MATH 224 | UCC CONGRESS

 plural sense - a set of numerical data

 singular sense - a branch of science that deals with the:
* COLLECTION
* PRESENTATION
* ANALYSIS
* INTERPRETATION
. . . of a set of numerical data
refers to a collection of methods used to
process large amounts of data and report
them in a summarized and organized manner

particularly useful when dealing with

enormous data
1. aids in decision-making
• provides comparison
• explains actions that have taken place
• justifies a claim or assertion
• predicts future outcome
• estimates unknown quantities

2. summarizes data for public use

 Descriptive Statistics
 composed of methods concerned
with collecting, describing,
analyzing a set of data without
drawing conclusions or inferences
about a large group
Inferential Statistics
 composed of methods concerned
with the analysis of a subset of
data leading to predictions or
inferences about the entire set
of data
 POPULATION SAMPLE
- a collection of all the - a part (subset) of the
elements under population from which
consideration in any information is collected
statistical data
- a numerical characteristic - a numerical
of a population characteristic of the
sample
 -refer to the collection of
observations
*observation – a realized value of a variable
1. QUALITATIVE
2. QUANTITATIVE
- have labels or names
assigned to their respective
categories
-any attribute that we
measure in numbers
- can be DISCRETE or
CONTINUOUS
- a characteristic or attribute
of persons or objects which can
assume different values for
different persons or objects
Examples:
•number of legislative districts
•age
•year level
•province
•type of residence
 BASIC MATHEMATICAL
CONCEPTS USED IN STATISTICS
RATIO | PROPORTION | PERCENTAGE | RATE OF OCCURENCE
The number of elements in one set divided by
the number of elements in another set.
𝑺𝒆𝒕 𝑨
𝑺𝒆𝒕 𝑩
NOTE:
Elements cannot belong in both sets. They are
either in Set A or Set B.
Examples:
• sex ratio
• dependency ratio
• A class with 40 students has 28 females. What is the
ratio of females to males?
𝟐𝟖 𝟕
Answer: 28:12 or 7:3; or
𝟏𝟐 𝟑
The number of elements in a set possessing a
specific characteristic divided by the total
number of elements in a set.
𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒊𝒏 𝑺𝒆𝒕 𝑨 𝑺𝒆𝒕 𝑨
=
𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒊𝒏 𝑺𝒆𝒕𝒔 𝑨 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑩 𝑺𝒆𝒕 𝑨 + 𝑺𝒆𝒕 𝑩

NOTE:
There are only 2 sets. Elements cannot belong to both sets.
They are either in Set A or Set B.
Example:
Consider a class with 40 students where 28 are females. What is
the proportion of male students?

𝑺𝒆𝒕 𝑨 𝟏𝟐
=
𝑺𝒆𝒕 𝑨 + 𝑺𝒆𝒕 𝑩 𝟏𝟐 + 𝟐𝟖
𝟏𝟐
=
𝟒𝟎
𝟏𝟐 𝟑
= 𝒐𝒓
𝟒𝟎 𝟏𝟎
a proportion multiplied by 100
𝑺𝒆𝒕 𝑨
× 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝑺𝒆𝒕 𝑨 + 𝑺𝒆𝒕 𝑩
Example:
Consider a class with 40 students where 28 are females. What is the
percentage of male students?

𝟏𝟐 𝟏𝟐
=
𝟏𝟐 + 𝟐𝟖 𝟒𝟎
𝟑
= × 𝟏𝟎𝟎 = 30% 30% of the class are male students
𝟏𝟎
The number of occurrences divided
by the total number of occurrences.
- usually expressed in terms of per 100, per 1000, per 10000
𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒖𝒂𝒍 𝒐𝒄𝒄𝒖𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒆𝒔
𝑹𝒂𝒕𝒆 =
𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒑𝒐𝒔𝒔𝒊𝒃𝒍𝒆 𝒐𝒄𝒄𝒖𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒆𝒔
Example:
Dropping Rate
There are 1200 COE students for the First semester. Within the
semester, 30 students dropped from their chosen program. What is
the drop rate during the 1st semester?
𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒖𝒂𝒍 𝒐𝒄𝒄𝒖𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒆𝒔 𝟑𝟎
𝑹𝒂𝒕𝒆 = = = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟓
𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒑𝒐𝒔𝒔𝒊𝒃𝒍𝒆 𝒐𝒄𝒄𝒖𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒆𝒔 𝟏𝟐𝟎𝟎

𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟓 = 𝟐. 𝟓%
Thus, 2.5% is the dropping rate of COE during the 1st Semester.
 LEVELS OF
MEASUREMENT
NOMINAL | ORDINAL | INTERVAL | RATIO
A measurement level in which numbers are
used to identify different categories (i.e. as
labels or names) rather than to reflect
quantitative information.
Examples:
- jersey number, sex, religion, marital status
A measurement level in which values
reflect only rank order.
Examples:
- educational attainment
(primary, secondary, tertiary)
- Socioeconomic status (low, middle, high)
A measurement level with an arbitrary zero
point in which numerically equal intervals at
different locations on the scale reflect the
same quantitative difference.
Example:
temperature in ℃ or ℉
The highest level of measurement that
has all the characteristics of the interval
plus a true zero point.
Examples:
- income, age, number of children, grades
Prof. Randolph Sasota’s Lecture Notes in
Educational Research
Statistics & Probability by Marquez, W.G,
et.al , Brilliant Creations Publishing Inc.
by Ms. Mary Joy A. Villareal