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REPORTED BY
INYOMAN MERDANA, ST., MT
ENGINEERING FACULTY
UNIVERSITY OF MATARAM
NOVEMBER 2007
Approved by
Head of Research Center of Mataram University
SUMMARY
Concrete is building material for almost all of civil work. There is hardly any
civil construction erected without concrete. Because of the widely usage of
concrete then research carried out concerning to the concrete is endless.
In design of reinforced concrete structure, the mechanical properties of
concrete play an important role. The properties are, for examples, Compressive
strength and Tensile strength of concrete. Concrete strength is affected by many
complicated factors, some of them namely water-cement ratio, kind of aggregates,
load used on testing, and specimen size as well. Based on some past research, it
was reported that tensile strength of concrete is influenced by the size of the
specimens and loading type.
In concrete structures, quality control of the concrete produced is usually based
on testing conducted on concrete cylinders, cubes, or even drilled Cores. The
specimens like drilled cores are various in sizes and therefore they do not comply
with the specification of the ASTM or Indonesian Building code. Considering that
the different size of concrete cylinder is frequently encountered in any project site
and the Loading type applied when Tensile strength test at laboratory can be either
Distributed load or Line load then it is important that the Tensile strength behavior
of normal concrete be discovered related to the size and the load effect. In this
regard, this research is intended to find out the influence of concrete cylinder size
and loading type on behavior of splitting tensile strength of normal weight
concrete
In this research h-d ratio, t-r ratio and diameter of the concrete cylinder as well
were considered as variables and the current study was experimentally focused on
behavior of Splitting Tensile strength of normal concrete. All specimens were
concrete cylinder and mix proportion used in this research was constant, namely
1:2:3 of cement-sand-crushed stone by volume with a constant water-cement ratio
of 0.5. In addition, nominal maximum size of pumice was 20 mm. Cylinder depth
to diameter ratios of the specimens was varied between 1 and 3.
Based on data observed, it is obvious that typically the wider the spreader
(which indicated with higher t/r ratio) the higher the splitting tensile strength of
the concrete. The load applied with wider spreader tends to be distributed load.
Furthermore splitting tensile strength increases nonlinearly as the t-r ratio increase
and simply the smaller the diameter of the specimens, the higher the splitting
tensile strength
(2)
RINGKASAN
Beton merupakan bahan bangunan untuk hampir semua pekerjaan sipil.
Hampir tak ada bangunan sipil yang dikerjakan tanpa melibatkan beton. Karena
penggunaannya yang luas maka penelitian tentang beton tak pernah berakhir.
Pada perencanaan struktur beton, sifat sifat mekanis mempunyai peran yang
penting. Sifat-sifat mekanis tersebut, seperti misanya, Kuat tekan dan Kuat tarik
beton. Kekuatan beton dipengaruhi oleh banyak faktor yang sifatnya komplek,
beberapa diantaranya yaitu, faktor air-semen, jenis agregat, Beban yang digunakan
saat pengujuian serta ukuran spesimen. Berdasarkan kajian kajian terdahulu,
dilaporkan bahwa kekuatan Tarik belah beton dipengaruhi oleh ukuran dari
spesimen.
Pada struktur yang terbuat dari beton, kontrol kwalitas terhadap beton yang
dihasilkan umumnya ditentukan berdasarkan atas pengujian tekan terhadap
silinder, kubus ataupun Inti Bor. Spesimen seperti Inti Bor tersebut tersebut
bervariasi ukurannya, dan oleh karena itu biasanya tidak memenuhi standar ASTM
atau SNI. Dengan pertimbangan bahwa ukuran silinder yang bervariasi masih
sering ditemui pada lokasi lokasi proyek dan tipe beban yang digunakan saat
pengujian di laboratorium dapat berupa beban garis atau beban terbagi rata maka
perlu kiranya dikaji pengaruh ukuran spesimen dan tipe beban terhadap sifat
mekanis beton normal. Maka dari itu penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui
pengaruh ukuran silinder dan tipe beban terhadap perilaku Kuat tarik belah beton
normal. Pada penelitian ini variabel yang ditinjau adalah rasio h/d dan diameter
dari silinder dan difokuskan pada pengujian kuat tekan dan kuat tarik belah.
Semua spesimen yang digunakan berupa silinder, dan campuran beton ditetapkan
1Pc:2Ps:3Kr berdasarkan perbandingan volume dengan faktor air semen 0,5.
Disamping itu, ukuran nominal maksimum batu pecah yang dipakai yaitu 20mm.
Rasio tinggi silinder terhadap diameter silinder bervariasi dari 1-3.
Berdasarkan data yang diperoleh mengindikasikan bahwa semakin lebar
bidang kontak antara beban dan silinder (yang mana dicerminkan oleh rasio t/r
yang lebih besar) maka kekuatan tarik belah beton semakin tingi. Beban tekan
yang dkerjakan dengan bidang kontak yang lebar cendrung berubah perilaku
menjadi beban terbagi merata. Selanjutnya Dapat disimpulkan bahwa kuat tarik
belah beton normal meningkat secara nonlinier dengan berambah lebarnya bidang
kontak beban dan praktis semakin kecl diameter siliner beton maka semakin
tinggi kuat tarik belah yang diperoleh.
PREFACE
With the blessing of the almighty God, finally this Dosen Muda research
report can be completed in time as scheduled. This research is intended to find out
the effect of specimen size and Loading type applied when testing on the behavior
of Tensile strength of normal weight. This study focuses Splitting tensile strength
of normal concrete.
The experimental study was conducted at The Structure and Material
Laboratory of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering University Mataram.
This report is based on Dosen Muda Research program sponsored by The
Directorate of Higher Education, Department of National Education, whose
support is also gratefully acknowledged. The technical assistance and cooperation
of the laboratory staff are acknowledged.
The author is especially grateful to his student, Muh Aziz Mukhlisin,
Nanang Wardani, Ferry Kusmiran, and Danny, for their contribution, cooperation
and help in doing the research. Without their support, this research would have
been immeasurable more difficult. For providing me with his valuable
encouragement, comments and proofreading, I appreciate the help of Mr. I Made
Sujana MA, lecturer at FKIP and an instructor in the Language Center of
University of Mataram. The author also thanks to his colleagues for their
comment and help when the author engaged in doing his report.
As the old saying goes ‘Homer sometimes nods’ and therefore the author
expect criticism and suggestion from the readers and hope that this research report
will be valuable for those who are interested in concrete fields, especially in
Splitting tensile strength of concrete.
(4)
LIST OF CONTENTS
LIST OF FIGURES
(6)
LIST OF APPENDICES
APPENDIX 4 : GLOSARIES
APPENDIX 5 : PHOTOS
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
In every part of the world, concrete is a dominant structural material. Actually,
the usage of concrete as structural material is because of the fact that, concrete
constituent is easy to find, concrete making is relatively easy to handle, it provides
a good fire resistance, and does not need costly maintenance. Broadly speaking,
concrete is utilized in every civil construction.
In design stage, properties of concrete play important role. The properties are,
such as tensile strength ft, Modulus of elasticity Ec, Stress-strain relationship, etc.
It is known that concrete is strong in compression, but in the other hand, concrete
has low tensile strength, just about 10-12% of the compressive strength.
Cracking behavior of concrete and minimum amount of steel reinforcement of
structural element is governed greatly by the Tensile strength of concrete. Usually,
the Tensile strength of concrete is determined by indirect test, namely splitting
tensile test and Modulus of rupture test. Determination of tensile strength by direct
tension test is rarely carried out because it is very difficult to apply axial tension
load to a concrete specimen. The choice of which method used to find out the
tensile strength is merely based on the simplicity of the method. The most
common method used in Indonesia is The Splitting test.
Based on ASTM C496-90, Splitting test is carried out by applying
compressive load on a concrete cylinder of the type used in compressive strength
testing, placed horizontally. The applied load is spread through narrow strips of
packing material, such as hardwood or plywood, which is inserted between the
specimen and the platen of the testing machine. In fact, the tensile test is
frequently performed by applying the load directly on the surface of the specimen
instead of using the spreader strips. Therefore, a very high stress exists between
surface of the specimen and the platen. This condition will affect the Tensile
strength obtained from the test. Considering the reality, it is imperative that the
influence of loading type on the Tensile strength of concrete be discovered.
In concrete structures, quality control is usually based on the test of concrete
cylinders, cubes, or Core-drills. To assess the quality of existing concrete
structures or the actual strength of concrete in a structure; core drill testing is one
(8)
of the methods that can be used. The specimens like core-drills are various in sizes
and therefore the different size of the core-drills do not meet the specification of
the ASTM. The various specimen size influences the Tensile strength obtained
from the test. The concrete behavior in relation to the different size of the
specimens is known as Size effect.
The behavior of Tensile strength of concrete concerning the size effect
phenomenon needs more attention. In Indonesia, mainly in civil engineering
project, there are any possibilities to use various size of concrete cylinder. In this
regard, it is essential to study the behavior of tensile strength concerning to the
size effect and loading type used in testing.
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURES REVIEW
*
SNI is Indonesian Building Code
( 10 )
2t
(b) (c)
(a)
Figure 1.1. Splitting strength test apparatus. Isometric view (a),
Splitting test with point-line loading (b)
and distributed-load with Bearing Strips(c)
(Adopted from ASTM C496-90 [5] and Tang et.al [17])
CHAPTER 3
RESEARCH OBJECTIVES AND CONTRIBUTIONS
( 12 )
CHAPTER 4
METHOD OF RESEARCH
were 3.15 and 3.25 kg/m3 respectively. Later, the Bulk density was used on
the determination of the mix proportion.
Start
Material testing:
Grading, Chemical content, Organic
impurities, Soundness, Density, Specific
gravity
Specimen curing:
Soaking in water for 14 days
Specimen testing:
Splitting test (ASTM C 496-90)
Analysis of data
Finish
( 14 )
usually varies between 1.5 and 3.8 and therefore the sand observed in this
study conforms to the specification, both the ASTM and current Indonesian
building code, SNI.
120
100 100
100 100
100
Passing by weight (%)
85 95
80,90
80
80
60
60 58,25
50 ASTM upper
40 sample
30 ASTM lower
20
10
0 2
0,72
0,15 0,3 0,6 1,2 2,4 4,8 9,5
Aperture size (mm)
There are two kinds of the density of sand, id est. loose bulk density and
compacted bulk density. The densities of the sand were 1205 kg/m3 and 1434
kg/m3 respectively. These densities can be classified as normal weight sand.
The grading curve of the sand is shown in Figure 4.2. More detail information
correspond to the grading requirements on sand can be referred to Appendix 1.
120
100
Passing by mass (%)
80
60
20
0
0 10 20 30 40 50
Aperture size (mm)
d. Water
Water used in this research, both for mixing the concrete ingredient and
for curing of concrete, was fresh water taken from reservoir of the laboratory.
The water was one that was fit for drinking. Therefore, no testing on the water
was conducted and it was assumed that the water was suitable for concreting.
As a rule, water that is unsuitable for drinking may not necessarily be unfit
for mixing concrete. Slightly acidic, alkaline, salty, brackish, colored, or foul-
smelling water should not be rejected outright. This is important because
water shortage in many areas of the world. In addition, recycled waters from
cities, mining, and many industrial operations can be safely used as mixing
waters for concrete. The best way to determine the suitability of a water of
unknown performance for making concrete is to compare the setting time of
cement and the strength of mortar cubes made from the unknown water with
reference water that is clean. The cubes made with the questionable water
( 16 )
should have 7- and 28-day compressive strengths equal to or at least 90
percent of the strength of reference specimens made with clean water; also,
the quality of mixing water should not affect the setting time of cement to an
unacceptable degree. As a general guideline, from standpoint of the concrete
strength, the presence of excessive amounts of algae, oil, salt, or sugar in the
mixing water should send a warning signal.
a. Balance
Balance is applied to weigh any object that was involved in the study such
as weight of Portland cement, water, sand, and crushed stone or concrete
samples. The balance is Trademark of Ohaus which having capacity of 25 kg
with the accuracy of 0.1 gram.
In addition, the balance is equipped with suitable apparatus for suspending the
sample container in water from the center of the weighing platform or pan of the
weighing device. Several kinds of balances used in this research are shown in
Figure 4.4.
b. Pycnometer
This apparatus was used to find out the Specific gravity and water absorption
of natural sand according to ASTM 128-88. For this instance, a volumetric
flask having capacity of 500 grams was used. A graduated cylinder and a
volumetric flask are shown in Figure 4.5.
( 18 )
Figure 4.6. Mecanical ASTM Sieve Set
Figure 4.8. Power Driven Concrete Mixer used for mixing concrete
( 20 )
f. Reusable Cylinder mold
The specimens used in this experimental study were various size of
concrete cylinders. For casting concrete samples, two kinds of molds, steel
and Plastic mold, were used. The steel molds are for casting 150 by 300mm
and 100 by 200mm concrete cylinders. In addition, to obtain samples with
various ratio of h/d, the plastic molds were made by cutting PVC plastic pipe.
The plastic pipes are trade mark of Wavin Duta Jaya with diameter ranging
from 2” to 6”. Some of the molds are simply shown in Figure 4.9 below.
Figure 4.9. Concrete molds used for casting the concrete sample
( 22 )
Figure 4.12. Slump Test Set
j. Secondary apparatus
Actually there were many secondary tools used to insure the project run well.
Some of them were shovel, trowel, wrench, pliers, plastic-basin, ruler, mini
trolley and data sheets. Several of the apparatuses are shown in Figure 4.13.
k. Water tub
To prevent evaporation of water from unhardened concrete, the specimen was
immediately covered after finishing with impervious plastic. All specimens
were removed from the mold 24 hours after casting and cured by moist curing.
As specified on ASTM C496-90, all concrete specimens were cured by
immersing them in a water tub for 14 days. The water tub used in this research
is shown in Figure 4.14.
†
t-r ratio is ratio of an half of contact width to the radius of cylinder, refer to Fig. 1
( 24 )
For more detail information about the specimen identification and definition, it
can be referred to Figure 1.
CHAPTER 5
RESEARCH RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
( 26 )
Before the test, weight of all concrete cylinders was recorded, and
diameter and length of the specimens were measured as well. The diameter and
length of the concrete cylinder used for calculating the tensile strength of the test
specimens were determined by averaging two diameters measured at right angles
to each other. Maximum load, weight and dimension of the specimens, splitting
tensile strength can be obtained in Appendix 3. The splitting tensile strength is
obtained from equation (2)
Typically, data collected indicates that the splitting tensile strength
increases nonlinearly as the t-r ratio increase. This phenomenon is shown in
Figure 5.1. The splitting tensile strength decrease at first and then increase
nonlinearly as the t-r ratio increase. This trend is slightly different from former
study conducted by Merdana [13] and Tang [17]. The former study showed that
the splitting tensile strength increased as the diameter of cylinder decrease. Note
that the study was conducted his research with lightweight concrete.
4,5
3,5
ftr
2,5
Figure 5.1. Typical relationship between splitting tensile strength strength and t/r
ratio with various diameter of cylinders
4,5
ftr (MPa)
3,5
2,5
h/d
2
0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5
t/r=0 t/r=6/80 t/r=9/80 t/r=12/80 t/r=15/80
Figure 5.2. Typical relationship between splitting tensile strength strength and h/d
ratio with distributed and line loading
From Figure 5.2 it can be stated that the lowest splitting tensile strength is given
by specimen with t/r=0, that is point line load. In addition, the highest splitting
tensile strength is obtained from specimen with t/r=15/80. Typically the wider the
spreader (indicated with higher t/r ratio) the higher the splitting tensile strength of
the concrete. This found agree with former study done by Tang [17]. Simply it can
be declared that when the load applied with wider spreader (higher t/r) it has
tendency to be distributed load.
( 28 )
CHAPTER 6
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Based on data observed, here are some conclusions that can be drawn:
1) Typically the wider the spreader (indicated with higher t/r ratio) the higher the
splitting tensile strength of the concrete. The load with wide spreader tends to
be distributed load.
2) Splitting tensile strength increases nonlinearly as the t-r ratio increase
Based on data collected along with analysis and literature survey it is strongly
recommended that this current study to be improved with finite element analysis
so that the behavior of splitting tensile strength of normal concrete can be
disclosed totally.
REFERENCES
[1] Alca, N., Alexander, S.D.B., Macgregor, J.G., 1997, Effect of Size on
Flexural Behavior of High-Strength Concrete Beams, ACI Structural
Journal, Vol. 94, No. 1, Pp. 59-67
[2] Anonim, ASTM C39-93a Standard Test Method for Compressive Strength of
Cylindrical Concrete Specimens (Annual Book of ASTM Standard
Vol. 04.02)
[3] Anonim, ASTM C78-90 Standard Test Method for Flexural Strength of
Cylindrical Concrete Specimens (Using Simple Beam with Third Point
Loading) (Annual Book of ASTM Standard Vol. 04.02)
[4] Anonim, ASTM C192-90 Practice for Making and Curing Concrete Test
Specimens in Laboratory (Annual Book of ASTM Standard Vol. 04.02)
(Annual Book of ASTM Standard Vol. 04.02)
[5] Anonim, ASTM C496-90 Standard Test Method for Splitting Tensile
Strength of Cylindrical Concrete Specimens (Annual Book of ASTM
Standard Vol. 04.02) (Annual Book of ASTM Standard Vol. 04.02)
[6] Anonim, ASTM C617-90 Practice for Capping Cylindrical Concrete
Specimens (Annual Book of ASTM Standard Vol. 04.02)
[7] Anonim, ASTM C330-89 Standard Specification for Light-Weight
Aggregates for Structural Concrete (Annual Book of ASTM Standard
Vol. 04.02)
[8] Bazant, Z.P., Planas, J., 1998, Fracture and Size Effect in Concrete and
Other Quasibrittle Materials, CRC Press LLc
[9] Krauthammer, T., Elfahal M.M., Lim, J.H., Ohno, T., Beppu, M., and
Markeset, G., 2002, Size Effect in High Strength Concrete Cylinders
Subject to Axial Impact, Impact Engineering Journal
[10] Kim J., Yi, S., Park, C., and Eo, S., 1999, Size Effect on Compressive
Strength of Plain and Spirally Reinforced Concrete Cylinders, ACI
Structural Journal, Vol. 96, Pp. 88-93
[11] MacGregor, J.G., 1997, Reinforced Concrete Mechanics and Design, 3rd
Edition, Prentice Hall International Inc., USA
[12] Merdana, INyoman, 2006, The Influence of Concrete Cylinder Size on
Mechanical Properties of Semi Lightweight Pumice Concrete,
Rekayasa Journal of Engineering Faculty, University of Mataram
[13] Merdana, I.N., 2006, The Influence of Concrete Cylinder Size on
Mechanical Properties of Semi Lightweight Pumice Concrete, (Dosen
Muda Research Report, Research funded by Directorate General of
Higher Education - Department of National Education under the Letter
of Agreement no: 028 / SP3 / PP / DP2M / II / 2006 on 1st of February
2006)
[14] Neville, A.M., Brooks, J.J., 1997, Concrete Technology, Addison Wesley
Longman Limited, Singapore
[15] Neville, A.M., 1996, A General Relation for Strength of Concrete Specimens
of Different Shape and Size, ACI Journal, Proceedings Vol. 63, No. 10,
Pp. 1095-1110
( 30 )
[16] Sabnis, G.M., Mirza, S.M., 1979, Size effect in Model Concrete, Journal of
the Structural Division,, ASCE, Vol 105, No.6, Pp. 163-177
[17] Tang, T., Shah, S.P., Ouyang,C., 1992, Fracture Mechanic and size Effect of
Concrete in Tension, Journal of Structural Engineering, ASCE Vol
118, No 11, Pp.3169-3185, ISSN 0733-9445/92/0011-3169 Paper No.
2942
[18] Zaitsev, Y.V., Kovler, K.L., 1986, Notch sensitivity of Concrete and Size
Effect, Part II: Stress State Effect, Cement and Concrete Research,
Vol.16 No. 1 Pp. 7-16
APPENDIX 1
MATERIAL TESTING
DENSITY OF SAND
( 32 )
SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF SAND
QUANTITY
SYMBO
DEFINITION SAMPLE SAMPLE Average
L
1 2
Mass of sample of the
saturated and dry A 500 500 500
aggregate (gram)
Mass of vessel with the
sample and topped up with B 960 969 964.5
water (gram)
Mass of oven-dried sample C 484 482 483
Mass of vessel full of
D 677 677 677
water (gram)
Apparent specific gravity,
- 2.41 2.54 2.47
=D/(D-(B-C))
Bulk Specific gravity,
- 2.3 2.4 2.35
SSD, =A/(A-(B-C))
Water absorption (%),
- 3.31 3.73 3.52
=((A-D)/D)*100
( 34 )
SIEVE ANALYSIS FOR CRUSHED STONE
Origin : Gebong river, Narmada – West Lombok
Nominal maximum size : 20 mm
Reference : ASTMC136-84a
Grading Limit
Mass Cumulative Cumulative
Opening size Retained Passing (ASTM C136-84a)
retained retained passing
(mm) (%) (%) Lower limit Upper limit
(gram) (%) (%)
(%) (%)
44.4 0 0 0 100 100
19.0 681.0 34.05 34.05 65.95 65.95
9.5 798 39.9 100 100 100 100
4.8 (No.4) 365 0.00 0.00 100 100 95 100
2.4 (No.8) 192.50 19.10 19.10 80.90 180.90 80 100
1.2 (No.16) 228.20 22.65 41.75 58.25 239.15 50 85
0.6 (No.30) 291.00 28.88 70.63 29.37 268.52 25 60
0.3 (No.40) 233.20 23.15 93.78 6.22 274.74 10 30
0.15 (No.100) 55.40 5.50 99.28 0.72 275.46 2 10
Lost 7.30 0.72 - - -
Total 1007. 30 100 324.54 275.46 1238.77
Fineness modulus = 324.54/100 = 3.3
APPENDIX 2
CYLINDER DIMENSION AND SPLITTING TENSILE STRENGTH TEST REPORT:
Identi
fication Radius Depth Weight h-d t-r Spreader Number Maks P Splitting Average
silinder ratio ratio Width Length (kN) Tensile
mm mm (gram) (mm) (cm) Strength
29 58 355 1 0 0 0 0 18 3,406
29 58 354 1 0 0 0 14 2,649
C58-10-00 58x58 3,359
29 58 359 1 0 0 0 18 3,406
29 58 349 1 0 0 0 21 3,974
29 87 555 1,5 0 0 22 2,776
C58-15-00 58x87 29 87 540 1,5 0 37 4,668 3,406
29 87 523 1,5 0 0 0 22 2,776
29 87 524 1,5 3/40 26 3,280
C58-15-05 58x87 29 87 517 1,5 3/40 38 4,794 3,785
29 87 529 1,5 3/40 4 10 10 26 3,280
29 87 530 1,5 9/80 10 29,5 3,722
C58-15-10 58x87 29 87 522 1,5 9/80 25 3,154 3,764
29 87 524 1,5 9/80 7 10 35 4,416
29 87 515 1,5 3/20 10 26 3,280
29 87 524 1,5 3/20 32 4,037
C58-15-15 58x87 4,037
29 87 517 1,5 3/20 9 10 35 4,416
29 87 528 1,5 3/20 35 4,416
( 36 )
Continued:
Identi
fication Radius Depth Weight h-d t-r Spreader Number Maks P Splitting Average
silinder ratio ratio Width Length (kN) Tensile
mm mm (gram) (mm) (cm) Strength
29 87 516 1,5 3/16 10 23 2,902
29 87 520 1,5 3/16 30 3,785
C58-15-20 58x87 3,296
29 87 520 1,5 3/16 11 10 23,5 2,965
29 87 515 1,5 3/16 28 3,533
29 116 699 2 0 0 41 3,880
29 116 710 2 0 40 3,785
C58-20-00 58x116 3,572
29 116 675 2 0 0 0 35 3,312
29 116 705 2 0 35 3,312
29 116 713 2 3/40 10 31 2,933
C58-20-05 58x116 29 116 710 2 3/40 43 4,069 3,533
29 116 701 2 3/40 4 15 38 3,596
29 116 685 2 9/80 10 52 4,920
C58x20-10 58x116 29 116 696 2 9/80 38 3,596 4,573
29 116 703 2 9/80 7 15 55 5,204
29 116 706 2 3/20 49 4,636
C58-20-15 58x116 29 116 607 2 3/20 44 4,163 4,542
29 116 699 2 3/20 9 15 51 4,826
29 116 681 2 3/16 10 50 4,731
C58-20-20 58x116 29 116 710 2 3/16 55 5,204 4,731
29 116 712 2 3/16 11 15 45 4,258
Identi
fication Radius Depth Weight h-d t-r Spreader Number Maks P Splitting Average
silinder ratio ratio Width Length (kN) Tensile
mm mm (gram) (mm) (cm) Strength
C58-25-00 58x145 29 145 895 2,5 0 0 56 4,239 3,962
29 145 885 2,5 0 56 4,239
29 145 886 2,5 0 0 0 45 3,406
C58-25-05 58x145 29 145 880 2,5 3/40 10 78 5,904 5,299
29 145 877 2,5 3/40 76 5,753
29 145 878 2,5 3/40 4 15 56 4,239
C58-25-10 58x145 29 145 868 2,5 9/80 10 45 3,406 3,709
29 145 872 2,5 9/80 46 3,482
29 145 914 2,5 9/80 7 15 56 4,239
C58-25-15 58x145 29 145 866 2,5 3/20 10 63 4,769 4,794
29 145 874 2,5 3/20 72 5,450
29 145 898 2,5 3/20 9 15 55 4,163
C58-30-00 58x174 29 174 1061 3 0 0 50 3,154 3,167
29 174 1062 3 0 45 2,839
29 174 1033 3 0 0 0 55 3,469
29 174 1039 3 0 49 3,091
29 174 1051 3 0 52 3,280
C58-30-05 58x174 29 174 1037 3 3/40 10 34 2,145 3,028
29 174 1069 3 3/40 59 3,722
29 174 1046 3 3/40 4 18 51 3,217
( 38 )
Continued:
Identi
fication Radius Depth Weight h-d t-r Spreader Number Maks P Splitting Average
silinder ratio ratio Width Length (kN) Tensile
mm mm (gram) (mm) (cm) Stergth
C58-30-10 58x174 29 174 1039 3 9/80 10 59 3,722 3,827
29 174 1065 3 9/80 46 2,902
29 174 1053 3 9/80 7 18 77 4,857
C58-30-15 58x174 29 174 1062 3 3/20 10 58 3,659 4,226
29 174 1060 3 3/20 9 18 76 4,794
C58-30-20 58x174 29 174 1069 3 3/16 10 76 4,794 4,763
29 174 1049 3 3/16 11 18 75 4,731
C85-10-00 85x85 42,5 85 753 1 0 0 33 2,908 2,908
42,5 85 753 1 0 33 2,908
42,5 85 751 1 0 0 0 34 2,996
42,5 85 756 1 0 29 2,555
42,5 85 767 1 0 36 3,172
C85-10-05 85x85 42,5 85 767 1 3/40 10 35 3,084 3,246
42,5 85 757 1 3/40 35,5 3,128
42,5 85 770 1 3/40 6 10 40 3,525
C85-10-10 85x85 42,5 85 755 1 9/80 10 35 3,084 3,172
42,5 85 747 1 9/80 39 3,436
42,5 85 729 1 9/80 10 10 35 3,084
42,5 85 730 1 9/80 35 3,084
Identi
fication Radius Depth Weight h-d t-r Spreader Number Maks P Splitting Average
silinder ratio ratio Width Length (kN) Tensile
mm mm (gram) (mm) (cm) Strength
42,5 85 780 1 3/20 10 38 3,348
C85-10-15 85x85 42,5 85 754 1 3/20 42 3,701 3,583
42,5 85 797 1 3/20 13 10 42 3,701
42,5 85 730 1 3/16 10 39 3,436
C85-10-20 85x85 42,5 85 763 1 3/16 43 3,789 3,525
42,5 85 750 1 3/16 16 10 38 3,348
42,5 127,5 1126 1,5 0 0 49 2,878
42,5 127,5 1085 1,5 0 36 2,115
C85-15-00 85x128 42,5 127,5 1139 1,5 0 0 0 47 2,761 2,620
42,5 127,5 1135 1,5 0 39 2,291
42,5 127,5 1086 1,5 0 52 3,055
42,5 127,5 1070 1,5 3/40 10 61 3,583
42,5 127,5 1119 1,5 3/40 49 2,878
C85-15-05 85x128 42,5 127,5 1070 1,5 3/40 6 15 60 3,525 3,313
42,5 127,5 1089 1,5 3/40 52 3,055
42,5 127,5 1091 1,5 3/40 60 3,525
42,5 127,5 1070 1,5 9/80 10 51 2,996
42,5 127,5 1088 1,5 9/80 50 2,937
C85-15-10 85x128 42,5 127,5 1132 1,5 9/80 10 15 58 3,407 3,219
42,5 127,5 1110 1,5 9/80 57 3,348
42,5 127,5 1189 1,5 9/80 58 3,407
( 40 )
Identi
fication Radius Depth Weight h-d t-r Spreader Number Maks P Splitting Average
silinder ratio ratio Width Length (kN) Tensile
mm mm (gram) (mm) (cm) Strength
C85-15-15 85x128 42,5 127,5 1091 1,5 3/20 10 63 3,701 3,624
42,5 127,5 1100 1,5 3/20 62,5 3,671
42,5 127,5 1080 1,5 3/20 13 15 70 4,112
42,5 127,5 1135 1,5 3/20 58 3,407
42,5 127,5 1138 1,5 3/20 55 3,231
C85-15-20 85x128 42,5 127,5 1030 2 3/16 10 56 3,290 3,589
42,5 127,5 1140 2 3/16 64 3,760
42,5 127,5 1143 2 3/16 16 15 63 3,701
42,5 127,5 1123 2 3/16 63,5 3,730
42,5 127,5 1116 2 3/16 59 3,466
C85-20-00 85x170 42,5 169 1480 2 0 52 2,305 2,496
42,5 170 1517 2 0 0 0 0 61 2,687
C85-20-05 170 42,5 170 1518 2 3/40 69 3,040 2,893
42,5 170 1523 2 3/40 64 2,820
42,5 170 1500 2 3/40 6 18 10 64 2,820
C85-20-10 85x170 42,5 170 1514 2 9/80 70 3,084 3,157
42,5 170 1518 2 9/80 69 3,040
42,5 170 1471 2 9/80 10 18 10 76 3,348
C85-20-15 85x170 42,5 170 1514 2 3/20 79 3,480 3,290
42,5 170 1493 2 3/20 76 3,348
42,5 170 1522 2 3/20 13 18 10 69 3,040
Identi
fication Radius Depth Weight h-d t-r Spreader Number Maks P Splitting Average
silinder ratio ratio Width Length (kN) Tensile
mm mm (gram) (mm) (cm) Strength
C85-20-20 85x170 42,5 170 1506 2 3/16 83 3,657 3,569
42,5 170 1501 2 3/16 80 3,525
42,5 170 1502 2 3/16 16 18 10 80 3,525
C85-25-00 85x170 42,5 212,5 1859 2,5 0 94 3,313 3,003
42,5 212,5 1903 2,5 0 88 3,102
42,5 212,5 1917 2,5 0 0 0 10 107 3,771
42,5 212,5 1903 2,5 0 78 2,749
42,5 212,5 1928 2,5 0 59 2,079
C85-25-05 85x213 42,5 212,5 1895 2,5 3/40 69 2,432 2,136
42,5 212,5 1922 2,5 3/40 51 1,798
42,5 212,5 1902 2,5 3/40 6 22 10 62 2,185
42,5 212,5 1895 2,5 3/40 65 2,291
42,5 212,5 1900 2,5 3/40 56 1,974
C85-25-10 85x213 42,5 212,5 1906 2,5 9/80 88 3,102 3,362
42,5 212,5 1897 2,5 9/80 88 3,102
42,5 212,5 1872 2,5 9/80 10 22 10 111 3,912
42,5 212,5 1924 2,5 9/80 111 3,912
42,5 212,5 1894 2,5 9/80 79 2,784
( 42 )
Identi
fication Radius Depth Weight h-d t-r Spreader Number Maks P Splitting Average
silinder ratio ratio Width Length (kN) Tensile
mm mm (gram) (mm) (cm) Strength
42,5 212,5 1876 2,5 3/20 100 3,525
42,5 212,5 1884 2,5 3/20 85 2,996
C85-25-15 85x213 42,5 212,5 1909 2,5 3/20 13 22 10 100 3,525 3,398
42,5 212,5 1944 2,5 3/20 95 3,348
42,5 212,5 1912 2,5 3/20 102 3,595
42,5 212,5 1925 2,5 3/16 99 3,489
42,5 212,5 1920 2,5 3/16 85 2,996
C85-25-20 85x213 3,480
42,5 212,5 1844 2,5 3/16 16 22 10 105 3,701
42,5 212,5 1914 2,5 3/16 106 3,736
42,5 255 2202 3 0 45 1,322
C85-30-00 85x255 42,5 255 2217 3 0 35 1,028 1,273
42,5 255 2243 3 0 0 0 0 50 1,469
42,5 255 2210 3 3/40 45 1,322
42,5 255 2252 3 3/40 35 1,028
C85-30-05 85x255 42,5 255 2226 3 3/40 6 27 10 40 1,175 1,234
42,5 255 2224 3 3/40 40 1,175
42,5 255 2230 3 3/40 50 1,469
42,5 255 2237 3 9/80 65 1,909
42,5 255 2192 3 9/80 75 2,203
C85-30-10 85x255 2,056
42,5 255 2170 3 9/80 10 27 10 80 2,350
42,5 255 2204 3 9/80 60 1,762
Identi
fication Radius Depth Weight h-d t-r Spreader Number Maks P Splitting Average
silinder ratio ratio Width Length (kN) Tensile
mm mm (gram) (mm) (cm) Strength
C85-30-15 85x255 42,5 255 2272 3 3/20 65 1,909 1,713
42,5 255 2250 3 3/20 65 1,909
42,5 255 2253 3 3/20 13 27 10 45 1,322
C85-30-20 85x255 42,5 255 2224 3 3/16 70 2,056 1,909
42,5 255 2178 3 3/16 60 1,762
42,5 255 2211 3 3/16 16 27 10 65 1,909
C109-10-00 109x109 54,5 109 2511 1 0 73 3,912 3,579
54,5 109 2466 1 0 67 3,590
54,5 109 2493 1 0 0 12 0 63 3,376
54,5 109 2501 1 0 68 3,644
54,5 109 2506 1 0 63 3,376
C109-10-05 109x109 54,5 109 2526 1 3/40 70 3,751 4,635
54,5 109 2511 1 3/40 94 5,037
54,5 109 2502 1 3/40 8 12 10 93 4,983
54,5 109 2476 1 3/40 89 4,769
C109-10-10 109x109 54,5 109 2537 1 9/80 93 4,983 4,672
54,5 109 2492 1 9/80 89 4,769
54,5 109 2493 1 9/80 12 12 10 93 4,983
54,5 109 2462 1 9/80 87 4,662
54,5 109 2501 1 9/80 74 3,965
( 44 )
Identi
fication Radius Depth Weight h-d t-r Spreader Number Maks P Splitting Average
silinder ratio ratio Width Length (kN) Tensile
mm mm (gram) (mm) (cm) Strength
C109-10-15 109x109 54,5 109 2460 1 3/20 84 4,501 4,689
54,5 109 2484 1 3/20 86 4,608
54,5 109 2474 1 3/20 16 12 10 93 4,983
54,5 109 2490 1 3/20 87 4,662
C109-10-20 109x109 54,5 109 2559 1 3/16 85 4,555 4,962
54,5 109 2544 1 3/16 89 4,769
54,5 109 2454 1 3/16 20 12 10 111 5,948
54,5 109 2476 1 3/16 89 4,769
54,5 109 2478 1 3/16 89 4,769
C109-15-00 109x164 54,5 163,5 3831 1,5 0 75 2,679 2,763
54,5 163,5 3795 1,5 0 0 0 0 74 2,643
54,5 163,5 3832 1,5 0 83 2,965
C109-15-05 109x164 54,5 163,5 3765 1,5 3/40 102 3,644 2,804
54,5 163,5 3765 1,5 3/40 94 3,358
54,5 163,5 3694 1,5 3/40 8 18 10 78 2,786
54,5 163,5 3676 1,5 3/40 40 1,429
C109-15-10 109x164 54,5 163,5 3745 1,5 9/80 40 1,429 1,965
54,5 163,5 3772 1,5 9/80 50 1,786
54,5 163,5 3751 1,5 9/80 12 18 10 60 2,143
54,5 163,5 3766 1,5 9/80 65 2,322
54,5 163,5 3825 1,5 9/80 60 2,143
Identi
fication Radius Depth Weight h-d t-r Spreader Number Maks P Splitting Average
silinder ratio ratio Width Length (kN) Tensile
mm mm (gram) (mm) (cm) Strength
C109-15-15 109x164 54,5 163,5 3781 1,5 3/20 45 1,607 2,072
54,5 163,5 3675 1,5 3/20 40 1,429
54,5 163,5 3748 1,5 3/20 16 18 10 65 2,322
54,5 163,5 3768 1,5 3/20 60 2,143
54,5 163,5 3850 1,5 3/20 80 2,858
C109-15-20 109x164 54,5 163,5 3767 1,5 3/16 60 2,143 2,501
54,5 163,5 3856 1,5 3/16 70 2,501
54,5 163,5 3748 1,5 3/16 20 18 10 80 2,858
54,5 163,5 3877 1,5 3/16 70 2,501
C109-20-00 109x218 54,5 218 5041 2 0 100 2,679 2,076
54,5 218 5058 2 0 70 1,875
54,5 218 4970 2 0 0 23 0 80 2,143
54,5 218 5048 2 0 60 1,607
C109-20-05 109x218 54,5 218 5020 2 3/40 65 1,741 2,411
54,5 218 5096 2 3/40 110 2,947
54,5 218 5141 2 3/40 8 23 10 95 2,545
C109-20-10 109x218 54,5 218 5042 2 9/80 85 2,277 2,713
54,5 218 5032 2 9/80 85 2,277
54,5 218 5073 2 9/80 12 23 10 130 3,483
54,5 218 5072 2 9/80 105 2,813
( 46 )
Identi
fication Radius Depth Weight h-d t-r Spreader Number Maks P Splitting Average
silinder ratio ratio Width Length (kN) Tensile
mm mm (gram) (mm) (cm) belah
C109-20-15 109x218 54,5 218 5004 2 3/20 70 1,875 2,277
54,5 218 5057 2 3/20 100 2,679
54,5 218 5031 2 3/20 16 23 10 85 2,277
C109-20-20 109x218 54,5 218 5014 2 3/16 80 2,143 2,768
54,5 218 5055 2 3/16 120 3,215
54,5 218 5092 2 3/16 20 23 10 110 2,947
C109-25-00 109x273 54,5 272,5 6349 2,5 0 135 2,893 2,615
54,5 272,5 6358 2,5 0 95 2,036
54,5 272,5 6374 2,5 0 0 0 0 140 3,001
54,5 272,5 6390 2,5 0 125 2,679
54,5 272,5 6360 2,5 0 115 2,465
C109-25-05 109x273 54,5 272,5 6424 2,5 3/40 125 2,679 2,599
54,5 272,5 6305 2,5 3/40 115 2,465
54,5 272,5 6311 2,5 3/40 8 30 10 130 2,786
54,5 272,5 6306 2,5 3/40 115 2,465
C109-25-10 109x273 54,5 272,5 6328 2,5 9/80 120 2,572 2,518
54,5 272,5 6302 2,5 9/80 130 2,786
54,5 272,5 6304 2,5 9/80 12 30 10 115 2,465
54,5 272,5 6367 2,5 9/80 107,5 2,304
54,5 272,5 6436 2,5 9/80 115 2,465
Identi
fication Radius Depth Weight h-d t-r Spreader Number Maks P Splitting Average
silinder ratio ratio Width Length (kN) Tensile
mm mm (gram) (mm) (cm) Strength
C109-25-15 109x273 54,5 272,5 6425 2,5 3/20 135 2,893 3,001
54,5 272,5 6315 2,5 3/20 160 3,429
54,5 272,5 6364 2,5 3/20 16 30 10 135 2,893
54,5 272,5 6385 2,5 3/20 155 3,322
54,5 272,5 6318 2,5 3/20 115 2,465
C109-25-20 109x273 54,5 272,5 6490 2,5 3/16 175 3,751 3,536
54,5 272,5 6371 2,5 3/16 135 2,893
54,5 272,5 6422 2,5 3/16 20 30 10 180 3,858
54,5 272,5 6301 2,5 3/16 170 3,644
C109-30-00 109x327 54,5 327 7604 3 0 145 2,590 2,255
54,5 327 7411 3 0 125 2,233
54,5 327 7461 3 0 0 0 0 130 2,322
54,5 327 7582 3 0 105 1,875
C109-30-05 109x327 54,5 327 7416 3 3/40 130 2,322 2,789
54,5 327 7447 3 3/40 162 2,893
54,5 327 7501 3 3/40 8 35 10 150 2,679
54,5 327 7595 3 3/40 182,5 3,260
C109-30-10 109x327 54,5 327 7462 3 9/80 120 2,143 2,501
54,5 327 7540 3 9/80 115 2,054
54,5 327 7605 3 9/80 12 35 10 175 3,126
54,5 327 7342 3 9/80 150 2,679
( 48 )
Identi
fication Radius Depth Weight h-d t-r Spreader Number Maks P Splitting Average
silinder ratio ratio Width Length (kN) Tensile
mm mm (gram) (mm) (cm) Strength
C109-30-15 109x327 54,5 327 7472 3 3/20 160 2,858 2,888
54,5 327 7413 3 3/20 170 3,036
54,5 327 7655 3 3/20 16 35 10 155 2,768
C109-30-20 109x327 54,5 327 7345 3 3/16 135 2,411 2,917
54,5 327 7635 3 3/16 155 2,768
54,5 327 7349 3 3/16 20 35 10 200 3,572
C150-20-00 150x300 75 300 12642 2 0 195 2,759 2,631
75 300 12844 2 0 200 2,829
75 300 12552 2 0 0 31 0 200 2,829
75 300 12536 2 0 195 2,759
75 300 12461 2 0 140 1,981
C150-20-05 150x300 75 300 12562 2 3/40 175 2,476 2,617
75 300 12572 2 3/40 165 2,334
75 300 12651 2 3/40 11 31 10 185 2,617
75 300 12455 2 3/40 225 3,183
75 300 12534 2 3/40 175 2,476
C150-20-10 astm 75 300 12455 2 9/80 185 2,617 2,928
75 300 12471 2 9/80 205 2,900
75 300 12766 2 9/80 17 31 10 210 2,971
75 300 12679 2 9/80 220 3,112
75 300 12616 2 9/80 215 3,042
Identi
fication Radius Depth Weight h-d t-r Spreader Number Maks P Splitting Average
silinder ratio ratio Width Length (kN) Tensile
mm mm (gram) (mm) (cm) Strength
C150-20-20 150x300 75 300 12529 2 3/16 240 3,395 3,584
75 300 12616 2 3/16 260 3,678
75 300 12575 2 3/16 28 31 10 260 3,678
C100-20-00 100x200 50 200 3750 2 0 55 1,751 1,963
50 200 3662 2 0 50 1,592
50 200 3604 2 0 0 21 0 80 2,546
C100-20-05 100x200 50 200 3708 2 3/40 50 1,592 2,122
50 200 3655 2 3/40 80 2,546
50 200 3662 2 3/40 8 21 10 70 2,228
C100-2--10 ASTM 50 200 3613 2 9/80 85 2,706 2,281
50 200 3622 2 9/80 80 2,546
50 200 3816 2 9/80 11 21 10 50 1,592
C100-20-15 100x200 50 200 3656 2 3/20 60 1,910 2,387
50 200 3615 2 3/20 90 2,865
50 200 3646 2 3/20 15 21 10 75 2,387
C100-20-20 100x200 50 200 3797 2 3/16 110 3,501 3,289
50 200 3627 2 3/16 120 3,820
50 200 3577 2 3/16 19 21 10 80 2,546
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APPENDIX 3
MIX DESIGN OF NORMALWEIGHT CONCRETE‡
Natural sand:
Origin: Gebong river, Narmada ,West Lombok
Bulk Density of natural sand : 1471 kg/m3
Mean Specific gravity of natural sand, SSD : 2.74
Fineness modulus : -N.A
Mean water absorption : 1.585%
Coarse aggregate:
Origin: Gebong River, Narmada - West Lombok
Type of coarse aggregate : Crushed stone
Maximum nominal size of aggregate : 20mm
Bulk Density of pumice : 1430 kg/m3
Mean Specific gravity of Gravel, SSD : 2.59
Mean water absorption: -N.A
Water:
Origin: Reservoir of Structure and Material Laboratory of Civil
Engineering Dept, Eng. Faculty of Mataram University
Density of water: 1000 kg/m3
‡
Based on Gambhir, L.M., 1995, Concrete Technology 2nd Edition,
Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Limited, New Delhi
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Other properties:
The percentage of entrained air: 2
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w/c=0.45
Absolute volume Vc:
W C Fa Ca
Vc
1000 1000Sc 1000Sfa 1000Sca
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APPENDIX 4
GLOSSARIES
Here are some definition and remarks that are cited, having close
relationship or referred in this report. The term introduced in this section are
extracted from ASTM standard Vol. 04.02.
Aggregate, granular material, such as sand, gravel, crushed stone, or iron blast-
furnace slag, used with a cementing medium to form hydraulic-cement
concrete or mortar.
Bleeding: the Autogenous flow of mixing water within, or its emergence from,
newly placed concrete or mortar caused by the settlement if solid materials
within the mass, also called water gain.
Bulk Specific Gravity (SSD): the ratio of the mass of a volume of a material
including the mass of water within the voids in the material (but excluding
the voids between particles) at a stated temperature to the mass of an equal
volume of distilled water at a stated temperature
Light-weight aggregate: aggregate of low density used to produce light-weight
concrete, including: pumice, scoria, Volcanic cinders, tuff, and diatomite;
expanded or sintered clay, shale, diatomaceous shale, perlite, vermiculite or
slag, and product of coal coke combustion
Maximum size (of aggregate): in specification for, or description of aggregate, the
smallest sieve opening through which the entire amount of aggregate is
required to pass
Nominal maximum size (of aggregate): in specification for, or description of
aggregate, the smallest sieve opening through which the entire amount of
aggregate is permitted to pass
Specific Gravity, Bulk: the ratio of the mass of a volume of a material (including
the permeable and impermeable voids in the material, but excluding the
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Apparent density (of solids and liquids): the weight in air of a unit volume of a
material at a specified temperature. The unit shall be stated. If the material is a
solid, the volume shall be that of the impermeable portion.
Apparent specific gravity (of solids and liquids): the ratio of the weight in air of a
unit volume of a material at a stated temperature to the weight in air of equal
density of an equal volume of gas-free distilled water at a stated temperature.
If the material is a solid, the volume shall be that of the impermeable portion
Bulk density (of solids): the weight in air of a unit volume of a material (including
both permeable and impermeable voids normal to the material voids normal to
the material) at a stated temperature
Bulk specific gravity (of solids): the ratio of the weight in air of a unit volume of a
permeable material (including both permeable and impermeable voids normal
to the material) at a stated temperature to the weight in air of the equal density
of an equal volume of gas-free distilled water at a stated temperature.
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Density (of solid and liquids): the mass of a unit volume of a material at a
specified temperature. The unit shall be stated, such as gram per milliliter,
gram per cubic centimeter, pounds per cubic foot or other. If the material is a
solid, the volume shall be that of the impermeable portion. Note: the term
‘Relative density with the same meaning as Specific gravity is becoming more
widely used.
Specific gravity (of solids and liquids): the ratio of the mass of a unit volume of a
material at a stated temperature to the mass of the same volume of gases-free
distilled water at a stated temperature. If the material is a solid, the volume
shall be that of impermeable portion. (See also ASTM C 125)
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APPENDIX 5
PHOTOS
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ABSTRAK
Kekuatan beton sangat tergantung pada jenis serta kekuatan dari agregat penyusun
beton itu sendiri, hal ini karena mengingat agregat mengambil porsi sekitar 70%
dari volume beton. Dari sudut pandang ilmu teknik sipil, kegagalan struktur dapat
diklasifikasikan sebagai Serviceability failure dan kegagalan Strength failure.
Kegagalan Serviceabilty meliputi lendutan dan pengaruh lingkungan. Salah satu
kerusakan pada struktur beton yaitu terjadinya pengembangan volume beton
akibat adanya reaksi kimia antara alkali pada semen dan silika pada agregat
(alkali – aggregate reaction). Reaksi silika-agregat ini terjadi bila terdapat tiga
unsur yang terlibat, yaitu adanya kandungan silika aktif pada agregat, terdapatnya
alkali (Na2O dan K2O) dalam jumlah tertentu pada semen serta adanya kadar air
pada beton. Untuk jangka panjang, penelitian ini bertujuan melakukan
inventarisasi berbagai agregat lokal yang menyangkut sifat fisik dan kimiawi dari
agregat tersebut , baik agregat normal ataupun agregat ringan serta memberikan
informasi penting tentang agregat mana saja yang potensial untuk bereaksi dengan
alkali pada semen. Adapun tujuan khusus dari kajian ini yaitu untuk mengetahui
potensi reaktivitas dari agregat lokal untuk bereaksi dengan kandungan alkali pada
semen. Untuk mencapai kedua tujuan tersebut dilakukan dengan kunjungan ke
berbagai lokasi deposit dari agregat agregat tersebut, sedangkan untuk sifat fisik,
kimiawi serta reaktivitas dari berbagai agregat tadi dilakukan di laboratorium
dengan merujuk pada standar ASTM. Khusus untuk mengetahui reaktivitas
agregat tadi dilakukan dengan dua metode yaitu Mortar bad method dan Chemical
method.
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PENDAHULUAN
Latar Belakang
Beton merupakan bahan bangunan yang paling utama dari semua
pekerjaan sipil. Dapat dikatakan tak ada bangunan sipil yang dibangun tanpa
melibatkan unsur beton. Kondisi ini karena bahan baku pembuat beton tu sangat
mudah untuk diperoleh, selain itu produk beton relatif murah, mudah dalam
perawatan, tahan api, dapat dibuat sesuai dengan kehendak pengguna.
Pada prinsipnya beton merupakan bahan komposit yang tersusun dari
semen, agregat halus, agregat kasar dan air dengan atau tanpa admixture. Apabila
dilihat dari segi proporsi bahan penyusun beton, maka agregat kasar merupakan
bahan yang menempati porsi paling banyak, bahkan sekitar 70% dari volume
beton itu sendiri. Dengan memperhatikan fakta ini dan menyadari bahwa harga
agregat kasar relatif lebih murah dibanding harga bahan yang lainnya, maka pada
umumnya untuk memperoleh beton dengan harga yang relatif lebih murah maka
selalu diusahakan agar volume agregat kasar dalam campuran beton itu sebanyak
mungkin, semakin banyak akan semakin baik. Namun dari segi kekuatan maka
tentunya mutu beton itu akan sangat tergantung pada mutu agregat itu sendiri, hal
ini karena agregat kasar mempunyai porsi yang paling besar dalam campuran.
Agregat yang baik untuk beton mempunyai syarat syarat atau sifat tertentu.
Untuk memproduksi beton yang mempunyai kinerja tinggi, dalam arti kuat
dan durabilitas yang handal maka dibutuhkan material yang baik. Dengan kata
lain, beton tidak saja diproduksi untuk kekuatan yang tinggi namun juga harus
mempunyai durabilitas yang tinggi. Secara umum agregat untuk beton disyaratkan
mempunyai karakteristik seperti kekuatan (Strength) yang tinggi, teksture
permukaan yang kasar, kekerasan (hardness) serta keteguhan (Thoughness) yang
baik. Disamping itu, agregat juga disyaratkan tidak bersifat reaktif terhadap alkali
yang terkandung didalam semen. Bila suatu agregat bersifat reaktif maka beton
yang dihasilkan akan mempunyai durabilitas yang diragukan, terutama untuk
beton yang berhubungan langsung dengan cuaca atau lingkunag basah.Secara fisik
ciri ciri beton yang mengandung agregat reaktif seperti adanya pengembangan
volume serta timbulnya keropos dala m2-3 tahun.
(68)
Dosen muda research report
Sampai saat ini belum ada samasekali informasi mengenai sifat sifat fisik
maupun mekanis dari agregat yang ada di lokasi penambangan dipulau Lombok.
Hal ini tentunya perlu mendapat penanganan yang serius. Memperhatikan kondisi
dan fakta tersebut di atas serta menyadari pentingnya peran agregat dalam
produksi beton maka tidaklah berlebihan kiranya bila sifat sifat fisik, mekanis
serta kimiawi dari agregat tersebut untuk diteliti lebih lanjut.
Tujuan khusus
Sebagaimana telah diuraikan di atas secara singkat mengenai peran dan
potensi bahaya yang timbul bila terdapat agregat yang reaktif didalam beton maka
penelitian ini bertujuan untuk: mempelajari sifat mekanis seperti kekuatan
(Strength), kekerasan (Hardness) dan keteguhan (Thoughness) dari agregat yang
adadi lokasi penambangan di pulau Lombok. Lebih lanjut, kajian ini juga untuk
mengetahui tingkat reaktifitas ari agregat yang ada, dan merekomendasikan
tindakan atau langkah apa yang sebaiknya ditempuh bilamana ternyata diketahui
terdapat agregat yang bersifat reaktif.
Urgensi
Telah menjadi persyaratan umum dalam dunia teknik sipil bahwa suatu
konstruksi seharusnya kuat dan awet. Beton yang awet (Durable) membutuhkan
material yang tepat. Mengingat peran agregat sangat vital dalam produksi beton
maka studi ini sangat penting dan mendesak untuk ditindak lanjuti.
(69)