCERT for Class XII, the book ‘History of Modern India’ by Bipin Chandra,
now being published by Orient Blackswan. This book is the basic text which needs to be compulsorily

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read as it matches completely, with the demand of the syllabus of GS Modern Indian History. You make
skip making notes of this book, as the whole book is at best, a summary of Modern Indian history.

Note - Students who are quite familiar with Modern Indian History can directly start with this book,
skipping the Class X NCERT.

While going through Chapter 1, there are lot many facts and events given; however just push yourself
through this chapter while understanding the major players in that phase. From Chapter 2 onwards,
you shall notice that you can start filling the gaps in the broad picture you have in your mind. Later you
can try writing answers to the questions given at the end of each chapter (They are given in the old
NCERT book only). Be sure to revise this book at least once before moving to next book.

Now arises the question on how to complete these readings before the Classroom Sessions begin. One
way to cover these would be to design your personal study program. Try to create a schedule: an
orderly, systematic approach is not only beneficial but also critical in an examination like the UPSC CSE.
Preferably dedicate a consistent block of time everyday of the week.

As you now flow along the Classroom sessions, you can start identifying the major themes that run
through these critical events. Some examples of these themes can be taken from the ‘new’ NCERT for
Class XII on Indian History. An insight will help you connect the dots to build up the thematic content.
However, the ‘Bible of Modern Indian History’ – India’s Struggle for Independence by Bipin Chandra is
sure an aid in crystallizing such themes, their forward and backward linkages and cross-connections
across time-periods.

If you still have the appetite to read through more books, you may go through the book ‘Plassey to
Partition’ by Sekhar Bandopadhyay. This book will give you multiple perspectives about the same
event and hence will further enhance your understanding.

There is one specific portion of syllabus related to the famous personalities of India’s freedom
struggle. While going through various text books, you should keep track of these personalities,
sometimes whose contributions may also be scattered across many chapters. You should also keep an
eye on the articles in newspaper about such personalities from the past. These articles highlight the
contribution of such personalities in a consolidated form and some articles are about less famous
personalities as well, which otherwise may not be adequately covered in the text books.

All the Best !

*********

Copyright © by Vision IAS

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transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or
otherwise, without prior permission of Vision IAS

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 How to Approach
G.S. Geography

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What is it?
Geography is one of the major disciplines that help fulfill people’s quest for knowledge about their
surroundings.Many a times, it is geographical phenomena, which influences the social, cultural, political, economic
and technological landscape. Whether it is the social practice of migration & transhumance; cultural aspects related
to art and crafts or food and clothing; political dimensions like geopolitics and geostrategy; economic dimensions
related to the primary, secondary or tertiary sectors or technological aspects related to innovationsin the field of
mining, climate control, and transportation etc. These are all primarily related to Geographical dimensions. We can
unarguably say that Geography gives usfundamental knowledge of spatial dimensions related to whatever is
happening around us.

Why in Examination?
Thus it is hardly any surprise that UPSC has included Geography in the General Studies section of both Prelims and
Mains. A good understanding of Geography not only helps civil servants better understand the underlying reasons of
the manyhappenings in the world,but also evolve better plans and ensure efficient execution geared towards a more
inclusive and sustainable development.

The Examination Perspective

Discussing the Geography section from an examination perspective and looking at the syllabus of Prelims and Mains
in detail, as well as past few years’ papers (preferably since 2007), one gets a fair bit of idea on what and how to
prepare for the exam. The new NCERTs of Class IX to XII along with G.C. Leong and a good school atlasforms the
fundamental reference sources.

Given below is the list of books and other reference sources:

Class IX NCERT: Contemporary India Part-I
Class X NCERT: Contemporary India Part-II
Class XI NCERT:Fundamentals of Physical Geography
Class XI NCERT:Indian Physical Environment
Class XII NCERT:Fundamentals of Human Geography
Class XII NCERT:India, People and Economy
Certificate Physical and Human Geography by Goh Cheng Leong, Oxford University Press
School Atlas by any good publisher like Oxford University press, Orient Longman, DK etc.
Keeping track of related articles in The Hindu, Yojana etc.

If one can get hold of the old Land and People series (published in the nineties), class VI, VII,VIII, and IX
NCERT books, then these could be referred for the World geography section (anyways we will be taking care of
these sections in the classroom and the content provided).

There are some secondary reference sources along with content on some current issues, which could also be
covered for a comprehensive preparation. We shall discuss this later.

Keeping the Focus Right

One important thing that needs to be constantly kept in mind is that one must go through the syllabus along with
the questions asked in Prelims as well as Mains, before and after completing each section. This will help in ensuring
that based on your understanding; you pick up the most relevant aspects from the examination perspective. This will
also help in building confidence that you would be able to answer the questions UPSC has asked from those sections.
If you could answer the present set of questions, there is no reason why you will not be able to answer the
questions that would be asked in the future. Just one more important thing - you also need to practice answer
writing and hone your presentation skills. This is where we will help you to overcome the initial inertia, and put you
in a disciplined routine of regularly answering in the classroom program.
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Class 5
Tentative list of topics to be covered: India: Physical formation, physiography, drainage, structure and relief and
basics of soils etc.

BR: Chap. 2. Structure and Physiography, 3. Drainage System NCERT class 11- India Physical.

Class 6
Tentative list of topics to be covered: Composition and Structure of atmosphere, weather and its associated aspects.
BR: G.C. Leong chap 13 - weather, ;
NCERT : 8. Composition and Structure of Atmosphere - class 11 Fundamentals of Physical geog.

Class 7
Tentative list of topics to be covered: insolation, earth’s heat balance, different atmospheric circulations - global
winds, cyclones,
BR: NCERT- class 11 Fundamentals of Physical geog. 9. Solar Radiation, Heat Balance and Temperature, 10.
Atmospheric Circulation and Weather Systems

Class 8
Tentative list of topics to be covered: continued from previous class, Precipitation types, and climate and different
world climates.
BR: NCERT- class 11 Fundamentals of Physical geog. - 11. Water in the Atmosphere, 12. World Climate and Climate
Change

G.C. Leong - 14. Climate , and climate related parts of the following chapters - 15. The Hot, Wet Equatorial Climate,
16. The Tropical Monsoon and Tropical Marine Climates, 17. The Savanna or Sudan Climate, 18. The Hot Desert and
Mid - Latitude Desert Climates, 19. The Warm Temperate Western Margin (Mediterranean) Climate, 20. The
Temperate Continental (Steppe) Climate, 21. The Warm Temperate Eastern Margin (China Type) Climate, 22. The
Cool Temperate Western Margin (British Type) Climate, 23, The Cool Temperate Continental (Siberian) Climate, 24.
The Cool Temperate Eastern Margin (Lauren-tian) Climate, 25. The Arctic or Polar Climate .

Class 9
Tentative list of topics to be covered: continued from previous class, miscellaneous other topics like el nino, la nina,
enso, urban climate, applied climatology, heat island etc.
BR: refer the internet and our content

Class 10
Tentative list of topics to be covered: Indian aspects of climate
BR: NCERT class 11 - India Physical environment - chap. 4. Climate

Class 11
Tentative list of topics to be covered: basics about oceans and ocean resources
BR: NCERT- class 11 Fundamentals of Physical geog. - UNIT V: WATER (OCEANS) -chap. 13. Water (Oceans), 14.
Movements of Ocean Water.
G.C. Leong : 12. The Oceans

Class 12
Tentative list of topics to be covered: continued from previous class, coral reefs, islands and Indian ocean related
aspects ( India specific)
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 How to Approach
G.S. Society

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What is it?
Society refers to the changing pattern of social relationships. It is a system of usages and procedures, of authority
and mutual aid, of many groupings and divisions, of controls of human behavior and of liberties. It unfolds as it
evolves; involving both continuity and change. Moreover, a society like ours is not only plural and diverse, but also
unequal.

Society and man being co-existent, it is important to question and understand why and how society functions the
way it does. It is also critical to understand society, since it is the context in which everything takes place. This makes
it important to think, reflect and relate to its various facets.

Why in Examination?
It is hardly any surprise that UPSC has included Society in the General Studies section of Mains. It is no secret that
the plans, policies, programmes and schemes formulated and implemented by the government, seldom lead to the
desired objectives. A good understanding of Society will not only help civil servants better understand the
underlying reasons of the events happening around them, but also ensure that the government’s objectives are
more effectively achieved, in tune with the elements of continuity and change our social environment is composed
of.

Thus, the following need to be kept in mind while studying the topic of Society:
1. To relate whatever is studied in G.S. with the outside environment.
2. To enable ourselves to observe and interpret social life.
3. To be aware of the complexity of social processes.
4. To appreciate diversity in the Indian Society, as well as the world at large.
5. To build our capacity in understanding and analyzing the changes in the contemporary Indian Society.

The Examination Perspective

Discussing the Society section from an examination perspective by looking at the syllabus of Mains in detail, along
with the past few years’ papers, one gets a fair bit of idea on what and how to prepare for the exam. The following
books can be read for specific chapters as mentioned in Basic References:

Class XI NCERT: Introducing Sociology

Class XI NCERT: Understanding Sociology
Class XII NCERT: Indian Society
Class XII NCERT: Social Change and Development in India
Class XII NCERT: Fundamentals of Human Geography (FOHG)
Class XII NCERT: India, People and Economy (IPE)
NIOS - Senior Secondary Course in Sociology
NIOS –Secondary Course in Social Science
Keeping track of related articles in The Hindu, Yojana etc.

The complete NCERTs (specifically of Sociology) need not be read before the classes, as they are highly technical and
can create unnecessary confusion. However, they can be given a complete reading after the Lecture series is over
for a holistic and integrated understanding. Nonetheless, the relevant content will be covered in class and handouts.
There are some secondary reference sources along with content on some current issues, which could also be
covered for a comprehensive preparation. They shall be adequately covered in class and handouts.

Keeping the Focus Right

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One important thing that needs to be constantly kept in mind is that one must go through the syllabus along with
the questions asked in Mains, before and after completing each section. This will help in ensuring that based on your
understanding; you pick up the most relevant aspects from the examination perspective. This will also help in
building confidence that you would be able to answer the questions, UPSC has asked from those sections. If you
could answer the present set of questions, there is no reason why you will not be able to answer the questions that
would be asked in the future. Just one more important thing - you also need to practice answer writing and hone
your presentation skills. This is where we will help you to overcome the initial inertia, and put you in a disciplined
routine of regularly answering in the classroom program.

Another note of caution is that the data available in these books is generally old. So one should not pick the data
from NCERTs and should rather refer the latest India Year Book (published by the Government of India, Publication
Division) and Economic Survey of the given year, Census 2011 and updated government sources (websites).

Since the questions on this topic are not usually factual, rather mostly conceptual and application oriented, so our
focus should be more towards developing conceptual clarity and learning how to apply key concepts to real world
problems.

A Plan of Action (for the Classroom Students)

Now arises the question on how to complete these readings. One way to cover these would be to design your
personal study program. Try to create a schedule: an orderly, systematic approach is not only beneficial but also
critical in an examination like the UPSC CSE. Preferably dedicate a consistent block of time everyday of the week.
You can also set a few learning outcomes for a chapter after browsing through it quickly. Then go for a thorough
reading. Once you complete it, see whether the learning outcomes you predicted made sense and helped you
answer the questions given at the end of the chapter.

Classroom students are suggested to read the following NCERT Books before attending the particular class so that
the class discussion will prove to be more fruitful.

Class 1
Tentative list of topics to be covered: Salient Features of Indian Society, Diversity of India

Basic References ( BR):1. NCERT – Introducing Sociology – Chapter 3 – Understanding Social Institutions
2. NCERT – Indian Society – Chapter 3,6
3. NIOS- Sn. Sec. Course – Sociology – Module 4 – Indian Society – Caste System in India
4. NIOS- Sn. Sec. Course – Sociology – Module 4 – Indian Society – Major Religious Communities in India
5. NIOS- Sn. Sec. Course – Sociology – Module 4 – Indian Society –Unity and Diversity

Class 2
Tentative list of topics to be covered: Role of women and women's organization.

BR: 1. NIOS- Sn. Sec. Course – Sociology – Optional Module 1 – Status of Women (complete)

Class 3
Tentative list of topics to be covered: Social empowerment, communalism, regionalism and secularism

BR: 1. NIOS- Sn. Sec. Course – Sociology – Module 4 – Indian Society – National Integration: Concept and Challenge.
2. NIOS – Sec. Course – Social Science- Socio-Economic Development and Empowerment of Disadvantaged
Groups.

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Class 4
Tentative list of topics to be covered: Effects of Globalization on Indian Society.

BR: 1. NCERT – Social Change and Development in India- Chapter 6 – Globalization and Social Change

Class 5
Tentative list of topics to be covered: Population and associated issues, Poverty and development issues Part -1.

BR: 1. NCERT FOHG – UNIT 2 – Chapter 2,3,4

2. NCERT IPE – UNIT -1 – Chapter 1,2,3
3. NCERT – Indian Society – Chapter 2
4. NIOS- Sn. Sec. Course – Sociology – Module 4 – Indian Society – Major Social Problems in India
5. NIOS – Sec. Course – Social Science – Population – Our Greatest Resource

Class 6
Tentative list of topics to be covered: Poverty and developmental issues Part -2, Urbanization
BR:1. NCERT FOHG – UNIT-4 – Chapter 10
2. NCERT IPE – UNIT -2 – Chapter 4

*Class 2,5,6 shall also cover related Problems and Remedies as per the key topic.

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 How to Approach
G.S. Economics

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Economics touches and influences our lives in ways that is hard to comprehend. It is not only
our personal decisions, but also that of a nation as a whole, which are influenced by economic
considerations one way or the other.

Given this overarching influence of economics, it is hardly surprising that those aspiring for
top administrative positions in the country are expected to be well-versed with certain
fundamental concepts and principles of economics. What is of even more importance is that
they are expected to apply these concepts to analyze certain crucial issues that the country
faces.

The Classroom Course at Vision IAS has been designed to guide and assist its students
towards the same. It is our endeavour to ensure that youare not only able to successfully
master the requisite concepts and fundamentals of Economics, but your knowledge base also
keeps getting regularly updated.

This becomes very important if one is to examine and critically analyze the issues that keep
cropping up at the national as well as global level from time to time. As a starting point we
are providing a few basic readings (only from NCERTs at this stage) that you can complete
before the Classroom Sessions begin. This would not only acquaint you with the discipline of
Economics, but also make your Innovative Classroom Sessions a lot more enjoyable and
fruitful.

To begin with you can start with the Economics NCERT of Class IX.
• Read Chapter 1 to understand the Organization of Production, Requirement of Land,
Labour and Capital (fixed and working). While going through the chapter, ponder
over the in-chapter questions. After a thorough reading, see whether you can answer
the questions given as part of Exercises towards the end.
• Once you complete the above-mentioned tasks, start with Chapter 2 – ‘People as
Resource’. This would help you understand the concept of Human Resources. Try to
develop an understanding about key terms given in the chapter, like Human Capital
Formation (as distinct from Physical Capital), Economic Activities – Primary,
Secondary and Tertiary Sectors, Quality of Population, basic concepts of
Unemployment etc. As with the first chapter, try to answer the questions given within
the chapter as well as those given as part of the Exercises.
• Chapter 3 deals with the issue of Poverty. The term Poverty has been specifically
mentioned in the UPSC syllabus. So make an earnest attempt to thoroughly
understand this chapter. Try to maintain clarity about key concepts like Social
Exclusion and Vulnerability, Issues related to poverty etc. Read the concept of
Poverty Line, whether certain groups are more vulnerable to fall below the Poverty
Line, Inter-State disparities, global scenario, the Causes of Poverty, Anti-Poverty
Measures undertaken and the challenges that lie ahead. Once finished with reading
the chapter, you must be able to answer all the nine questions given as part of the
Exercise.
• The final chapter of this textbook is titled ‘Food Security in India’. It explains what
Food Security means, why it is needed, who are food insecure, Food Security in
India, the concepts of Buffer Stock, Public Distribution System, and Rationing,
current status of PDS, Role of Cooperatives and the like. While reading the chapter,
pay special attention to the boxes. They contain some really good pieces of
information that a beginner must be thorough with. Answering the twelve questions
in the Exercise would ensure that you have thoroughly read the chapter, without
missing any key information.

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Once you are complete with the Class IX NCERT, move on to the Class X NCERT, which is
titled Understanding Economic Development. It has five chapters in all.
• The first chapter on Development will give you clarity on what development
promises and whether different people can have different development goals. Other
topics like National Development, Human Development Report, Sustainability of
Development, and the like should also be understood well.
• The second chapter deals with the Sectors of the Indian Economy-Primary,
Secondary and Tertiary in detail. It also talks about the division of these into the
Organized and Unorganized Sectors, as well as Private and Private Sectors (in terms
of ownership). The Exercises contain a mix of both Objective as well as Subjective
questions. Thus solving them would be pretty fruitful.
• Chapter 3 titled Money and Credit talks about money as a medium of exchange, its
modern forms, loan activities of banks, different credit situations and terms of credit.
Since money and banks are something we deal with all the time, this should be fun to
read as well as enriching. Moving on, it also talks about the formal sector credit in
India as well as the concept of Self-Help Groups for the Poor.
• Chapter 4 of this textbook relates Globalization to the Indian Economy. Globalization
is a recurrent theme as far as UPSC Exam questions are concerned. Lately, questions
on Globalization have been focused on its effects on a particular aspect of a nation,
say economy or polity or a section of the population, say the elderly or the women.
The present chapter would give you a fairly good idea about the basics of
globalization and how it has affected the Indian economy. It also briefly deals with
the World Trade Organization.
• The last chapter is on Consumer Rights. Read this to understand the rights of a
consumer in a marketplace as well as basics of Consumer Movements. The in-chapter
questions as well as those given towards the end must be thoroughly studies and an
attempt must be made to answer as many as possible. This applies to all the chapters
of all the NCERTs!!

Now would be the time to move on to the Class XI NCERT – Indian Economic
Development (has been a standard reading for UPSC for eons now!!). The Contents in this
book have been written quite clearly, with all the topics that have been covered in each
chapter given in detail. It contains four units, which are further divided into ten chapters in
all. This textbook has to be read very thoroughly from cover to cover. The expected learning
outcomes have been given in the beginning of each chapter. Understanding the expected
learning outcomes will help maintain a clear sense of purpose while you are going through
each chapter. After having completed reading the chapter, please check whether you fulfill all
the learning outcomes mentioned in the beginning. The expectation of what is expected
becomes even clearer when you read the Recap and answer the subjective questions given in
the Exercise. Once you are complete with the ten chapters of this textbook (having made an
attempt to answer all the questions and fulfilled all the learning outcomes), you would have a
basic understanding of the discipline of Economics.

Though the Class XII NCERT of Introductory Macroeconomics is also an advisable read
along with Chapter 1 of Introductory Microeconomics, but you can defer it till the time the
Classroom Sessions begin. This is mainly because students have often found these two to be a
bit on the difficult side. This is more so when hey have first not been explained the concepts
covered in these books. And this is a task best left to the Classroom Faculty.

Now arises the question on how to complete these readings before the Classroom Sessions
begin. One way to cover these would be to design your personal study program. Try to create
a schedule: an orderly, systematic approach is not only beneficial but also critical in an
examination like the UPSC CSE. Preferably dedicate a consistent block of time everyday of
the week.

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Set a few learning outcomes(as is given in Class XI NCERT, but you can be a bit more
elaborate) for a chapter after browsing through it quickly. Then go for a thorough reading.
Then see whether the learning outcomes you predicted made sense and helped you answer all
the questions of the Exercise.

Apart from these, also go through a national daily, preferably The Hindu or The Indian
Express. While reading these, pay special attention to news items and editorials that are
related to the Indian or Global Economy, in one way or the other.

The NCERT readings along with a newspaper (thoroughly studied like a textbook!!) would
suffice as Preliminary Readings for the Classroom Sessions. Also try not to miss anything
interesting that catches your attention - be it while travelling in a train or bus, buying stuff
from the market or paying rentals. They could be related to one or the other concept of
economics, howsoever remote the connection may be.

So, keep your eyes and ears open and enjoy your readings :)

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UNDERSTAND MEANING OF KEY WORDS AND FRAMING YOUR ANSWERS
ACCORDINGLY

To give in precise terms the meaning of something. Bring to attention any

Define problems posed with the definition and different interpretations that may
exist

Describe Provide a detailed explanation as to how and why something happens

Discuss Essentially this is a written debate where you are using your skill at
reasoning, backed up by carefully selected evidence to make a case for and
against an argument, or point out the advantages and disadvantages of a
given context. Remember to arrive at a conclusion

Explain Clarify a topic by giving a detailed account as to how and why it occurs, or
what is meant by the use of this term in a particular context. Your writing
should have clarity so that complex procedures or sequences of events can
be understood; defining key terms where appropriate, and be
substantiated with relevant research.

Elaborate To give in more detail, provide more information on.

Illustrate A similar instruction to ‘explain’ whereby you are asked to show the
workings of something, making use of definite examples and statistics if
appropriate to add weight to your explanation.

Demonstrate Show how, with examples to illustrate.

Analyse Break an issue into its constituent parts. Look in depth at each part using
supporting arguments and evidence for and against as well as how these
[ Critically ] interrelate to one another.

Assess Weigh up to what extent something is true. Persuade the reader of your
argument by citing relevant research but also remember to point out any
flaws and counter-arguments as well. Conclude by stating clearly how far
you are in agreement with the original proposition.

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Compare Identify the similarities and differences between two or more phenomena.
Say if any of the shared similarities or differences are more important than
others.

Contrast Similar to compare but concentrate on the dissimilarities between two or

more phenomena, or what sets them apart. Point out any differences
which are particularly significant.

Examine Look in close detail and establish the key facts and important issues
surrounding a topic. You should try and offer reasons as to why the facts
[ Critically ] and issues you have identified are the most important, as well as explain
the different ways they could be construed.

Comment upon Pick out the main points on a subject and give your opinion, reinforcing
your point of view using logic and reference to relevant evidence, including
any wider reading you have done.

Give an account Means give a detailed description of something. Not to be confused with
of ‘account for’ which asks you not only what, but why something happened.

To what extent Evokes a similar response to questions containing 'How far...'. This type of
question calls for a thorough assessment of the evidence in presenting
your argument. Explore alternative explanations where they exist.

Give your verdict as to what extent a statement or findings within a piece

Critically of research are true, or to what extent you agree with them. Provide
evaluate evidence taken from a wide range of sources which both agree
with and contradict an argument. Come to a final conclusion, basing your
decision on what you judge to be the most important factors and justify
how you have made your choice

Copyright © by Vision IAS

All rights are reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any
form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior permission of Vision
IAS

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