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S. Sautbekov
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmmm.2019.04.012
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Please cite this article as: S. Sautbekov, The vector potential of a point magnetic dipole, Journal of Magnetism and
Magnetic Materials (2019), doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmmm.2019.04.012
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The vector potential of a point magnetic dipole
S. Sautbekov1
71 al-Farabi Ave., Almaty, Republic of Kazakhstan
Abstract
1. Introduction
2
a formula for the angular distribution of the radiated power of an arbitrarily
moving magnetic particle and discuss the radiation of a uniformly accelerated
dipole possessing a constant magnetic moment.
2. Problem
50 To find the vector potential A(r , t) of a point magnetic dipole with a mag-
netic moment M moving in an arbitrary direction with velocity v . The particle’s
motion is given parametrically via the time τ by the equation of motion
r = r(τ ). (1)
It is assumed that the dipole motion is a priori known and that the path di-
mensions are macroscopically measurable in order for the classical field theory
55 be valid.
The electromagnetic fields are considered in vacuum in SI units.
is the solution to the equation (2), where δ is Dirac delta function. Indeed, Eq.
(2) is identically satisfied if j in (3) is substituted into (2) and use the simple
3
convolution property [25]
−(M × ∇) δ ≡ ∇ × (M δ) − δ (∇ × M ),
1 1
Z
∇×M =− ∇ × (r − r 0 ) × j (r 0 )d3 r 0 = j × ∗ (∇ × r ) = 0.
2 R3 2
It is useful to take advantage the convolution property (4), where D = ∇× is a
75 differential operator.
It is worth emphasizing that useful to use the relativistic formula [26] for
determining the magnetic moment M of a particle moving with velocity v via
the magnetic M 0 and electric P 0 moments in the rest frame
4
The integral over all space in (9) is easily computed using the delta function:
Z ∞ 0 0
µ0 0 δ t − t − |r − r(t )|/c
A(r , t) = ∇× M (t ) dt0 . (10)
4π −∞ |r − r(t0 )|
The delta function in (10) can be simplified for time integration as
δ(t0 − τ )
δ F (r , t, t0 ) =
|∂F (r , t, t0 )/∂t0 | t0 =τ
with
F (r , t, t0 ) = t − t0 − |r − r(t0 )|/c, (11)
F (r , t, τ ) = 0. (12)
5
Note that the last gradient has a dynamic part.
The following gradient is calculated similarly
!
1 1 (Rβ̇/c) + 1 − β 2
∇· = 2 2
β−n (16)
R − Rβ R (1 − nβ) 1 − nβ
∂ n × Ṁ
∇×M ≡∇·τ × M =− . (17)
∂τ c(1 − nβ)
Here, the overdots mean differentiation with respect to time (τ ) and we have
used
Ṙ = −v , Ṙ = −nv .
The expression
n
∇·τ =−
c(1 − nβ)
is useful for calculating the dynamic component of the curl (17) and can be
100 obtained by using the quotient rule and an implicit differentiation of F in (11)
∂τ ∂F/∂x Rx
=− =− , (18)
∂x ∂F/∂τ cR(1 − nβ)
where
∂F Rx ∂F
=− , = −1 + nβ.
∂x cR ∂τ
After substituting (16) and (17) into (15) we finally obtain the vector potential
of a particle with a magnetic moment M
1 − β2
µ0 M
A(r , t) = − × β − n +
4π R2 (1 − nβ)2 1 − nβ
n n β̇
× Ṁ + M . (19)
cR(1 − nβ)2 1 − nβ τ
The first term in (19) corresponds to the quasi-static field of a particle, the
later to the radiation field of a dipole moving with the acceleration (β̇) as well
105 as radiation due to time-dependent magnetic moment (Ṁ ).
This formula constitutes a new result of classical electrodynamics.
6
5. The particle radiation field
1 ∂
H = ∇·τ × A+∇×A , (20)
µ0 ∂τ
∂τ ∂
E =− A. (21)
∂t ∂τ
Equations (20) and (21) for magnetic and electric fields of an arbitrary time-
dependent moving dipole are of general character. It will be shown that these
equations have three contributions, namely, the static zone contribution, pro-
115 portional to 1/R3 , the intermediate zone contribution, proportional to 1/R2 and
the far zone of radiation contribution, proportional to 1/R.
Substituting (19) into (20) and retaining the far zone contribution, propor-
tional to 1/R, it is easy to obtain
n n
H Rad (r , t) = × 3 × M̈ + M
4πc2 R(1 − nβ)
(β̈n) 3(β̇n) (β̇n)
+ Ṁ + M . (22)
1 − nβ 1 − nβ 1 − nβ τ
∂τ 1 ∂n n(nβ) − β c
= , =c = n × (n × β) , (23)
∂t 1 − nβ ∂τ R R
This formula was first obtained in [19] and then used for estimation the radiated
energy by the dipole surface of a sonoluminescent bubble [27].
7
Note that the vectors E Rad , H Rad and n form a right-handed triple because
of the expression
1
H Rad (r , t) = (µ0 /ε0 )− 2 n × E Rad (r , t), (25)
125 with respect to the magnetic and electric fields formulae (22) and (24).
5.1. The angular distribution of the radiation power from a moving particle
Now we are going to calculate the angular distribution of the radiated power
of a particle possessing a time-dependent magnetic moment.
The radiation energy incident per unit area upon a surface ndσ at the ob-
130 servation point during the receiving time interval dt is equal to (nS )dσ dt. Here
the Poynting vector is given by S = E × H .
Dividing the radiation energy by the solid angle element dΩ = dσ/R2 and
radiation time dτ we find the angular distribution of the radiation power
dP dt
= (nS )R2 = (nS )R2 (1 − nβ). (26)
dΩ dτ
n
S= (E Rad )2 (28)
µ0 c
8
145 Finally, using the electric field in (24), the expression (27) for the angular
power distribution is written in the general form
dP µ0 1 n ×M
= n × M̈ + (β̈n) +
dΩ (4π)2 c3 (1 − nβ)5 1 − nβ
2
3β̇n n ×M
n × Ṁ + (β̇n) . (29)
1 − nβ 1 − nβ τ
must be defined by θ.
The angular dependence on α can be redefined by the expression
sin α = Rt /R sin θ.
9
160 where
sin2 α cos4 α
F (θ, β) = (M ⊥ v ). (33)
(1 − β cos α)9
The normalized radiation pattern F (θ, β)/K(β) of a particle with the con-
stant acceleration a = β̇ is presented in Fig.1, where K(β) = max(F (θ, β)) is
the maximum magnitude of radiation power. Here we consider the following
cases:
165 a) the directions of the particle velocity and the magnetic moment are par-
allel (v M ) (Fig.1 a);
b) the velocity and the magnetic moment are perpendicular (v ⊥M ) (Fig.1
b).
This is justified by the fact that the least radiation occurs towards the par-
170 ticle’s motion as well as by virtue of the inequality θ > α (θ ∈ [0, π]) following
from (31).
In the case of a particle with a perpendicular magnetic moment, the radiation
loss turns out by order magnitude greater (see Fig. 1), the maximum radiation
is directed towards the motion of a particle.
175 The angular distribution of the radiation power from a moving particle in
this case is determined by the function
cos6 α
F (θ, β) = (v ⊥ M ). (34)
(1 − β cos α)9
6. Discussion
Let us look at same limiting cases. From the vector potential (19) in the
limiting case β → 0, it is easy to obtain the vector potential of a nonrelativistic
180 particle
µ0 M ? × n
A= , M ? = M + Ṁ R/c. (35)
4π R2
In particular, we have the well-known vector potential for a non-oscillating mag-
netic dipole [8, 28]
µ0 M × n
A= .
4π R2
10
The exact expressions for electric and magnetic fields of a oscillating dipole
at rest [11, 23] can be obtained from the formula (35)
4π M? ×n
4πH = − n × Ȧ + ∇ × =
µ0 c R2
(36)
3n(nM ? ) − M ? (M̈ × n) × n
+ ,
R3 c2 R
?
1 n × Ṁ
E = −Ȧ = , (37)
4πε0 c2 R2
it is sufficient to substitute (35) in (20) and (21).
185 7. Conclusion
11
magnetic particle. The significance of the obtained vector potential also lies
in the fact that it can be used to construct a Lagrangian for solving many
important physical problems.
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PhysRevE.58.5047.
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13
15. Bordovitsyn VA, Gushchina VS. Radiation by relativistic dipoles. v. Rus-
sian Physics Journal 1995;38(3):293–8. URL: https://doi.org/10.1007/
BF00559477. doi:10.1007/BF00559477.
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15
90
120 60
.5
0
9
150 0. 30
.1
0
180 0
210 330
240 300
270
a) v M
K(0.1) = 0.3, K(0.5) = 28.2, K(0.9) = 0.9 · 107 ;
90
120 60
150 = 0.9 30
= 0.5
180 0
= 0.1
210 330
240 300
270
b) v ⊥ M
K(0.1) = 2.6, K(0.5) = 512, K(0.9) = 109 .
Figure 1: The angular distribution F (θ, β)/K(β) of the radiation power of a magnetic dipole.
16
Highlights
1. The novel exact retarded vector potential of a point magnetic dipole with an arbitrary time dependence
undergoing accelerated relativistic motions, whence follow (by the vector potential):
2. The corresponding electric and magnetic fields expressions (in the general form) of an arbitrary
moving point particle (maybe with a magnetic moment oscillating in time).
3. A novel expression in the general form for the angular distribution of the radiated power of an
arbitrary moving magnetic dipole.
4. In instance, the angular distribution of the radiation power of a magnetic dipole with a constant
magnetic moment and uniformly accelerated linear motion.
5. The resulting equations are verified by showing that the fields reduce to less general forms found in
the literature. It is obvious that the above general expressions include the magnetostatic field as well as
electromagnetic field of an oscillating dipole.
The significance of the obtained vector potential also lies in the fact that it can be used to construct a
Lagrangian for solving many important physical problems.