DNYANADEEP IAS

SUPER SERIES
REVISION CAPF 2019
Compiled and Edited by
VIKRANT S. MORE (IDES)
RAJNIKANT D. MOHITE
HIGHLIGHTS
➢ Complete Strategy for Paper 2 with Analysis
➢ Probable topics for Paper 2
➢ Current Affairs and Static part covered as per analysis of previous year
question papers
• Budget and Economic survey highlights with newly launched schemes
• Persons in news
• Awards and honours
• Defence news (Joint exercises, Missile tech)
• Security forces in INDIA
• Space news (ISRO and NASA)
• Static Geography (Passes, rivers, ports, grasslands) For Corrections & Feedback
• Static Polity (Articles, Landmark Cases, Amendments, FR, DPSP)
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rexraj4569@gmail.com
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scope for improvements – Thank you
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DNYANADEEP IAS SUPER SERIES – CAPF2019

DNYANADEEP ACADEMY FOR UPSC AND MPSC, PUNE 2

 DNYANADEEP IAS SUPER SERIES – CAPF2019

Table of Contents
ANALYSIS ............................................................................................................................................................. 7
CAPF 2018 Topic Wise Questions ........................................................................................................................ 8
CAPF 2017 Topic Wise Questions ...................................................................................................................... 16
Recently in NEWS ............................................................................................................................................... 24
Budget 2019 - Highlights ................................................................................................................................... 26
Highlights of Economic Survey 2018-19 ............................................................................................................ 27
Government Schemes ........................................................................................................................................ 28
By states .......................................................................................................................................................................... 28
By Centre ......................................................................................................................................................................... 28
Committee In NEWS ........................................................................................................................................... 30
Person, Awards and Institutions ......................................................................................................................... 32
Some recent terminologies ................................................................................................................................ 36
POLITY ................................................................................................................................................................ 40
Important Amendments to Indian Constitution. ............................................................................................................... 40
Important Landmark cases .............................................................................................................................................. 41
Fundamental Rights ........................................................................................................................................................ 42
Directive Principles of State Policy ................................................................................................................................... 43
Difference between FR and DPSP.................................................................................................................................... 44
CONFLICT BETWEEN FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND DIRECTIVE PRINCIPLES .................................................................... 45
Fundamental Duties ........................................................................................................................................................ 45
Difference Between Adjournment, Prorogation and Dissolution ...................................................................................... 46
Budget ............................................................................................................................................................................. 46
Grants .............................................................................................................................................................................. 46
Motions............................................................................................................................................................................ 47
Commissions in India....................................................................................................................................................... 47
Division of Legislative Subjects........................................................................................................................................ 48
ENVIRONMENT ................................................................................................................................................... 49
In News ............................................................................................................................................................................ 49
National Parks, Wildlife Sanctuaries and Power Plants ................................................................................................... 51
Biosphere reserves of India (area wise) ........................................................................................................................... 55
Elephant Reserves ........................................................................................................................................................... 58
Mangrove sites in India.................................................................................................................................................... 58
Difference between BR, WLS and NP .............................................................................................................................. 59
HISTORY ............................................................................................................................................................. 60
Ancient............................................................................................................................................................................. 60
Terms and their Meanings .......................................................................................................................................... 60
The Edicts of Ashoka ................................................................................................................................................... 60
Other Major Inscriptions .............................................................................................................................................. 62
Medieval .......................................................................................................................................................................... 62
Terms Used and their Meaning ................................................................................................................................... 62
Rulers of Delhi Sultanate ............................................................................................................................................ 66
Important Wars of Medieval India ............................................................................................................................... 67

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 DNYANADEEP IAS SUPER SERIES – CAPF2019
Modern ............................................................................................................................................................................ 67
BATTLES / WARS & TREATIES & AGREEMENTS .......................................................................................................... 67
List of Important Treaties in the History of India.......................................................................................................... 68
Land Revenue Systems in British India ....................................................................................................................... 69
Indian National Congress Sessions ............................................................................................................................. 70
Governor Generals/Viceroys of India and events ........................................................................................................ 71
CULTURE ............................................................................................................................................................ 76
In News ............................................................................................................................................................................ 76
Indian States and Their Traditional Folk Dance ............................................................................................................... 76
Architecture of Early Modern period (1500 CE—1947 CE) ............................................................................................... 78
Rajput Architecture .......................................................................................................................................................... 78
Maratha Architecture ....................................................................................................................................................... 78
Sikh Architecture ............................................................................................................................................................. 79
European colonial architecture ........................................................................................................................................ 79
British Colonial Era: 1615 to 1947 ............................................................................................................................. 79
Recently in News ............................................................................................................................................................. 81
Festivals/Traditions in News............................................................................................................................................ 81
GEOGRAPHY ....................................................................................................................................................... 83
Major Indian Towns on Riverbanks .................................................................................................................................. 83
Major Ports in India.......................................................................................................................................................... 83
Major Passes of the Himalayas........................................................................................................................................ 83
List of Tribal Groups in India- ........................................................................................................................................... 85
Important Straits of the World ......................................................................................................................................... 86
List of the Grassland of the World and their Location: ..................................................................................................... 86
Classification by Cropping Season: .................................................................................................................................. 86
Rivers, Their Tributaries, Major Projects on them ............................................................................................................ 87
Waterfalls ........................................................................................................................................................................ 88
Types of Clouds................................................................................................................................................................ 89
MAPING ........................................................................................................................................................................... 89
The Prime Meridian ..................................................................................................................................................... 89
Tropic of Capricorn ...................................................................................................................................................... 90
Tropic of Cancer .......................................................................................................................................................... 90
Equator ....................................................................................................................................................................... 90
Human Geography ........................................................................................................................................................... 90
Statistics about the Population scenario of India............................................................................................................. 90
Physiography ................................................................................................................................................................... 91
Corals .......................................................................................................................................................................... 91
Vegetation and Forests ............................................................................................................................................... 92
Climatic regions of the world ....................................................................................................................................... 94
Layers of Earth's Atmosphere...................................................................................................................................... 96
List of major Local Winds ............................................................................................................................................ 96
Ocean Currents ........................................................................................................................................................... 97
Cyclones ...................................................................................................................................................................... 98

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 DNYANADEEP IAS SUPER SERIES – CAPF2019
In News ....................................................................................................................................................................... 99
Distribution of Volcanism ............................................................................................................................................ 99
NORTH EAST INDIA ........................................................................................................................................... 100
In News .......................................................................................................................................................................... 100
Capital, Language and Art forms.................................................................................................................................... 101
Geography ..................................................................................................................................................................... 102
Mountains and hills by state .......................................................................................................................................... 102
National park ................................................................................................................................................................. 103
SCIENCE ........................................................................................................................................................... 104
In NEWS ......................................................................................................................................................................... 104
Biology ........................................................................................................................................................................... 105
Virus, Bacteria and Fungi .......................................................................................................................................... 105
REPORTS AND INDICES .................................................................................................................................... 109
INTERNATIONAL GROUPINGS AND ORGANISATIONS ....................................................................................... 111
Important Groupings ...................................................................................................................................................... 111
International Organisations ........................................................................................................................................... 118
United Nations Organisation ..................................................................................................................................... 118
UN-General Assembly ................................................................................................................................................ 118
United Nation Security Council (UNSC) ...................................................................................................................... 119
UNHRC ...................................................................................................................................................................... 119
World Trade Organization (WTO) ............................................................................................................................... 119
Other International Organisation ............................................................................................................................... 122
DEFENCE .......................................................................................................................................................... 124
In News .......................................................................................................................................................................... 124
Security Forces .............................................................................................................................................................. 125
Central Armed Police Force (CAPF) ................................................................................................................................ 125
Special Forces ............................................................................................................................................................... 126
National Security Guard (NSG) .................................................................................................................................. 126
Para (Special Forces) ................................................................................................................................................ 127
MARCOS .................................................................................................................................................................... 127
Garud Commando Force ........................................................................................................................................... 127
Ghatak Force............................................................................................................................................................. 127
Central Police Organisation............................................................................................................................................ 127
India’s Intelligence and Investigation Agencies ............................................................................................................. 127
Other law enforcement agencies: .................................................................................................................................. 128
Defence Exercises ......................................................................................................................................................... 128
Naval Exercises ......................................................................................................................................................... 128
Military Exercise ........................................................................................................................................................ 129
Air Exercise................................................................................................................................................................ 132
Equivalent Ranks of the Indian Armed Forces – Army, Air Force and Navy .................................................................... 132
Gallantry awards ............................................................................................................................................................ 132
Missile Technology......................................................................................................................................................... 133
Other Missile’s in NEWS ................................................................................................................................................ 135

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 DNYANADEEP IAS SUPER SERIES – CAPF2019
Defence systems ........................................................................................................................................................... 136
Who Controls INDIA’s Nuclear Arsenal? ......................................................................................................................... 137
Sports Cups and Trophies ................................................................................................................................ 137
SPACE .............................................................................................................................................................. 138
ISRO............................................................................................................................................................................... 138
NASA .............................................................................................................................................................................. 139
China ............................................................................................................................................................................. 140
European Space Agency’s (ESA’s) ................................................................................................................................. 140
Japanese Space Exploration Agency (JAXA) ................................................................................................................... 141
Other Missions ............................................................................................................................................................... 141
Paper 2: Essay and English Strategy ................................................................................................................ 142
Trend Analysis................................................................................................................................................................ 143
ESSAY ............................................................................................................................................................................ 143
PASSAGE/COMPREHENSION ......................................................................................................................................... 143
REPORT WRITING .......................................................................................................................................................... 144
PRECIS WRITING ............................................................................................................................................................ 144
ARGUMENT FOR AND AGAINST THE STATEMENT .......................................................................................................... 144
GRAMMAR ..................................................................................................................................................................... 144
Probable’s...................................................................................................................................................................... 145
Probable topics for Essay .......................................................................................................................................... 145
Probable topics for Report Writing ............................................................................................................................ 145
Probable topics for Argument writing ........................................................................................................................ 145

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ANALYSIS
30

25

20

15

10

0
Internation
Governme Quantitativ
Environme Science n Current al
History Culture Geography Polity Economy Defence nt e and
nt Tech. Affairs Organisatio
Initiative Reasoning
n
2015 17 3 19 17 4 16 2 9 16 0 1 21
2016 17 3 15 19 4 20 3 18 4 3 0 19
2017 21 1 15 15 16 13 2 15 1 2 4 20
2018 13 6 15 24 4 21 6 14 0 0 1 21

2015 2016 2017 2018

History questions History questions Science questions

sub- division- 2017 sub- division- 2018 sub- division- 2018

4
5 7 8

12 4 7

1
7

Ancient Ancient Physics

Medieval Medieval Chemistry
Modern Modern Biology

DNYANADEEP ACADEMY FOR UPSC AND MPSC, PUNE 7

 DNYANADEEP IAS SUPER SERIES – CAPF2019

CAPF 2018 Topic Wise Questions

Geography 1. Cape Town 2. Mangrove plants require
2. Los Angeles mudflats to enable it to grow
1. The Tropic of Cancer passes
3. Adelaide and develop.
through which one of the following
4. Santiago 3. Mangrove plants are found in
countries?
Select the correct answer using the the inter tidal zones of shelterd
(a) North Sudan
code given below coasts.
(b) Chad
(a) 1 and 2 only 4. Mangrove vegetation has been
(c) Mali
(b) 3 and 4 only reported in all the coastal
(d) Yemen
(c) (c)1,2 and 3 only States including Andaman and
(d) 1,2,3 and 4 Nicobar Islands.
2. Gersoppa Falls is formed by which
Select the correct answer using
one of the following rivers?
7. Which one of the following is the the code given below.
(a) Lohit
correct descending order of Indian (a) 1 and 2 only
(b) Tungabhadra
States in terms of their density of (b) 2,3 and 4 only
(c) Sharavati
population (as per 2011 Census)? (c)1,3 and 4 only
(d) Krishna
(a) Bihar - Kerala - Uttar Pradesh (d) 1,2,3 and 4
- West Bengal
3. In mid latitude regions, the diurnal
(b) West Bengal - Bihar - Kerala - 12. The lowest temperature is
variation in weather is due
Uttar Pradesh observed/ recorded in which one of
(a) raising air/convection
(c) Bihar - West Bengal - Kerala - the following layers of the
(b) sinking air/ conduction
Uttar Pradesh atmosphere?
(c) advection
(d) Kerala - West Bengal - Bihar - (a) Stratosphere
(d) Radiation
Uttar Pradesh (b) Mesosphere
(c)Thermosphere
4. Springs are common in which of
8. Which one of the following major (d) Troposphere
the following areas?
river basins of India is the shortest in 13. Which one of the following ocean
1. Well jointed rocks
length and smallest in terms of currents is not a warm current?
2. Arid areas with underlying
catchment area? (a) North Pacific
rocks
(a) Cauvery (b) Falkland
3. Karst topography
(b) Mahi (c) North Equatorial
4. Tilted strata
(c) Penner (d) Canary
Select the correct answer using the
(d) Sabarmati
code given below.
14. The tides whose height is 20
(a) 1 and 3 only
9. Arabian Sea records higher percent more than normal tide are
(b) 1, 3 and 4
salinity than the Bay of Bengal called
(c) 2 and 4
because (a) spring tides
(d) 3 and 4 only
(a) Arabian Sea exhibits high rate (b) neap tides
of evaporation and low influx (c)apogean and perigean tides
5. Match List - I with List-II and select
of fresh water (d) daily and semidiurnal tides
the correct answer using the code
(b) Arabian Sea has shallow
given below the Lists:
water 15. Which of the following
List - I (Limestone region) List - II
(c) Arabian Sea has more statements about tropical cyclone
(Country)
enclosed land are correct?
A. Pennines 1.
(d) Arabian Sea receives more 1. It originates and develops over
France
rainfall warm oceanic surface.
B. Yucatan Peninsula 2.
2. Presence of Coriolis force is
Jamaica 10. Which one of the following sites necessary for it.
C. Cockpit Country 3. Britain does not have coral reef formation? 3. It occurs in middle latitudinal
D. Causses 4. (a) Gulf of Cambay/ Khambhat region.
Mexico (b) Gulf of Mannar 4. It develops 'eye' with calm and
Code: (c)Lakshadweep descending air condition.
ABCD (d) Andaman and Nicobar Islands Select the correct answer using
(a) 3 4 2 1
the code given below
(b) 1 2 4 3 11. Which of the following (a) 1 and 2 only
(c) 3 2 4 1 statements are appropriate to (b) 1,2 and 4
(d) 1 4 2 3 Mangrove Sites? (c) 3 and 4 only
1. Mangrove plants require (d) 2,3 and 4
6. Which of the following cities appropriate mix of saline water
experience the warm temperature and fresh water.
Mediterranean climate?

DNYANADEEP ACADEMY FOR UPSC AND MPSC, PUNE 8

 DNYANADEEP IAS SUPER SERIES – CAPF2019
16. Which of the following
statements about biodiversity hot
spots is/are correct?
1. Biodiversity hot spots are
identified by International Union
for Conservation of Nature and
Natural Resources (IUCN).
2. Biodiversity hot spots are
defined according to their
vegetation.
3. In India, Eastern Ghats and
Western Himalaya are the
biodiversity hot spots.
Select the correct answer using
the code given below
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 3 only
(c) 1,2 and 3
(d) 1 only
17. Which one of the following is not
an igneous rock?
(a) Granite
(b) Gneiss
(c) Pumice
(d) Basalt
18. Which one of the following rivers
is west flowing?
(a) Godavari
(b) Periyar
(c) Tungabhadra
(d) Cauvery
19. In India, Indus Dolphine one of
the world's rarest mammals, is
mainly found in which of the
following rivers?
(a) Ganga
(b) Cauvery
(c) Brahmaputra
(d) Beas
History
Ancient
1.
Statement I: For early societies,
historians retrieve Information
about elite families mostly from
Inscriptions.
Statement II: Satavahana
Inscriptions generally end with
the term Putra, a Prakrit word
meaning 'non'
a. Both statements are
individually true and statement
II is the correct explanation of
statement I
b.Both statements are
individually true and statement
DNYANADEEP ACADEMY FOR UPSC AND MPSC, PUNE
II is not the correct explanation
of statement I
c. statement I is true &
Statement II is false
d.statement I is False &
Statement II is true
2. Which of the following statement
about Harrapan Civilization is/are
correct?
1 There is a extraordinary
uniformity in artefacts as evident
in pottery, seals, bricks and
weights.
2 The late Harrapan Sites also
maintained the same
construction techniques as were
used in Mature Harappa Sites
(a) 1 Only
(b) 2 Only
(c) Both 1 And 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
3. Which of the following pair of
country with new names and old
names are correctly matched?
New Name: Old Name
(a) Kingdom of eSwanti:
Switzerland
(b) Malawi: Rhodesia
(c) Botswana: Nayasaland
(d) Zimbabwe: Ceylon
4. Who among the following was
Buddha's foster mother?
(a) Purna
(b) Gajalakshmi
(c) Maya
(d) Mahapajapati Gotami
5. Which one of the following
commercial centres declined after
the mid-eighteenth century?
a) Calcutta
b) Madras
c) Dhaka
d) bombay
Medieval
6.
Statement I: In 1856, Nawab Wajid
Ali Shah was dethroned and exiled
to Calcutta on the plea that the
region was being misgoverned.
Statement II: The Nawab was
accused of being unable to control
the rebellious chiefs and Talukdars.
a. Both statements are
individually true and statement
II is the correct explanation of
statement I
b. Both statements are
individually true and statement
II is not the correct explanation
of statement I
c. statement I is true &
Statement II is false
d. statement I is False &
Statement II is true
Modern
7.
Statement I: Mahatma Gandhi
went on a fast unto death against
the Communal Award announced
by the British Government.
Statement II: The Poona Pact
resulted in a joint electorate with
an enhanced number of Bcats
reserved for Depressed Classes
a. Both statements are
individually true and statement
II is the correct explanation of
statement I
b. Both statements are
individually true and statement
II is not the correct explanation
of statement I
c. statement I is true &
Statement II is false
d. statement I is False &
Statement II is true
8.
Statement I: The Permanent
Settlement was rarely extended to
any region beyond Bengal.
Statement Il: After 1810, the
agricultural prices declined affecting
adversely the income of the Bengal
Zamindars.
a) Both statements are
individually true and statement
II is the correct explanation of
statement I
b) Both statements are
individually true and statement
II is not the correct explanation
of statement I
c) statement I is true & Statement
II is false
d) statement I is False &
Statement II is true
9. Which of the following statements
about town planning in British India
in carly 19th century is/are correct?
1. The funds for town improvement
were also raised through public
lotteries.
2. The threats of epidemics gave
an impetus to town planning in the
carly decades of 19th century.
Select the correct answer using the
code given below.
a) I only
b) II only
9
 DNYANADEEP IAS SUPER SERIES – CAPF2019

c) both I & II 2. Which of the following statements (a) NI - undistributed profits - net
d) Neither I & II about Jainism is/are correct? interest payments made by
1 The most important idea in households - corporate tax+
10. Which of the following Jainism is that the entire world in transfer payments to the
statements about India's animated even stone, rock and households from the
Independence is/are correct? water have life. Government and firms.
1. The formal transfer of power on 2 Asceticism and Penance are (b) NI - undistributed profits -
15th August 1947 heralding India's required to free oneself from the corporate tax+ transfer
independence was announced by cycle of Karma payments to the households
Lord Mountbatten. (a) 1 Only from the Government and firms.
2. Mahatma Gandhi was not present (b) 2 Only (c) undistributed profits - net
at the festivities in the capital on (c) Both 1 And 2 interest payments made by
15th August 1947. (d) Neither 1 nor 2 households+ transfer payments
a) I only to the households from the
b) II only 3. Which of the following statements Government and firms.
c) both I & II about Bodhisattas is/are correct? (d) undistributed profits - net
d) Neither I & II 1.They were perceived as deeply interest payments made by
11. Who are the following in compassionate begins who households- corporate tax.
Congress represented the Socialist accumulated merit through their 2. The Reserve Bank of India defines
view? efforts. 2.They made attempt to narrow money as
a) Rajendra Prasad attain Nibbana. Select the correct (a) CU (currency notes + coins) +
b) Narendra Dev answer using the code give below: DD (net demand deposits held
C) Maulana Azad (a) 1 only by commercial banks)
d) Sardar patel (b) 2 only (b) CU + DD + saving deposits with
12. Who among the following was (c) Both 1 and 2 post office savings banks
the author of Hind Swaraj? (d) Neither 1 and 2 (c) CU+ DD + net demand deposits
a) Aurobindo Ghose 4. Depiction of the descent of the held by commercial banks
b) C.R. Dey river Ganga from heaven in the form (d) CU+ DD + net demand deposits
c) Mahatma Gandhi of relief sculpture on the rock is at held by commercial banks +
d) Rajendra Prasad (a) Ellora total deposits of posts offices.
13. Who among the following has (b) Mahabalipuram 3. Multipliers will be lower with which
not written about the Partition in his (c) Sanchi one of the followings?
work (d) Amaravati (a) High marginal propensity to
(a) Saddat Hasan Manto 5. Which of the following statements consume.
(b) Bankim Chandra about Binodini Dasi, a pioneering (b) Low marginal propensity to
Chattopadhya figure in Bengali theatre in the late consume.
(c) Bhisham Sahni 19th early 20th century, is/are (c) High marginal propensity to
(d) Narendranath Mitra correct? invest
1. She was one of the prime (d) Low marginal propensity to
Art and Culture movers behind the setting up of save
1. the Star Theatre (1883) in 4. In India, approximately what
Statement I: Towards the beginning Calcutta. percentage of households still use
of the 20th century a new hybrid 2. She serialized her firewood for cooking as per 2011
architectural style developed which autobiography Amar Katha (My Census?
combined Indian with the European Story) between 1910 and 1913. a) 20%
Statement II: By integrating Indian Select the correct answer using b) 40%
and European styles in public the code given below. c) 50%
architecture British wanted to prove a) 1 only d) 60%
that they were legitimate rulers of b) 2 only 5. Consider the following countries
India. c) Both 1 & 2 1. China
a) Both statements are d) neither 1 & 2 2. Spain
individually true and statement 6. The Buddhist text Majjhima 3. India
II is the correct explanation of Nikaya is in 4.Russia
statement I a) Sanskrit Which one of the following is the
b) Both statements are b) Pali correct ascending order of the
individually true and statement c) Prakrit above countries in terms of their
II is not the correct explanation d) Telugu share of services sector to Gross
of statement I Value Added (GVA) during the
c) statement I is true & Statement Economics period 2001 2015 ?
II is false a) 1, 2, 3. 4
1. In National Income (NI) accounts,
d) statement I is False & b) 1,3,4,2
Personal Income (PI) is defined as
Statement II is true c) 1,2,4,3

DNYANADEEP ACADEMY FOR UPSC AND MPSC, PUNE 10

 DNYANADEEP IAS SUPER SERIES – CAPF2019
d) 1,3,2,4
6. If farmers loans are waived in
India, How will it affect aggregate
demand in the economy?
1. Private consumption impact via
increase in private sector net
wealth
2. Public sector impact via
changes in government
expenditure/taxes
3. Crowding-out impact via higher
borrowings by State
Governments
4. Crowding-in impact via higher
credit availability as bank NPAs
fall
Select the correct answer using
the code given below
a) 1, 2 and 3 only
b) 1, 2, 3 and 4
c) 3 and 4 only
d) 1 and 2 only
Polity
1.
Statement I: In India, a majority of
the members of the Rajya Sabha are
elected by the elected members of
the Legislatures State
Statement II: Members of the Rajya
Sabha elected by the State
Legislative Assemblies need to have
their domicile in the concerned Stat
a) Both statements are individually
true and statement II is the
correct explanation of statement
I
b) Both statements are individually
true and statement II is not the
correct explanation of statement
I
c) statement I is true & Statement II
is false
d) Statement I is false but
Statement II is true
2. Sikkim became assosicate of
Indian union through
a) the constitution (36
amendment) Act 1975
b) the constitution (7th
amendment) Act 1956
c) the constitution (35
amendment) Act 1974
d) the constitution (5th
amendment) Act 1955
3. Which of the following
Judgements is associaoted with the
primacy of the Chief Justice of India
and the collegium of Judges in the
appointment and transfer of the
higher Judiciary
DNYANADEEP ACADEMY FOR UPSC AND MPSC, PUNE
(a) kesavananda bharati vs state
of kerala
(b) S P Gupta vs President of India
(c) Menaka Gandhi vs Union of
India
(d) S R Bommai vs union of India
4. Which one of the following
constitutional amendments has
enormously strengthened the
powers of the speakers / chairman
of the houses of Parliament / state
legislators?
(a) 61 st amendment which
reduced the voting age from 21
to 18 yrs
(b) Anti-defection provisions of
52nd Amendment
(c) Repealing of the provisions of
42nd amendment by 44th
amendment
(d) 73rd amendment that
conferred extensive powers on
Panchayat Bodies
5. Which one of the following
committes of the parliament has no
members from the Rajya Sabha?
(a) Public Accounts Committee
(b) Committe on Public
Undertakings
(c) Estimates Committee
(d) DRSC on Finance
6. Whcih one of the following states
does not find a mention a Article 371
of the Indian Constitution?
(a) Maharashtra
(b) Madhya Pradesh
(c) Gujarat
(d) Karnataka
7. Who among the following is not
associated with Governing council of
NITI Aayog?
(a) Prime Minister
(b) President
(c) Chief Ministers of State
(d) CMs of Union Territories
8. Which of the following statements
about the constitution of India is/are
correct?
1 The 'Objective Resolution' was
moved by Sardar Vallbhbhi Patel
2 Dr B.R Ambedkar served as the
Chairman of the Drafting
Committee in his capacity as the
Law Minister
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 Only
(c) Both 1 And 2
(d) Nither 1 nor 2
9. Which of the following statement
about the constitution of India is
correct?
(a) It was framed between December
1946 and December 1949
(b) The draft of the constitution
were discussed in public
mettings.
(c) It is the shortest document of
a constitution of a World
(d) It came fully into operation
immediately after the drafting
was completed in December
1949
10. Which one of the following
groups belong to the same school of
thoughts
(a) J.J. Rousseau, M.
Robespierre, N. Bonaparte, O.
Cromwell
(b) T. Jefferson, J Madison, G
Washington, Abraham Lincoln
(c) F. Engels, K Marx, M Bakunin,
J.S. Mill
(d) Georgi Plekhanov, Vera
Zasulich, Alexandra Kolloniti, V.I.
lenin
11. The Provisions of PESA Act 1996
(a) extends greater say to local
tribal community over common
resoursces
(b) provides greater devolution of
powers to scheduled caste
(c) extends provisions of 73rd
Amendment to Scheduled areas
(d) brings Scheduled areas under
the better control of local
panchayats
12. Over which of the following, the
Lok Sabha and the Rajya sabha held
Joint sittings to resolve their
differences?
1. Dowry Prohibition Bill, 1959
2. The banking services
commission (repeal) Bill, 1978
3. The Prevention of Terrorism
Bill, 2002
4. The land Acquisation,
Rehabilitation, and Resetllement
act 2013
Select the correct answer using
the code given below:
(a) 1, 2, 3 and 4
(b) 3 and 4
(c) 1, 2 and 3
(d) 2 and 4
13. Which of the following
commisions has not examined the
11
 DNYANADEEP IAS SUPER SERIES – CAPF2019
issue of removal of the Governor of
the state?
(a) Sarkaria Commission
(b) Thakkar Commission
(c) Venkatachaliah Commission
(d) Punchi Commission
14. Which of the following is the
correct combination of languages
included in the 8th Schedule of the
constitution of India?
(a) Nepali, Konkani, Tulu and
Santhali
(b) Santhali, Urdu, Konkani and
Maithuli
(c) Santali, Konkani, Bhojpuri and
Urdu
(d) Dogri, Konkani, Bhojpuri and
Urdu
15. Recently AFSPA was completely
removed from which of the following
state?
(a) Arunachal Pradesh
(b) Nagaland
(c) Meghalaya
(d) Assam
16. Which one of the following
statements relating to the power of
the President of India to grant
pardon is not correct?
(a) The Presidenrt has the power to
grant pardon where punishment
or sentence is by a Court Martial.
(b)The President can grant pardon
in all cases where the sentence is
a sentence of Death.
(c) The Court's power of judicial
review is very limited in relation
to the decision of the President
on mercy petition.
(d)The power to grant pardon by the
President is the power that the
sovereign never excercises
against its own judicial mandate.
17. Which one of the following is not
a Characterstics feature of the
Indian Independence Act, 1947?
a) The Dominion of India got the
residuary territory of India,
excluding the provinces of Sind,
Baluchistan, West Punjab, East
Bengal and NWFP.
b) The Act sought to lay down a
Constitution by the Legislative
will of the British Parliament.
c) The Act proposed to set up two
independent Dominions.
d) The Constituent Assembly of
each Dominion was to have
DNYANADEEP ACADEMY FOR UPSC AND MPSC, PUNE
unlimited power to frame and23. The power of the President of India to
unlimited power to frame and refer a matter back to the Council of
adopt any Constitution. Ministers inserted in the
Constitution by for reconsideration
18. The National Green Tribunal, act was
up to deal with the expeditious a) 44th Amendment
disposal of cases relating to b) 42nd Amendment
environmental protection, was set c) 43rd Amendment
up under the d) 35th Amendment
a) 12th five-year plan
b) 11th five-year plan 24. Ashok Mehta Committee was
c) 10th five-year plan constituted to make
d) 9th five-year plan recommendations on which one of
the following issues?
19. Which one of the following a) Division of tax revenues between
statements regarding Panchayat is b) Panchayati Raj System
not correct c) Appointment of Governors
a) Members of Panchayat are d) Presidential and Vice Presidential
elected directly by the Gram Sabha elections
b) The elections to Panchayats.
conducted by the State Election
Commission. Science and Technology
c) The Central Government may by PHYSICS
law authorize a Panchayat to levy
taxes. 1. The optical phenomenon that is
d) Every Panchayat continues for five responsible for the propagation
years from the date of convening of of light signal through an optical
its first meeting fibre is
a) interference
20. Which one of the following concerns b) scattering
has found a place in both c) total internal reflection
Fundamental Duties and Directive d) refraction
Principles of State Policy? 2. Which of the following
a) Safeguard of public property statements about optical
b) Protection and improvement of microscope is/are correct?
environment, forest & wildlife. 1. Both the eyepiece and
c) Respect for the rich heritage of our objective of a microscope are
composite culture convex lenses.
d) Promotion of cooperative 2. The magnification of a
societies microscope increases with
increase in focal length of the
21. Which one of the following is not objective.
a part of the Directive Principles of 3. The magnification of a
State Policy? microscope depends upon the
a) Uniform Civil Code for all citizens length of the microcscope tube
b) Separation of Judiciary from 4. The eyepiece of a microscope is
Executive concave lens.
c) Duty of the State to raise the level Select the correct answer using the
of nutrition and standard of living code given below.
d) Promotion of scientific temper, a) 1 and 3
humanity and the spirit of inquiry b) 3 only
and reform c) 3 and 4
d) 1,2 and 4
22. The federal systems of India and 3. If the amplitude of oscillation of a
the USA are different in all the simple pendulum is very small, then
following respects, excepts its time period of oscillation.
a) State's representation in the 1. Depends on the length of the
Upper House pendulum, L
b) dual citizenship 2. depends on the acceleration
c) dual system of Court due to gravity, g
d) s dual Government 3. depends upon the mass of the
bob of the pendulum, m
12
 DNYANADEEP IAS SUPER SERIES – CAPF2019

4. does not depend upon the d) Statement I is false but (d) 4 2 1 3

amplitude of the pendulum, A Statement II is true 14. Which one of the following is
Select the correct answer using the anisotropic in nature?
code given below. CHEMISTRY (a) Glass
(a) 1, 2 and 3 (b) Rubber
(b) 1,2 and 4 9. Which one of the following (c)Plastic
(c) 2,3 and 4 gemstones contains beryllium (d) Quartz
(d) 1 and 4 only metal? 15. Which one of the following is not
5. The term LASER stands for a) Topaz a condensation polymer?
(a) Light Amplification by b) Emerald (a) Nylon
Stimulated Emission of c) Ruby (b) DNA
Radiation d) Blue sapphire (c)Polythene
(b) Light Amplification by 10. Lowering the atmospheric (d) Bakelite
Spontaneous Emission of pressure on a liquid
Radiation a) increases the boiling point of BIOLOGY
(c) Light Amplification by the liquid
Stimulated Emission of Rays b) lowers the boiling point of the
(d) Light Amplification by liquid 16. Which one of the following
Stimulated Energy of Radiation c) does not affect the boiling point statements about transport
6. Which one of the following of the liquid mechanism in plants is correct?
process is not a part of long wave d) increases the time required for a) Diffusion of ions and small
radiation? it to boil molecules across cell
(a) Conduction 11. The number of angular and membrane requires energy
(b) Scattering radical nodes for 4d orbital is b) Active transport of ions and
(c) Convection respectively small molecules across cell
(d) Radiation a) 2 and 1 membrane against
b) 1 and 2 concentration gradient requires
7. c) 3 and 1 energy.
Statement I: Sound waves can travel d) 4 and 0 c) Cells conserve energy and no
through vacuum 12. Which of the following energy is required for transport
Statement II: Light is an statements about carboxylic acids is of ions and small molecules
electromagnetic wave and can travel / are correct? against concentration gradient.
through vacuum 1. Simple aliphatic carboxylic acids d) Cells do not transport ions
a) Both the statements are are soluble in water. across their membrane as
individually true and Statement II 2. Higher carboxylic acids are these are charged molecules.
is the correct explanation of practically insoluble in water.
Statement I 3. The acidity of a carboxylic acid 17. Which one of the following
b) Both the statements are depends on the number of carbon statements about blood elements is
Individually true but Statement II atoms present in the hydrocarbon correct?
is not the correct explanation of chain. (a) Red blood cells number is same
Statements I Select the correct answer using the as that of white blood cells and
c) Statement I is true but Statement code given below. platelets
II is false (a) 1 and 2 only (b) The number of white blood cells
d) Statement I is false but (b) 2 and 3 only is more than red blood cells
Statement II is true (c) 1 only (c) The number of red blood cells is
(d) 1,2 and 3 the highest
8. (d) The number of red blood cells is
Statement I: A compass needle 13. Match List-I with List -II and lower than platelets.
placed near a current carrying wire select the correct answer using the 18. Which one of the following
will get deflected. code given below the Lists : statements regarding muscle
Statement II: A current carrying wire List - I (Compound) List - II contraction and relaxation is
creates magnetic field around it. (Type of Polymer) correct?
a) Both the statements are A. Melamine 1. Linear (a) it involves movement of Zn++
individually true and Statement B. Polyvinyl chloride 2. ion.
II is the correct explanation of Condensation (b) It involves Ca++ ion of blood
Statement I C. Terylene 3. Natural (c) It involves release of Ca++
b) Both the statements are D. Cellulose 4. Cross-lined from sarcoplasmic reticulum
Individually true but Statement II Code: (SR) and pumping Ca++ back
is not the correct explanation of ABCD in SR.
Statements I (a) 3 2 1 4 (d) It involves exchange of Na
c) Statement I is true but (b) 4 1 2 3 and K
Statement II is false (c) 3 1 2 4

DNYANADEEP ACADEMY FOR UPSC AND MPSC, PUNE 13

 DNYANADEEP IAS SUPER SERIES – CAPF2019

19. Which one of the following (b) National Flying Training (a) Shopclues
statements regarding digestion is Institute: Belgaum (b) Flipkart
correct? (c) (c)National Insitute of (c) Yepme
(a) Fat present in the food is Hydrology: Roorkee (d) Snapdeal
digested by trypsin and (d) National Water Academy 9. Which of the following films was
chymotrypsin (Headquarters): Khadakwasla awarded best Feature Film in the
(b) Starch of food is digested by 2. In May 2018, Which one of the National Film Award 2018 ?
lipases following banks was restricted to (a) Village Rockstar
(c) Fat of food is digested by give fresh credits and new (b) Toilet : Ek prem katha
lipases recruitment of staff by RBI? (c) Newton
(d) Nucleic acid is digested by (a) Punjab National Bank (d) Mom
amylases (b) Dena Bank 10. 15th Asia Media Summit was
20. Which one of the following (c) Central Bank of India hosted in May 2018 in
statements is correct? (d) Bandhan Bank (a) Kolkata
(a) In photosynthesis by green 3. When was Startup India hub (b) New Delhi
plants, carbon dioxide is used operationalised to resolve querries (c) Chennai
for making carbohydrate and handhold start ups (d) Bengaluru
(b) During photosynthesis, plants (a) 2015 11. In India, cars bearing black
use oxygen for making (b) 2016 number plate with yellow lettering
carbohydrate. (c) 2017 are
(c) The carbohydrate generated (d) 2018 (a) vehicles belonging to
by plants comes from soil 4. Whcih one of the following foreign consolates
(d) The carbohydrate generated organisations is not merged into (b) commercial vehicles such
by plants comes from urea. a new umberlla scheme 'Rastriya as trucks and taxis
21. Which one of the following Yuva Sashakitikaran Karyakram (c)commercial vehicles available
statements regarding insulin (RYSK)'? on rent for self driving
hormone is correct? (a) Nehru Yuva Kendra Sangathan (d) electric vehicles
(a) Insulin is a protein hormone (NYKS) 12. In May 2018, who among the
which is not produced in human (b) Youth Hostels following was elected as Prime
body. (c) National Services Scheme Minister of Malaysia at the age of 92
(b) Insulin is a steroid hormone (NSS) (a) Siti Hasmah Ali
which is produced in human (d) National Young Leaders (b) Najib Razak
body. Programme (NYLP) (c) Mahatir Mohemed
(a) Insulin is a cholesterol driven 5. Whcih one of the following (d) Anwar Ibhrahim
hormone given to human countries has recently formally 13. In May 2018, bus services
(c) Insulin is a protein hormone notified its intension to withdraw between which two places of India
which is produced in human from International Criminal Court and Nepal was launched?
body (a) Namibia (a) Nalanda and Lumbhini
22. Which one of the following (b) Serbia (b) Gaya and Kathmandu
statements about proteins in (c) Philippines (c) Varanashi and Vaktapur
mammalian cells in correct? (d) Norway (d) Ayodya and Janakpur
a) Proteins in mammalian cells 6. Who among the following is 14. In May 2018, which one of the
are synthesized in cell elected as Prime Minister of China following counteries has
membrane. for the second term relocated its embassy in Israel
b) Proteins in mammalian cells (a) Li Keqiang from Tez to Jerusalem?
are not synthesized in cell (b) Xi Jinping (a) Iran
membrane but directly (c) Yang Xiaodu (b) Germany
absorbed from food. (d) Zhou Qiang (c) USA
c) Proteins in mammalian cells (d) Turkey
are synthesized in rough 7. Which among the following 15. Which of the following is/are
endoplasmic reticulum. cricketer has announced his considered as India's green
d) Proteins in mammalian cells retirement from International initiatives)?
are synthesized in Golgi Cricket in May 2018 ? 1. National Green Highways
apparatus. (a) Steve Smith Mission
(b) David warner 2. R & D for Clean Coal
General Knowledge and Current (c) AB de Villiers Technologies
Affairs (d) Shane Watson 3. National Green Corridor
8. In a recent deal, a large stake of Programme
1. Which one of the following pairs is which one of the following e- Select the correct answer using the
not correctly matched? commerce company was acquired code given below
(a) Indira Gandhi Rashtriya Uran by Walmart, an American a) 1 only
Akademi: Fursatanj multinational retailor b) 1 & 2 only

DNYANADEEP ACADEMY FOR UPSC AND MPSC, PUNE 14

 DNYANADEEP IAS SUPER SERIES – CAPF2019
c) 2 & 3 only
d) 1 2 & 3
Quantitative Aptitude and Logical
Reasoning
1. Consider the following diagram:
An equilateral triangle is inscribed in
a circle of radius 1 unit. The area of
the shaded region, in square unit, is
(a) (π/3) - (√3/4)
(b) (π/3) - (1/2)
(c) (𝜋/3) - (3/4)
(d) π/3) - 1
2. In an examination, 53% students
passed in Mathematics, 61% passed
in Physics, 60% passed in Chemistry,
24% , 35% in Physics and Chemistry
, 27% in Mathematics and Chemistry
and 5% in none. The ratio of
percentage passes Mathematics
and Chemistry but not in Physics in
relation to the percentage of passes
in Physics and Chemistry but not in
Mathematics is
(a) 7 : 5
(b) 5 : 7
(c) 4 : 5
(d) 5 : 4
3. Consider the following diagrams:
Which one of the following is the
missing number in the diagrams
given above?
(a) 1
(b) 2
(c) 3
(d) 4
4. Which one of the following is the
area of a sector of a circle of radius
10 cm formed by an arc length of 15
cm?
(a) 10 p cm2
(b) 10 p cm2
(c) 75 cm2
(d) 150 cm2
5. On Simplification the product (𝑥1 +
𝑦1 ) (𝑥2 + 𝑦2 )…….. (𝑥10 + 𝑦10 ) how
many such terms are there which
will have only single x and rest y’s?
(a) 210
(b) 10
(c) 20
(d) 1
6. At what time between 2 o'clock
and 3 o'clock will the hour and
DNYANADEEP ACADEMY FOR UPSC AND MPSC, PUNE
minute hands of a clock be 12
minutes division apart?
(a) 12 minutes past 2 o'clock
(b) 18 minutes past 2 o'clock
(c) 24 minutes past 2 o'clock
(d) 30 minutes past 2 o'clock
7. If the number
22 × 54 × 46 × 108 × 610 ×
1512 × 814 × 2016 × 1018 × 2520
is divisible by 10𝑛 , then which one of
the following is the maximum value
of n?
(a) 78
(b) 85
(c)89
(d) 98
8. Suppose a, b, c, d and e are five
consecutive odd numbers in
ascending order. Consider the
following statements:
1. Their average is (a + 4).
2. Their average is (b + 2).
3. Their average is (e - 4).
Which of the statements given
above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c)1 and 3 only
(d) 1,2 and 3
9. A king ordered to make a crown
from 8 kg of gold and 2kg of silver.
The goldsmith took away some
amount of gold and replaced it by
an equal amount of silver and the
crown when made, weighed 10kg.
The king knows that under water
gold loses 1/20th of its weight,
while silver loses 1/10th. When
the crown was weighed under
water, it was 9.25 kg. How much
gold was stolen by the goldsmith?
(a) 1 kg
(b) 2 kg
(c) 3 kg
(d) 4 kg
10. If a cubical container of length,
breadth and height each of 10
cm can contain exactly 1 litre of
water, then a spherical container
of radius 10.5 cm can contain
(a) not more than 4 litres of water
(b) more than 4 litres but less
than 4.5 litres of water
(c)more than 4.5 litres but less
than 5 litres of water
(d) more than 5 litres of water
11. What is the largest value for
n(natural number) such that 6n
divides the product of the first 100
natural numbers?
(a) 18
(b) 33
(c)44
(d) 48
12. The angle between the hour
hand and the minute hand of a clock
at 10 minutes past 3 is
(a) 30𝑜
(b) 35𝑜
(c) 37.5𝑜
(d) 40𝑜
13. An international conference is
attended by 65 people . They all
speak at least one of English,
French and German language.
Suppose 15 speak English and
Frenceh, 13 speak English and
German. 12 speak French and
German and 5 speak all the three
languages. A total of 30 people
can speak German and 30 can
speak French. What is the
number of people who can speak
only English?
(a) 17
(b) 20
(c)22
(d) 40
14. Suppose 72 = m x n, where m
and n are positive integers such
that 1 < m < n. How many
possible values of m are there?
(a) 5
(b) 6
(c)10
(d) 12
15. Suppose x, y, z are three positive
integers such that x y z and xyz =
72. Which one of the following
values of S yields more than one
solution to the equation x + y + z
= S?
(a) 13
(b) 14
(c) 15
(d) 16
16. Which one of the following is the
remainder when 1020 is divided by
7?
(a) 1
(b) 2
(c) 4
(d) 6
17. Consider an equilateral triangle
ABC as given in the following
diagram:
15
 DNYANADEEP IAS SUPER SERIES – CAPF2019
Two people start at the same time
from points A and B with speeds 30
km per hour and 20 km per hour
respectively and move on the sides
of the triangle in the
clockwise direction.
They meet each other
for the first time at
(a) Point C
(b) A point between C and A
(c) a point between A and B
(d) point A
18. The number of ways in which 3
boys and 2 girls be arranged in a
queue, given that the 2 girls have
to be next to each other, is
(a) 12
(b) 24
(c) 48
(d) 120
Geography
1. Consider the following
statements:
1. Areas where rainfall exceeds
250 cm
2. Annual temperature 25oC –
27oC
3. Average humidity exceeds 75%
4. Trees do not shed the leaves
To which one of the following
types of vegetation does the
above represent?
A. Tropical wet evergreen
B. Tropical semi evergreen
C. Tropical moist deciduous
D. Tropical dry evergreen
Source: NCERT class 11 Indian
physical environment page 57
2. Which of the following
statements related to tribes in
India are correct?
1. Tharu tribes are found in Uttar
Pradesh and Uttarakhand
2. Irula, Chenchu and Sumali tribes
are found in Kerala
3. Garasia tribes are found in Goa
4. Gaddi tribes are nomadic herdrs
of Jammu and Kashmir and
Himachal Pradesh
Select the correct answer using
the code given below:
A. 1 and 3 only
B. 2 and 4 only
C. 1, 2 and 4 only
D. 1 , 2, 3 and 4
DNYANADEEP ACADEMY FOR UPSC AND MPSC, PUNE
19. The ratio of ages of a man and
his son is 3 : 1 . After 15 years, the
age ratio will be 2 : 1 . What is the
age of the man?
(a) 45 years
(b) 40 years
(c) 35 years
(d) 30 years
20. Two pillars are placed vertically
8 feet apart. The height
difference of the two pillars is 6
feet. The two ends of a rope of
length15 feet are tied to the tips
of the two pillars. The portion of
the length of the taller πllar that
can be brought in contact with
the rope without detaching the
rope from the pillars is
(a) less than 6 feet
CAPF 2017 Topic Wise
Questions
3. Consider the following
statements about ‘Ring of Fire’.
1. It is also known as circum-
Pacific belt of volcanoes
2. It is an active seismic zone
3. It is a zone of divergent plate
margin
Select the correct answer using
the code given below:
A. 1 only
B. 1 and 2 only
C. 2 and 3 only
D. 1, 2 and 3
4. The Bum La Pass is located in
A. Sikkim
B. Arunachal Pradesh
C. Himachal Pradesh
D. Uttarakhand
Source: NCERT class 11 Indian
physical environment page 14
5. Which one of the following is
located at the southernmost latitude?
A. South Africa
B. Australia
C. Chile
D. Polynesia
6. Which of the following statements
about the equatorial region are
correct?
1. It is a mega thermal region
2. It is a sclerophyll region
3. It is a region of high
development
4. It is a region of aerial
streamlets
Select the correct answer using
the code given below:
(b) more than 6 feet but less than
7 feet
(c) more than 7 feet but less than
8 feet
(d) more than 8 feet
21. Suppose the price of mangoes
increases from Rs20 per kg to
Rs75 per kg. Due to this, the
demand for mangoes declines
from 100kg to 50kg. Which one
of the following is the price
elasticity of demand for
mangoes?
(a) 4
(b) 3
(c) 2
(d) 1
A. 1 and 4
B. 1 and 2 only
C. 2, 3 and 4
D. 1, 2 and 3
7. Which one of the following
statements about the Himalayas is
NOT correct?
A. They are young fold mountains
B. They have geosynclinal rocks
C. Himalayan frontal faults [HFF]
separates Himalaya from Tibet
D. Indus and Sutlej rivers from
antecedent drainage in
Himalaya
Source: NCERT Class 9
Contemporary India 1 Page 9
8. Which one of the following is
NOT a favourable condition for
occurrence of a thunderstorm?
A. conditional and convective
instability
B. Adequate supply of moisture
in the lower atmosphere
C. Advection of cold dry air in
the lower troposphere and
warm moist air in the upper
troposphere
D. A synoptic situation of low
level convergence and upper
level divergence
Source: NCERT Class 7 Science
Page 87
9. Which one of the following is
NOT correct about organic
farming?
A. It does not use genetically
modified seeds
16
 DNYANADEEP IAS SUPER SERIES – CAPF2019
B. Synthetic pesticides or Statement II: The soil of humid B. Deuterium dioxide
fertilizers are not used tropic is highly fertile C. Deuterium oxide
C. It uses minimal crop rotation A. Both the statements are D. Heavy hydrogen oxide
D. It uses ecologically protective individually true and 5. Who among the following has
practices Statement II is the correct coined the term ‘Quark’, the
explanation of Statement I. fundamental particles that make
10. Which one of the following B. Both the statements are up protons and neutrons in an
instruments is used for measuring individually true but atomic nucleus?
moisture content of air? Statement II is NOT the A. Richard Feynman
A. Hydrometer correct explanation of B. Murray Gell-Mann
B. Hygrometer Statement I C. Albert Einstein
C. Hypsometer C. Statement I is true but D. Neils Bohr
D. Pyconometer Statement II is false. 6. The mass number of an element
D. Statement I is false but is NOT changed when it emits
11. Bronze is an alloy of copper Statement II is true A. Alpha and Beta radiations
and 15. Statement I: Occasionally we only
A. Nickel see two rainbows together, the B. Alpha and Beta radiations
B. Iron primary rainbow with another less only
C. Tin intense secondary rainbow about C. Alpha and Gamma radiations
D. aluminium 10 degrees away only
Statement II: The secondary D. Alpha, Beta and Gamma
12. Match List I with List II and rainbow appears due to refraction radiations
select the correct answer using after a reflection of sunlight from 7. Which one of the following
the code given below the Lists: the water droplets. elements is present in the green
List I [Hydro List II [River] A. Both the statements are pigment of leaves?
power project ] individually true and A. Magnesium
A. Maithon 1. Chambal river Statement II is the correct B. Iron
project explanation of Statement I. C. Calcium
B. Salal project 2. Bhagirathi B. Both the statements are D. Copper
individually true but Source: NCERT Class 11 Biology
river
Statement II is NOT the Page 4
C. Rana Pratap 3. Barakar river
correct explanation of 8. Which one of the following is
Sagar project
Statement I NOT correct about organic
D. Tehri project 4. Chenab river
C. Statement I is true but farming?
Code: Statement II is false. A. It does not use genetically
ABCD D. Statement I is false but modified seeds
A. 2 1 4 3 Statement II is true B. Synthetic pesticides or
B. 2 4 1 3 Science and Technology fertilizers are not used
C. 3 1 4 2 C. It uses minimal crop rotation
D. 3 4 1 2 1. Carborundum is used as an
D. It uses ecologically protective
abrasive, because it
13. Match List I with List II and practices
A. has high thermal
select the correct answer using 9. Which one of the following
conductivity
the code given below the Lists: artificial sweeteners is modified
B. has low coefficient of
sugar?
List I List II expansion
A. Aspartame
[Vegetation] [Region] C. has high chemical
B. Saccharin
stability
A. Chaparrals 1. North C. Sucralose
D. is extremely hard
America D. Alitame
2. Which one of the following is
B. Maquis 2. Southern 10. Which one of the following
NOT decomposed by bacterial
Europe polymers is made of protein?
action?
C. Fynbos 3. South A. Rubber
A. Vegetable remains
Africa B. Cotton
B. Plastic materials
D. Malle scrubs 4. Australia C. Wool
C. Animal carcasses
Code: D. Jute
D. Wastes of flowers
ABCD 11. Which of the following
3. Liquid water is denser than ice
(a) 1 2 3 4 diseases are caused by the
due to
(b) 1 3 2 4 consumption of water
A. higher surface tension
(c) 4 3 2 1 contaminated by mercury and
B. hydrogen bonding
(d) 4 2 3 1 nitrate?
C. Vander Waals forces
14. Statement I: Plantation A. Minamata disease and
D. covalent bonding
farming has mostly been practiced Osteoporosis
4. Which one of the following is the
in humid tropics B. Osteoporosis and Blue
chemical name of heavy water?
Baby Syndrome
A. Hydrogen oxide
DNYANADEEP ACADEMY FOR UPSC AND MPSC, PUNE 17
 DNYANADEEP IAS SUPER SERIES – CAPF2019
C. Minamata disease and POLITY ‘creamy layer’ among the
Blue Baby Syndrome backward classes?
1. In March 2017, a High Court in
D. Osteoporosis and A. K M Nanavati vs. State of
India had accorded the status of
Minamata disease Bombay
living human entities to which two
12. Statement I: Chameleon B. Indra Sawhney vs. Union of
of the following rivers?
changes its skin colour to match India
A. Brahmaputra and Ganga
with the colour of the C. Madhu Limaye vs. Ved Murti
B. Ganga and Yamuna
surroundings. D. Sajjan Singh vs. State of
C. Yamuna and Godavari
Statement II: The skin of Punjab
D. Krishna and Kaveri
chameleon emits light of the 7. Which one of the following
2. The Central Vigilance
colour of the surrounding through judgements declared that the
Commission was set up on the
fluorescence. Parliament has NO power to
recommendation of
A. Both the statements are amend any of the provisions of
A. First Administrative
individually true and Part III of the Constitution of India?
Reforms Commission
Statement II is the correct A. Kesavananda Bharati vs. State
B. Gorwala Committee
explanation of Statement I. of Kerala
C. Kripalani Committee
B. Both the statements are B. Golak Nath vs. State of Punjab
D. Santhanam Committee
individually true but C. Champakam Dorairajan vs.
3. Which one of the following
Statement II is NOT the State of Madras
statements about the provisions
correct explanation of D. Minerva Mills Ltd. Vs.
of the Constituion of India is
Statement I Government of India
correct?
C. Statement I is true but 8. Who among the following
A. Minorities can establish and
Statement II is false. leaders is associated with the
administer educational
D. Statement I is false but concept of party less democracy?
institutions of their choice
Statement II is true A. J B Kripalani
B. Only linguistic, ethnic and
ECONOMICS B. Jayaprakash Narayan
religious minorities find
C. Acharya Narendra Dev
1. Which of the following most mention under Article 30
D. Vinoba Bhave
suitably captures the meaning and C. Every religious denomination
9. Which one of the following is the
essence of ‘globalization’? has unfettered right to
correct sequence of different
1. It is about conducting establish and maintain
stages a budget has to go through
external relations between institutions for religious and
in the Parliament?
two or more State of the charitable purposes
world D. An educational institution 1. Presentation of the Budget
2. It is a process of coming established by a religious 2. Scrutiny by Departmental
together of world-wide social minority loses its minority Committees
relations bypassing status on receiving financial 3. Passing of Finance Bill
territories aid from the Government 4. Passing of Appropriation Bill
3. It refers to thinking 4. Which of the following pair[s] is Select the correct answer using
transterritorially about global /are correctly matched? the code given below:
risks affecting people 1. Rule of Lapse: Part of grant
that can be carried over to A. 1 – 2 – 4 – 3
4. It has a wishful vision of
suprastate governance next year. B. 1 – 3 – 2 – 4
2. Supplementary: An advance C. 2 – 1 – 3 – 4
Select the correct answer using
the code given below: grant to meet expenditures D. 4 – 3 – 2 – 1
3. Vote on account: Additional 10. Government of which one of
A. 1 and 4 only
B. 2 and 3 only funds granted in the course the following States has appointed
of financial year the Rajamannar Committee to
C. 2, 3 and 4 only
D. 1, 2, 3 and 4 Select the correct answer using study the Centre-State relations?
2. to which of the following sectors the code given below:
A. 1 only A. Government of Andhra
of the economy, the activity of Pradesh
agriculture and services belong B. 1 and 2
C. 2 and 3 B. Government of Karnataka
to? C. Government of Maharashtra
A. Primary and Tertiary D. None of the above
5. The Ninth Schedule was added D. Government of Tamil Nadu
respectively 11. Which one of the following
B. Primary and Secondary to the Constitution of India by the
A. Fourteenth Amendment was the manadate of the Dhar
respectively Commission [1948]?
C. Tertiary and Secondary B. First Amendment
respectively C. Ninenth-Third A. To study the classification of
D. Secondary and Quaternary Amendment States
respectively D. Ninety-Ninty Amendment B. To recommend whether the
6. Which one of the following States can be re-organized
cases in the Supreme Court of on linguistic basis
India dealt with the issue of
DNYANADEEP ACADEMY FOR UPSC AND MPSC, PUNE 18
 DNYANADEEP IAS SUPER SERIES – CAPF2019
C. To study the Centre – State DEFENCE D. Line 20 refers to rulers
relations 1. ‘Nomadic Elephant’ is a joint offering tribute, obeying the
D. To examine whether Madras military exercise between India orders of the Gupta King
city can be transferred to and 3. Which one of the following
Andhra A. China statements about the Gupta
12. Who among the following is B. Mongolia period is NOT correct?
empowered to establish Inter C. Vietnam A. Forced labour [Vishti]
State Council under Article 263 of D. Bhutan became more common
the Constitution of India? INTERNATIONAL than before in this period
B. A passage in the Vishnu
A. Parliament 1. The US President In 2017 has
Purana refers to the Guptas
B. Council of Ministers signed an executive order for US
enjoying all the territories
C. President of India withdrawal from a trade
along the Ganga up to
D. Chief Justice of India organization of the Pacific region.
Prayaga
13. Who among the following Identify the organization from
C. The Mehrauli inscription
scholars has conceptualized the among the following:
suggests that
Constituion of India as a ‘seamless A. Asia-Pacific Economic
Chandragupta fought
web’? Cooperation [APEC]
against a confederacy of
B. Trans-Pacific Partnership [TPP]
A. MV Pylee enemies in Bengali and
C. Free-Trade Agreement of the
B. DD Basu also led a campaign into
Asia-Pacific [FTAAP]
C. Granville Austin the Punjab
D. Regional Comprehensive
D. Subhash Kashyap D. Saurashtra was not a part
Economic Partnership [RCEP]
of the Gupta Empire
2. Which one of the following is
14. Which of the following NOT a river covered under the 4. Which one of the following
statements is/are correct? Indus Water Treaty 1960? dynasties ruled under the
1. Article 15 of the A. Ravi suzerainty of Kingom of
Constitution of India is B. Chenab Vijayanagar?
available to both citizens of C. Teesta
India and the foreigners. D. Beas A. Sangamas , Saluvas,
2. Article 16 of the Tuluvas and Aravidus
Constitution of India is HISTORY B. Sangamas, Hoysalas,
available to the citizens of Aravidus and Tuluvas
India only. Ancient C. Hoysolaas, Saluvas,
3. Article 21 of the Poligars and Sangamas
Constitution of India is 1. Which one of the following pairs D. Yadavas of Devagiri,
available to both citizens of of term and meaning is NOT Hoysalas, Saluvas and
India and the foreigners alike correctly matched? Aravidus
within the territory of India. A. Khalisa: Villages whose Medieval
Select the correct answer using income went directly to the 1. Which one of the following
the code given below: State Treasury statements is NOT correct?
(a) 1 only B. Mauza: Rebellious territory A. Sharaf Qai was a minister of
(b) 2 and 3 only C. Inam: Land allotted to Allauddin Khalji
(c) 3 only learned and religious man B. Under Giyasuddin Tughluq
(d) 1, 2 and 3 D. Jagir: Territorial assignment Muqtis were warned not to ill-
15. Who among the following are given to Mansabdars in lieu treat any of their officials for
entitled to get the benefits of of salary small amounts taken over and
equality before the law and the 2. Which one of the following above their salaries
equal protection of the laws as statements about Allahabad C. The Arabic work masalik-i-Absar
enshrined under Article 14 of the Prashasti is correct? gives description of the
Constitution of India? A. It clearly presents the functioning of Iqta system under
1. All Indian citizens living in Gupta empire as the epic Muhammad bin Tughluq
India center of a complex web of D. Marco Polo has not mentioned
2. All Indian citizens living varied political about Pearl Fishery of Tuticorin
abroad relationships in South India
3. Foreigners living within B. Line 15 of it refers to the
the territory of India. capturing a king of the Kota 2. Match List – I with List II and
4. All citizens born in India. family select the correct answer using the
Select the correct answer using C. Line 23 refers to code given below the Lists
the code given below: Samudragupta violently
exterminating a number of List I List II
(a) 1 and 2 only [Author] [Book]
(b) 1, 2 and 3 kings of Aryavarta
(c) 1 and 3 only A. Herman 1. The Delhi
Kulke Sultanate: A
(d) 4 only
DNYANADEEP ACADEMY FOR UPSC AND MPSC, PUNE 19
 DNYANADEEP IAS SUPER SERIES – CAPF2019
B. Brajadulal Political and Mahalwari and Ryotwari were C. Statement I is true but
Chattopad Military History introduced Statement II is false.
h-yaya 2. The Emergency B. Under Zamindari system , land D. Statement I is false but
C. Peter of Delhi was held by one person or at Statement II is true
Jackson Sultanate: AD the most by a few joint owners
D. Sunil 1192 – 1296 who were responsible for the
Kumar 3. The State of payment of land revenue 5. Statement I: Dadabhai Naoroji
India: 1000- C. Under the Mahalwari system, argued that what was being
1700 the agricultural lands belonged drained out was ‘potential surplus’
4. The Making of to the Government. that could generate more
Early Medieval D. Under Ryotwari system, the economic development in India if
India individual holders had the invested in India
Code: permanent rights over land Statement II: Imperialists believed
ABCD and were directly responsible that India was brought into the
(a) 2143 for payment of land revenue large capitalist world marked and
(b) 3412 2. Statement I: Nationalism in that was a progress towards
(c) 2413 India, which was assigned a modernization.
(d) 3142 privileged position by its western
educated political leadership, was A. Both the statements are
3. Which one of the following a ‘different’, but a ‘derivative individually true, and
statements about the Treaty of discourse’ from the west Statement II is the correct
Allahabad is NOT coorect? Statement II: Indian nationalism explanation of Statement I.
A. It was signed in the year 1765 as a response to western B. Both the statements are
B. The Mughal Emperor by a farman imperialism was ‘like all such individually true, but
formally granted the Diwani of responses, shaped by what it was Statement II is NOT the correct
Bengal, Bihar and Orissa to the responding to’ explanation of Statement I
East India Company A. Both the statements are C. Statement I is true but
C. Awadh was restored to its Nawab individually true and Statement II is false.
on payment of Rs.50 Lakhs Statement II is the correct D. Statement I is false but
D. Banaras and the Surrounding explanation of Statement I. Statement II is true
tracts were detached from Awadh B. Both the statements are
individually true but Statement 6. Which one of the following
and handed over to Shah Alam II statements about Cripps Mission
II is NOT the correct
explanation of Statement I is NOT correct?
4. Match List I with List II and select C. Statement I is true but A. In March 1942, Cripps
the correct answer using the code Statement II is false. persuaded War Cabinet to
given below the Lists: D. Statement I is false but agree to a draft declaration
Statement II is true B. Jawaharlal Nehru and Sardar
List I List – II
3. Which one of the following had Patel represented Congress
[Official] [Office held]
created the office of the Secretary to negotiate with the mission
A. Samahartri 1. Chief of the
of State for India? C. The mission offered
B. Samnidhatri Palace Guards
Dominion status after the
C. Sanstha- 2. Chief collector of
A. The Councils Act 1861 war
dhyaksha revenue
B. The Government of India Act D. The mission offered
D. Antarava- 3. Treasurer
1858 formation of constitution
mshika 4. Superintendent
C. The Morley Minto Reforms making body after the war
of markets
D. Montague Chelmsford reforms
Code: 7. Which among the following was
4. Statement I: The British legal
ABCD NOT the provision of the Gandhi –
scholars relied on Indian Pandits
(a) 2431 Irwin pact?
and Maulavis for understanding of
(b) 2341
canons of authoritative texts. A. Immediate release of all
(c) 1342
(d) 1432 Statement II: British codified the political prisoners of the Civil
Hindu Laws in 1783 and the Disobedience Movement
Modern Muslim Laws in 1785 B. Clause 2 of the March 1931
pact defined ‘reservations
1. Which one of the following A. Both the statements are and safeguards’ to cover
statements about land tenure individually true and financial credit of India.
system is NOT correct? Statement II is the correct C. The return of confiscated
explanation of Statement I. land already sold to third
A. During the British rule in India
B. Both the statements are parties
three categories of land tenure
individually true but Statement D. Reservation of 18 percent
system, viz. Zamindari,
II is NOT the correct seats for Depressed classes
explanation of Statement I
DNYANADEEP ACADEMY FOR UPSC AND MPSC, PUNE 20
 DNYANADEEP IAS SUPER SERIES – CAPF2019
8. Which among the following was
NOT the recommendation of the
Nehru Report?
A. Dominion Status
B. Separate Electorate
C. Unitary and Democratic
Centre
D. Adult Suffrage
9. Which one of the following
statements about the Indigo
Revolt of 1859 is correct?
A. It broke out at Poona and
Ahmadnagar
B. It was directed against money
lenders
C. It was supported by the
Intelligentsia of Bengal
D. It was directed against the
petty Zamindars and ex-
employees of the planters
10. which of the following active
step[s] was /were taken by the
Congress in 1823 to eradicate
untouchability from India?
1. Effort to educate and mobilize
opinion among caste Hindus
2. Efforts to educate the ‘avarnas’
about the evils of untouchability
3. Forcibly open the doors of
temples for ‘avarnas’
4. Petition the Government to pass
laws that would declare
untouchability unlawful
Select the correct answer using the
code given below:
(a) 1 only
(b) 1 and 2
(c) 2 , 3 and 4
(d) 4 only
11. Which one of the following
statements about the English
Eduction Act of 1835 is NOT correct?
A. it was proposed by Governor
General William Bentinck on the
advice of Macaulay
B. It made English the language of
instruction in Indian education
system.
C. With the formal instutionalization
of English as the language of
instruction, the state was set for a
new direction to India education
D. To the existing Oriental Institutions
fresh awards of stipends to
students and the publication of
classical texts were to continue
12. Which one of the following
statements about the Colonial
economy is NOT correct?
DNYANADEEP ACADEMY FOR UPSC AND MPSC, PUNE
A. The British presence inhibited
indigenous capitalism
B. Laissez-faire actively promoted
indigenous capitalism
C. The ‘white collective monoply’
came earliest and remained
most pronounced in Eastern
India
D. The Bombay hinterland was
difficult to penetrate before the
construction of railways
Art n Culture
1. In which one of the following
buildings the first extant true arch is
found?
A. Arhai din ka Jhonpra
B. Quwwat ul Islam Mosque
C. Tomb of Sultan Balban
D. Alai Darwaza
Government initiatives
1. Which one of the following
statements about the Sukanya
Samridhi Scheme is Not correct ?
A. Only parents of girls up to the
age of 10 years can open such
1. Consider the following passage
accounts in their daughters
name
Born in April 1932, she was a
B. Contributions are eligible for
tax benefits under Section 80C
of the Income Tax Act
C. Interest earned there on is
exempted up to Rs. 1500 per
annum
D. A maximum of Rs. 1.50 lakh
per annum can be invested in
this account.
2. Which of the following are the
reforms introduced in Budget
2017-2018?
1. Presentation of Budget
advanced to 1st February to
enable the Ministries to
operationalise all activities
from the commencement of
the financial year
2. Merger of Railway Budget
with General Budget to bring
Railways to the center stage of
Government’s Fiscal Policy
3. Removal of plan and non-
plan classification of
expenditure to facilitate a
holistic view of allocations for
Sectors and Ministries.
Select the correct answer using
the code given below:
A. 1 and 3 only
B. 2 and 3 only
C. 1, 2 and 3
D. 1 and 2 only
3. Which one of the following
statements about Pradhan Mantri
Ujjwala Yojana is NOT correct?
A. It is a social welfare scheme
to provide LPG connections
in BPL households
B. The scheme was launched in
the year 2015
C. The Government has set a
target of 5 crores LPG
connections under the
Yojana
D. The objective of the scheme
is to safeguard the health of
women and children by
providing them with clean
cooking fuel
4. Which one of the following
portals was launched on the
250th anniversary of Survey of
India?
A. Service Plus
B. Digi Map
C. Udaan
D. Nakshe
Current Events
and identify the person:
renowned Hindustani classical
vocalist. She was recognized as
an innovative exponent of the
Jaiput Gharana. She was
awarded Padma Bhushan and
Padma Vibhushan. She was also
a Fellow of Sangeet Natak
Akademy. She died in April
2017.
A. Mrinalini Sarabhai
B. Mogubai Kurdikar
C. Kishori Amonkar
D. MS Subbulakshmi
2. Which one of the following is
the winner of the Vijay Hazare
Trophy 2017?
A. Uttar Pradesh
B. Karnataka
C. Assam
D. Tamil Nadu
3. Who among the following is one
of the six winners of the Goldman
Environmental Prize, for the year
2017?
A. Jadav Payeng
B. Anadish Pal
C. Prafulla Samantra
D. Sunderlal Bhauguna
4. Padma Shri Sudarsan Pattnaik
is well known as a
A. novelist
21
 DNYANADEEP IAS SUPER SERIES – CAPF2019
B. golfer Bitcoin as a legal payment method 14. Who among the following has
C. classical dancer since 1st April 2017? won the Dadasaheb Phalke
D. sand artist A. Japan awarde for the year 2016?
5. Statement I: The Man Booker B. China A. K Viswanath
International Prize is now unlikely C. USA B. Shashi Kapoor
to be won by an English author. D. Indi C. Gulzar
9. Which one of the following novels D. Manoj Kumar
Statement II: The Booker Prize won the Pultizer Prize for the year
Foundation announced that the 2017 in the Ficiton category? 15. Match List I with List II and
Man Booker International Prize A. The Goldfinch select the correct answer using
was to evolve from 2016 onwards B. All the Light We Cannot the code given below the Lists :
into a prize for fiction in See
translation. List I List II
C. The Sympathizer [Committee] [Subject]
A. Both the statements are D. The Underground A. Rangaraja 1. Tax Reform
individually true and Railroad n 2. Insurance
Statement II is the correct 10. Who among the following are Committee Reform
explanation of Statement I. awarded with the Special B. Narsimhan 3. Disinvestmen
B. Both the statements are Breathrough Prize in Fundamental Committee t of shares in
individually true but Physics for the year 2017? C. Kelkar PSEs
Statement II is NOT the A. Stephen W Hawking and Roget Committee 4. Banking
correct explanation of Penrose D. Malhotra Sector
Statement I B. Ronald Drever, Kip S Thorne Committee Reform
C. Statement I is true but and Rainer Weiss
Code:
Statement II is false. C. Joseph Polchinski, Andrew
ABCD
D. Statement I is false but Strominger and Cumrun Vafa
A. 2 1 4 3
Statement II is true D. J Michael Kosterlitz, Duncan
B. 2 4 1 3
Haldane and David J Thoules
C. 3 4 1 2
6. Which one of the following 11. Who among the following
D. 3 1 4 2
countries has been ranked as the Mathematician is the recipient of
Environment/wildlife
least corrupt country in the the Abel Prize for the year 2017?
Sanctuary/National Park
Corruption Perception Index 2016 A. John F Nash
released by Transparency B. Yves Meyer 1. Match List I with List II and
International? C. SR Srinivasa Varadhan select the correct answer using
D. Andrew Wiles the code given below the List :
A. Denmark 12. Which of the following
B. Sweden statement[s] about Easterine Kire List I List II
C. Switzerland is/are correct? [Bird [States]
D. Norway Born in Nagaland, she is a poet, Sanctuary]
novelist and children’s book A. Sultanpur 1. West Bengal
writer. B.Kulik 2. Haryana
7. Match List I with List II and C. Nawabganj 3. Uttar
select the correct answer using She is the recipient of the Hindu
Prize for the year 2015 for her D. Attiveri Pradesh
the code given below the Lists: 4. Karnataka
poetic novel. ‘When the River
List I List II Sleeps’ Code:
[Book] [Author] ‘When the River Sleeps’ was an ABCD
A. The World 1. APJ Abdul exploration of the Naga spirit A. 2 1 3 4
As I see it Kalam universe B. 2 3 1 4
B. How to Live 2. Stephen Select the correct answer using the C. 4 3 1 2
Longer and Hawking code given below: D. 4 1 3 2
Feel Better 3. Albert A. 1 only
3. Which one of the following is a
C. The Theory Einstein B. 2 and 3 only
major effect of long term
of 4. Linus Pauling C. 1 and 3 only consumption of drinking water
Everything D. 1, 2 and 3
containing little [less than 0.5
D. Indomitable ppm] or no fluoride?
Spirit 13. Akshay Kumar was chosen for
Code: the best actor award for the A. cavity of tooth
ABCD 64th National Film Awards [2017] B. Erosion of nail
A. 3 4 2 1 for his role in the Hindi film C. Deformation of bone
B. 1 2 4 3 A. Mukti Bhawan D. Mottling of tooth
C. 3 2 4 1 B. Naam Shabana 4. The term Bio magnifications is
D. 1 4 2 3 C. Rustom referred to as
8. Which one of the following D. Airlift
countries has officially recognized A. increase in the body weight

DNYANADEEP ACADEMY FOR UPSC AND MPSC, PUNE 22

 DNYANADEEP IAS SUPER SERIES – CAPF2019
B. uncontrolled growth of
harmful organisms
C. accumulation of increasing
amount of non-degradable
pollutant through food chain
D. increase in the number of
bacteria in a culture medium
5. Which one of the following
statements about air pollution
caused by diesel engines is
correct?
A. it produces large quantity of
carbon monoxide at lower
and high temperatures
B. it produces large quantity of
nitrogen oxides at lower and
high temperatures
C. it produces large quantity of
carbon monoxide at lower
temperature and nitrogen
oxides at high temperature
D. it produces large quantity of
nitrogen oxides at lower
temperature and carbon
monoxide at high
temperature
6. The ecological niche of an
organism relates to
A. specific habitat of the
organism
B. symbiotic relationship with
other organisms
C. diverse occurrence of a
species under different
conditions
D. its interaction with all other
organisms
7. Free swimming macroscopic
animals in an aquatic environment
are referred to as
A. Plankton
B. Periphyton
C. Benthos
D. Nekton
DNYANADEEP ACADEMY FOR UPSC AND MPSC, PUNE
8. Which of the following are the
necessary conditions for the
growth of coral reefs?
1. Photic conditions
2. Clean and sediment free water
3. Sea salinity of 6%
4. Tropical sea water with
temperature of 20oC to 21oC.
Select the correct answer using
the code given below:
(a) 1, 2 and 4 only
(b) 2 and 4 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4
9. Which one of the following
diseases is caused by Cadmium
pollution?
A. Minamata
B. Itai – Itai
C. Fluorosis
D. Blue baby syndrome
10. Presence of ozone in the
atmosphere is important because
it absorbs
(a) ultraviolet – A and ultraviolet –
B radiations
(b) ultraviolet – B radiations only
(c) infrared-B radiations only
(d) outgoing ultraviolet-B
radiations and incoming
ultraviolet-A radiations
11. NPP [Net Primary
Productivity] is highest for
(a) tropical forests
(b) swamps
(c) reefs
(d) woodland and shrub land
12. Study of a single species and
the environmental factors in its
habitat is called
(a) Genecology
(b) Synecology
(c) Autecology
(d) Ethology
13. Leakage of which one of the
following gases had caused
Bhopal Gas Tragedy in the year
1984 ?
A. Methyl isocyanate
B. Hexamethylene diisocyanate
C. Isophorone diisocyanate
D. Isothiocyanate
14. Which one of the following
tiger reserves of India has
‘Bhoorsingh the Barasingha’ as its
official mascot?
A. Nameri tiger reserve
B. Ranthambhore tiger reserve
C. Panna tiger reserve
D. Kanha tiger reserve
15. Which one of the following
does NOT pass through the
Kaziranga National Park?
A. The Brahmaputra river
B. The Diphlu river
C. National Highway No.37
D. Railway track of Indian Railway
16. Which of the following
statements about the Paris
Agreement on Climate Change is
NOT correct?
A. The agreement has been
signed by more than 190
countries [as of March 2017]
B. The agreement went into
effect on 4 November 2016
C. The Intended Nationally
Determined Contribution
[INDC] pledged during the
2015 Climate Change
Conference has been
withdrawn in the Paris
Agreement
D. Both USA and China joined
the Paris Agreement
23
 DNYANADEEP IAS SUPER SERIES – CAPF2019

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Settlement System Bill, 2018, which seeks to setup independent Payments Regulatory Board (PRB).
15. RBI is planning to setup a Public Credit Registry, based on recommendations of Y.M. Deosthalee committee.
• Public Credit Registry is a database of credit information which is accessible by all the stakeholders.
16. Bharat 22 is an ETF that will comprise of bluechip stocks of 16 public sector enterprises, 3 public sector banks
and three private companies (L&T, ITC & Axis Bank) where Specified Undertakings of the Unit Trust of India (SUUTI)
has stakes. ICICI Prudential Asset Management Company (AMC) will manage the ETF.
17. National Financial Reporting Authority (NFRA): It is established as an independent regulator to oversee auditing
profession & accounting standards
18. Gujarat International Finance Tech-City Co. Ltd (GIFT) is being developed as the country’s first IFSC.
• IFSC has been designated for all practical purposes as a 'deemed foreign territory' which would have the same
ecosystem as other offshore locations, but which is physically on Indian soil.
19. Increase in government ownership in Goods and Services Tax Network (GSTN): The restructured GSTN will be fully
government-owned, equally distributed between the Centre (50%) and the States (50%).
20. India’s largest startup ecosystem has been recently set up in Kerala under the Kerala Startup Mission (KSUM).
21. A unified Directorate General of Trade Remedies (DGTR) has been formed for providing comprehensive and swift
trade defence mechanism in India.
22. merger of National Council of Vocational Training (NCVT) & National Skill Development Agency (NSDA) into National
Council for Vocational Education and Training (NCVET) for improving the outcome of the Skill India mission.
23. The Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare has launched an online portal “ENSURE- National Livestock Mission-
Entrepreneurship Development and Employment Generation (EDEG)” to make subsidy transfer process quicker &
faster.

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24. Krishi Kalyan Abhiyan was launched by Ministry of Agriculture and Farmer Welfare with an aim to aid and advice
farmers to improve their farming techniques and raise their income.
25. Recently Sustainable Blue Economy conference was organized in Nairobi, Kenya.
26. Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) has agreed to celebrate ‘International Year of Millets’ in 2023. 2018 is
being celebrated as ‘National Year of Millets’ in India which will help raise awareness.
27. Pokkali Paddy (GI-Tagged) is a saltwater-tolerant paddy in the coastal fields of Alappuzha, Ernakulam and Thrissur
districts of Kerala. It is an indigenous method of rice-fish rotational cultivation practiced in the coastal belts.
28. The 6th International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) South Asia Regional Centre (IRRI SARC) in Varanasi.
29. India’s fastest indigenous train, Train 18 named as Vande Bharat Express will ply between Delhi and Varanasi.
30. World Economic Forum launched Centre for Fourth Industrial Revolution in Maharashtra, India. The Centre has
selected drones, artificial intelligence and blockchain as the first three projects.
31. CriSidEx, India’s first sentiment index, has been launched for micro and small enterprises (MSEs).
32. The Baba Kalyani committee constituted by the Ministry of Commerce & Industry to study the existing SEZ Policy
of India submitted its report.
33. National Conclave on Technical Textiles was held recently in Mumbai by the Ministry of Textiles. Technical Textiles
are those textile material & products manufactured primarily for technical performance and functional properties
rather than aesthetic and decorative characteristics.
34. The Ministry of Labour and Employment issued a notification refreshing the categorization of currency printing
presses and mints as ‘public utility service’ under the Industrial Disputes Act, 1947. No person employed in a
public utility service shall go on strike in breach of contract without giving a notice to the employer.
35. NABH Nirman Initiative: Announced in Budget 2018-19, it seeks expansion of airport capacity more than 5 times
to handle a billion trips a year.
36. India’s first freight village is being developed in Varanasi. The village is being funded by the World Bank and it is
being developed by the Inland Waterways Authority of India.
37. A web portal called PRAAPTI (Payment Ratification and Analysis in Power procurement for bringing Transparency
in Invoicing of generators) has been launched recently.
38. SHAKTI (SCHEME FOR HARNESSING AND ALLOCATING KOYALA TRANSPARENTLY IN INDIA) SCHEME: It is a
transformational policy for auction and allotment of coal linkages
39. UTTAM (UNLOCKING TRANSPARENCY BY THIRD PARTY ASSESSMENT OF MINED COAL) APP: It aims to ensure
transparency and efficiency in coal quality monitoring process.
40. Patratu Super Thermal Power Plant in Jharkhand. Super Thermal Power Plants are a series of thermal power plants
with a capacity of 1000MW & above. Ultra-Megawatt Power Projects are power projects that have the capacity of
4000MW or more.
41. American economists William Nordhaus and Paul Romer have been awarded the Nobel Prize for their work on
understanding how economies can grow sustainably, by integrating innovation and climate with economic growth.
42. VidyaLakshmi Portal is IT-based mechanism under the Pradhan Mantri Vidya Lakshmi Karyakram to provide
students a single window electronic platform for scholarships and educational loans
43. Ministry of Housing launched a web portal named PAiSA- Portal for Affordable Credit and Interest Subvention
Access. designed and developed by Allahabad Bank
44. SWAYATT is an initiative to promote Start-ups, Women and Youth Advantage Through e- Transactions on
Government e Marketplace (GeM).
45. Jaipur makes it to UNESCO World Heritage Site list
• Jaipur, celebrated for its grid plan-based architecture and buildings of pink façades, entered the list of the
UNESCO World Heritage Sites. It was among the seven sites worldwide to have made it to the list.
Jaipur
• The fortified city was founded in 1727 by the Kachwaha Rajput ruler of Amber, Sawai Jai Singh II.
• The city was established on the plains and built according to a grid plan interpreted in the light of Vedic
architecture. The city’s urban planning shows an intermingling of ideas from ancient Hindu, modern Mughal
and western cultures.
• It considered the architecture of streets with colonnades, which intersect the center, creating large public
squares called chaupar.
• The uniform façades of markets, residences and temples in the main streets
six other cultural sites added to the list
1. Dilmun burial mounds (Bahrain);
2. the Budj Bim cultural landscape (Australia);
3. the archaeological ruins of Liangzhu (China);

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4. the Ombilin coal mining site of Sawahlunto (Indonesia);
5. the MozuFuruichi Kofun group of ancient mounded tombs ( Japan);
6. the Plains of Jars containing the megalithic jar sites in Xiengkhouang (Lao People’s Democratic Republic).
Other World Heritage Mentions for “remarkable” biodiversity.
46. Iran’s Hyrcanian forests
47. Migratory Bird Sanctuaries along the Coast of Yellow SeaBohai, Gulf of China
Buddhist city of Bagan
• Myanmar’s ancient capital of Bagan, nearly a quarter of a century after the complex of
• Buddhist temples was first nominated for listing, has been included in the list.
• The latest recognition for Myanmar site, which includes more than 3,500 stupas, temples, monasteries and
other structures built between the 11th and 13th centuries, is expected to boost the country’s tourism
sector.
The German city of Augsburg
• It was also granted World Heritage status for its over 800yearold water management system boasting an
aquaduct, water towers, ornate fountains, canals and hundreds of bridges.
Mesopotamian metropolis of Babylon
• It also made it to the list after three decades of lobbying efforts by Iraq.
Iceland’s Vatnajokull National Park, Europe’s largest with a landscape of “fire and ice,” also found a place in the
list.
Italy’s Prosecco hills: The grapes grown on Conegliano and Valdobbiadene hills produce the famous prosecco
wine.
Eight buildings designed by architect Frank Lloyd Wright, including Guggenheim Museum in New York.
47. Utkarsh 2022: It’s a medium-term strategy to improve regulation and supervision, among other functions of the
central bank by RBI
48. Aliali Jhia

• National Aluminium Company Limited (NALCO), an Odisha-based Navaratna Company has been selected for
President’s award for utilisation of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) fund in social development. NALCO
was selected for its Aliali Jhia Scheme.
• In 2015 NALCO started a scheme called Aliali Jhia. The scheme was on the line of Beti Bachao Beti Padhao to
adapt and promote the poor and talented girls for education.
• It aimed to promote the education of Girls of BPL (Below Poverty Line) families.

Budget 2019 - Highlights

• Fiscal deficit has been reduced to 3.4% of GDP. Government has target to keep fiscal deficit at 3.1 % in next
financial year (2019-2020)
• Current Account Deficit has reduced to 2.5% of GDP from 2.8 % last year.
• New Jal Shakti ministry will work with states to ensure Har Ghar Jal for all rural houses by 2024.
• Average inflation has been brought down to 4.6%.
• India has achieved 98% rural sanitation coverage and as many as 5.45 lakh villages have been declared “Open
Defecation Free.
• Under the Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana, construction of Rural roads has been tripled, 15.80 lakh
habitations out of a total of 17.84 lakh habitations have already been connected with pucca roads.
• 22nd AIIMS will be opened in Haryana.
• A new fund with name Pradhan Mantri Kisan Samman Nidhi (PM-KISAN) has been created to provide direct income
support at the rate of 6,000 per year
• Rashtriya Kamdhenu Aayog: To upscale sustainable genetic upgradation of cow resources.
• India is the second largest fish producing nation in the world accounting for 6.3% of global production. To provide
sustained and focused attention towards development of this sector, a separate Department of Fisheries will be
created.
• For “promotion of internal trade including retail trading and welfare of traders, and their employees” to the
Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion, has been renamed as the Department for Promotion of Industries
and Internal Trade.
• To popularise sports at all levels, National Sports Education Board for development of sportspersons to be set up
under 'Khelo India.'

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• A new scheme called ‘Pradhan Mantri ShramYogi Maandhan’ for the unorganized sector workers. This pension
yojana shall provide them an assured monthly pension of Rs. 3,000 from the age of 60 years on a monthly
contribution of a small affordable amount during their working age
• A scheme of sanctioning loans upto Rs. 1 crore in 59 minutes has been launched. GST registered SME units will
get 2% interest rebate on incremental loan of Rs. 1 Crore
• National research foundation to fund, coordinate and to promote research in the country.
• New Higher Education Commission with focus on higher autonomy.
• The requirement of sourcing from SMEs by Government enterprises has been increased to 25%. Of this, the
material to the extent of at least 3% will be sourced from women owned SMEs.
• National Programme on ‘Artificial Intelligence’ has been envisaged by the Government. This would be catalysed
by the establishment of the National Centre on Artificial Intelligence as a hub along with Centers of Excellence.
• The number of operational airports has crossed 100 with the commissioning of the Pakyong airport in Sikkim.
• Single window clearance for ease of shooting films, available only to foreigners, is now going to be made available
to Indian filmmakers as well.
• India’s first indigenously developed payment ecosystem for transport, based on National Common Mobility Card
(NCMC) standards, launched in March 2019. Inter-operable transport card runs on RuPay card and would allow
the holders to pay for bus travel, toll taxes, parking charges, retail shopping.
• Insurance Intermediaries to get 100% FDI
• New Space India Limited (NSIL), a Public Sector Enterpises (PSE), incorporated as a new commercial arm of
Department of Space (DoS)
• India’s Ease of Doing Business (EDB) ranking under ‘Paying Taxes’ category jumped from 172 in 2017 to 121 in
2019. In past 5 years, Direct tax revenue increased by over 78% to Rs. 11.37 lakh crore
• Interchangeability of PAN and Aadhaar– Those who don’t have PAN (Permanent Account Number is a ten-digit
alphanumeric number) can file tax returns using Aadhaar. Moreover, wherever PAN is required, Aadhaar can be
used.
• ‘Angel tax’ issue resolved- start-ups and investors filing requisite declarations and also providing information in
their returns are not to be subjected to any kind of scrutiny in respect of valuations of share premiums.
• Nari tu Narayani: Women SHG Interest Subvention Programme to be expanded to all districts in India.
• Rs 1 lakh loan to be provided for SHG women members under Mudra Scheme.
• Rs 3,000 pension per month for workers from the informal sector.
• Gandhipedia being developed by the National Council for Science Museums to sensitize youth and society about
positive Gandhian values.

Highlights of Economic Survey 2018-19

• The theme of Economic Survey, 2018-19 is "Shifting Gears towards a $5 trillion Indian economy by 2024-25”.
• A sustained real GDP growth rate of 8% is needed for India to become a $5 trillion economy by 2024-25
• The survey suggests that this can be achieved by a “Virtuous Cycle” of
savings, investment, and exports. The private investment being the key Nudge Theory
driver. • According to Nudge theory, people, rather
than being forced, can be encouraged and
• The survey has drawn on Nobel Laureate Richard Thaler’s Behavioural influenced to pursue or desist from certain
Economics Theory to lay out an “ambitious agenda" for behavior actions through nudges.
change that will bring in social change, which in turn, will help India • It does not talk about penalizing people if
transit to a $5 trillion economy by 2024-25. they do not behave in a particular manner,
• The survey highlights the importance of intervention in the case rather it encourages them to make
of “Dwarfs” desirable decisions.
• It believes that Humans are not-so-
• Dwarfs are the firms with less than 100 workers despite being more
rational and often need encouragement or
than 10 years old. intervention — a nudge — to get going and
• They account for more than 50% of all organized firms in do what’s best for the country or society at
manufacturing by number. large.
• Contribution of dwarfs to employment is only 14% and to • American economist Richard Thaler has
the productivity is a mere 8%. won the 2017 Nobel Prize in economics
for his contributions to behavioural
economics.
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• The section on ways to ramp up capacity in the lower judiciary is titled ‘Ending Matsyanyaya’ (the law of the
fish/jungle).
• Delays in contract enforcement and disposal resolution are now the single biggest hurdle to the ease of doing
business and higher GDP growth in India.
• However, the survey highlights the profound impact that the Government’s efforts of introducing the Insolvency
and Bankruptcy Code and the adoption of the Goods and Services Tax, have had on improving Ease of Doing
Business in India.
• Data “Of the People, By the People, For the People”
• As data is generated by the people, data can be created as a public good within the legal framework of data
privacy.
• The government must intervene in creating data as a public good, especially of the poor and in social sectors.
• Merging the distinct datasets held by the Government already would generate multiple benefits.

Government Schemes
By states
1. Pravasi Dividend Pension Scheme: to provide regular pension to Non-Resident Keralites on a one-time payment
of Rs 5 lakh.
2. Yuva Swabhiman Yojana: provide employment for the unemployed youth from the economically weaker sections
of the society. The scheme aims to provide 100 days of employment to youngsters from economically weaker
sections of the society in urban areas.
3. Andhra Pradesh Rythu Raksha Scheme 2019: to provide financial help to the farmers. Under the scheme AP
Farmer will Get Rs 10000 per Acre per year from upcoming Kharif Season.
4. Rythu Bandhu scheme: The Rythu Bandu scheme, Telangana CM K Chandrasekar Rao’s pet scheme, is aimed at
providing income support to the agriculturists directly to back their crops.
5. Atal Solar Krishi Pump Yojana: aims to reduce losses due to non-payment of electricity bills and also promote solar
energy. The Maharashtra State Electricity Distribution Co Ltd
(Msedcl) is the implementing agency. India’s renewable energy target by 2022
6. Madhu Babu Pension Yojana: Odisha has announced a hike of Rs • Total renewable energy – 175 GW
200 per month in the social security pension under Madhu Babu • It includes 100GW Solar
Pension Yojana (MBPY). • 60GW wind
7. Millet Village scheme: Kerala State Agriculture Department is • 10GW biomass
earmarking farm space in more districts for growing nutrient-rich • 5GW small hydro
millets. Of the total 100 GW solar installations, 40
8. The government of Assam has announced a new scheme called GW would be rooftop and balance 60 GW
would be ground-mounted utility scale.
Arundhati to provide gold at free of cost to the brides.
9. KALIA scheme, launched by Odisha state government: Involves
payments to encourage cultivation and associated activities. All farmers will be provided Rs 10,000 per family as
assistance for cultivation
By Centre
1. Pradhan Mantri Kisan Samman Nidhi (PM-KISAN): Under this programme, vulnerable landholding farmer families,
having cultivable land upto 2 hectares, will be provided direct income support at the rate of Rs. 6,000 per year.
2. ‘Pradhan Mantri Bhartiya Janaushadhi Pariyojana’ is a campaign launched by the Department of Pharmaceuticals,
Govt. Of India, to provide quality medicines at affordable prices to the masses through special kendra’s known as
Pradhan Mantri Bhartiya Jan Aushadhi Kendra.
3. Pradhan Mantri Shram Yogi Maan-Dhan Yojana: PM-SYM is a voluntary and contributory pension scheme that will
engage as many as 42 crore workers in the unorganised sector. Each subscriber under the scheme will receive
minimum assured pension of Rs 3000 per month after attaining the age of 60 years
4. Pradhan Mantri JI-VAN (Jaiv Indhan- Vatavaran Anukool fasal awashesh Nivaran) Yojana: The scheme provides
financial support to Integrated Bioethanol Projects using lignocellulosic biomass and other renewable feedstock.
focuses to incentivise 2G Ethanol sector and support this nascent industry by creating a suitable ecosystem for
setting up commercial projects and increasing Research & Development in this area.

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5. Flood Management and Border Areas Programme (FMBAP) for Flood Management Works in entire country and
River Management Activities and works related to Border Areas for the period 2017-18 to 2019-20 with a total
outlay of Rs.3342.00 crores.
6. Kisan Urja Suraksha evam Utthaan Mahabhiyan (KUSUM) scheme: Aims for promoting decentralised solar power
production of up to 28,250 MW to help farmers.
7. Know My India Programme.: The National Foundation for Communal Harmony (NFCH) is organizing a special
workshop for 42 Youth in the age group of 15 to 22 years, who have been victims of communal violence in the
past
8. Samagra Shiksha.Abhiyan: Department of School Education and Literacy has launched an Integrated Scheme for
School Education called Samagra Shiksha. It subsumes three erstwhile Centrally Sponsored Schemes of Sarva
Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA), Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan (RMSA) and Teacher Education (TE).
9. The Swachh Bharat Mission Grameen has launched the ‘Darwaza Band -Part 2’ campaign starring Amitabh
Bachchan.
10. Pravasi Teerth Darshan Yojana: Under the scheme, a group of Indian diasporas will be taken on a government
sponsored tour of religious places in India twice a year.
• The first preference will be given to people from ‘Girmitiya countries’ such as Mauritius, Fiji, Suriname, Guyana,
Trinidad and Tobago and Jamaica.
• Girmitiya’s (coined by Mahatma Gandhi) are the descendants of bonded Indian labourers brought to Fiji,
Mauritius, South Africa, East Africa, the Malay Peninsula, Caribbean and South America (Trinidad and Tobago,
Guyana and Suriname) to work on sugarcane plantations for the prosperity of the European of the European
settlers.
11. Teachers Associateship For Research Excellence (TARE) Scheme: Ministry of Science & Technology aims to
facilitate mobility of faculty members working in a regular capacity in State Universities / Colleges and in private
Academic Institutions to carryout research work in an established public funded institution such as IITs, IISc,
IISERS, National Institutions (NITs, CSIR, ICAR, ICMR labs and other central institutions) and Central Universities,
located preferably nearer to the institution where the faculty member is working.
12. AWSAR (Augmenting Writing Skills for Articulating Research) of National Council of Science and Technology
Communication (NCSTC), DST has been initiated to encourage, empower and endow popular science writing
through newspapers, magazines, blogs, social media, etc. by young PhD Scholars and Post-Doctoral Fellows during
the course of their higher studies and research pursuits. (Ministry of Science & Technology)
13. Global Initiative for Academic Networks (GIAN) in Higher Education aimed at tapping the talent pool of scientists
and entrepreneurs internationally to encourage their engagement with the institutes of Higher Education in India
14. SEVA BHOJ YOJNA: Ministry of Culture introduced a new scheme to reimburse the Central Government share of
Central Goods and Services Tax (CGST) and Integrated Goods and Service Tax (IGST)so as to lessen the financial
burden of such Charitable Religious Institutions who provide Food/Prasad/Langar(Community Kitchen)/Bhandara
free of cost without any discrimination to Public/Devotees.
15. Mission Raftaar The mission envisages a target of doubling of average speed of freight trains and increasing the
average speed of all non-suburban passenger trains by 25 kmphin the next 5 years.
16. Unnat Bharat Abhiyan 2.O: Human Resource Development Ministry launched with the intention to enrich Rural
India. It also aims to create a vibrant relationship between the society and the higher educational institutes, with
the latter providing the knowledge and technology support to improve the livelihoods in rural areas.
17. Pradhan Mantri Sahaj Bijli Har Ghar Yojana – ‘Saubhagya’ : free electricity connections to all households (both
APL and poor families) in rural areas and poor families in urban areas will be provided.
• Rural Electrification Corporation (REC) has been designated as nodal agency for the Saubhagya scheme.
• The scheme aims to achieve universal household electrification in all parts of the country.
• Maharashtra has completed the 100% electrification under this scheme
18. Scheme for Higher Education Youth in Apprenticeship and Skills (SHREYAS) for providing industry apprenticeship
opportunities to the general graduates exiting in April 2019 through the National Apprenticeship Promotional
Scheme (NAPS).
19. National Cooperative Development Corporation (NCDC) has launched a youth-friendly scheme ‘Yuva Sahakar-
Cooperative Enterprise Support and Innovation Scheme” for attracting them to cooperative business ventures.
20. National Bamboo Mission (NBM) : It aims to inter-alia supplement farm income of farmers with focus on the
development of complete value chain of bamboo sector linking growers with industry.

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21. National space agency, the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) has launched the UNNATI (UNispace Nano-
satellite Assembly and Training by ISRO) programme at the U R Rao Satellite Centre, Bengaluru. UNNATI is a
capacity building programme on nanosatellite development.
Committee In NEWS
NGT Chairperson Justice Adarsh
Kumar Goel
PJ Nayak Committee
BP Jeevan Reddy Committee:
Liberhan Committee
G. Rohini Committee
Malimath Committee
SN Dhingra Committee
DB Shekatkar Committee
Lodha Committee
Ratan Watal Committee
BN Srikrishna Committee
AK Mathur
Dr. Anil kakodkar
Justice JS Verma Committee
Madhav Chitale
Indrajit Gupta Committee
Kelkar Committee
Narsimhan Committee
Shyam Benegal
BG Verghese , PC Joshi Committee
Bezbaruah Committee
TSR Subramaniam
Justice Rajinder Sachar
Tarkunde Committee
Anil Kakodkar
Aruna Sundararajan Committee
Justice Amitava Roy
NITI Aayog Vice Chairman Rajiv
Kumar
Akhilesh Ranjan Task Force (replace
Arbind Modi)
National Implementation Committee
(NIC) under Chairmanship of Union
Home Minister Rajnath Singh
Ranjana Desai
AJ Paulraj
B Sesikeran
DNYANADEEP ACADEMY FOR UPSC AND MPSC, PUNE
Purpose
to probe whether there is need for further norms to restrict plastic packaging of
food
To evaluate governance of board of banks. Recommended formation of Banks
Board Bureau (BBB)
To review AFSPA in north-eatsern states
To investigate destruction of disputed structure Babri Masid in Ayodhya in 1992
To examine sub-categorisation of OBCs(Other Backward Classes)
On Crime Investigation & punishment
To examine 1984 anti-Sikh Riots
To recommend measures to enhance Combat Capability & Rebalance defence
expenditure of Armed Forces.
For reforms within BCCI
On Digital Payments
For Data Protection + Institutionalisation of Arbitration + Separate Telangana
7th Pay Commission
High Level Safety Review Committee for Indian Railways
To recommend amendments to the Criminal Law for quicker trial and enhanced
punishment for sexual assault of women
For Desiltation of Ganga
State Funding of Elections
Tax Structure Reforms
Banking Reforms
to recommend guidelines for certification of films by the Central Board of Film
Certification (CBFC)
For programming of AIR, Doordarshan
Look into concerns of people from North East living in other parts of India
Education Policy
To examine socio-economic and educational status of Muslim community
Election Reforms
high-level committee (HLC) to examine the issues relating to the preparation of
action plan to create synergy among R&D centres of oil and gas PSUs, tax
issues and ways to benefit from GST
to spell out revival plans for Telecom sector.
to examine the various problems plaguing prisons in the country, from
overcrowding to lack of legal advice to convicts to issues of remission and
parole.
selling as many as 149 small and marginal oil and gas fields of state-owned Oil
and Natural Gas Corp (ONGC) and Oil India Ltd (OIL)
drafting New Direct Tax Legislation (Law).
to commemorate the 550th birth anniversary of Guru Nanak in the country and
abroad
Lokpal Search Committee
to drive India’s 5G adoption entailing areas like spectrum policy, regulatory
policy, standards and education.
to look into draft food labelling and display regulations- FSSAI
30
 DNYANADEEP IAS SUPER SERIES – CAPF2019
Chaired by Corporate Affairs
High Level Committee on Corporate Social Responsibility – 2018
Secretary Injeti Sriniva
Chaired by Corporate Affairs
Secretary Injeti Srinivas and includes
Insolvency and Bankruptcy Board of Competition Law Review Committee to ensure that legislation is in tune with
India (IBBI) Chairperson M S Sahoo changing business environment
and Competition Commission of India
(CCI) Chairperson as members.
Bhaskar Ramamurthy. to suggest changes to JEE (Advanced)
to deliberate and make recommendations for a separate penal provision on
Gauba committee
incidents of mob violence.
Abhijeet Sen Committee Formulating food policy in a long term
Abid Hussain Committee Small scale industries and Trade Policy Reform
Chakravarty Committee Monetary policy
G V Ramakrishna Committee Disinvestment
JJ Irani Committee Company laws and formation of the new Companies Act of India
Kelkar Committee Assessment of PPP in India and Tax Structure Reforms
Raja Chelliah Committee Tax reforms in India
Khusro Committee Agricultural Credit System
Sarkaria Commission Relationship and power balance between Centre and States.
Malegam Committee Microfinance
Narasimhan Committee Banking Reforms
Mckinsey Report Merger Of seven Associate Banks with State Bank of India
Suresh Tendulkar Committee Methodology of estimation of poverty
Tarapore Committee Capital Account Convertibility
A Ghosh committee Malpractices in banks
Y B Reddy Committee Assessing Of Income Tax Rebates
Bhagwati Committee Unemployment and Public Welfare
C Rao Committee Agricultural policy
Dharia Committee Public Distribution System
Rangarajan Committee Computerization of Banking Industry and Public Sector Disinvestment
Lodha committee To recommend reforms for cricket in India
Raghunath Anant Mashelkar panel To suggest the best technologies for Swachh Bharat Abhiyaan
K V Kamath Panel To examine MSME sector
Bibek Debroy Railway restructuring
Justice B. M Shah Committee Black money
A C Shah Committee Non-Banking Financial Company
Ravindra H Dholakia, to upgrade norms for state, district level economic data collection
E Sreedharan (famously known as
to lay down standards for metro rail systems in the country.
metro man of India)
Justice Rajesh Bindal committee on legal issues related to inter country removal & retention of children

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 DNYANADEEP IAS SUPER SERIES – CAPF2019

Person, Awards and Institutions

Person Why in news

Anshula Kant, managing
director of the State Bank of Appointed as Managing Director and Chief Financial Officer of the World Bank
India
MasterCard CEO and
President Ajay Banga Selected by US-India Strategic Partnership Forum (USISPF) for its 2019 Global
Excellence Awards.
Wipro Chairman Azim Premji
US-India Strategic Partnership Forum (USISPF): It is a non-profit organization that was established in 2017 by its
Executive Board with primary objective of strengthening U.S.-India bilateral and strategic partnership.
Union Minister of Finance and Minister of Corporate Affairs was named in 100 Most
Influential in UK-India Relations: Celebrating Women list. List was launched by Sajid
Nirmala Sitharaman
Javid, UK Home Secretary to mark India Day in Houses of Parliament in London. This is
the 3rd year of list.
International Monetary Fund
She has been confirmed as new head of European Central bank (ECB). Her appointment
(IMF) Managing Director
would make her 1st woman to lead powerful institution of ECB.
Christine Lagarde
Indian Police Service (IPS) officer and DIG Frontier in Indo-Tibetan Border Police (ITBP)
Aparna Kumar recently scaled North America’s Highest Peak Denali (20,310 feet) in
Aparna Kumar
Alaska, USA. With this she became 1st civil servant to climb the rare mountain. She
scaled this summit in her 3rd attempt.
‘Seven Summits’ Challenge
It is the name given to challenge of climbing highest point in each of the 7 continents.
1st such challenge was completed in 1985 when Dick Bass, Texas oil tycoon reached summit of Mt Everest. Currently
over 300 people have completed the ‘Seven Summits Challenge’.
The Seven Summit inlcudes
1. Carstensz Pyramid– 4884m; Location: Oceania (Australia – New Guinea)
2. Kilimanjaro– 5892m; Location: Africa
3. Elbrus– Height: Location: Russia
4. Aconcagua– Height: 6962m; Location: South America
5. Denali (or Mt McKinley)- Height: 6194m; Location: North America
6. Vinson Massif– Height- 4892m; Location: Antarctica
7. Mt. Everest– Height- 8848m; Location: Asia
Suman Rao She was crowned as Miss India 2019
The Appointments Committee of Cabinet (ACC) headed by Prime Minister Narendra
IPS officer Samant Kumar Modi approved appointment of senior IPS officer Samant Kumar Goel as Director of
Goel Research and Analysis Wing (RAW), external intelligence of India. He has been
appointed for a fixed tenure of two years. He will take charge from Anil K Dhasmana.
The Appointment Committee of Cabinet (ACC) headed by Prime Minister Narendra Modi
has approved appointment of senior IPS officer Arvind Kumar as Director of Intelligence
IPS officer Arvind Kumar
Bureau (IB) for a fixed tenure of two years. He will succeed Rajiv Jain whose tenure
comes to an end on 29 June 2019.
Akshaya Patra, a Bengaluru-
Was awarded BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation) World Service Global Champion
based non-profit organisation
Award for the programme.
(NGO)
Akshaya Patra Foundation is an NGO in India was founded by Madhu Pandit Dasa in 2000. Since its establishment it is
running mid-day meal programme across India. Almost 20 years ago it started with providing 1,500 free school lunches
every day and today it feeds 1.75 million children all over India with freshly prepared meals.
conferred with highest national award of Kyrgyzstan titled Manas Order of the First
Chinese President Xi Jinping Degree in Bishkek (capital of Kyrgyzstan). Kyrgyzstan hosted 19th Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation (SCO) summit.
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO): It is a Eurasian political, economic and security alliance in which China plays
an influential role.
The founding member of SCO includes China, Russia, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kazakhstan, and Kyrgyzstan.
India and Pakistan were admitted to Beijing-based regional security grouping in 2017.
The year 2019 will see the 19th SCO summit which is being hosted by Kyrgyzstan.

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54th Jnanpith Award for his outstanding contribution to enrichment of Indian Literature
Amitav Ghosh
in English.
Jnanpith award
• It is the highest literary award in India, presented annually by Bharatiya Jnanpith (a literary and research organization).
It can only be conferred upon a citizen of India but with no posthumous conferral.
• Prize: The award consists of a citation, shawl, goddess Saraswati statue and cah prize of cash prize of Rs.11 lakh
• Initially English language was not considered for the Award but after 49th Jnanpith Award, English language was added
to the list of languages for consideration.
• It was instituted on 22 May 1961 and is given for best creative literary writing by any Indian citizen in any of the 22
Indian languages listed in Schedule 8 of Indian Constitution. After 1982 onwards, the award is given for overall
contribution to literature as prior to that a specific work used to be cited.
• 1st winner of Jnanpith award was G.S. Kurup, famous Malyalam writer.
Danny Kaye Humanitarian Award by United Nations International Children’s Fund’s
Priyanka Chopra
(UNICEF) American chapter at their Snowflake Ball in December 2019.
United Nations International Children’s Fund (UNICEF)
• It is special program of UN devoted to aid national efforts to improve the health, nutrition, education, and general
welfare of children. It was established in 1946 to provide relief to children in countries devastated by World War II. It is
headquartered in New York City, United States. It was formerly known as United Nations International Children’s
Emergency Fund.
• Danny Kaye Humanitarian Award: It is named after actor-philanthropist Danny Kaye. He was an American actor, singer,
dancer, comedian, musician, and philanthropist. He was UNICEF’s first Goodwill Ambassador in 1954.
He was conferred with Maldives’ highest honour- ‘Order of the Distinguished Rule of
Nishan Izzuddeen‘ in Male, (Maldives capital) which is Maldive’s highest honour
accorded to foreign dignitaries.
Russia has awarded PM with ‘Order of St Andrew the Apostle’ for promoting the bilateral
special and privileged strategic partnership.
United Arab Emirates (UAE) has been conferred with the prestigious Zayed medal by
Prime Minister Narendra Modi
President of the UAE Sheikh Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan. PM Modi has been awarded in
recognition of efforts in giving “a big boost” to bilateral relations between both the
countries.
The South Korean government has awarded the Seoul Peace Prize for PM Modi in
recognition of his service to international cooperation, global growth and human
development.
Women Sangams (groups) of
Equator Prize 2019 by United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) for their
Deccan Development Society
contribution to ecology and innovations in rainfed millet cultivation.
(DDS)
His autobiography titled-‘Lessons Life Taught Me Unknowingly’ that is set to release on
Anupam Kher 5 August 2019. The book is expected to offer a kaleidoscopic peep into life and times of
Kher as an actor and entertainer.
His autobiography titled- ‘My Life, My Mission’. The book is co-authored with senior
Yoga guru Baba Ramdev
journalist Uday Mahurkar.
Was elected as international member of American Philosophical Society (APS) at its
Romila Thapar
Annual Spring Meeting.
American Philosophical Society
• It is the oldest learned society in United States (US).
• It was founded in 1743 by Benjamin Franklin (American polymath and one of Founding Fathers of US) for purpose of
‘promoting useful knowledge.’
• It provides a forum for free exchange of ideas while holding conviction that intellectual inquiry and critical thought are
inherently in best interest of public.
Jimmy Carter, Ex-President of Won the inaugural George H. W. Bush Award for Statesmanship in recognition of his
United States of America (USA) contributions to relations between U.S. and China.
Former President of India, Was conferred Mexico’s highest civilian honour for foreigners titled ‘Orden Mexicana del
Pratibha Patil Aguila Azteca‘ (order of the Aztec Eagle).
Rajasthan government’s Tobacco Control Award for year 2019 in recognition of Rajasthan’s achievements in the
Medical & Health Department field of tobacco control by WHO
Acharya Balkrishna, Managing
Director (MD,) of Patanjali UNSDG 10 Most Influential People in Healthcare Award
Ayurved Limited
Jokha Alharthi, an author from
Man Booker International Prize for her Arabic novel “Celestial Bodies“.
Oman
Man Booker International Prize

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 DNYANADEEP IAS SUPER SERIES – CAPF2019
It is an international literary award sponsored by the ‘Man Group’, which is the same organisation that gives Man Booker
Prize for fiction. It is counterpart to Man Booker Prize for English-language novels.
Former Indian Foreign Japan’s Second Highest National Award called ‘The Order of the Rising Sun, Gold and
Secretary Shyam Saran Silver Star’.
• The World Press Freedom Prize also known as UNESCO/Guillermo Cano World Press Freedom Prize is formally
conferred every year by Director-General of UNESCO, on occasion of World Press Freedom Day observed on 3 May.
• In 2019 award would be shared by two jailed Myanmar journalists ‘Wa Lone’ and ‘Kyaw Soe Oo’ who reported on
alleged human rights violations in state of Rakhine, Myanmar.
Indian Space Research
Awarded France’s highest civilian honour ‘Chevalier de l’Ordre national de la Legion
Organisation (ISRO) chairman
d’Honneur’ (or National Order of the Legion of Honour)
A S Kiran Kumar
The Rabindranath Tagore Literary Prize 2019 was awarded to author Rana Dasgupta for
Rana Dasgupta his 2010 novel “Solo” which is a tale of estrangement and the ultimate failure of
material existence. It is the second edition of the Rabindranath Tagore Literary Prize.
2019 Pulitzer Prizes
• Fiction: The Overstory, by Richard Powers (W.W. Norton).
• Drama: Fairview, by Jackie Sibblies Drury.
• History: Frederick Douglass: Prophet of Freedom, by David W. Blight (Simon & Schuster).
• Biography: The New Negro: The Life of Alain Locke, by Jeffrey C. Stewart (Oxford University Press).
• Poetry: Be With, by Forrest Gander (New Directions).
• General Nonfiction: Amity and Prosperity: One Family and the Fracturing of America, by Eliza Griswold (Farrar, Straus
and Giroux).
• Music: Prism, by Ellen Reid.
The Pulitzer Prize is awarded for achievements in newspaper, magazine and online journalism, literature, and musical
composition in the United States. Established in 1917 by provisions in the will of Joseph Pulitzer who had made his
fortune as a newspaper publisher, the awards are administered by Columbia University in New York City.
Prizes are awarded yearly in twenty-one categories. In twenty of the categories, each winner receives a certificate and a
US$15,000 cash award and the winner in the public service category of the journalism competition is awarded a gold
medal.
Rio Paralympics silver recipient of the New Zealand Prime Minister’s Sir Edmund Hillary Fellowship for 2019 in
medallist Deepa Malik recognition of her inspiring achievements.
National Mission for Clean
Received the distinction of “Public Water Agency of the Year” by Global Water
Ganga (NMCG) or Namami
Intelligence at the Global Water Summit in London.
Gange
The Turing Award 2018 has been awarded for Geoffrey Hinton, Yann LeCun, and Yoshua Bengio who have kickstarted an
AI revolution by studying the learning abilities of large artificial neural networks. The deep neural network uses layers of
artificial neurons which mimics the structure of animal brains. Such AI is increasingly used in products that people use
every day – from smart speakers to Facebook. This forms the backbone of Deep Learning.
President Ram Nath Kovind Honoured with Croatia’s highest civilian award the Grand Order of the King of Tomislav.
First women has been chosen to be winner of Abel Prize 2019 for her fundamental work
US Mathematician Karen
in geometric analysis and gauge theory, which has dramatically changed the
Uhlenbeck
mathematical landscape.
Able Prize
• Able Prize established by the Oslo government in 2002 honour outstanding scientific work in the field of mathematics, a
discipline not included among the Nobel awards
• Able Prize is named after the 19th century Norwegian mathematician Niels Henrik Abel. Able Prize comes with a
monetary award of 6 million Norwegian Kroner (NOK)
• The sole Indian recipient of the Able Prize is Indian American mathematician S. R. Srinivasa Varadhan. He was awarded
for his fundamental contributions to probability theory and in particular for creating a unified theory of large deviation.
He has been chosen for the ‘Yashwantrao Chavan National Award 2018’ by
Raghuram Rajan
Yashwantrao Chavan Prathisthan for his contribution to economic development.
Swachh Survekshan Awards are given by the Union Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs based on the survey which
covered all urban local bodies in the country. The Survey was the largest such cleanliness survey in the world.
• Indore was adjudged India’s cleanest city for the third straight year.
• The second and third positions were clinched by Ambikapur in Chhattisgarh and Mysore in Karnataka.
• Ahmedabad has been named the cleanest big city with a population of more than ten lakh.
• Ujjain has been awarded cleanest medium city having a population between 3 lakh to 10 lakh.
• New Delhi Municipal Council area was given the ”Cleanest Small City” award.
• Uttarakhand’s Gauchar was adjudged the ”Best Ganga Town”.
• Bhopal has been named the cleanest capital.

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• Raipur won the ‘Fastest Moving Big City’.

• Mathura-Vrindavan won the tag of Fastest Moving Medium City.
• Chhattisgarh has bagged the top spot in the category of best performing states. Jharkhand is at the second spot while
Maharashtra is at the third.
A civil engineer from Manipur was included in Facebook Hall of Fame 2019, for
Zonel Sougaijam
detecting a WhatsApp bug that violated privacy of a user.
Thawarchand Gehlot, Union
Appointed as Leader of Rajya Sabha (Council of States). The Leader of the Rajya Sabha
Minister of Social Justice and
is appointed by the party in power at Centre.
Empowerment
Leader of Rajya Sabha (Upper House of Parliament)
• A Leader of House is a Rajya Sabha member who either holds a rank of cabinet minister or another nominated
minister. The Leader has a seat next to ex-officio Chairperson of Rajya Sabha (the Vice President of India), in the front
row.
• The term Leader of the House has been defined in Rule 2(1) of Rules of Procedure and Conduct of Business in the
Rajya Sabha.
• Gopalaswami Ayyangar was the 1st Leader of the House in Rajya Sabha.
The Bharatiya Janta Party’s (BJP) Member of Parliament (MP) from Madhya Pradesh Dr
Dr Virendra Kumar
Virendra Kumar will be the Pro-tem Speaker of 17th Lok Sabha.
Pro-tem Speaker
• The word Pro-tem is a Latin phrase which in English means ‘for the time being’ of ‘temporary’. Thus a Pro-tem Speaker
performs the duties of office of Speaker from commencement of 1st sitting of newly constituted Lok Sabha till the
election of the Speaker. This is because Speaker of last Lok Sabha vacates his office before the 1st meeting of newly
elected Lok Sabha.
• The Article 94 of constitution states that previous Speaker must resign immediately before 1st sitting of the new Lok
Sabha.
• Article 93 of constitution states that, a Speaker and Deputy Speaker to Lower House of Parliament must be elected in
1st sitting of Lok Sabha.
• The appointment of Pro tem speaker is a convention and there is no provision mentioned in the Constitution for this
position.
• President appoints and administes the oath of a member of Lok Sabha as Pro-tem Speaker. By convention a
seniormost Lok Sabha member is usually is selected.
• A Pro-tem Speaker has powers same as a Lok Sabha Speaker. His main duty is to administer oath to newly elected
members of parliament and election of new Speaker.
• The office of Pro-tem Speaker ceases to operate once new Speaker is elected by members.
Appointed as Director-General the India Meteorological Department (IMD). His
Mrutyunjay Mohapatra appointment order was issued by the Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and
Pensions.
Ajit Doval is reappointed as National Security Advisor (NSA) of India for another five year
Ajit Doval
tenure. During his first term 2014-2019 NSA was given rank of Minister of State (MoS).
National Security Advisor (NSA)
• NSA is the chief adviser to the Prime minister of India on national and international security policy matters. He serves at
the discretion of Prime Minister of India.
• NSA is now seen as the most powerful bureaucrat in the Government of India.
• This post was created in 1998 by then government of Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee. Since then either an Indian
Foreign Service (IFS) or the Indian Police Service (IPS) serves the post. Senior IFS officer Brajesh Mishra was India’s first
NSA (in office from November 1998-May 2004).
• NSA presides over the National Security Council (NSC). NSC was established in 1998. It is an executive government
agency that oversees India’s political, economic, energy and security issues of strategic concern. It is a three-tiered
organization comprising of Joint Intelligence Committee (JIC), Strategic Policy Group (SPG) and National Security
Advisory Board (NSAB).
Supreme Court Justice Madan The Retired judge of Indian Supreme Court Justice Madan B Lokur has been appointed
B Lokur to the Supreme Court of Fiji. As a judge of Supreme Court of Fiji’s non-resident panel.
Was appointed as High Commissioner of India to Republic of Seychelles. Dalbir Singh
Army General (Retd.) Dalbir
Suhag was Chief of Army Staff (CoAS) i.e. Army General from August 2014 to December
Singh Suhag
2016.
President Ram Nath Kovind administered the Oath of office to Justice Pinaki Chandra
Justice Pinaki Chandra Ghose Ghose as Lokpal. Justice Pinaki Chandra Ghose is the first anti-corruption ombudsman
of the country.
Flight Lieutenant Hina Jaiswal First woman flight engineer of IAF
New Election Commissioner, The appointment was made under the clause (2) of Article
Sushil Chandra
324 of the constitution.
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Clause (2) of Article 324
• The Election Commission shall consist of the Chief Election Commissioner and such number of other Election
Commissioners, if any, as the President may from time to time fix. The appointment of the Chief Election Commissioner
and other Election Commissioners shall, subject to the provisions of any law made in that behalf by Parliament be made
by the President.
• The President appoints the Election Commissioner based on the recommendations of the cabinet under the
Transaction of Business Rules of 1961.
India’s One-day International
First woman to play 200 ODI matches.
(ODI) captain Mithali Raj
Vedangi Kulkarni Fastest Asian to cycle the globe.
Catriona Elisa Gray from the crowned as the Miss Universe 2018, She was crowned by Demi Leigh Nel-Peters from
Philippines South Africa, the Miss Universe 2017 title winner.
The Oscar Award list for the year 2019 is listed below:
• Documentary (Feature) —Jimmy Chin and Elizabeth Chai Vasarhelyi, Free Solo.
• Actress in a Supporting Role — Regina King, If Beale Street Could Talk.
• Cinematography — Alfonso Cuarón, Roma.
• Foreign Language Film — Alfonso Cuarón, Roma.
• Actor in a Supporting Role —Mahershala Ali, Green Book.
• Animated Feature Film —Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse, Bob Persichetti, Peter Ramsey, Rodney Rothman.
• Animated Short Film —Domee Shi, Bao.
• Documentary Short Subject — Rayka Zehtabchi and Melissa Berton, Period. End of Sentence.
• Live Action Short Film — Guy Nattiv and Jamie Ray Newman, Skin.
• Best Original Screenplay — Nick Vallelonga, Brian Currie, Peter Farrelly, Green Book.
• Best Adapted Screenplay — Spike Lee, Sean McKittrick, Jason Blum, Raymond Mansfield, Jordan Peele,
BlacKkKlansman.
• Original Score — Ludwig Goransson, Black Panther.
• Original Song — Lady Gaga, Mark Ronson, Anthony Rossomando, and Andrew Wyatt, “Shallow,” A Star Is Born.
• Best Actor in a Leading Role— Rami Malek, Bohemian Rhapsody.
• Best Actress in a Leading Role — Olivia Colman, The Favourite.
• Best Director — Alfonso Cuarón, Roma.
• Best Picture — Green Book.
• The 91st Academy Awards ceremony, honouring the best films of 2018, was held on February 24, 2019, at the Dolby
Theatre, in Los Angeles, California.

Some recent terminologies

• ART: Accountability, Responsibility, Transparency—
aimed at good governance.
• ABCD: Avoid, Bypass, Confuse, Delay—comment on
the culture within the Indian bureaucracy.
• AMRUT: Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban
Transformation—a programme to replace Jawaharlal
Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission.
• AIM: Atal Innovation Mission— a programme to
promote a network of world-class innovation hubs.
• ASPIRE: A scheme for promotion of innovation, rural
industry and entrepreneurship
• Accessible India: To ensure universal accessibility for
persons with disabilities.
• ARYA: Attracting and Retaining Rural Youths in
Agriculture.
• AMRIT: Affordable Medicines and Reliable Implants
for Treatment
• Asita (means Yamuna): Project to restore, revive and
rejuvenate Yamuna river’s floodplains.
• Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao Abhiyaan: Mission to save
and educate girl children
• B2B: Bharat to Bhutan—aimed at improving India-
Bhutan ties
• BAPU: Biometrically Authenticated Physical Uptake—
aims to verify identity of beneficiaries of government
schemes by scanning fingerprints
• BHIM: Bharat Interface for Money—app for making
digital transactions and payments
• Bharatmala: An umbrella programme for National
Highways to connect coastal/ border areas,
pilgrimage sites and district headquarters
• Cooperative and Competitive Federalism: Aims at
improving centre-state relationship through
teamwork
• Climate Change to Climate Justice: Need for change
in focus in environment debate.
• CHAMAN: Coordinated Horticulture Assessment and
Management using geoiNformatics

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• Digital India: Aims to transform India into a digitally
empowered society and knowledge economy
• 3 Ds: Democracy, Demography and Demand—a
comment on India’s advantage over other countries
• DIPAM: Department of Investment and Public Asset
Management—a new name for the disinvestment
department.
• Divyang: People with extraordinary capabilities,
instead of Viklang (handicapped).
• DigiLocker: Government of India’s secure cloud-
based platform for storage, sharing and verification
of documents and certificates, for paperless
governance.
• DEEP: Discovery of Efficient Electricity Price--e-
bidding web portal for electricity
• Digidhan: an event to promote digital transactions
• DISHA: Digital Saksharta Abhiyan--Digital literacy
mission
• DIKSHA: Digital Infrastructure for Knowledge
Sharing: for teacher-training and professional
development
• DARPAN: Digital Advancement of Rural Post Office
for A New India: Project to improve the quality of
service, add value to services and achieve “financial
inclusion” of un-banked rural population
• Ek Bharat Shreshth Bharat: One India, Best India
• e-Kranti: Digitizing the delivery of government
services.
• e-Boat: Solar-powered boats on river Ganga at
Varanasi.
• eNAM: Electronic National Agricultural Market
• ePACE: Project Appraisals and Continuing
Enhancements—an online portal for monitoring
progress of national highways across India.
• eBASTA: To make school books accessible in digital
form as e-books.
• 3E: Enterprises, Earning, Empowerment—the motive
behind Mudra Bank
• EPI: Every Person is Important—The new VIP
• Evergreen Revolution: Sustained increase in
agricultural production
• FDI: First Develop India
• 5F: Farm to Fibre, Fibre to Fabric, Fabric to Fashion,
Fabric to Foreign
• FASTag: Electronic tolling system introduced on all
national highways across the country
• FUTURE: F: farmer, U: underprivileged, T:
transparency, technology upgradation, U: urban
rejuvenation, R: rural development and E:
employment, entrepreneurship
• #GiveItUp: Programme to inspire consumers to give
up the LPG subsidy
DNYANADEEP ACADEMY FOR UPSC AND MPSC, PUNE
• GIAN: Global Initiative of Academic Networks—aimed
at American academicians and scientists to teach in
India at their convenience
• GARV: Grameen Vidyutikaran—Rural Electrification
• Gramodaya Se Bharat Uday Abhiyan: Aimed at
increasing social harmony across villages and
strengthen the Panchayati Raj.
• GEM: Government E-Marketplace
• GOBAR (Galvanising Organic Bio Agro Resources)-
Dhan: Scheme to focus on converting cattle dung
and solid waste to compost and biogas
• HRIDAY: Heritage Development and Augmentation
Yojana
• Hunar Hai to Kadar Hai: If you have skill, you have
respect
• HIMMAT: A mobile application to ensure women’s
safety in Delhi
• HIT: Highways, Informationways,
Transmissionways—a mantra for Nepal’s
development.
• HOPE: Harmony, Opportunity, People’s participation,
Equality—aim of Indian constitution
• HELP: Hydrocarbon Exploration and Licensing
Policy—a uniform licensing system to cover all
hydrocarbons under a single licensing framework
• IT + IT = Indian Talent + Information Technology =
India Tomorrow—part of the Digital India initiative
• INCH towards MILES: Indochina towards Millennium
of Exceptional Synergy—for the future of Indo-Sino
relations
• Indradhanush mission: Achieving universal
immunization with special focus on 184 high-priority
districts
• Ishan Uday: Scholarship scheme for north-east
students.
• Indradhanush: Yet another mission with same name
to revamp public sector banks
• Imprint: Impacting Research Innovation and
Technology--Funding research in 10 socially relevant
domains
• JAM trinity: Jan Dhan-Aadhaar-Mobile—for direct
cash transfer and subsidy rationalization.
• Karein Prayas, Payein Vikash: Make Effort, Gain
Progress—the tagline for Standup India.
• Kayakalp: An award to promote cleanliness, hygiene
and infection control practices in public health
facilities
• KSHAMTA: Knowledge Systems and Homestead
Agriculture Management in Tribal Areas
• Link West, Act East: Aimed at making India a part of
the global value chain.
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 DNYANADEEP IAS SUPER SERIES – CAPF2019
• LaQshya: Labour Room Quality Improvement
Initiative Guideline: aims at improving quality of care
in labour room and maternity Operation Theatre.
• Mera Kya, Mujhe Kya: Modi’s comment on the
attitude—what is in it for me; why should I bother—
that has ruined the nation.
• MUDRA Bank: Micro Units Development and
Refinance Agency Bank
• Mann Ki Baat: A radio programme hosted on All India
Radio where the prime minister addresses the nation
• Maximum Governance, Minimum
Government: Simplification of official procedures
and governance by leveraging technology
• Make in India: Creating the ecosystem to transform
India into a manufacturing hub
• MANAS: Maulana Azad National Academy for Skills—
to address skill development needs of minority
communities
• MERIT: Merit Order Despatch of Electricity for
Rejuvenation of Income and Transparency—a web
portal that displays the actual data of electricity
generation by states
• MUSC: Madhyamik and Uchchtar Shiksha Kosh—
non-lapsable pool for Secondary and Higher
Education Cess
• Namami Gange Mission: A national mission for
clean-up of the Ganga.
• NITI Aayog: National Institution for Transforming
India—it replaced the Planning Commission.
• NAVIC: Navigation with Indian Constellation—India’s
own navigation satellite
• 3 Ns for Indian Railways: Nav Arjan (new revenues),
Nav Manak (new norms), Nav Sanrachna (new
structures)
• NIDHI: National Initiative for Developing and
Harnessing Innovations—umbrella programme for
nurturing ideas and innovations (knowledge-based
and technology-driven) into successful start-ups
• NARI: Nutri-sensitive Agricultural Resources and
Innovations—focus on gender empowerment and
nutrition
• Operation Rahat: Evacuation effort in Yemen
• Operation Maitri: Relief operation in Nepal after the
April 2015 earthquake
• Operation Greens: Aims to limit the erratic
fluctuations in the prices of onions, potatoes and
tomatoes
• PRASAD: Pilgrimage Rejuvenation and Spirituality
Augmentation Drive
• PAHAL: Pratyaksha Hastaantarit Laabh—direct
benefit transfer of LPG subsidy
• Padhe Bharat, Badhe Bharat: India that is educated
is the India that will progress
DNYANADEEP ACADEMY FOR UPSC AND MPSC, PUNE
• PRAGATI: Pro-Active Governance And Timely
Implementation—aimed at monitoring and reviewing
of government programmes
• Per Drop, More Crop: Promoting farming through
optimum utilization of water
• P2G2: Pro-People Good Governance, which the
government claims to be its focus
• P4: People Private Public Partnership for good
governance
• Project Mausam: To revive ancient maritime routes
and cultural linkages with countries in the Indian
Ocean
• Padhe Padhaein Desh Badhaye: Study and teach for
the development of India
• Project Unnati: To mordernize major ports
• ROAD: Responsibility, Ownership, Accountability,
Discipline—for improving the work culture among
bureaucrats.
• Red Tape to Red Carpet: Facilitating the ease of
doing business
• 4 Rs: Recognition, Recapitalization, Resolution and
Reform—for resolving the twin balance sheet
problem
• RISE: Revitalising Infrastructure and Systems in
Education: To increase investment in research and
related infrastructure in premier educational
institutions by 2022
• Swadesh Darshan: Integrated development of
theme-based tourist circuits
• Shramev Jayate: Labour reforms plank by the
government
• Sabka Saath Sabka Vikas: Inclusive development for
all
• Swachh Bharat Abhiyan: Clean India Mission
• Sagar Mala Project: Promoting port-led development
along the coastal regions and communities
• SETU: Self Employment and Talent Utilisation—
providing support to all aspects of start-ups from
credit to incubation
• Swasth Dhara, Khet Hara: Healthy Earth for a Green
Farm—aimed at boosting farm productivity.
• SMART policing: Strict but Sensitive, Modern and
Mobile, Alert and Accountable, Reliable and
Responsive, Tech-savvy and Trained policing
• 3S: Skill, Scale, Speed—what India needs to do to
compete with China
• SWAYAM: Study Webs of Active-Learning for Young
Aspiring Minds—for IITs, IIMs and central universities
to offer free online courses
• SAMAVAY: Skill Assessment Matrix for Vocational
Advancement of Youth—to allow multiple entry and
exit options between vocational and formal
education courses
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• Sahayak: New name for railway coolies
• StandUp India: Promoting entrepreneurship among
SC/ST and women
• SWIFT: Single Window Interface for Facilitating Trade
• Startup India: To encourage the startup ecosystem in
India.
• Setu Bharatam: Programme to build bridges for safe
travel on national highways
• SAGARMALA: To connect all seven coastal states
through ocean and sea routes
• Shipping Samvad: A new portal for submitting
innovative ideas for shipping sector
• 3S: Speed, Simplicity, Service—the desirable
elements in technology
• SRESHTA: Special Railway Establishment for
Strategic Technology and Holistic Advancement—a
special unit for conducting in-house research in
railway
• SMART: Specially Modified Aesthetic Refreshing
Travel—specially designed railway coaches
• SOLVE: System for Online Vigilance clearance
Enquiries—online platform for vigilance clearance for
board-level appointments in central public sector
enterprises
• SUPREMO: Single User Platform Related To
Employees Online—integration of seven different
software for central government employees
• SHAKTI: Scheme to Harness and Allocate Koyla
(Coal) Transparently in India—new coal linkage policy
• Setu Bharatam: For building bridges for safe and
seamless travel on national highways
• SAMADHAN (the new anti-Maoist strategy): Smart
Leadership to convert failure into success—
Aggressive Strategy, Motivation and Training,
Actionable Intelligence, Dashboard Based KPIs (Key
Performance Indicators) and KRAs (Key Result
Areas), Harnessing Technology, Action plan for each
Theatre and No access to Financing
• SEVA: Saral Eindhan Vitaran Application—app to
ensure transparency and accountability in coal
dispatch for power sector consumers
• SAMPADA: Supplement Agriculture Modernise
Processing And Decrease Agriwaste—scheme for
agro-marine processing and development of agro-
processing clusters
• SAUNI: Saurashtra Narmada Avtaran Irrigation
Yojana
• SANKALP: Skill Acquisition and Knowledge
Awareness for Livelihood Promotion programme
• Sabka Saath, Sabka Gaon, Sabka Vikas: Inclusive
development of all villages for all
• Sweet Revolution: To increase production of honey
DNYANADEEP ACADEMY FOR UPSC AND MPSC, PUNE
• SPREE: Scheme for Promoting Registration of
Employers and Employees—to extend the coverage
to the entire workforce, ESI Corporation launched a
new employer friendly scheme
• SAUBHAGYA: Sahaj Bijli Har Ghar Yojana—universal
household electrification in the country by 31 March
2019
• SHAGUN: Shala Gunvatta (School Quality)
Monitoring and sharing best practices about Sarva
Shiksha Abhiyan
• STRIVE: Skill Strengthening for Industrial Value
Enhancement: to improve access to quality and
market-driven vocational training provided in ITIs
and apprenticeships
• SANKALP: Skills Acquisition and Knowledge
Awareness for Livelihood Promotion
• SATH: Sustainable Action for Transforming Human
capital—a NITI Aayog programme to transform health
and education sectors of states
• SPICE: Simplified Proforma for Incorporating
Company Electronically
• STRENGTH: Spirituality, Tradition, Trade &
Technology, Relationship, Entertainment, Nature
conservation, Games, Tourism and Health &
Healing—emphasis on people to people contact
between India and China
• Tax Terrorism: Comment on aggressive tax policies
including retrospective amendment of tax laws
• 5Ts: Talent, Tradition, Tourism, Trade and
Technology, aimed at building Brand India
• Twin Balance Sheet problem: The impaired financial
positions of public sector banks and some large
corporate houses
• TIES: Trade Infrastructure for Export Scheme—
Scheme to build export infrastructure at state level
• TARANG: Transmission App for Real Time Monitoring
and Growth—a monitoring tool to track the progress
of inter-state and intra-state transmission systems in
the country
• TOP (Tomato, Onion, Potato) priority: To signify
government’s priority for horticulture producers
• USTTAD: Upgrading Skills and Training in Traditional
Arts/Crafts for Development
• Unnat Bharat Abhiyan: IITs and NITs providing
technological resources to rural areas for
sustainable development
• UJALA: Unnat Jyoti by Affordable LEDs for All
• UDAY: Ujwal Discom Assurance Yojna: financial
turnaround and revival package for electricity
DISCOMs
• Udaan scheme: Aims to provide skills training and
enhance the employability of unemployed youth of
Jammu and Kashmir
• URJA: Urban Jyoti Abhiyaan—to improve consumer
connect on electricity related issues
• UDAN: Ude Desh ka Aam Naagrik—regional air
connectivity scheme
• Vidyut Prabhah: Portal provides real-time basis
power availability in the country
• Vidyanjali: A school volunteer programme
39
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• VATICA: Value Addition and Technology Incubation • Zero Effect, Zero Defect: Aimed at improving the
Centres in Agriculture quality of goods produced in India.

POLITY
Important Amendments to Indian Constitution.
Amendment Year Importance
Added 9th Schedule to protect the land reform and other laws included in it from the judicial
1 1951
review.
Reorganisation of states on linguistic basis and abolition of Class A, B, C and D states and
7 1956
introduction of Union Territories.
9 1960 Adjustments to Indian territory as a result of agreement with Paksitan.
Dadra, Nagar and Haveli included in Indian Union as a Union Territory on acquisition from
10 1961
Portugal.
Goa, Daman and Diu included in Indian Union as a Union Territory on acquisition from
12 1961
Portugal.
13 1963 The state of Nagaland formed with special protection under Article 371A.
14 1962 Pondicherry incorporated into Indian Union after transfer by France.
Enabled the High courts to issue writs to any person or authority even outside its terrorist’s
15 1963
jurisdiction if the cause of action arises within its territorial limits.
21 1967 Sindhi added as language in the 8th schedule.
26 1971 Privy purse paid to former rulers of princely states abolished.
36 1975 Sikim included as an Indian state.
Fundamental Duties prescribed, India became Socialist Secular Republic.
42 1976
gave the Directive Principles precedence over the Fundamental Rights
Right to Property deleted from the list of fundamental rights.
Constitutional protection for publication of the proceedings of Parliament and State
44 1978 Legislatures
Proclamation of Emergency need henceforward, be issued by the President only after
receiving the advice of the Cabinet in writing
52 1985 Defection to another party after election made illegal.
61 1989 Voting age reduced from 21 to 18.
69 1991 Insertion of new articles 239AA and 239AB, Special provisions with respect to Delhi
71 1992 Konkani, Manipuri and Nepali added as languages in the Eighth Schedule.
73 1993 Introduction of Panchayati Raj, addition of Part IX to the Constitution.
74 1993 Introduction of Nagarpalikas and Municipalities.
86 2002 Free and compulsory education to children between 6 and 14 years.
Restricted the size of the Council of Ministers (CoM) to 15 percent of legislative members &
91 2004
strengthened the Anti-Defection laws.
Bodo, Dogri, Santhali and Maithli added to the list of recognised languages. Service Tax
92 2003
introduced.
1960, 1970,
8,23,45,62, 1980, 1989, Extension of reservation of seats for SC/ST and nomination of Anglo-Indian members in
79 and 95 2000 and Parliament and State Assemblies.
2010
96 2011 Substituted Odia for Oriya in the Eighth Schedule to the Constitution
97 2012 Introduction of Part IXB in the Constitution pertaining to Co-operative Societies
101 2016 Introduction of Goods and Services Tax (GST)
The 42nd amendment was the most comprehensive amendment which had 59 clauses and carried out so many changes
that it has been described as a "Mini Constitution".
The 52nd amendment was the only amendment to be unanimously adopted by the Parliament.

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Recent Amendments
1) 101st amendment of the constitution added new articles related to GST
Article 246 A: Both Union and States in India now have “concurrent powers” to make law with respect to goods &
services. The intra-state trade now comes under the jurisdiction of both centre and state; while inter-state trade and
commerce is “exclusively” under central government jurisdiction.
Article 269A: Goods and services tax on supplies in the course of inter-State trade or commerce shall be levied and
collected by the Government of India and such tax shall be apportioned between the Union and the States in the
manner as may be provided by Parliament by law on the recommendations of the Goods and Services Tax Council.
Article 279-A: This article provides for constitution of a GST council by president within sixty days from this act
coming into force. The GST council will constitute the following members:
• Union Finance Minister as chairman of the council
• Union Minister of State in charge of Revenue or Finance
• One nominated member from each state who is in charge of finance or taxation
• Changes in the 7th Schedule
• Entry 92 (newspapers and on advertisements published therein) has been deleted thus, they are now
under GST.
• Entry 92-C (Service Tax) has been now deleted from union list.
• The residuary power of legislation of Parliament under article 248 is now subject to article 246A.
• Article 249 has been changed so that if 2/3rd majority resolution is passed by Rajya Sabha, the Parliament
will have powers to make necessary laws with respect to GST in national interest.
• Article 250 has been amended so that parliament will have powers to make laws related to GST during
emergency period.
• Article 268 has been amended so that excise duty on medicinal and toilet preparation will be omitted from
the state list and will be subsumed in GST.
• Article 268A has been repealed so now service tax is subsumed in GST.
• Article 269 would empower the parliament to make GST related laws for inter-state trade / commerce.

2) 102nd Amendment to give Constitutional status to National Commission for Backward Classes
• Addition of articles 338B, 342A, and Added Clause 26C.
• Omitted Article 340. Modification of articles 338, 366

3) 103rd Amendment to give Reservation for Economically Weaker Sections

• Amendment to Article 15, added Clause
• Amendment to Article 16, added Clause
• A maximum of 10% Reservation for Economically Weaker Sections of citizens of classes other than the
classes mentioned in clauses (4) and (5) of Article 15, i.e. Classes other than socially and educationally
backward classes of citizens or the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes. Inserted Clause under
Article 15 as well as Inserted Clause under Article 16.

Important Landmark cases

Case Name
Ashoka Kumar Thakur v.
Union of India
Lily Thomas v. Union of India
Golaknath v. State Of
Punjab (Golaknath case)
Justice K. S. Puttaswamy
(Retd.) and Anr. vs Union Of
India And Ors
Commander K. M. Nanavati
vs. State of Maharashtra
Rupa Ashok Hurra vs. Ashok
Hurra and Anr.
Kesavananda Bharati v.
State of Kerala
Description
• Case challenging the conclusion of the Mandal Commission that about 52% of the total
population of India belonged to Other Backward Classes classification.
• Member of Parliament (MP), Member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA) or Member of a
Legislative Council (MLC) who is convicted of a crime and awarded a minimum of two
year imprisonment, loses membership of the House with immediate effect.
• Court ruled that Parliament could not curtail any of the Fundamental Rights in the
Constitution
• Which holds that the right to privacy is protected as a fundamental constitutional right
under Articles 14, 19 and 21 of the Constitution of India.
• This was among the last cases to be heard as a jury trial in India, as the government
abolished jury trials soon after in most cases except for Parsis who still have Jury Trials
for their Matrimonial Disputes
• The concept of Curative petition was evolved
• Outlined the Basic Structure doctrine of the Constitution

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Maneka Gandhi vs Union of
India
M.C. Mehta v. Union of India
Minerva Mills v. Union of
India
Mouthshut.com v. Union of
India
National Legal Services
Authority v. Union of India
S. R. Bommai v. Union of
India
Shreya Singhal v. Union of
India
State of Madras v.
Champakam Dorairajan
Suresh Kumar Koushal vs.
Naz Foundation
Vishakha and others v State
of Rajasthan
Aruna Shanbaug vs Union of
India (2011)
Naz Foundation vs Govt. of
NCT of Delhi (2009)
Justice Puttaswamy case
• The Basic Structure doctrine forms the basis of power of the Indian judiciary to review,
and strike down, amendments to the Constitution of India enacted by the Indian
parliament which conflict with or seek to alter this basic structure of the Constitution.
• Preamble part of constitution and can be amended
• The seven-judge bench asserted the right to personal liberty as enshrined in Article 21 of
the Constitution, making it an important precedent for cases related to fundamental
rights.
• The case lays down the principle of absolute liability and the concept of deep pockets.
• The Supreme Court provided key clarifications on the interpretation of the basic
structure doctrine. The court unanimously ruled that the power of the Parliament of
India to amend the constitution is limited by the constitution.
• Emergency Proclamation can be Challenged
• Balance and harmony between FR and DPSP
• Protect freedom of speech and expression on Internet
• Internet users are free to post anything online and publishers cannot be forced to take
down content without a court order
• Declared transgender people to be a 'third gender', affirmed that the fundamental
rights granted under the Constitution of India will be equally applicable to transgender
people, and gave them the right to self-identification of their gender as male, female or
third-gender.
• The judgement attempted to curb blatant misuse of Article 356 of the Constitution of
India, which allowed President's rule to be imposed over state governments
• The Supreme Court struck down Section 66A of the Information Technology Act, 2000,
relating to restrictions on online speech, unconstitutional on grounds of violating the
freedom of speech guaranteed under Article 19(1)(a) of the Constitution of India
• This judgement led to the First Amendment of the Constitution of India. It was the first
major judgement regarding reservations in Republic of India.
• Reinstated Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code.
• For the purpose of interpretation of the guarantee of gender equality, right to work with
human dignity in Articles 14, 15, 19(1)(g) and 21 of the Constitution and the safeguards
against sexual harassment
Accepting passive euthanasia. The SC issued a set of guidelines legalizing passive
euthanasia in the country. It upheld the right to death with dignity.
Verdict on LGBT Rights. In this case, the two-judge bench of Delhi High Court held that
treating consensual homosexual sex between adults as a crime is a violation of
fundamental rights and thus scrapped Section 377 of IPC. Later, in Suresh Kumar
Koushal vs. Naz Foundation (2009), SC re-instated Section 377 stating that judicial
intervention was not required in that issue. Now, the SC’s judgment in the Right to Privacy
case has once again opened up debate on Section 377.
The Supreme Court held that the right to privacy is also a fundamental right enshrined in
Article 21.

Fundamental Rights
• Derived inspiration from the Constitution of USA (i.e., Bill of Rights).
• Described as the Magna Carta of India
• These are ‘justiciable’ Fundamental Rights.
• These are meant for promoting the ideal of political democracy.
• The Fundamental Rights are named as
1) They are guaranteed and protected by the Constitution, which is the fundamental law of the land.
2) They are ‘fundamental’ and most essential for the all-round development (material, intellectual, moral
and spiritual) of the individual

Articles Related to Fundamental Rights (PART III on the Indian Constitution) at a Glance
General
• 12. Definition of State
• 13. Laws inconsistent with or in derogation of the Fundamental Rights
Right to Equality
• 14. Equality before law
• 15. Prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth
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• 16. Equality of opportunity in matters of public employment

• 17. Abolition of untouchability
• 18. Abolition of titles
Right to Freedom
• 19. Protection of certain rights regarding freedom of speech, etc. FR available only to citizens and not to
• 20. Protection in respect of conviction for offences foreigners
• 21. Protection of life and personal liberty • 15. Prohibition of discrimination on
• 21A. Right to education grounds of religion, race, caste, sex or
• 22. Protection against arrest and detention in certain cases place of birth
Right against Exploitation • 16. Equality of opportunity in matters of
• 23. Prohibition of traffic in human beings and forced labour public employment
• 24. Prohibition of employment of children in factories, etc. • 19. Protection of certain rights regarding
Right to Freedom of Religion freedom of speech, etc.
• 25. Freedom of conscience and free profession, practice and • 29. Protection of interests of minorities
• propagation of religion • 30. Right of minorities to establish and
• 26. Freedom to manage religious affairs administer educational institutions
• 27. Freedom as to payment of taxes for promotion of any
particular
• religion RIGHTS OUTSIDE PART III: These rights are
• 28. Freedom as to attendance at religious instruction or religious known as constitutional rights or legal
• worship in certain educational institutions. rights or non-fundamental rights. They are:
Cultural and Educational Rights
• 29. Protection of interests of minorities 1) No tax shall be levied or collected
except by authority of law (Article 265
• 30. Right of minorities to establish and administer educational
in Part XII).
institutions
2) No person shall be deprived of his
• 31. Compulsory acquisition of property—(Repealed)
property save by authority of law
Saving of Certain Laws
(Article 300-A in Part XII).
• 31A. Saving of laws providing for acquisition of estates, etc. 3) Trade, commerce and intercourse
• 31B. Validation of certain Acts and Regulations throughout the territory of India shall
• 31C. Saving of laws giving effect to certain directive principles be free (Article 301 in Part XIII).
• 31D. Saving of laws in respect of anti-national activities—
(Repealed)
Right to Constitutional Remedies
• 32. Remedies for enforcement of rights conferred by this part
• 32A. Constitutional validity of State laws not to be considered in proceedings under Article
• 32—(Repealed)
• 33. Power of Parliament to modify the rights conferred by this part in their application to forces, etc.
• 34. Restriction on rights conferred by this part while martial law is in force in any area
• 35. Legislation to give effect to the provisions of this part

Directive Principles of State Policy [Part IV of the Constitution from Articles 36 to 51]
• Borrowed this idea from the Irish Constitution of 1937, which had copied it from the Spanish Constitution.
• Dr B R Ambedkar described these principles as ‘novel features’ of the Indian Constitution.
• The Directive Principles along with the Fundamental Rights contain the philosophy of the Constitution and is the
soul of the Constitution.
• Granville Austin has described the Directive Principles and the Fundamental Rights as the ‘Conscience of the
Constitution
Socialistic Principles: These principles
Directive Principles of State Policy at a Glance reflect the ideology of socialism. They lay
• 36. Definition of State down the framework of a democratic
• 37. Application of the principles contained in this part socialist state, aim at providing social
• 38. State to secure a social order for the promotion of welfare of the and economic justice, and set the path
people towards welfare state.
• 39. Certain principles of policy to be followed by the State Article: 38, 39, 39A, 41, 42, 43, 43A, 47
To secure
a) the right to adequate means of livelihood for all citizens;
b) the equitable distribution of material resources of the community for the common good;
c) prevention of concentration of wealth and means of production;

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d) equal pay for equal work for men and women;
e) preservation of the health and strength of workers and children against forcible abuse;
f) opportunities for healthy development of children.
• 39A. Equal justice and free legal aid Gandhian Principles: They represent
• 40. Organisation of village panchayats the programme of reconstruction
• 41. Right to work, to education and to public assistance in certain cases enunciated by Gandhi during the
• 42. Provision for just and humane conditions of work and maternity relief national movement.
• 43. Living wage, etc., for workers Article: 40, 43, 43B, 46, 47, 48
• 43A. Participation of workers in management of industries
• 43B. Promotion of co-operative societies Liberal–Intellectual Principles: The
• 44. Uniform civil code for the citizens principles included in this category
• 45. Provision for early childhood care and education to children below the represent the ideology of liberalism.
age of six years Article: 44, 45, 48. 48A, 49, 50, 51
• 46. Promotion of educational and economic interests of Scheduled Castes,
Scheduled Tribes and other weaker sections
• 47. Duty of the State to raise the level of nutrition and the standard of living and to improve public health
• 48. Organisation of agriculture and animal husbandry
• 48A. Protection and improvement of environment and safeguarding of forests and wildlife
• 49. Protection of monuments and places and objects of national importance
• 50. Separation of judiciary from executive
• 51. Promotion of international peace and security

DPSP added in later years

1. The 42nd Amendment Act of 1976 added four new Directive Principles to the original list. They require the State:
i. To secure opportunities for healthy development of children (Article 39).
ii. To promote equal justice and to provide free legal aid to the poor (Article 39 A).
iii. To take steps to secure the participation of workers in the management of industries (Article 43 A).
iv. To protect and improve the environment and to safeguard forests and wildlife (Article 48 A).
2. The 44th Amendment Act of 1978 added one more Directive Principle, which requires the State to minimize
inequalities in income, status, facilities and opportunities (Article 38).
3. The 86th Amendment Act of 2002 changed the subject-matter of Article 45 and made elementary education a
fundamental right under Article 21 A. The amended directive requires the State to provide early childhood care
and education for all children until they complete the age of six years.
4. The 97th Amendment Act of 2011 added a new Directive Principle relating to co-operative societies. It requires
the state to promote voluntary formation, autonomous functioning, democratic control and professional
management of co-operative societies (Article 43B).

DPSP OUTSIDE PART IV

1. Claims of SCs and STs to Services: The claims of the members of the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled
Tribes shall be taken into consideration, consistently with the maintenance of efficiency of administration, in the
making of appointments to services and posts in connection with the affairs of the Union or a State (Article 335
in Part XVI).
2. Instruction in mother tongue: It shall be the endeavour of every state and every local authority within the state to
provide adequate facilities for instruction in the mother-tongue at the primary stage of education to children
belonging to linguistic minority groups (Article 350-A in Part XVII).
3. Development of the Hindi Language: It shall be the duty of the Union to promote the spread of the Hindi
language and to develop it so that it may serve as a medium of expression for all the elements of the composite
culture of India (Article 351 in Part XVII).

The above Directives are also non-justiciable in nature. However, they are also given equal importance and
attention by the judiciary on the ground that all parts of the constitution must be read together.

Difference between FR and DPSP

FR DPSP
Negative and prohibits the State from doing certain Positive and require the State to do certain things.
things.
Justiciable, and are legally enforceable by the courts if non-justiciable, not legally enforceable
violated
Establish political Democracy Establish social and economic democracy
Have Legal Sanctions Have moral and political Sanctions

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Personal and individualistic: Promote welfare of
individuals
Automatically enforced: Legislation not required for
implementation
The courts are bound to declare a law violative of
any of the Fundamental Rights as unconstitutional and
invalid.
Societarian and socialistic: Promote welfare of community
Not automatically enforced: require legislation for their
implementation
The courts cannot declare a law violative of any of the
Directive Principles as unconstitutional and invalid.
However, they can uphold the validity of a law on the
ground that it was enacted to give effect to a directive.

CONFLICT BETWEEN FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND DIRECTIVE PRINCIPLES

• Champakam Dorairajan case (1951): Directive Principles as subsidiary to the Fundamental Rights, and
Fundamental Rights could be amended by the Parliament by enacting constitutional amendment
• Golaknath v. State Of Punjab (Golaknath case) 1967: FR are Sacrosant and Parliament cannot take away or
abridge any of FR to implement DPSP
• Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala:
• Minerva Mills v. Union of India: Indian Constitution is founded on the bedrock of the balance between the
Fundamental Rights and the Directive Principles.

Fundamental Duties
• Inspired by the Constitution of erstwhile USSR.
• None of the Constitutions of major democratic countries like USA, Canada, France, Germany, Australia and
so on specifically contain a list of duties of citizens.
• Japanese Constitution is the only democratic Constitution in world which contains a list of duties of citizens.
• Sardar Swaran Singh Committee: Set up for recommendations about fundamental duties.
• 42nd Constitutional Amendment Act in 1976: added a new part, namely, Part IVA to the Constitution. This
new part consists of only one Article, that is, Article 51A
• They help the courts in examining and determining the constitutional validity of a law. In 1992, the Supreme
Court ruled that in determining the constitutionality of any law, if a court finds that the law in question seeks
to give effect to a fundamental duty, it may consider such law to be ‘reasonable’ in relation to Article 14
(equality before law) or Article 19 (six freedoms) and thus save such law from unconstitutionality.
• Protection and improvement of environment, forest & wildlife is found common place in both Fundamental
Duties and Directive Principles of State Policy
Article 51 A Contains duties as:
1. to abide by the Constitution and respect its ideals and institutions, the National Flag and the National
Anthem;
2. to cherish and follow the noble ideals that inspired the national struggle for freedom;
3. to uphold and protect the sovereignty, unity and integrity of India;
4. to defend the country and render national service when called upon to do so;
5. to promote harmony and the spirit of common brotherhood amongst all the people of India transcending
religious, linguistic and regional or sectional diversities and to renounce practices derogatory to the dignity of
women;
6. to value and preserve the rich heritage of the country’s composite culture;
7. to protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes, rivers and wildlife and to have
compassion for living creatures;
8. to develop scientific temper, humanism and the spirit of inquiry and reform;
9. to safeguard public property and to abjure violence;
10. to strive towards excellence in all spheres of individual and collective activity so that the nation constantly
rises to higher levels of endeavor and achievement; and
11. to provide opportunities for education to his child or ward between the age of six and fourteen years. [added
by the 86th Constitutional Amendment Act, 2002.]
Legal provisions for the implementation of some of the Fundamental Duties [As per Verma Committee on
Fundamental Duties, 1999]

1. The Prevention of Insults to National Honour Act (1971)

2. The various criminal laws in force provide for punishments for encouraging enmity between different sections
of people on grounds of language, race, place of birth, religion and so on.
3. The Protection of Civil Rights Act4 (1955) provides for punishments for offences related to caste and religion.
4. The Indian Penal Code (IPC) declares the imputations and assertions prejudicial to national integration as
punishable offences.

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5. The Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act of 1967 provides for the declaration of a communal organisation as
an unlawful association.
6. The Representation of People Act (1951) provides for the disqualification of members of the Parliament or a
state legislature for indulging in corrupt practice, that is, soliciting votes on the ground of religion or
promoting enmity between different sections of people on grounds of caste, race, language, religion and so
on.
7. The Wildlife (Protection) Act of 1972 prohibits trade in rare and endangered species.
8. The Forest (Conservation) Act of 1980 checks indiscriminate deforestation and diversion of forest land for
non-forest purposes.

Difference Between Adjournment, Prorogation and Dissolution

Adjournment Prorogation Dissolution
By Presiding office President President/Automatic (end of 5-year term)
It Terminates Sitting Session Dissolves Lok Sabha (Not Rajya Sabha)
• All pending Businesses, Bills, Motions, Resolutions,
Motions, petition – Lapse
No effect on Bills
• If any Pending Bill or Assurance- is waiting for committee
Effects No effect on Bills but Pending
examination- Does not Lapse.
Notices Lapses
• An Impeachment Motion for the removal of Judge does not
Lapse

Budget (The Constitution refers to the budget as the ‘annual financial statement’)
• Term ‘budget’ has nowhere been used in the Constitution but dealt with in Article 112 of the Constitution.
• The budget is a statement of the estimated receipts and expenditure of the Government of India in a
financial year
• The budget goes through the following six stages in the Parliament:
1. Presentation of budget.
2. General discussion.
3. Scrutiny by departmental committees.
4. Voting on demands for grants.
5. Passing of appropriation bill.
6. Passing of finance bill.

Difference between Appropriation and Finance Bill

Appropriation Bill Finance Bill
• It legalizes expenditure side of the budget • It legalizes income side of Budget
• No amendments that will affect/alter the grant voted is • It is passed to give effect to financial proposals of the
not allowed government for the following year
• It provides appropriation out of Consolidated fund of • It contains tax proposals.
India • So can be passed only after the demand for Grants have
• It is passed to meet been voted and total expenditure is known
1. Grants voted by Lok Sabha • Amendment motion can be moved
2. Expenditure charged upon Consolidated fund of • Can reject or reduce tax
India • It must be enacted (i.e. passed by parliament and
assented by President within 75 days)
Grants
Token Grant Discretionary Grant (Article 281) Statutory Grant (Article 275)
• It is Transfer of funds from one • Given to Central/State for any • It is given to states in need of financial
head to another public purpose assistance
• It is done by re-appropriation • It is given even if it is not within • Given on recommendation of Finance
of Demand for Grants their legislative competence commission
• Charged on Consolidated fund of India
• Can also be specific grant for state Welfare
Additional Grant Excess Grant
• Given for additional new • If the Money spent is excess than granted
service • It is voted by the Lok Sabha after the financial year.

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• Before the demands for excess grants are submitted to the Lok Sabha for voting,
they must be approved by the Public Accounts Committee of Parliament.
Exceptional Grant Supplementary Grant Vote of Credit
• For special Purpose • If the granted amount is found to • To meet unexpected demand
be insufficient
Motions
Adjournment Motion Censure Motion Substantive Motion
• Passed for urgent public importance • Should state a reason • Matters dealing with very very
• It’s a Censure against Government • Can be against a individual important subject
• Needs a support of 50 members minister e.g.
• An extraordinary device • Passed to sensor a specific • President impeachment
• Discussion should not last less than 2.5 hours policy • Chief Election Commissioner
• Rajya Sabha is not allowed to pass • If Passed Council of Removal
• If Passed Council of Ministers need not Resign Ministers need not Resign • Speaker Removal
No confidence Motion
• Need not state reason No Day yet named Motion
Calling Attention Motion
• Need support of 50 members • Admitted by Speaker
• Matter of Urgent public
• If Passed Council of Ministers must resign • But not given a date
importance is taken
• Is passed against entice COM
• Not by Rajya Sabha
Closure motion
• It Cuts short debate and if passed the matter is put to vote
Done in types
• Simple: if sufficiently discussed
• By Compartment: Grouped into parts and put to vote
• Kangaroo: Only important is taken and put to vote
• Guillotine: Undiscussed/discussed all put to vote
Budgetary Motions *[if any of the below motion is passed it shows the lack of confidence in the Government]
Policy cut Motion Economy cut Motion
Token Cut Motion
• It is a disapproval of a policy Amount is reduced to a specific
Amount is reduced by Rs100
• The amount is reduced to Rs1 amount

Demand for Grant Vote on Account Vote of Credit

The demands are presented ministry
wise.
A demand becomes a grant after it has
been duly voted.
Commission
States Reorganization Commission
• Linguistic Provinces Commission under S K Dhar
1948
• JVP (Jawaharlal Nehru, Vallahbhai Patel and
Pattabhi Sitaramayya) Committee 1948
• Fazl Ali Commision 1955
Dhebar Committee
Kothari Commission
Kapur Commission
Khosla Commission
Mandal Commission
• Rajamannar Committee 1969
• Anandpur Sahib Resolution 1973
• West Bengal Memorandum 1977
• Sarkaria Commission 1983
DNYANADEEP ACADEMY FOR UPSC AND MPSC, PUNE
1/6th of total estimation to carry on It’s a special circumstance grant to meet
normal proceedings till the unexpected expenditure
appropriation bill is passed
Commissions in India
Purpose
To recommend the reorganization of state boundaries.
• Dhar committee recommended the reorganization of states on the
basis of administrative convenience rather than linguistic factor.
• JVP committee rejected language as the basis for reorganization
of states.
• Fazl Ali Com: Accepted language as the basis of reorganization of
states. But it rejected the theory of ‘one language– one state’.
Status of PVTGs(Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups)
For educational reforms.
To inquire into Mahatma Gandhi’s assassination.
To re-investigate the death of Subhas Chandra Bose.
To consider seat reservations and quotas for people to redress
caste discrimination.
To examine center-state relations.
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 DNYANADEEP IAS SUPER SERIES – CAPF2019
• Punchi Commission 2007
Mukherjee Commission
Nanavati Commission
Name
Balvantrai Mehta Committee 1957
Ashok Mehta Committee 1977
G. V. K Rao
Dantwala Committee 1978
Hanumanthrao Committee 1984
L. M. Singhvi Committee 1986
Thungon Committee 1988
Gadgil Committee 1988
Narendran Commission
National Commission to review the working of the
Constitution
Nanavati-Shah commission
Commission for Religious and Linguistic Minorities
(Ranganath Misra Commission)
U.C. Banerjee Commission
Srikrishna Commission
Thakkar Commission
Phukan Commission
Upendra Commission
Shah Commission
Kalelkar Commission
Liberhan Commission
Sahariya Commission
Santhanam Committee on Prevention of
Corruption (1962-1964)
Union List
Defence, Foreign affairs, Banking,
Insurance, Currency and coinage,
Union duties and Taxes
Railways, Highways,
Shipping, Airways,
Posts and Telegraphs,
Foreign loans,
Reserve Bank of India, Lotteries
International Trade and
Commerce,
Corporation Tax and others.
DNYANADEEP ACADEMY FOR UPSC AND MPSC, PUNE
To re-investigate the death of Subhas Chandra Bose.
To inquire into the anti-Sikh riots of 1984.
Committee on working of Panchayat Raj
Recommendations
3 tier
2tier, Compulsory power of taxation, Social Audit, Nyaya Panchayats
and Constitutional recognition to Panchayats
More importance to lower levels, reduction in role of DC
Basic decentralization planning at District level
District Planning committee
Constitutional recognition to PR, More viable Gram Panchayats
Constitutional recognition to PR, 3tier and State Finance
Commission
Constitutional recognition to PR, 3tier, Fixed term, member directly
elected, Reservation for SC ST and Women, power to Levy collect
and Appropriate tax, State Finance Commission, State election
Commission
To examine the representation of Backward Classes in the State
public services.
To suggest changes in electoral laws.
To inquire into the Godhra incident and the communal riots that
ensued in 2002.
To investigate the issues of linguistic and religious minorities in
India.
To inquire into the Godhra incident and the communal riots that
ensued in 2002.
To investigate the cause of the 1992 Bombay riots.
To probe the assassination of Indira Gandhi.
To inquire into corruption allegations in the wake of the Tehelka
tapes controversy.
To probe the alleged rape and murder of Thangjam Manorama Devi.
To probe the excesses committed during the emergency (1975-77).
To promote and uplift the society’s deprived sections.
To probe the Babri Masjid demolition.
To review POTA implementation.
Recommended establishment of the CBI
Recommended establishment of the CVC
Division of Legislative Subjects
State List Concurrent List
Public order and police, Criminal law and Procedure, Civil
Local Government, Procedure, Marriage
Public Health and Sanitation, Contracts, Torts,
Agriculture, Forests, Fisheries. Trusts, Welfare of Labour.
State taxes and Duties, Economic and Social Planning and
State Public Services, Land Revenue, Education Forests,
Taxes on Agricultural Income, Estate Duty, Adulteration of Foodstuffs.
Taxes on Land and Buildings, Trade Unions, Electricity,
Alcoholic liquors for Human consumption, Newspapers, Books and
Taxes on the sale of
Electricity and others. Printing presses and others.
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ENVIRONMENT
In News
1. UNFCCC COP 24: The 24th Session of the of the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework
Convention on Climate Change (COP 24) was held in Katowice, Poland.
• Accounting Guidance Rules to guide the countries for their Climate pledges (“nationally determined
contributions”, NDCs), to compare pledges and to add them up as a global aggregate.
• Market mechanisms: It provides for the trading of carbon credits i.e. overachievement of NDCs, as well as
individual projects generating carbon credits for sale.
• The schemes and methodologies for the implementation of Sustainable Development Mechanism- SDM
would be discussed in COP-25. The SDM is intended to replace the Kyoto Protocol’s “Clean Development
Mechanism” (CDM) for carbon offsets.
• Loss and damage: The global stocktake rules add loss and damage clause.
• Setting up an expert compliance committee: The committee will be able to investigate countries that fail to
submit climate pledges.
• Talanoa Dialogue: The convention invited countries to consider the outcomes of the Talanoa dialogue in
preparing their NDCs and in efforts to enhance pre-2020 ambition.
2. The Uttarakhand High Court has declared the “entire animal kingdom including avian and aquatic” as legal
entities.
3. India for first will host the 14th session of Conference of Parties (COP-14) of United Nations Convention to
Combat Desertification (UNCCD) in September 2019 in New Delhi
4. The Environment Ministers Group of 20 (G-20) countries have agreed to adopt new implementation framework
for actions to tackle the issue of marine plastic waste on global scale.
5. Plastic Waste included in Basel Convention on the Control Of Hazardous Wastes, in a legally-binding framework,
in a move to quickly reduce amount of plastic being washed into world’s oceans.
6. International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has listed Hump-backed Mahseer as Critically Endangered
in the Red List of Threatened Species.
• The Hump-backed Mahseer is a species of freshwater ray-finned fish and is referred to as tiger of the water.
The Hump-backed Mahseer is found only in the Cauvery river basin including Pambar, Kabini and Bhavani
rivers.
7. Northeast Frontier Railway (NFR) called ‘Plan Bee’ to keep wild elephants away from train tracks has won the
‘Best Innovation Award’ in Indian Railways
8. Khangchendzonga Biosphere Reserve was included in the UNESCO’s World Network of Biosphere Reserve
(WNBR) under the Man and Biosphere Programme (MAB).
9. India has designated Sundarban Reserve Forests as the wetlands of International Importance, making it the
27th site in India. It is the largest tidal halophytic mangrove forest in the world.
10. India Biodiversity Award 2018 was conferred by the National Biodiversity Authority (NBA).
11. The Kaziranga National Park (KNP) [UNESCO world heritage site.] had been split into two divisions — the existing
Eastern Assam Wildlife and the new Biswanath Wildlife park with Brahmputra flowing in between.
12. Rajasthan has become the first State in the country to implement the national policy on biofuels.
13. World’s largest solar plant
• Ladakh will become the world’s largest singlelocation solar photo-voltaic plant with a installed capacity of
5,000 MW Capacity by 2023.
• Other high capacity project In India: Bhadla Solar Park (2255 MW capacity in Rajasthan); Kurnool (2000
MW capacity in Andhra Pradesh).
14. NMCG has started “Ganga Vriksharopan Abhiyan” in five main stem Ganga basin states – Uttarakhand, Uttar
Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand and West Bengal.
15. Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) Notification, 2018 (under the Environment Protection Act, 1986), based on the
recommendations of Shailesh Nayak Committee report (2016).
16. Centre has released a draft notification for earmarking Eco-Sensitive Area (ESA) in Western Ghats. Which
proposes nearly 37% of Western Ghats as ‘no go’ zone, as recommended by Kasturirangan Committee. (The
Madhav Gadgil panel had recommended 64% of western ghats as ESA).
17. Ministry of Power has launched Energy Conversation Building Code for residential buildings named Eco Nivas
Samhita, 2018 in order to promote energy efficiency in design and construction of homes and generate
awareness towards conservation.
18. PARIVESH (Pro-Active and Responsive facilitation by Interactive, Virtuous and Environmental Single window Hub):
An integrated environmental management system
19. The Palghar district in northern Maharashtra has been witnessing an unusual frequency of earthquakes since
November 2018. National Centre for Seismology (NCS) has categorized the unusual tremors as an ‘earthquake
swarm’.

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• Earthquake swarm: It is a series of low magnitude earthquakes that occur in a localized region and over a
period ranging from days, weeks to even months.
20. Excess water from South Lhonak lake (Sikkim) had to be siphoned to prevent Glacial Lakes Outburst Floods
(GLOFs)
21. India along with 23 countries participated in this major Indian ocean-wide tsunami mock drill, namely IOWAVE18.
organised by the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO (IOC-UNESCO).
22. India Meteorological Department (IMD), for the first time, has provided a country-wide soil moisture forecast
termed ‘Experimental Forecasts Land Surface Products’. It has been developed using the ‘Variable Infiltration
Capacity’ model that takes into consideration soil, vegetation, land use and land cover among other parameters.
23. Climate change could lead to decline of underwater kelp forests.
• Kelp forest are large brown algae seaweeds. They grow in "underwater forests" (kelp forests) in shallow
oceans.
• Kelps live further from the tropics than coral reefs, mangrove forests, and warm-water seagrass beds.
24. US mid-west experienced sub-zero temperatures due to a breakdown in the polar vortex.
• It is a large area of low pressure and cold air surrounding the Earth’s North and South Pole.
• The term refers to the counter-clockwise flow (clockwise over south pole) of air that
• There are not one but two polar vortexes in each hemisphere.
25. IMD recently launched the Ensemble Prediction Systems (EPS) to provide probabilistic weather forecasts upto
next 10 days. With this new model, India joins the US with a model that predicts with a 12 km resolution. Only
the 'European Center for Medium Range Weather Forecast' has a better 9km resolution.
26. Scientists have identified a new phase in Earth's geological history called the Meghalayan age. which is the
subdivision of the Holocene Epoch, began about 4,200 years ago and the most recent unit of the Geologic Time
Scale
• The Meghalayan Stage has been defined at a specific level in a stalagmite in the Mawmluh caves — one of
the India’s longest and deepest — in Cherrapunji, Meghalaya
27. The International Conference on Status and Protection of Coral Reefs (STAPCOR)-2018 took place recently at
Bangaram Coral Island of Lakshadweep. Theme of the conference was “Reef for Life”. It takes place every 10
year after the foundation of STAPCOR in 1998 when heavy bleaching of corals was observed internationally
because of Global warming, climate change and El-Nino effect.
28. United Nation Environment Program has awarded Wildlife Crime Control Bureau (WCCB) with Asia Environment
Enforcement Awards, 2018.
• WCCB coordinated “Operation Thunder Bird” (INTERPOL’s multi-national and multispecies enforcement
operation) in India.
• WCCB has launched “Operation wildnet” to counter the menace of the illegal trade through internet.
29. Lake Urmia: It is an endorheic (which do not drain to the sea) salt lake in Iran.
• The lake has shrunk to 10% of its former size due to damming of the rivers that flow into it, and the pumping
of groundwater from the surrounding area.
• Lake Urmia is designated as a site of international importance under the UN Convention on Wetlands.
30. Indian Ocean Research Vehicle (IORV) Sagar Nidhi as part of India- US expedition seeking to find answers to
vagaries of Bay of Bengal fed South-West Monsoon was set out in Indian Ocean. The project is funded by the
Ministry of Earth Sciences and the US Office on Naval Research.
31. Butterfly species Tamil yeoman (Cirrochroa thais) has been officially declared as state butterfly of Tamil Nadu.
32. The Green Rating for Integrated Habitat Assessment (GRIHA) Council has launched a rating tool ‘GRIHA for
Existing Day Schools’ to evaluate the environmental performance of existing schools across India.
33. Nekton Mission is aimed at enhancing the humanities knowledge and understanding of the world’s oceans to
speed up the protection and governance of our last great wilderness, the deep ocean.
34. The IQAir AirVisual 2018 World Air Quality Report was compiled by Greenpeace in association with IQAir AirVisual.
The index measures the presence of fine particulate matter PM2.5 in the air.
35. India, Bhutan, Nepal, Indonesia and Malaysia have signed the New Delhi Declaration on Asian Rhinos 2019
declaration
36. Spotted Cheetahs being translocated from Namibia would be kept at Nauradehi sanctuary in Madhya Pradesh.
37. India’s first specialised hydrotherapy treatment centre (water clinic) for elephants was opened in Mathura, Uttar
Pradesh.
38. India, the fourth largest carbon emitter, Paris Climate Commitment to reduce its emissions by 33–35 percent by
2030 compared to 2005 levels 40 percent of total energy demand from non-fossil fuel sources by 2030 33
percent forest cover
39. India is the cheapest solar energy producer: IRENA report

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There are 104 existing national parks in India covering an area of 40501.13 km2, which is 1.23% of the geographical
area of the country (National Wildlife Database, May, 2019).

National Parks, Wildlife Sanctuaries and Power Plants

Wildlife Sanctuaries
States National Parks (NP) Power Plants
(WLS)
• Dachigam National Park
J&K • Gulmarg WLS
• Hemis National Park
Capital: Jammu (Winter) • Limber WLS
Srinagar (Summer) • Kishtwar National Park
• Nandini WLS
• Salim Ali National Park
• Bandli WLS
• Pin Valley National Park • Daranghati WLS
• Girinagar Hydel Project
• Great Himalayan National Park • Dhauladhar WLS
Himachal Pradesh • Binwa Hydel Project
• Inderkilla National Park • Nargu WLS
Capital: Shimla • Rangtong Hydel Project
• Khirganga National Park • Pong Dam Lake WLS
• Baner&Neugal Project
• Simbalbara National Park • Shilli WLS
• Talra WLS
• Abohar WLS
Punjab • Guru Gobind Singh Super
• Harike Lake WLS
Capital: Chandigarh Thermal Power Plant
• Jhajjar Bacholi WLS
• Gorakhpur Atomic Power
• Bhindawas WLS
Haryana • Kalesar National Park Station
• Kalesar WLS
Capital: Chandigarh • Sultanpur National Park • Deenbandhu Chhotu
• Khaparwas WLS
• Ram TPS Rajiv Gandhi TPS
Forests and Climate Change (MoEFCC) has issued notification declaring the area around the boundary of Asola Bhatti
Wildlife Sanctuary an Eco-Sensitive Zone (ESZ).
Asola Bhatti Wildlife Sanctuary: located on Southern Delhi Ridge of Aravalli hill range on Delhi-Haryana border.
• Hastinapur WLS • Narora Atomic Power
• Ranipur WLS Station
UP • Sohagibarwa WLS • Rihand Thermal Power
• Dudhwa National Park
Capital: Lucknow • Sur Sarovar WLS Station
• Chandraprabha WLS • Anpara Thermal Power
• National Chambal WLS Station
• Gautam Budha WLS
• Kahalgaon Super Thermal
Bihar • Kaimur WLS
• Valmiki National Park Power Station
Capital: Patna • Pant (Rajgir) WLS
• Barauni TPS
• Valmiki WLS
• Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin Sanctuary is located in Bhagalpur District.
• The sanctuary is a 50 km stretch of the Ganges River from Sultanganj to Kahalgaon. Designated in 1991, it is
protected area for the endangered Gangetic dolphins in Asia.
• Badalkhol WLS • Sipat Thermal Power Plant
• Indravati National Park
Chattisgarh • Bhairamgarh WLS • Hasdeo TPS
• Kanger Valley National Park
Capital: Raipur • Bhoramdev WLS • Bhilai Expansion Power
• Guru Ghasi Das (Sanjay)
• Udanti Wild Buffalo WLS Plant
• Chandrapura TPS
Jharkhand CM: • Lawalong WLS
• Koderma Thermal Power
Raghuvar Capital: • Betla National Park • Palkot WLS
Station
Ranchi • Parasnath WLS
• Bokaro TPS
• Coringa WLS
• Kolleru WLS • Simhadri Super Thermal
Andhra Pradesh • Nellapattu WLS Power Plant
Capital: Amravathi • Sri Venkateswara National Park • Pulicat Lake WLS • Sri Damodaram
[*Hyderabad initially] • Rajiv Gandhi (Nagarjuna Sanjeevaiah Thermal Power
SagarSrisailam) WLS Station
• Rollapadu WLS
Telangana
• Mrugavani National Park • Kawal WLS
Capital: Hyderabad

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• Dibru-Saikhowa NP • Amchang WLS

• Kaziranga National Park • Chakrashila WLS
Assam • Manas National Park • Dihing Patkai WLS • Bongaigaon Thermal Power
Capital: Dispur • Nameri National Park • East Karbi Anglong WLS Plant
• Rajiv Gandhi Orang National • North Karbi Anglong WLS
Park • Nambor WLS
• Assam Spring Festival was held at Manas National Park
• Tiger population increased by 50% in Manas
• Manas National Park (or Manas wildlife sanctuary) is UNESCO Natural World Heritage site, a Project Tiger reserve, an
elephant reserve and a biosphere reserve in Assam.
• In a recent census Kaziranga National Park revealed that there was a marginal increase in the population of the one-
horned rhinoceros here.
Kaziranga National Park
• The sanctuary hosts two-thirds of the world’s great one-horned rhinoceroses
• Tigers: Kaziranga is home to the highest density of tigers among protected areas in the world, and was declared a
Tiger Reserve in 2006The sanctuary hosts two-thirds of the world’s great one-horned rhinoceroses
• Kaziranga is recognized as an Important Bird Area by BirdLife International for conservation of avifaunal species.
• Located on the edge of the Eastern Himalaya biodiversity hotspot, the park combines high species
• diversity and visibility
Orang tiger reserve
• It is 49th Tiger Reserve of country, notified in 2016.
• It is also known as the mini Kaziranga National Park (IUCN site) since the two parks have a similar landscape made up
of marshes, streams and grasslands.
• Bondla WLS
• Madei WLS
Goa • Bhagwan Mahavir (Mollem)
Capital: Panaji • Bhagwan Mahavir
National Park
(Mollem) WLS
• Netravali WLS
• Jambugodha WLS
• Jessore WLS
• Kutch Desert WLS • Mundra Thermal Power
• Blackbuck National Park,
Velavadar • Mitiyala WLS Station
• Porbandar Lake WLS • Ukai Thermal Power Station
Gujarat • Gir Forest National Park
Capital: Gandhinagar • Marine National Park • Rampara Vidi WLS • Akrimota Thermal Power
• Ratanmahal WLS Station
• Gulf of Kutch
• Shoolpaneswar • Kakrapar Nuclear Power
• Bansda National Park
(Dhumkhal) WLS Plant
• Thol Lake WLS Wild Ass
WLS
Banni Grassland: It is arid grassland ecosystem in Kutch region of Gujarat.
It is believed to be the last known habitat of cheetah in India
PM released a book named "Birds of Banni Grassland”
• Arabithittu WLS
• Attiveri WLS
• Bhadra WLS
• Bandipur National Park • Bhimgad WLS • Raichur Thermal Power
• Bannerghatta National Park • Brahmagiri WLS Station
Karnataka
• Kudremukh National Park • Cauvery WLS • Udupi Thermal Power Plant
Capital: Bangalore
• Nagarhole National Park • Nugu WLS • Bellary Thermal Power
• Anshi national park • Pushpagiri WLS Station
• Ranganathittu Bird WLS
• Sharavathi Valley WLS
• Someshwara WLS
• Eravikulam National Park • Aralam WLS
• Mathikettan Shola National Park • Chimmony WLS
Kerala • Brahmapuram Power
• Periyar National Park • Idukki WLS
Capital: Station
• Silent Valley National Park • Malabar WLS
Trivandampuram • Kayamkulam Power Station
• Anamudi Shola National Park • Mangalavanam Bird WLS
• Pampadum Shola NP • Neyyar WLS
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• Periyar WLS T
• hattekad Bird WLS
Periyar National Park
• It is notable as an elephant reserve and a tiger reserve.
• The park is a repository of rare, endemic and endangered flora and fauna and forms the major watershed of
two important rivers of Kerala, the Periyar and the Pamba.
Idukky Wildlife Sanctuary
The Forest type:
• West Coast Tropical Evergreen forests,
• Semi Evergreen forests,
• Moist Deciduous Forests,
• Hill shoals and Grass Lands
Biodiversity: Elephant, Sambar, Barking Deer, Mouse deer, Bonnet macaque, Nilgiri Langur, Malabar giant
squirrel, Great Indian Hornbill, Grey-headed Bulbul etc.
• Kanha National Park
• Bori WLS
• Madhav National Park • Vindhyachal Super Thermal
• Gandhi Sagar WLS
• Mandla Plant Fossils National Power Station
• Ghatigaon WLS
Park • Sant Singaji Thermal Power
• Ken Gharial WLS
• Panna National Park Plant
MP • Narsighgarh WLS
• Pench National Park • Satpura Thermal Power
Capital: Bhopal • National Chambal WLS
• Sanjay National Park Station
• Orcha WLS
• Satpura National Park Van • Amarkantak TPS
• Kuno WLS
• Vihar National park • Sasan Ultra Mega Power
• Sardarpur WLS Project
• Dinosaur Fossils NP
• Son Gharial WLS
• Fossil NP
Kanha Tiger Reserve
It had inspired Rudyard Kipling for his famous novel Jungle Book.
The park has a significant population of Bengal tiger, Indian leopards, sloth bear, barasingha and Indian wild dog.
• Aner Dam WLS
• Bhamragarh WLS
• Bhimashankar WLS
• Chandoli National Park • Great Indian Bustard • Tarapur Atomic Power
• Navegaon National Park WLS Station
Maharashtra • Tadoba National Park • Jaikwadi WLS • Tirora Thermal Power
Capital: Mumbai • Gugamal national park • Koyana WLS Station
• Pench (Jawaharlal Nehru) NP • Nagzira WLS • Amravati Thermal Power
• Sanjay Gandhi (Borivilli) NP • Painganga WLS Plant
• Radhanagari WLS
• Sagareshwar WLS
• Tipeshwar WLS
Manipur • YangoupokpiLokchao
• Keibul Lamjao National Park
Capital: Imphal WLS
• Baghmara Pitcher Plant
Meghalaya • Balphakram National Park WLS
Capital: Shillong • Nokrek National Park • Nongkhyllem WLS
• Siju WLS
• Dampa WLS (TR)
Mizoram • Murlen National Park • Ngengpui WLS
Capital: Aizawl • Phawngpui Blue National Park • Pualreng WLS Tokalo
WLS
• Fakim WLS
Nagaland • Dikhu Hydro Electric Power
• Intanki National Park • Puliebadze WLS
Capital: Kohima Plant
• Rangapahar WLS
• Badrama WLS
• Baisipalli WLS
Odisha
• Bhitarkanika National Park • Chilika (Nalaban) WLS • Talcher Super Thermal
Capital:
Bhubaneshawer • Simlipal National Park • Hadgarh WLS Power Station
• Khalasuni WLS
• Satkosia Gorge WLS
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Bhitarkanika National Park: Ramsar Convention site since 2002
• Gahirmatha Beach and Marine Sanctuary lies to the east.
• It is home to Saltwater Crocodile (Crocodylus porosus), White Crocodile, Indian python, King Cobra, black ibis,
darters and many other species of flora and fauna.
• The sanctuary is the second largest mangrove ecosystem in India.
• The national park and wildlife sanctuary is inundated by a number of rivers - Brahmani, Baitarni, Dhamra, Pathsala
Gahirmatha Marine Sanctuary
• It is very famous for its nesting beach for olive ridley sea turtles.
• It is the one of world’s most important nesting beach for turtles.
Nalbana Bird Sanctuary or Nalbana Island is the core area of the Ramsar designated wetlands of CHILIKA LAKE
Simlipal National park
• Its reserve is part of UNESCO World Network of Biosphere Reserves since 2009.
• It was the second largest national park in India.
• It is home to 99 royal Bengal tigers and 432 wild elephants.
• Besides it is famous for gaurs (Indian bison), chausingha as well as an orchidarium.
• Bundh Baratha WLS
• Darrah WLS
• Jawahar Sagar WLS
• Sariska National Park
• Kailadevi WLS
• Ranthambore National Park • Chhabra Thermal Power
Rajasthan • Mount Abu WLS
• Darrah National Park Station
Capital: Jaipur • Ramsagar WLS
• Desert National Park • Suratgarh Power Station
• Sariska WLS
• Keoladeo National Park
• Sawai Man Singh WLS
• Shergarh WLS
• Sitamata WLS
• Fambong Lho WLS
Sikkim • Khangchendzonga National Park • Kitam WLS (Bird) • Rangit Hydro Electric Power
Capital: Gangtok (KNP) • Maenam WLS Project
• Pangolakha WLS
KNP was added in the ’mixed’ heritage site category in its list of World Heritage Sites by UNESCO
It exhibits qualities of both natural and cultural significance
• Indira Gandhi
(Annamalai) WLS
• Mudumalai National Park • Kalakad WLS
• Karaivetti WLS • Kudankulam Nuclear
• Mukurthi National Park
Power Plant
Tamil Nadu • Indira Gandhi (Annamalai) • Karikili WLS
• Neyveli Thermal
Capital: Chennai • Guindy National Park • Mudumalai WLS
• Tuticorin Thermal Power
• Gulf of Mannar Marine National • Pulicat Lake WLS Station
Park • Vaduvoor WLS
• Vedanthangal WLS
• Vettangudi WLS
• Gumti WLS
Tripura • Palatana Thermal Power
• Bison( Rajbari ) National Park • Rowa WLS
Capital: Agartala Plant
• Clouded Leopard National Park • Sepahijala WLS
• Trishna WLS
• Gangotri National Park
• Askot Musk Deer WLS
• Jim Corbett National Park
• Binsar WLS • Chibro Power Plant
Uttarakhand • Valley of Flowers National Park
• Govind Pashu Vihar WLS • Khodri Power Plant
Capital: Dehradun • Govind NP
• Kedarnath WLS • Chilla Power Plant
• Nanda Devi NP
• Sonanadi WLS
• Rajaji NP
• Mejia Thermal Power
• Buxa National Park (TR) • Ballavpur WLS Station
• Neora Valley NationalPark • Chintamani Kar Bird • Farakka Super Thermal
WB • Singalila National Park Sanctuary Power Station
Capital: Kolkata • Sundarbans National Park • Haliday Island WLS • Kolaghat Thermal Power
• Gorumara NP • Lothian Island WLS Station
• Jaldapara NP • Mahananda WLS • Bakreshwar Thermal Power
Station
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• Durgapur Steel Thermal

Power Station
Buxa Tiger Reserve
• Its northern boundary runs along the international border with Bhutan
• The fragile "Terai Eco-System" constitutes a part of this reserve.
• The Phipsu Wildlife Sanctuary of Bhutan is contiguous to the north of BTR.
• Animals found -tiger, civet, elephant, gaur (Indian bison), Indian boar and red jungle fowl
• The Buxa Tiger Reserve has been identified for the tiger augmentation programme by the National Tiger Conservation
Authority (NTCA).
• The tigers from the forest reserves of Assam, which have a similar flora and fauna, will be introduced in Buxa.
Sunderban Reserve Forest to get Ramsar site status
• Namdapha National Park
Arunachal Pradesh
• Mouling National Park

UNESCO World Heritage Site:

1. Great Himalayan National Park Conservation Area 2014
2. Kaziranga National Park 1985
3. Keoladeo National Park 1985
4. Manas Wildlife Sanctuary 1985
5. Nanda Devi and Valley of Flowers National Parks 1988
6. Sundarbans National Park 1987
7. Western Ghats 2012

Biosphere reserves of India (area wise)

Year Name Location State Type Key fauna
Nilgiri Part of Waynad, Nagarhole, Tamil Nadu,
Nilgiri tahr, lion-tailed
1986 Biosphere Bandipur and Mudumalai, Kerala and Western Ghats
macaque
Reserve Nilambur, Silent Valley Karnataka
Nanda Devi
National Parts of Chamoli District,
Western Snow Leopard,
1988 Park & Pithoragarh District &Bageshwar Uttarakhand
Himalayas Himalayan Black Bear
Biosphere District
Reserve
Indian part of Gulf of Mannar
extending from Rameswaram
Gulf of
1989 island in the North to Tamil Nadu Coasts Dugong or sea cow
Mannar
Kanyakumari in the South of
Tamil Nadu and Sri Lanka
1988 Nokrek In west Garo Hills Meghalaya East Himalayas Red panda
Part of delta of Ganges and
1989 Sundarbans West Bengal Gangetic Delta Royal Bengal tiger
Brahmaputra river system
Part of Kokrajhar, Bongaigaon,
Golden langur, red
1989 Manas Barpeta,Nalbari, Kamrup and Assam East Himalayas
panda
Darrang Districts
Deccan Gaur, royal Bengal tiger,
1994 Simlipal Part of Mayurbhanj district Odisha
Peninsula elephant
Dihang- Arunachal Mishmi Takin, Musk
1998 Part of Siang and Dibang Valley Eastern Himalaya
Dibang Pradesh Deer
Pachmarhi Parts of Betul District,
Madhya Giant squirrel, flying
1999 Biosphere Hoshangabad Districtand Semi-Arid
Pradesh squirrel
Reserve Chhindwara District
Four-horned antelope,
Achanakma
Indian wild dog,Sarus
r- Madhya
Part of Annupur, Dindori and crane, White-rumped
2005 Amarkantak Pradesh,Ch Maikala Hills
Bilaspur districts vulture,Philautus
Biosphere hattisgarh
sanctisilvaticus (Sacred
Reserve
grove bush frog)

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Part of Kutch, Rajkot,
Great Rann
2008 Surendranagar and Patan Gujarat Desert Indian wild ass
of Kutch
Districts
Pin Valley National Park and
surroundings;Chandratal and Himachal Western
2009 Cold Desert Snow leopard
Sarchu & Kibber Wildlife Pradesh Himalayas
Sancturary
Khangchen Snow leopard, red
2000 Parts of Kangchenjunga Sikkim East Himalayas
dzonga panda
Agasthyama
Neyyar, Peppara and Shenduruny
lai Kerala,Tami
2001 Wildlife Sanctuary and their Western Ghats Nilgiri tahr, elephants
Biosphere l Nadu
adjoining areas
Reserve
Researchers have discovered new grass-like plant species named Fimbristylis agasthyamalaensis in Ponmudi hills
within the Agasthyamala Biosphere Reserve.
Great
Andaman
Nicobar Southern most islands of
1989 and Nicobar Islands Saltwater crocodile
Biosphere Andaman and Nicobar Islands
Islands
Reserve
Dibru- Part of Dibrugarh and Tinsukia
1997 Assam East Himalayas Golden langur
Saikhowa districts
Seshachalam Hill Ranges covering
Seshachala Andhra
2010 parts of Chittoor and Kadapa Eastern Ghats Slender Loris
m Hills Pradesh
districts
Part of Panna District and Madhya Catchment Area Tiger, chital, chinkara,
2011 Panna
Chhatarpur District Pradesh of the Ken River sambhar and sloth bear

INDIA ‘s Biosphere Reserves in UNESCO’S WNBR. (Total 11)

Nilgiri Tamil, Gulf of Mannar, Sunderbans, Nanda Devi, Nokrek, Pachmarhi, Similipal, Achanakmar Amarkantak,
Great Nicobar, Agasthyamalai Biosphere Reserve, Khangchendzonga National Park

List of Tiger Reserves Core & Buffer Areas

Sl.No. Name of Tiger Reserve (Year of creation) State
1 Bandipur (1973-74) Karnataka
2 Corbett (1973-74) Uttarakhand
Amangarh (buffer of Corbett TR) 2012 Uttar Pradesh
3 Kanha (1973-74) Madhya Pradesh
4 Manas (1973-74) Assam
5 Melghat (1973-74) Maharashtra
6 Palamau (1973-74) Jharkhand
7 Ranthambore (1973-74) Rajasthan
8 Similipal (1973-74) Odisha
9 Sunderbans (1973-74) West Bengal
10 Periyar (1978-79) Kerala
11 Sariska (1978-79) Rajasthan
12 Buxa (1982-83) West Bengal
13 Indravati (1982-83) Chhattisgarh
14 Namdapha (1982-83) Arunachal Pradesh
15 Dudhwa (1987-88) Uttar Pradesh
16 Kalakad-Mundanthurai (1988-89) Tamil Nadu
17 Valmiki (1989-90) Bihar
18 Pench (1992-93) Madhya Pradesh
19 Tadoba-Andhari (1993-94) Maharashtra
20 Bandhavgarh (1993-94) Madhya Pradesh
21 Panna (1994-95) Madhya Pradesh
22 Dampa (1994-95) Mizoram
23 Bhadra (1998-99) Karnataka
24 Pench (1998-99) Maharashtra
25 Pakke (1999-2000) Arunachal Pradesh
26 Nameri (1999-2000) Assam

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27 Satpura (1999-2000) Madhya Pradesh
28 Anamalai (2008-09) Tamil Nadu
29 Udanti-Sitanadi (2008-09) Chattisgarh
30 Satkosia (2008-09) Odisha
31 Kaziranga (2008-09) Assam
32 Achanakmar (2008-09) Chattisgarh
33 Dandeli-Anshi (Kali) (2008-09) Karnataka
34 Sanjay-Dubri (2008-09) Madhya Pradesh
35 Mudumalai (2008-09) Tamil Nadu
36 Nagarahole (2008-09) Karnataka
37 Parambikulam (2008-09) Kerala
38 Sahyadri (2009-10) Maharashtra
39 Biligiri Ranganatha Temple (2010-11) Karnataka
40 Kawal (2012-13) Telangana
41 Sathyamangalam (2013-14) Tamil Nadu
42 Mukandra Hills (2013-14) Rajasthan
43 Nawegaon-Nagzira (2013-14) Maharashtra
44 Nagarjunsagar Srisailam (1982-83) Andhra Pradesh
45 Amrabad 2014 Telangana
46 Pilibhit 2014 Uttar Pradesh
47 Bor 2014 Maharashtra
48 Rajaji 2015 Uttarakhand
49 Orang 2016 Assam
50 Kamlang 2016 Arunachal Pradesh

List of Ramsar sites (related to wetland) in India

Name Location
1 Ashtamudi Wetland Kerala
2 Bhitarkanika Mangroves Odisha
3 Bhoj Wetland Madhya Pradesh
4 Chandra Taal Himachal Pradesh
5 Chilika Lake Odisha
6 Deepor Beel Assam
7 East Kolkata Wetlands West Bengal
8 Harike Wetland Punjab
9 Hokera Wetland Jammu and Kashmir
10 Kanjli Wetland Punjab
11 Keoladeo National Park Rajasthan
12 Kolleru Lake Andhra Pradesh
13 Loktak Lake Manipur
14 Nalsarovar Bird Sanctuary Gujarat
15 Point Calimere Wildlife and Bird Sanctuary Tamilnadu
16 Pong Dam Lake Himachal Pradesh
17 Renuka Lake Himachal Pradesh
18 Ropar Wetland Punjab
19 Rudrasagar Lake Tripura
20 Sambhar Lake Rajasthan
21 Sasthamkotta Lake Kerala
22 Surinsar-Mansar Lakes Jammu and Kashmir
23 Tsomoriri Jammu and Kashmir
24 Upper Ganga River (Brijghat to Narora Stretch) Uttar Pradesh
25 Vembanad-Kol Wetland Kerala
26 Wular Lake Jammu and Kashmir
27 Sundarban Wetland West Bengal

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Elephant Reserves
Sl.
Elephant Range Elephant Reserve State
No.
1. Mayurjharna ER West Bengal
2. Singhbhum ER Jharkhand
3. Mayurbhanj ER Orissa
East-Central Landscape 4. Mahanadi ER Orissa
1 (South-West Bengal- Jharkhand - Orissa) 5. Sambalpur ER Orissa
6. Baitami ER Orissa
7. South Orissa ER Orissa
8. Lemru ER Chhattishgarh
9. Badalkhol - Tamorpingla ER Chhattishgarh
Kameng-Sonitpur Landscape 10. Kameng ER Arunachal
2
(Arunachal - Assam) 11. Sonitpur ER * Assam
Eastern-South Bank Landscape 12. Dihing-Patkai ER Assam
3
(Assam - Arunachal) 13. South Arunachal ER Arunachal
14. Kaziranga-Karbi Anglong ER Assam
Kaziranga-Karbi Anglong-Intanki Landscape
4 15. Dhansiri-Lungding ER Assam
(Assam - Nagaland)
16. Intanki ER Nagaland
North Bengal- Greater Manas Landscape 17. Chirang-Ripu ER Assam
5
(Assam - West Bengal) 18. Eastern Dooars ER West Bengal
Meghalaya Landscape 19. Garo Hills ER Meghalaya
6
(Meghalaya) 20. Khasi-hills ER # Meghalaya
21. Mysore ER Karnataka
22. Wayanad ER Kerala
Brahmagiri-Nilgiri-Eastern Ghat Landscape 23. Nilgiri ER Tamil Nadu
7
(Karnataka - Kerala- Tamilnadu- Andhra) 24. Rayala ER Andhra
25. Nilambur ER Kerala
26. Coimbatore ER Tamil Nadu
Anamalai-Nelliampathy- High Range Landscape 27. Anamalai ER Tamil Nadu
8
(Tamilnadu - Kerala) 28. Anamudi ER Kerala
Periyar-Agasthyamalai Landscape 29. Periyar ER Kerala
9
(Kerala - Tamilnadu) 30. Srivilliputhur ER Tamil Nadu
North-Western Landscape 31. Shivalik ER Uttarakhand
10
(Uttarakhand - Uttar Pradesh) 32. Uttar Pradesh ER U.P.

Mangrove sites in India

State/Union Territories Mangrove Sites
West Bengal Sunderbans
Orissa Bhaitarkanika, Mahanadi, Subarnarekha, Devi-Kauda, Dhamra, Mangrove Genetic
Resources Centre, Chilka
Andhra Pradesh Coringa East, Godavari, Krishna
Andaman & Nicobar North Andaman, Nicobar
Tamil Nadu Pichavaram, Muthupet, Ramnad, Pulicat, Kaznuveli
Kerala Vembanad, Kannur (North Kerala)
Karnataka Coondapur, Dakshin Kannada/ Hannavar, Karwar, Mangalore Forest Division
Goa Goa
Maharashtra Achra-Ratnagiri, Dev garh-Vijay, Durg, Veldur, Kundalika-Revdnada, Mumbra-Diva, Vikroli,
Shreevardhan, Vaitarna, Vasai-Manori, Malvan
Gujarat Gulf of Kutchh, Gulf of Khambhat, Dumas-Ubhrat

Local term for Sacred Groves in States

1. Andhra Pradesh: Pavithravana
2. Arunachal Pradesh: Gumpa Forests (attached to Buddhist monestries)
3. Goa: Deorai, Pann
4. Jharkhand: Sarana
5. Karnataka: Devara Kadu
6. Kerala: Kavu, Sara Kavu
7. Maharashtra: Devrai, Devrahati, Devgudi
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8. Manipur: Gamkhap, Mauhak ( sacred bamboo reserves)
9. Meghalaya: Ki Law Lyngdoh, Ki Law Kyntang, Ki Law Niam
10. Orissa: Jahera, Thakuramma
11. Puducherry: Kovil Kadu
12. Rajasthan: Orans, Kenkris, Jogmaya
13. Tamil Nadu: Swami shola, Koilkadu
14. UttaraKhand: Deo Bhumi, Bugyal (sacred alpine meadows)
15. West Bengal: Garamthan, Harithan, Jahera, Sabitrithan, Santalburithan

Difference between BR, WLS and NP

Biosphere Reserve Wildlife Sanctuary National Park
National park is
These are areas of terrestrial and coastal Refers to the geographical
another protected
ecosystems promoting solutions to reconcile area which is reserved
area kept apart for the
Definition the conservation of biodiversity with its exclusively for the
conservation of wild
sustainable use conservation of bio-diversity
life
Human Not in the core zone and very limited in the Limited human activity is No human activity is
activity buffer zone allowed allowed
Biosphere Reserves have specific geographical
Usually, not as well marked
boundaries and may be completely inland,
as in the case of a national Properly marked
Boundary along the coast or defined by the borders of
park
their natural watersheds.
Degree of A higher level of
Permanente A good level of permanency
permanency permanency
Nominated by national government which meet
Usually through a competent
a minimal set of criteria and adhere to minimal Usually by the national
authority like chief
Establishment set of conditions for inclusion in the world or federal government
conservator of forests, etc.
network of Biosphere reserves.

The scheme of 'Assistance for the Development of National Parks and Sanctuaries' was reformulated and renamed
as 'Integrated Development of Wildlife Habitats (IDWH)' during the 11th Plan period (2007-2012).
Species under IDWH Scheme: 9. Indian Rhino or Great One-horned Rhinoceros
1. Asian Wild Buffalo 10. Jerdon’s Courser
2. Asiatic Lion 11. Malabar Civet
3. Brow-Antlered Deer or Sangai 12. Marine Turtles*
4. Dugong 13. Nicobar Megapode
5. Edible Nest Swiftlet 14. Nilgiri Tahr
6. Gangetic River Dolphin 15. Snow Leopard
7. Great Indian Bustard 16. Swamp Deer
8. Hangul 17. Vultures*

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HISTORY
Ancient
Terms and their Meanings
Terms Meanings
Agnikula Some group of Rajput clans who claim to have arisen from Yajna Havana-Kunda
Agrahara Contribution of land or taxes from a village by the king to the Brahmins
Ajivika A heterodox sect closer to Jainism, It prospered at the time of the Buddha
Amatya Official title for a higher official used from the Mauryan Period.
Aranyakas These are Vedic texts, Composed by hermits
Artha Prosperity and well-being, One of the four aims of life of a Hindu
Arthashastra Written by Kautilya, Ancient Indian treatise on economic policy, statecraft, and military strategy
Ashramas The four stages of life, One facet of the Dharma concept in Hinduism
Ayukta Title of an officer often used in the Mauryan period
Bhagavata A sect dedicated to Lord Vishnu
Bhukti Gupta period administrative unit of a kingdom
Bodhisattva A individual who attains nirvana by working for the welfare of the world
Brahmacharya The first of the four stages (Ashramas) of life.
Brahmanas A collection of ancient Indian texts with annotations on the hymns of the four Vedas
Chaitya A Buddhist place of worship.
Charvaka It is known as Lokayata and Bṛhaspatya, An ancient school of Indian materialism
Devadana Contributed revenue assigned to a temple
Dharma Piety, Morality – a way of life
Digambara A Jain sect, This sect believes that to attain Moksha, one must give up the luxury of clothes also.
Garbhagriha The sanctum of the Hindu temple.
Gayatri mantra The very important verse from the Rig Veda
Grama A village
Hinayana One of the two major Buddhist sects
Jati Family or a group of people defined by their profession
Kaliyuga The fourth and final era
Karma Action
Kharoshthi Ashokan inscription of Shahbazgari and Manashera are written in this script
Kula The clan or extended family
Mandalam An administrative unit, frequently used in south India.
Matha A center of education attached to a religious establishment
Nagara Temple architecture style developed in central and Northern India
Nishaka A term used for coin
Pana A term used for coin
Rajuka An official designation used in the Mauryan period
Rashtra Country
Samiti A larger assembly
Satamana A silver coin which weighed about 180 grains.
Sati A Practice one who has sacrifice herself on the funeral pyre of her husband.
Stupa Domical structure containing relics of the Buddha.
Theravada A Buddhist sect
Upanishads The philosophical texts included in Vedic literature
Varna Four-fold division of Hindu society

The Edicts of Ashoka

Erected pillars and edicts all over the subcontinent and even in modern-day Afghanistan, Nepal, Bangladesh and
Pakistan to spread the Buddha’s word. James Prinsep, a British antiquary and colonial administrator was the first
person to decipher Ashoka’s edicts. These inscriptions are the first tangible evidence of Buddhism.
Languages used
• In eastern part of the empire, Magadhi language in Brahmi script is used. (Magadhi is the dialect of Prakrit
found in Magadha).
• In western parts of the Mauryan Empire, Prakrit in kharoshti script is used.
• Major Rock Edict XIII contains an extract in Greek and Aramaic as well.

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These inscriptions can be classified into three: Pillar edicts, Major rock edicts and Minor rock
edicts.
Pillar Edicts
• There are seven pillar edicts.
• Two types of stones are used: spotted white sandstone (from Mathura) and buff coloured sandstone and
quartzite (from Amaravati).
• All the pillars are monoliths (carved out of from stone).
• They have been found from different places like Kandahar (Afghanistan), Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (Pakistan), Delhi,
Vaishali and Champaran (Bihar), Sarnath and Allahabad (Uttar Pradesh), Amaravati (Andhra Pradesh), and
Sanchi (Madhya Pradesh).
• Fragments of the same edict are found in different places.
• Many pillars are as high as 50 feet high and weigh as much as 50 tons.
• The pillars depict animals such as elephants and lions, and wheels and lotuses which are all significant symbols
in Buddhism.
• The following table gives the Edict number and what it talks about.

Edict name Details

Pillar Edict I Ashoka’s principle of protecting his people.
Pillar Edict II Dhamma
Pillar Edict III Avoiding practices of cruelty, sin, harshness, pride and anger among his subjects.
Pillar Edict IV Responsibilities of the Rajukas.
List of animals and birds that should not be killed on certain days. Another list which mentions animals
Pillar Edict V
that should never be killed.
Pillar Edict VI Dhamma policy of the State.
Pillar Edict VII Ashoka’s work for fulfilling Dhamma. Tolerance for all sects.

14 major rock edicts.

Edict Name Details
Major Rock Edict I Prohibits animal slaughter and bans festive gathering.
Major Rock Edict II Care for man and animals. Mentions the Pandyas, Satyapuras and Keralaputras of South India.
Generosity to Brahmins. About Yuktas, Pradeshikas and Rajukas who would go every five years to
Major Rock Edict III
different parts of his empire to spread Dhamma.
Major Rock Edict IV Dhammaghosha (sound of Dhamma/righteousness) over Bherighosha (sound of war).
Major Rock Edict V About Dhammamahamatras. Talks about treating slaves right.
Major Rock Edict VI King’s desire to know about his people’s conditions. About welfare measures.
Major Rock Edict VII Tolerance for all religions.
Major Rock Edict VIII Ashoka’s first visit to Bodh Gaya and the Bodhi tree (his first Dhamma Yatra).
Major Rock Edict IX Condemns popular ceremonies.
Major Rock Edict X Disapproves of the individual’s desire for fame and glory and stresses on Dhamma.
Major Rock Edict XI Elaborates on Dhamma.
Major Rock Edict XII Tolerance for all religions and sects.
Mentions victory over Kalinga. Mentions Ashoka’s Dhamma victory over Greek Kings Antiochus of
Major Rock Edict XIII Syria (Amtiyoko), Ptolemy of Egypt (Turamaye), Magas of Cyrene (Maka), Antigonus of Macedon
(Amtikini), Alexander of Epirus (Alikasudaro). Also mentions Pandyas, Cholas, etc.
Major Rock Edict XIV Engraving of inscriptions installed in various parts of country.

Minor Rock Edicts: Minor rock edicts are found on 15 rocks across the country and in Afghanistan also. Ashoka
uses his name only in four of these places namely, Maski, Brahmagiri (Karnataka), Gujjara (MP) and Nettur (AP).
• Allahabad Pillar Inscription (Prayag Prasasti):
• The Ashokan inscriptions suggest that the pillar was first erected at Kaushambi, an ancient town some 30
kilometres west of its current location which was then the capital of the kingdom of Koshala
• There were also inscriptions issued by Samudragupta and was composed by Harisena. It is written in very simple
and refined Sanskrit in kavya style. It lists achievements of Samudragupta. This Inscription is a eulogy of
Samudragupta and mentions about the conquests of Samudragupta and boundaries of the Gupta Empire. The
eulogy of Harisena describes him as hero of 100 battles. He performed Ashvamedha Yajna, this has been testified
by a seal of Samudragupta bearing a Horse. This was probably first Ashvamedha after Pushyamitra Shunga. He is
depicted in his coins playing Veena. He allowed the king of Ceylon to build a monastery at Bodhgaya. Another term
used by Harisena for him is Kaviraja, which testified him as a patron of poetic arts and a poet himself.
Samudragupta also assumed the title of Vikramanka
• It also has inscriptions by the Mughal emperor Jahangir, from the 17th century

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Other Major Inscriptions
• Junagarh Rock inscription: The Junagarh Rock inscription of Rudradaman is considered as an early example of
chaste Sanskrit, written in mid second century AD. It mentions that one of Chandragupta Maurya’s governors,
Pushyagupta, was responsible for building a dam on Sudarshana Lake near Girnar in Kathiawar. From another
inscription of Skandgupta we came to know that this very dam was repaired during his reign, almost 800 years after
it was built
• Mahrauli Inscription / Garuda Pillar: The Mahrauli Iron Pillar was originally placed on a hill near the Beas and was
brought to Delhi by a King of Delhi. This pillar credits Chandragupta with conquest of the Vanga Countries by his
battling alone against the confederacy of the enemies united against him. It also credits him for conquest of
Vakatkas in a fight that ran across seven mouths of Sindhu. This pillar was established by Chandragupta-II of Gupta
dynasty as in the honor of Lord Vishnu
• Nasik Inscription: The achievements of Gutamiputra Satkarni were mentioned in Nasik Inscription that were
composed by his mother Gautami Balasri. The Nasik Prasasti describes Gautamiputra as the ruler of the Aparanta,
Anupa, Saurashtra, Kukura, Akara and Avanti and defeated the Saka King Nahapana and restored the prestige of
his dynasty by reconquering a large part of the former dominions of the Satavahanas
• Nanaghat Inscription: The Nasik and Nanaghat inscriptions are the major sources that gives detailed information
about the Satavahana empire. The Nasik inscription was made by Gautami Balasari and Nanaghat inscription was
issued by Naganika
• Mandsaur Inscription: It was by Kumaragupta and was written by Vattasbhatta

Medieval
Terms Used and their Meaning
Amil: Revenue officers
Amir-i-akhur: amir or officer commanding the horse
Amir-i-hajib: officer-in-charge of the royal court
Amirul Mominin: Commander of the Faithful; the Caliph
Arz-i-mamalik: minister in charge of the army of the whole
country
Abwab: miscellaneous cesses, imposts and charges
levied by zamindars and public officials
Afaqis: foreigners (in the Deccan)
Ahadi: gentleman trooper
Ahl-i-qalam: a scribe
Amil, amalguzar: revenue collector
Amu Darya: The River Oxus
Arraba: a wagon, a cart
Ashraf: a person of noble birth, a gentleman
Ataliq: guardian
Banduqchi: musketeer
Bania, Baniya merchant; in some areas also refers to
moneychanger or banker; a caste traditionally engaged in
the above activities
Banjar: waste or fallow-land, fit for cultivation
Banjara: grain and cattle merchant; name of an itinerant
tribe
Baqqal: trader, grain-dealer
Barawardi: a recruit on ad-hoc pay
Bargi, bargirl: an auxiliary soldier, a plunderer
Batai: division of the crop between the cultivator and the
landlord or the government; payments may be in kind or
cash
Mulhid: A heretic, one who renounces the faith.
Mullahs: persons claiming to be religious leaders of the
Musalmans
Muqaddam: village headman; literally the first or senior
man
Murid: Disciple
Mustaufi: An auditor of accounts specially of those
collecting land revenue.
Mutasaddi: A writer, a clerk
Nabud: Remission of land revenue on account of natural
disasters.
Nabuwat: Prophethood
Naib: deputy, assistant, agent, representative
Na-Khuda: Commander or captain of a ship
Narnal: Swivel gun carried by men
Nasaq: A mode of assessment
Naukar, Nokar: Servant, term used by Timurid rulers for
their nobles
Nawab: viceroy, governor; title of rank
Nazrana: gift, usually from inferior to superior; forced
contribution
Nilgai: A kind of deer
Pahar: One-eigth of a day i.e. three hours
Pahi: A non-resident cultivator, temporary cultivator
Paibaqi: Land reserved for allotment in jagir
Paibos: kissing the feet, a ceremony generally reserved for
God
Patar: mistress, kept woman, common law wife.
Patel: village headman

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Bayutat: House-hold expenses, especially royal karkhanas
Beg: noble
Bidat: innovations in matters of religion, heresy
Balahar: the lowest grade of the agricultural peasant
Banjara: a corn merchant
Barid: intelligence officer appointed by the state to collect
information
Cartaz: a permit given by the Portuguese to traders.
Chachar: land out of cultivation for 3-4 years
Chauth or chauthai: one-fourth of the land-revenue,
Orignally a zamindari charge in Gujarat, demanded by
Shivaji as war expense.
Chetti, Chettiar: merchant caste of South India
Charai: a tax on cattle
Chatr: royal umbrella
Dadni: giving of advances (dadan) to artisans by
merchants
Dagh: System of branding of horses and animals
Dahsala: Revenue settlement based on assessment of
ten (dah) years revenue
Dalai, Dallal: Broker
Dam: A copper coin, considered 1/40* of a silver rupee
for official purposes
Darogha: a minor officer in charge of a local office
Dar-ul-harb: Land not owing allegiance to Muslim rule,
enemy land
Dastur rule: assessment circle
Dastur-al-amal: Rule book
Dhimmi: A non-Muslim client or subject
Diwan: chief financial minister, a department, a book of
verses
Doab: land between the Jumna and the Ganges
Du-aspa sih-aspa: A technical term meaning twice the
number of sawars entertained otherwise
Tappa small estate or a group of villages
Dallals: brokers
Darogha: a minor officer in charge of a local office
Darul Adl: the market of Delhi or cloth and other
commodities; literally, place of justice
Darul Mulk: capital
Doab: land between the Jumna and the Ganges
Farman: a royal order
Farr-i-izadi: Divine Light communicated to ideal rulers
Gazz-i-Sikandari: the yard of Sultan Sikandar Lodi
Gumashta: agent or representative
Gajnal: A swivel gun born by an elephant (gaj)
Garhi: A hill fort, mud fort made of thick clay
Ghalla-bakshi: One mode of batai (q.v.)
Gharib: Foreigners (in the Deccan)
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Patta: document given by collector of revenue to the
revenue payer stating terms on which the land is held and
the amount payable
Patwari: village accountant
Peshkar Agent: manager of finances
Peshkash Tribute: from subordinate rulers
Polaj: Land constantly in cultivation
Qasba: small town
Rabi: the winter crop
Rahdari: Protection money paid by travelers
Rai: a Hindu chief, usually one having his own territory and
army
Raiyat: Subjects, payers of land-revenue
Raiyati: Areas without a zamindar, or where cultivation of
land-revenue was easy, productive.
Ray: A schedule
Rekh: Assessed land revenue in Rajasthan
Riyayati: Sections assessed at a concessional rate
Sair, sayer: taxes other than land revenue; transit duties
Sama music: some time accompanied by dance for the
mystics
Saranjam: Lane allotted in lieu of military service
Sardeshmukhi One-tenth of the assessed income
Sayurghal: Rent-free land
Shahbandar: Official in charge of a port
Shariat: Muslim religious law
Shroff: banker and moneylender; moneychanger
Sijdah: Prostration, theoretically before God
Sufis: Mystics
Taqavi: Advance of money for sowing or extend ing
cultivation.
Taqlid: Religious show without real piety, hypocricy
Tasawwuf: Mysticism
Tauhid: unity of God
Upari: temporary occupant; tenant-at-will
Usar: barren land
Vatan, watan: hereditary lands
Wahdat-al-Wajud: Unity of God and the beings
Wali-ahad: heir-presumptive
Yassa: Regulations or code book of Chingiz
Zawabit: Secular laws
Zimmi, dhintmi: protected non-Muslim
Zor-talab: Areas of turbulence often held by powerful
zamindars.
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Ghazi: A hero, a soldier fighting against infidels
Ghusal-Khana: Private audience hall near the bathroom
Gumashta: agent or representative
Gunj; ganj Mart
Habshi: Abyssinian, East African
Hadis: acts or words of the Arabian prophet
Hakim: A governor, a commander
Hakim: A physician, a sage
Hammam: Room for Bath of hot and cold water
Haram: Forbidden
Harmandir: The Sikh golden Temple at Amritsar.
Hasil: Actual realization (of land revenue)
Hun A: gold coin
Hundi; bill of exchange
Ijara: revenue-farming
Ijaradar: farmer of any item of public revenue, mainly land
Imam: supreme commander, leader; also, the person
leading the congregation Muslim prayers
Inam gift: benefaction; land held free of revenue or at low
rates of revenue
Jagir: income from a piece of land assigned to officers by
the ruler or a piece of land assigned to a government
officer by the state
Jagirdar: holder of a jagir
Jama: total sum; total land revenue levied from an estate
or division of country
Jamabandi: settlement of the amount of revenue
assessed upon an estate, village or district.
Jama-dami: Assessed income in terms of dams
Jama-i-kamil: Maximum assessment
Jamiat: A military following
Jarib: A measurement, land measurement or survey
Jharoka: darshan Showing of the Emperor to the Public
from the Palace
Jihad: holy war
Jihat: Extra cesses
Jizya: has two meanings: (a) in the literature of the Delhi
Sultanat, any tax which is not kharaj or land tax; (b) in the
shariat, a personal and yearly tax on non-Muslims
Junglah: Horses of mixed breed
Kafir: non-Muslim (literally, one who is ngrateful to God)
Kankut: Estimation of land revenue
Karinda: Agent
Karkhanas royal factories or enterprises for producing or
collecting commodities required by the state
Karori: A revenue official
Khalifa Caliph: Commander of the Faithful, or successor
of a sufi
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Iqta: a governorship; or grant of revenues of a piece of land
Iqtadar: governor or a person in whose charge an iqta has
been placed
Malikana: special allowance assigned to zamindar or
landowner
Jama Khana: a house of mystics
jitals: Copper coins of the Delhi sultanat
Khalisa: income which went directly went to the king
Kharaj: land revenue; also tribute paid by a subordinate
ruler
Khuts: class of village headmen
Mameluks: slave-officers
Mohalla: a section or part of a town; quarter of a city
Mushrif-i-mamalik: accountant for all provinces
Nawisandas: clerks
Paibos: kissing the feet, a ceremony generally reserved for
God
Pir: spiritual guide
Qalandars: a class of Muslim mendicants, generally
uneducated, who did not believe in private property and
wandered about from place to place and lived by persistent
begging
Qasbas: towns
Qazi: a Muslim judge
Rai: a Hindu chief, usually one having his own territory and
army
Rai Rayan: The Rai of Rais; the title given by Alauddin Khalji
to Rama Deo of Deogir
Raiyyat: subjects
Sadah: literally, one hundred; the term sadah amirs meant
officers controlling territory containing about a hundred
villages
Sadr-i jahan: title of the central officer of the Delhi sultanat,
who was in charge of religious and charitable endowments
Sama: an audition party of the mystics
Sarrafs: moneychangers, bankers
Sarai: inn
Sarai-Adl: name given to Alauddin Khaljis market in Delhi
for the sale of cloth and other specified commodities
Shahr: city, used for the capital, Delhi
Shariat: Muslim religious law
Shiqdar: an officer-in-charge of an area of land described as
a shiq
Shuhna: head of the police, mayor, provost
Shuhna-i mandi: officer-in-charge of the grain-market
Sufis: mystics
Tanka: silver coin of the Delhi sultanat
Tauhid: unity of God
Ulema: Muslims of religious learning; plural of alim
Umara: Plural of amir; amir means ruler or commander
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Khalisa: land land held and managed directly by the state
Khalsa: The Sikh order set up by Guru Govind
Khanazad: One born in the house, old (Turkish)
employees
Khanqahs: a house of mystics but more commodious
than the jamaat khana
Khilat: robe of honour
Khilafat Caliphate; commander of the faithful
Khiraj, kharaj tax; especially land revenue
Khud-kasht: Owner of land who cultivates with his own
ploughs and bullock and some hired labour, resident
cultivator
Kufr: Disbelief
Kulkarni: village accountant
Kunbi: caste of cultivators in Maharashtra
Liwan: Ante chamber
Madad- i-maash: assignment of revenue by the
government for the support of learned or religious
persons, or benevolent institutions.
Madrasa: an educational institution
Mahajan: merchant, banker
Mahal: a group of lands regarded as a unit for land
revenue purposes
Mahawara-un-Nahart: Transoxiana
Mahzar: A declaration signed by ulama
Malik: Owner
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Usar: saline land
Wajh: money, salary
Wajhdar: a salaried officer
Wali: governor
Waliahad: heir-presumptive
Wazir-i mutlaq: wazir with full powers, who could administer
without interference by the king
Zawabits: state laws
Mansab: military rank conferred by the Mughal Government
Mansabdar: holder of a mansab
Mapillah: Muslim community in Kerala
Math: Monastery
Mauza: revenue term for a village
Mihrab: High alter from which the priest prays.
Miras: hereditary right
Mirasdar: holder of miras lands
Mokasa: Grant of land for military service, rent-free land.
Muhtasib: an officer appointed to maintain regulations in a
municipality
Mujannas: Mixed breed of Arabi and Iraqi horses.
Mujtahid: One entitled to interpret holy laws
Malikut-Tujjar: literally, chief of merchants; a title given to
one of the highest officer of the state
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Rulers of Delhi Sultanate

The five dynasties of the Delhi Sultanate include:
• The Mamluk Dynasty (1206-1290) Important Rulers of Mamluk Dynasty
• The Khilji Dynasty (1290 -1320) • Qutb-ud-din Aibak was the first ruler of the Mamluk
• The Tughlaq Dynasty (1320-1414) Dynasty (also called the slave dynasty). He was a generous
• The Sayyid Dynasty (1414-1451) ruler and ruled over the Sultanate of Delhi for over four
years. Qutb-ud-din Aibak laid the foundation of Qutub Minar.
• The Afghan Lodi Dynasty (1451-1526)
• Another important ruler of the Mamluk Dynasty was Shams-ud-
The Mamluk Dynasty (1206-1290)
din Iltutmish. He was the son-in-law of Qutb-ud-din Aibak.
List of the Mamluk Rulers of the Delhi Sultanate Shams-ud-din Iltumish was known for the Iqta system of land
in this era. revenue and the completion of Qutub Minar.
Ruler Reign • After Shams-us-din Iltumish, his military trained daughter
Qutb-ud-din Aibak 1206–1210 Raziya Sultan (Raziyat-ud-din Sultana) took over the Sultanate
Aram Shah 1210–1211 of Delhi. Balban succeded Raziya Sultan, followed by his
grandson Qaiqabad (Kaikubad).
Shams-ud-din Iltutmish 1211–1236
• Jalal-ud-din Firuz Khilji aka Malik Firuz killed Qaiqabad and put
Rukn-ud-din Firuz 1236 an end to the Mamluk Dynasty or Slave Dynasty.
Raziyat-ud-din Sultana 1236–1240
Muiz-ud-din Bahram 1240–1242 Important Rulers of Khilji Dynasty
Ala-ud-din Masud 1242–1246 • Jalal-ud-din Firuz Khilji was also known as the general of slaves
Nasir-ud-din Mahmud 1246–1266 and a very smart sultan. He avoided wars with invaders such as
Ghiyas-ud-din Balban 1266–1286 Halaku and Ulugh Khan. In fact, he made peace with Ulugh
Khan by giving his daughter.
Muiz-ud-din Qaiqabad 1286–1290
• Jalal-ud-din Firuz Khilji was assassinated by his nephew Ala-ud-
Kayumars 1290 din Khilji. He was the first Muslim ruler to be brave enough to
cross the Satpuras, Vindhyas and Narmada River to conquer
The Khilji Dynasty (1290-1320) Deccan.
List of Khilji rulers who ruled over Delhi Sultanate • Ala-ud-din Khilji passed away in the year 1316 and was
in this era. succeeded by his son Mubarak Shah. Mubarak Shah was killed
Ruler Reign by Khusru Khan who sat on the throne of Delhi Sultanate for
Jalal-ud-din Firuz Khilji 1290–1296 some time. Later, he was killed by Ghiyath-al-din Tughluq, which
Ala-ud-din Khilji 1296–1316 marked the era of the Tughlaq Dynasty.
Qutb-ud-din Mubarak Shah 1316–1320

The Tughlaq Dynasty (1320–1414) • The first ruler of the Tughlaq Dynasty was Ghiyath-al-Din
List of Tughlaq rulers who ruled over Delhi Tughlaq, who was also known by the name Ghazi Malik.
Sultanate in this era. • He was succeeded by Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq who was known
Ruler Reign for his misadventures related to administration and war.
• Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq was succeeded by Firuz Shah Tughlaq
Ghiyath-al-din Tughlaq 1321–1325
who was half Muslim (his mother was a Hindu). He was known
Muhammad bin Tughlaq 1325–1351 to establish cities. Under his reign, cities like Firuzshah Kotla
Firuz Shah Tughlaq 1351–1388 (Delhi), Hisar, Jaunpur (West Bengal), Fatahabad, Firozabad
Ghiyas-ud-in Tughlaq II 1388–1389 were founded.
Abu Bakr Shah 1389–1390 •
• After the Tughlaq Dynasty, Khizr Khan founded the Sayyid
Nasir ud din Muhammad Shah 1390–1393 Dynasty. He was the governor of Multan and Timur’s deputy in
III India. Khizr Khan died of illness and was succeeded by his son
Ala-ud-Din Sikandar Shah I 1393 Mubarak Shah.
Mahmud Nasir ud din 1393–1394 • Mubarak Shah had a vision of expanding the empire, but his
Nusrat Shah 1394–1399 plans were foiled by opposition and revolts of the nobles. Even
Nasiruddin Mahmud Shah 1399–1413 with this opposition, Mubarak Shah was an efficient ruler of the
Delhi Sultanate.
• After Mubarak Shah, the Delhi Sultanate was ruled by two
The Sayyid Dynasty (1414–1451)
incompetent rulers – Muhammad Shah and Ala-ud-din Alam
Shah thereafter. Ala-ud-din Alam Shah was the last ruler of the
Sayyid Dynasty. He gave up the throne voluntarily in favour of
Bahlol Lodi.

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Here is the list of Sayyid Rulers of Delhi Sultanate
• The rulers of the Afghan Lodi Dynasty were the last rulers of
in this era.
the Delhi Sultanate. They tried their best to bring Delhi to the
Ruler Reign past glory, but could not succeed.
Khizr Khan 1414–1421 • Bahlol Lodi was the first ruler of the Afghan Lodi Dynasty and
Mubarak Shah 1421–1434 was succeeded by his son Sikandar Lodi.
Muhammad Shah 1434–1445
• Sikandar Lodi was known for his leadership and thirst for
Alam Shah 1445–1451
supremacy. He launched campaigns against several
kingdoms. In the year 1503, he established the city of Agra.
The Afghan Lodi Dynasty (1451–1526)
He also transferred his headquarter to Agra due to its
Ruler Reign strategic location.
Bahlol Lodi 1451–1489 • Sikandar Lodi was succeeded by his son Ibrahim Lodi, who
Sikander Lodi 1489–1517 was the last of the Sultans of the Delhi Sultanate.
Ibrahim Lodi 1517–1526 • One of Ibrahim Lodi’s uncles, Daulat Khan Lodi, fled to Kabul
Here is the list of Afghan Lodi Rulers of Delhi and invited Babur to attack India. Taking Daulat Khan Lodi’s
Sultanate in this era. advice, Babur attacked Northern India and thus the Afghan
Lodi Dynasty came to an end.

Important Wars of Medieval India

War Year Place Won by Lost by Importance

First battle of Tarine 1191 Tarine Pritvi raj chauhan Mohamad ghor
Second Battle of
1192 Tarine Mohamad ghor Pritvi raj Chauhan
tarine
First Battle of Foundation to Mughal
1526 panipat Babar Ibrahim lodi
panipat empire.
Rajput
Battle of kanva 1527 khanva babar
(under rana sanga)
Shershah occupied the
Battle of kanauj 1540 kanauj shershah Humayun
place of Mughals.
Hemu defeted the
Battle of Fort area
1556 Hemu Akbar force of akbar and got
tughalaqabad of delhi
title VIKRAMADTYA
Second battle of Akbar reconquered
1556 Panipat akbar Hemu
Panipat delhi.
Talikote
Battle of talikote or Alliance of 5 shah Aliya ramaraya End of vijayanagara
1565 (in
Bannihatti dynasties. Of vijayanagara empire.
karnataka)
Third battle of
1761 panipat Ahamad shah abdali Marathas Treaty of surath
panipat

Modern
BATTLES / WARS & TREATIES & AGREEMENTS
List of Important Wars and Treaties in Indian History
Anglo Marathas
War Year Treaty Gov General Battles
Began: Treaty of Surat
First 1775-82 Warren Hastings Battle of Wadgaon
End: Treaty of Salbai
Second 1803-05 Began: treaty of Bassein Lord Wellesley Battle of Assaye
Battle of Pindari
Third 1816-19 Treaty of Gwalior Marquess of Hastings
End of Peshwa rule
Anglo French
War Year Treaty Gov General Battles
Reason: Austrian 1746: Battle of Adyar/San
First 1746-48 Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle
succession in Europe Thome

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War of succession
between Nasir Jung
1749: Battle of Ambur
(English) and
Second 1749-54
Muzaffar Jung
Rise of Robert Clive in India
(French) after death
of Nizam
Reason: 7 years’ war 1760: Battle of Wandiwash
Third 1758-63 Treaty of Paris
in Europe (French defeat)
Anglo Mysore
War Year Treaty Gov General Battles
First 1766-69
After death of Hyder Ali in 1782
Second 1780-1784 Treaty of Mangalore Warren Hastings
Tipu led the war
Third 1789-92 Treaty of Seringapatnam Cornwallis Defeat of Tipu
Battle of Seringapatnam. Death
Fourth 1799 Wellesley
of Tipu.
Anglo Sikh War
War Year Treaty Gov General Battles
First 1845-46 Treaty of Lahore Hardinge
Second 1848-49 Dalhousie Final Subjugation of the Sikhs
Anglo Afghan War
War year treaty Gov. General Battles
Tripartite Treaty between
First 1839-42 Ranjit Singh, Shah Shuja The Lord Auckland
& Lord Auckland
Treaty of Peshawar,
Second 1868-80 Dufferin
Treaty of Gandamak
Ended in an Artimice.
Third 1919-21 Durand line established. Chelmsford
Treaty of Rawalpindi

List of Important Treaties in the History of India

Name of The Treaty Year Importance/Remarks

The treaty established the boundary between the Mughal empire and the Ahom
Treaty of Asurar Ali 1639
kingdom ending the Mughal’s efforts to conquer Ahom.
The Treaty of Purandar was signed in 1665 between the Rajput ruler Jai Singh I, who
was commander of the Mughal Empire, and Maratha Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj.
Treaty of Purandar 1665 Shivaji was forced to sign the agreement after Jai Singh besieged Purandar fort.
When Shivaji realised that war with the Mughal Empire would only cause damage to
the empire and that his men would suffer heavy losses, he choose to make a treaty.
Henceforth the maratha king became the mayor of the place and the peshwa
Sangola Agreement 1752
emerged as the real head of maratha federacy.
Signed between Siraj-ud-dwala and Robert Clive allowing the British to fortify
Treaty of Alinagar 1757
Calcutta and also allow British goods to pass through Bengal without duties.
The french were defeated by the british company and its settlements were captured.
Treaty of Paris 1763
The french possessions in india were ,however restored by this treaty.

The Treaty of Allahabad was signed in 1765, between the Mughal Emperor Shah
Alam II, son of the late Emperor Alamgir II, and Lord Robert Clive, of the East India
Company, as a outcome of the Battle of Buxar of 1764. As per the terms of the
Treaty of Allahabad 1765 agreement, Alam granted the East India Company Diwani rights, or the right to
collect taxes on behalf of the Emperor from the eastern province of Bengal-Bihar-
Orissa. This Treaty marks the political and constitutional involvement and the
beginning of British rule in India.

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The Treaty of Madras was signed between the British and Hyder Ali of Mysore to
bring to and end the first Mysore War. Under the treaty, both the parties agreed to
Treaty of Madras 1769
return the areas won the each and to support each other in case of a thrid party
invasion.

Treaty of Benaras 1773 Between hastings and nawab of oudh. Allahabad was handed over to nawab.
On the death of shuja ud daula in 1775 , a new treaty was concluded with his
Reaty of 1775 1775 successor , according to which a regular brigade of the company’s troops was
stationed in oudh..
Signed by raghunath rao with the bombay governament in the hope of help of
Treaty of Surat 1775
english subsidiary troops in his flight for peshwaship
Signed between the British and the Marathas bringing the first phase of the First
Treaty of Purandar 1776
Anglo-Maratha War to an end.
Signed between the British and the Marathas bringing the second phase of the First
Treaty of Wadgaon 1779
Anglo-Maratha War to an end.
Signed between the British and the Marathas bringing the First Anglo-Maratha War
Treaty of Salbai 1782
to an end.
The Treaty of Mangalore was signed between Tipu Sultan and the British East India
Company on 11 March 1784. It was signed in Mangalore and brought an end to
Treaty of Mangalore 1784 the Second Anglo-Mysore War.
Lord macartney ,governor of madras ,concluded with tipu the treaty of mangalore on
the basis of mutual restriction of conquests and liberation of prisoners.
Signed between the British (Lord Cornwallis), the Marathas, Hyderabad and Tipu
Treaty of
1792 Sultan. This ended the Third Anglo-Mysore War allowing the Marathas, the Nizam of
Seringapatam
Hyderabad and the British to annex almost half of Tipu Sultan’s territories.
Treaty of Bassein 1802 Signed by baji rao II with the english after his defeat at the hands of holkar.
Treaty of Deogaon 1805 Holkar gave up claims on the areas of company’s allies.
Between ranjith singh and the english company , which fixed the river sutlej as the
Treaty of Amritsar 1809
boundary of ranjith singh’s authority.

After the english victory over nepal , the treaty was signed . The nepal ruler gave up
Treaty of Sagauli 1816 his claims to sikkim , ceded the disputed tarai tracts , and received a resident at
khatmandu .
Great britain agreed to help iran with men and money against any european invader
Treaty of Yandaboo 1826
.

Signed between Governor General Air Henry Hardinge for the British and members of
Treaty of Lahore 1846 Lahore darbar representing the young Maharaja Duleep Singh Bahadur. The treaty
marked the end of the First Anglo-Sikh War.
The Treaty of Amritsar followed the Treaty of Lahore. By this treaty the British East
Treaty of Amritsar 1846 India Company sold Kashmir to Maharaja Gulab Singh, whose dynasty ruled till
1947, when Maharaja Hari Singh acceded Kashmir to India.

By this treaty , rani jindan was deprived of all powers and the administration was to
Treaty of Bhirowal 1846 be carried on by a ‘ council of regency ‘ composed of eight leading chiefs under the
virtual dictatorship of the british resident .

Land Revenue Systems in British India

Zamindari System
• Zamindari System was introduced by Cornwallis in 1793 through Permanent Settlement Act.
• It was introduced in provinces of Bengal, Bihar, Orissa and Varanasi, North Karnataka [where political
consolidation was complete]
• Also known as Permanent Settlement System.
• Zamindars were recognized as owner of the lands. Zamindars were given the rights to collect the rent from the
peasants.
• The realized amount would be divided into 11 parts. 1/11 of the share belongs to Zamindars and 10/11 of the
share (89%) belongs to East India Company.
Ryotwari System
• Ryotwari System was introduced by Thomas Munro in 1820. Ricardian influence.

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• Major areas of introduction include Madras, Bombay, parts of Assam and Coorgh provinces of British India.
• In Ryotwari System the ownership rights were handed over to the peasants. British Government collected taxes
directly from the peasants.
• The revenue rates of Ryotwari System were 50% where the lands were dry and 60% in irrigated land.
Mahalwari System [Modified version of Zamindari System]
• It was pioneered by Halt Macanzee
• Mahalwari system was introduced in 1833 during the period of William Bentick.and was Periodically Revised
• It was introduced in Central Province, North-West Frontier, Agra, Punjab, Gangetic Valley, etc of British India.
• Settlement was done estate by estate
• The Mahalwari system had many provisions of both the Zamindari System and Ryotwari System.
• In this system, the land was divided into Mahals. Each Mahal comprises one or more villages.
• Ownership rights were vested with the peasants.
• The villages committee was held responsible for collection of the taxes.

Indian National Congress Sessions

Year Location Important facts
1st session of INC, President- W.C. Bonnerjee, Lord Dufferin was the Viceroy of British
1885 Bombay
India, attended by 72 delegates
1886 Calcutta President- Dadabhai Naoroji
1887 Madras President- Badruddin Tyabji (1st Muslim president of INC)
1888 Allahabad President- George Yule (1st English president of INC)
1889 Bombay President- Sir William Wedderburn
1890 Calcutta President- Pherozeshah Mehta
1891 Nagpur President- P. Ananda Charlu
1892 Allahabad President- Womesh Chandra Bonnerjee
1893 Lahore President- Dadabhai Naoroji
1894 Madras President- Alfred Webb
1895 Poona President- Surendranath Banerjee
President- Rahimtullah M. Sayani
1896 Calcutta
The National Song, Vande Mataram was sung for the first time.
1897 Amraoti President- C. Sankaran Nair
1898 Madras President- Ananda Mohan Bose
1899 Lucknow President- Romesh Chunder Dutt
1900 Lahore President- N.G. Chandavarkar
1901 Calcutta President- Dinshaw Eduljee Wacha
1902 Ahmedabad President- Surendranath Banerjee
1903 Madras President- Lal Mohan Ghosh
1904 Bombay President- Sir Henry Cotton
1905 Benares President- Gopal Krishna Gokhale
1906 Calcutta President- Dadabhai Naoroji
Congress splits into extremists and moderates, Rash Behari Ghosh was the President
1907 Surat
Moderates, led by Gokhale and the other consisting of Extremists, led by Tilak.
1908 Madras 23rd Session continued, Rash Behari Ghosh was the President
1909 Lahore President- Madan Mohan Malaviya
1910 Allahabad President- Sir William Wedderburn
1911 Kolkata Jana Gana mana was sung for the first time, Bishan Narayan Dar was the President
1916 Lucknow Joint session with Muslim league- Lucknow pact, President- Ambica Charan Mazumdar
1917 Calcutta President- Annie Besant (1st women president of INC)
Bombay and Two sessions
1918
Delhi 1st President- Syed Hasan Imam, 2nd President- Madan Mohan Malaviya
1919 Amritsar President- Motilal Nehru
1920 Nagpur President- C. Vijayaraghavachariar

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1921 Ahmedabad Hakim Ajmal Khan (Acting President for C.R. Das)
1922 Gaya President- C.R. Das
1924 Belgaum Mahatma Gandhi was the president of INC
1925 Kanpur 1st Indian women president of INC- Sarojini Naidu.
1926 Gauhati President- S. Srinivasa Iyengar
1927 Madras President- M.A. Ansari
1928 Calcutta President- Motilal Nehru
Resolution for Poorna Swaraj or complete independence, President- Jawaharlal Nehru.
The decision to launch a civil disobedience movement to achieve complete
1929 Lahore
independence and to observe 26 Jan as Independence Day was taken.
· Nehru became the president for the first time.
President- Vallabbhai J. Patel
Here, resolution on Fundamental rights and the National Economic Program was passed
1931 Karachi
· The Gandhi Irwin Pact was endorsed by the Congress in this Session
· Gandhi was nominated to represent Congress in the Second Round Table Conference.
1932 Delhi President- Ranchod Lal Amrit Lal
1933 Calcutta President- Nellie Sen Gupta
1934 Bombay President- Rajendra Prasad
1936 Lucknow President- Jawaharlal Nehru
President- Jawaharlal Nehru
1937 Faizpur
First session in a village
President- Subhash Chandra Bose
1938 Haripura
A National Planning Committed set-up underJ.L.Nehru
President- Subhash Chandra Bose
1939 Tripuri S.C.Bose was re-elected but had to resign due to protest by Gandhiji (as Gandhiji
supported Dr.Pattabhi Sitaramayya). Rajendra Prasadwas appointed in his place.
1940 Ramgarh President- Abul Kalam Azad
1946 Meerut Last session before the Independence of India, President- Acharya J B Kripalini
1948 Jaipur 1st session after the Independence of India, President was Dr. Pattabhi Sitaramayya

Governor Generals/Viceroys of India and events

GOVERNOR OF BENGAL (BEFORE 1773)
• Founder of the British Indian Empire, popularly known as “Clive of India”.
• He was British administrator and military leader to start with, however his destiny brought him to
India and he worked in various capacities for British East India Company.
• He was Governor of Bengal before “Regulating Act of 1773” – which actually marks beginning of
Birtish rule.
Robert Clive
• He was involved in Battle of Plassey (1757) and consequent annexation of Bengal.
(1754-1767)
• Started Dual administration in Bengal (1765-1772), the practice was stopped by Warren Hastings.
• Civil Services were organized during Clive’s tenure.
• He prohibited employees of the company from undertaking any private or accept any gift.
• During First Anglo-Mysore War (1766-69), Robert Clive was recalled during the course of war in
1767. English were defeated by Haider Ali.
GOVERNOR GENERALS OF BENGAL (1773-1833)
Governor of Bengal was designated as Governor General of Bengal.
• He annexed Bengal, Bihar and Orissa in 1772.
• He started modern western administration in India.
• He entered into business with Egypt, Tibet and Bhutan. He stopped annual pension to Mughal
Emperor and reduced the pension of the Nawab of Bengal.
Lord Warren
• Overall administration including Civil Services was very corrupt during Hastings’s tenure.
Hastings
• He initiated the Rohilla War (1774) and annexation of Rohilkhand by Nawab of Awadh, with the help
(1773-1785)
of British.
• During his tenure Act of 1781 came under which the powers of jurisdiction between the Governor-
General-in-council and the Supreme Court at Calcutta were clearly divided.
• He led First Anglo-Maratha War (1775-82) followed by Treaty of Salbai as Marathas were defeated.
• Pitts India Act of 1784 was enacted.

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• He was involved in Second Anglo-Mysore War (1780-84), Haider All died and Mysore was defeated.
• During his tenure Judicial Murder of Nand Kumar in 1775 took place. Nand Kumar was critic of
Warren Hastings, indicted in false case and sentenced to death.
• He was the founding father of ‘Indian Civil Services’. (Reforms for purification of Administration).
• He was the father of modern police administration in India.
• He created the post of DSP. He believed in the separation of powers, therefore he deprived the
District Collector of judicial powers and created the new post of District Judge. He also carried out
gradation of courts.
• He proposed Cornwallis Code (1793) incorporating several judicial reforms. He codified the
Lord
personal laws (IPC and CrPC are codified personal laws) and separation of revenue and civil
Cornwallis
administration.
(1786-1793)
• Third Anglo-Mysore War (1790-92) followed by Treaty of Seringapatnam (1792).
• Introduction of the Permanent Revenue Settlement that is Zamindari system in Bengal and Bihar
(1793). It was the worst measure of Lord Cornwallis.
• Europeanization of administrative machinery and introduction of civil services.
• He established Permanent revenue settlement with a class of revenue collectors (Zamindars under
Zamindari rights).
• First civil servant to become Governor-General. He played important role during the introduction of
Permanent revenue settlement that is Zamindari system in 1793.
• Charter act of 1793 was enacted during his period.
• He defeated Nizam of Hyderabad who later on joined Subsidiary Alliance with British during
Sir John
Wellesley’s tenure.
Shore (1793-
Lord Arthur Wellesley (1798-1805)
1798)
• During his tenure introduction of Subsidiary Alliance in 1798 occured. The rulers of the state of
Nizam of Hyderabad, Mysore, Tanjavore, Awadh, Jodhpur, Jaipur and finally Peshwas also signed
Subsidiary Alliance.
• During his tenure Fouth Anglo-Mysore war (1799) & Second Anglo-Maratha war (1803-05) occured
Lord George • Pursued moderate policy, that is, the policy of non-intervention with princely states.
Barlow • Tried to establish peaceful relations with Marathas.
(1805-1807) • White Mutiny at Vellore (1806) occured during his tenure.
Concluded important Amritsar treaty (1809) with Maharaja Ranjit Singh which decided later course of
Anglo-Sikh relations.
• Governor General of Bengal at the time of passage of Charter Act of 1813.
Francis Rawdon Hastings (1813-1823): (Marques of Hastings)
Lord Minto-I
• Renounced the policy of non-intervention followed by his predecessor and revived aggressive
(1807-1813)
imperialistic policy marking the beginning of second phase of British imperialism in India, so as to
build large British Asiatic Empire by conquering territories bordeting India.
• During his tenure Anglo-Nepal War; Third Anglo-Maratha War (1817-1819) and Pindari War (1817-
18) occured.
• First Anglo-Burmese War (1824-1826) and signed Treaty of Yaudaboo in 1826 by which British
Lord Amherst
merchants were allowed to settle on southern coast of Rangoon.
(1823-28)
• Capture of Barakhphr (1826) occured.
GOVERNOR GENERALS OF INDIA (1832-1858)
Charter Act of 1833 was enacted.
• He was the most liberal British Governor-General of India.
• Tenure coincides with socio-religious reform movements of 19th century (Abolition of Sati and other
cruel rights (1829) occured during his tenure.
• Resolution of 1835 and Educational reforms.
Lord William
• Suppression of `Thuge’ that is highway robbery in 1830 by Colonel Sleeman.
Bentinck
• Raja of Mysore was deposed and territories of kingdom were annexed (1831).
(1828-1835)
• Annexation of Cachar (1834) and Jaintia (1832) and Coorg (1834) on the charges of mal-
administration.
• Formation of Agra province in 1834.
• Provincial courts of appeal and circuits were replaced by commissioners of revenue and circuit.
• Treaty of `Perpetual friendship’ with Ranjit Singh took place.
Sir Charles
Brief tenure marked by the liberation of Indian press of prohibitory restrictions as new press law was
Metcalfe
passed.
(1835-1836)
Lord
Auckland Disastrous First Anglo-Afghan War (1838-1842) occured during his tenure.
(1836-1842

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• Successfully completed Afghan war and annexed Sindh province for British in 1843.
Lord
• Became first Governor General of India to be recalled for defying the orders of the Court of Directors
Ellenborough
of East India Company.
(1842-1844)
• War with Gwalior (1843) occured during his tenure.
Lord Issued orders for prohibition of female infanticide and suppression of the practice of human sacrifice
Hardinge-I among the Goads of Central India.
(1844-1848) • Anglo-Sikh War (1845-1846) occured during his tenure.
• Application of ‘Doctrine of Lapse’ (one of the principle political reasons for “Revolt of 1857)
annexed Satara (1848), Jaipur and Sambalpur (1849), Bhagat (1850), Udaipur (1852), Jhansi
(1853), Nagpur (1854) and Awadh (1856) under `Doctrine of Lapse’
• The introduction of Railways (first train Bombay to Thane), Telegraph and Postal systems (first
telegraph line – Calcutta – Agra) in India in 1853.
• Postal reforms (Post Office Act 1854) initiated during his tenure.
• Charter- Act of 1853 passed.
• Wood’s Education Dispatch 1854 (Magna Carta of Modern Western Education in India) also
passed.
Lord
• Second Anglo-Burmese War (1852) and annexation of lower Burma occured during his tenure.
Dalhousie
• Widow Remarriage Act (1856) enacted.
(1848-1856)
• Military headquarter of British India was moved to Shimla, where summer capital of British India
was also established. Headquarter of Bengal artillery was moved to Meerut.
• Second Anglo-Sikh War (1848-56) and annexation of Punjab from Maharaja Dalip Singh (Maharaja
Dalip Singh handed over Kohinoor diamond to British).
• Establishment of separate Public Works Department in every province.
• To bring more land under cultivation so as to earn more revenue, two canals (1854), upper Ganga
canal, in western Uttar Pradesh (originating in Haridwar) and Baridoad canal in Punjab were
constructed. Similarly, the harbors of Calcutta, Bombay and Karachi were modernized to receive large
maritime ships.
VICEROY AND GOVERNOR GENERALS OF INDIA (1858-1947)
(Last Governor of East India Company and first viceroy and Governor General of India)
Establishment of three universities at Calcutta, Madras and Bombay in 1857 occured during.
• Witnessed and suppressed the Revolt of 1857.
• ‘Doctrine of Lapse’ started by Lord Dalhousie was finally withdrawn in 1859.
Lord Canning
• Two arms of British administration originated (Secretary of State of India, Viceroy and Governor
(1856-1857
General of India to look after the administration of India)
and 1858-
• Regressive laws, such as Criminal Procedure Codes (CrPC) and Indian Penal Codes (IPC) were
1862)
introduced.
• Introduction of new tax such as income tax, on experimental basis in 1859.
• `White Mutiny’ by European troops in 1859 occured.
• Indian Councils Act of 1861 enacted.
• Wahabi movement occured during his tenure and get suppressed.
Lord Elgin-I Lord Lawrence (1862-1869)
(1862-1863) • Followed a policy of rigid non-interference in Afghanistan called Policy of Masterly Inactivity.
• Setting up of High Courts at Calcutta, Bombay and Madras (1865).
• Opening of the Rajkot college in Kathiawar and the Mayo College at Ajmer for political training of
Indian princes.
Lord Mayo
• Establishment of Statistical Survey of India occured.
(1869-1872)
• Establishment of Department of Agriculture and Commerce.
• Introduction of State Railways.
Lord North Visit of Prince of Wales in 1875 occured.
Brook (1872- • Trial of Gaelcwar of Baroda occured.
1876) • Kuka movement in Punjab occured during his tenure.
• Famine of 1876-1878 affecting Madras,. Bombay, Mysore, Hyderabad, parts of Central India and
Punjab occured. Famine commission under the presidency of Richard Strachey (1878) appointed.
Lord Lytton • Royal Titles Act (1876), Queen Victoria assuming the title of ”Kaiser-i-hind” or “Queen Empress of
(1876-1880) India”.
• The Vernacular Press Act (1878) and the Arms Act (1878) enacted.
• The Second Afghan War (1878-1880) took place.
• Repeal of the Vernacular Press Act (1882) took place.
Lord Rippon • The first Factory Act, 1881, to improve labor conditions enacted.
(1880-1884) • Government resolution on Local Self Government (1882) also passed.
• Continuation of Financial decentralization.

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• Appointment of education commission under the chairmanship of Sir William Hunter (1882).
• The IIbert bill controversy (1883-1884) occured.
Lord Dufferin • The third Burmese war (1885-86) and establishment of Indian National Congress occured during
(1884-1888) his tenure.
• Factory act (1891) enacted.
Lord • Categorization of civil services as imperial, provincial and subordinate occured.
Lansdowne • Indian Council Act (1892) enacted.
(1888-1894) • Setting up of Durand Commission (1893) to define the Durand line between India and Afghanistan
(now between Pakistan and Afghanistan).
Lord Elgin-II
• Two British officials assassinated by Chapekar brothers (1897) during his tenure.
(1894-1999)
• Appointment of Police Commission (1902) under Sir Andrew Frazer to review police administration.
• Appointment of Universities Commission (1902) and passing of Indian Universities Act (1904)
Establishment of department of Commerce and industry.
Lord Curzon • Calcutta Corporation Act (1899) enacted.
(1899-1905) • Ancient Monument Preservation act (1904) & Partition of Bengal (1905) enacted.
• Curzon-Kitchener controversy started.
• Partition Bangal (1905) of Bengal occured.
• Younghusbands mission to Tibet (1904) started.
• Creation of Bengal presidency (like Bombay and Madras) in 1911.
Lord Minto-II • Coronation Durbar of King George V held in Delhi 1911.
(1905-1910) • Transfer of Capital from Calcutta to Delhi 1911.
• Establishment of Hindu Mabasabha (1915) by Madan Mohan Malavaya.
• Formation of Home Rule Leagues by Annie Besant and Tilak (1916).
• Lucknow session of the Congress (1916).
• Lucknow pact between Congress and Muslim league (1916) signed.
• Foundation of Sabarmati Ashram (1916) after Gandhiji’s return; Launch of Champaran Satyagraha
(1916), Kheda Satyagaha (1918) and Satyagraha at Ahmedabad (1918) occured.
Lord • Montague’s August declaration (1917) proposed.
Chelmsford • Government of India’s Act (1919) enacted.
(1916-1921) • The Rowlatt Act (1919) enacted.
• Jallianwala Bagh Massacre (1919) took place.
• Launch of Non-cooperation and Khilafat movement occured.
• Foundation of women’s university at Pune (1916) and appointment of Saddler’s commission
(1917) for reforms in educational policy.
• Appointment of S.V. Sinha as Governor of Bihar (the first Indian to become a Governor).
• Chauri Chaura incident (February 5, 1922) and the subsequent withdrawal of non-cooperation
movement.
• Moplah rebellion in Kerala (1921) started.
• Repeal of the Press Act of 1910 and the Rowlatt Act of 1919 occured.
Lord Reading • Criminal Law Amendment Act and Abolition of cotton exercise.
(1921-1926) • Communal riots in Multan, Amritsar, Delhi, Aligarh, Arvi and Calcutta occured.
• Kakori train robbery (1925) also happened during his tenure.
• Establishment of Swaraj party by C.R. Das and Motilal Nehru (1922).
• Decision to hold simultaneous examination for the ICS both in Delhi and London with effect from
1923.
• Visit of Simon Commission to India (1928) and the boycott of the commission by the Indians
occured.
• An All Parties Conference held at Lucknow (1928) for suggestions for (future) Constitution of India,
the report of “Nehru Report” of the ” Nehru Constitution” proposed.
• Appointment of Harcourt Butler Indian States Commission 1927.
• Murder of Saunders, the Assistant Superintendent of Police of Lahore; bomb blast in the assembly
Lord Irwin
hall of Delhi; the Lahore conspiracy case and the death of Jatin Das after prolonged hunger strike
(1926-1931)
(1921) and bomb accident on train in Delhi (1929).
• Lahore session of the Congress (1929); Puna Swami resolution.
• Dandi March (March 12,1930) by Gandhi to launch the Civil Disobedience Movement.
• Deepavali declaration by Lord Erwin (1929).
• Boycott of the first round table conference, Gandhi-Irwin pact (1931) and the suspension of the civil
disobedience movement (March 1931).
Lord • Second round table conference (1931) and failure .of the conference, presumption of civil
Willingdon disobedience.
(1931-1936) • Announcement of communal award 1932 under which separate communal electorates were set up.

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• “Fast unto Death” by Gandhi in Yeravada prison, broken after the Pune pact (1932).
• Third round table conference (1932) occured.
• Launch of individual Civil Disobedience Movement (1933).
• The Government of India Act (1935) enacted.
• Establishment of All India Kisan Sabha (1936) and Congress Socialist Party by Acharya Narendra
Dev and Jayprakash Narayan (1934).
• Burma-separated from India (1935).
• First general elections (1936-37); occured Congress gained majority in 5 provinces and formed
coalition in 3 other provinces.
• Resignation of the Congress ministries after the outbreak of the World War-II (1939).
• Subash Chandra Bose elected President of Congress at the 51st session of the Congress (1938).
• Resignation of Bose in 1939 and formation of the Forward Bloc (1939) occured.
• Lahore resolution (March 1940) by the Muslim league demand for the separate state for Muslims.
Lord • ‘August offer’ (1940) by the viceroy; criticism by the congress and the endorsement by the Muslim
Linlithgow league.
(1936-1944) • Vincent Churchill was elected Prime Minister of England (1940).
• Escape of Subash Chandra Bose from India (1941) and organization of the Indian National Army.
• Cripps Mission, Cripps Plan to offer dominion status to India and setting up of a constituent
assembly and its rejection by the congress.
• Passing of the ‘Quit India resolutions’ by the congress (1942); outbreak of ‘August Revolution’; or
Revolt of 1942 after the arrest of National leaders.
• ‘Divide and Quit’ slogan at Karachi session (1944) of the Muslim League.
• C.Rajagoapalachari’s `C.R.Formula’ (1944) was proposed.
• Failure of Gandhi-Jinnah pacts (1944) occured.
• Wavell Plan and the Shimla Conference (1942) took place.
• End of World War-II (1945).
Lord Wavell • Proposals of the Cabinet Mission (1946) and its acceptance by the Congress.
(1944-1947) • Observance of ‘Direct action day”(August 16, 1948) by the Muslim League.
• Elections to the constituent assembly, formation of interim government by the congress (September
1946)
• Announcement of the end of British rule in India by Clement Atlee (Prime Minister of England) on
February 20, 1947
June 3 Plan (June 3, 1947) announced.
Lord
• Introduction of Indian Independence Bill in the House of Commons.
Mountbatten
• Appointment of two boundary commissions under Sir Cyril Radcliffe for the partition of Bengal and
(1947-1948)
Punjab.

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CULTURE
In News
World Capital of Architecture for 2020.
• The United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) has announced that the Brazilian
city of Rio de Janeiro will be the World Capital of Architecture for 2020.
• Rio will be the first city to receive the title under a program launched together by UNESCO and the International
Union of Architects (UIA) in November last year. The city will host the World Congress of UIA, in July 2020, an event
that occurs every three years.
• Significance: According to UNESCO, the World Capital of A bodhisattva is a Buddhist deity who has
Architecture is intended to become an international forum for attained the highest level of
debates about pressing global challenges from the perspectives of enlightenment, but who delays their entry
culture, cultural heritage, urban planning and architecture. into Paradise in order to help the
Ice Stupa earthbound.
• The Indian Department of Post has released a ‘special stamp cover The bodhisattva, known in Sanskrit as
on Ice Stupa’. Avalokiteśvara, takes both male and
• The special stamps aim to create awareness about depleting female form and is associated with the
glaciers and affect the ecology around the Himalayas. qualities of mercy and compassion
Sharda Peeth
• Pakistan has given its green signal for Sharda Peeth corridor. The
Sharda Peeth corridor, when opened, will be the second religious
tract after Kartarpur corridor in Pakistan-controlled territory that Ikshavaku dynasty.
will connect the two neighbouring nations.
• The temple is revered by Kashmiri Pandits among other Hindus • As per Puranic literature, it was founded
across the globe. by king Ikshvaku. It is also known as
Stucco sculpture Sūryavaṁśa (the Solar dynasty).
• Indian archaeologists recently unearthed a rare life-sized stucco
• Important Personalities belonging to this
sculpture from a Buddhist site at Phanigiri in Suryapet, Telangana.
dynasty includes: Lord Rama, Twenty-two
• It is the biggest stucco sculpture found so far in India. It represents
a Bhodhisattva in Jathaka Chakra. out of twenty-four Jain Tirthankara, and
• It was created nearly 1,700 years ago by craftsmen at Phanigiri at according to Buddhist texts, Prince
peak of Ikshavaku dynasty. Siddhartha also belonged to this dynasty.

The classical dance forms recognised by the Sangeet Natak Akademi and the
Ministry of Culture are
• Bharatanatyam, from Tamil Nadu
• Kathak, from Northern and Western India
• Kathakali, from Kerala
• Kuchipudi, from Andhra Pradesh and Telangana
• Odissi, from Odisha
• Sattriya, from Assam
• Manipuri, from Manipur
• Mohiniyattam, from Kerala

Indian States and Their Traditional Folk Dance

• Arunachal Pradesh: Mask dance, War dance etc.
• Assam: Bihu, Bichhua, Natpuja, Maharas, Kaligopal, Bagurumba, Naga dance, Khel Gopal Tabal Chongli, Canoe,
Jhumura Hobjanai etc.
• Andhra Pradesh: Kuchipudi (Classical), Ghantamardala, Ottam Thedal, Mohiniattam,Kummi, Siddhi Madhuri,
Chhadi.
• Bihar: Jata-Jatin, Bakho-Bakhain, Panwariya, Sama-Chakwa, Bidesia, Jatra, etc.
• Chhattisgarh: Goudi, Karma, Jhumar, Dagla, Pali, Tapali, Navrani, Diwari, Mundari.
• Goa: Mandi, Jhagor, Khol, Dakni, etc.
• Gujarat: Garba, Dandiya Ras, Tippani Juriun, Bhavai, etc.
• Himachal Pradesh: Jhora, Jhali, Chharhi, Dhaman, Chhapeli, Mahasu, Nati, Dangi, Chamba, Thali, Jhainta, Daf,
Stick dance etc.
• Haryana: Jhumar, Phag Dance, Daph, Dhamal, Loor, Gugga, Khor, Gagor etc.

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• ·ammu & Kashmir: Rauf, Hikat, Mandjas, Kud Dandi Nach, Damali.
• Jharkhand: Chhau, Sarahul, Jat-Jatin, Karma, Danga, Bidesia, Sohrai.
• Karnataka: Yakshagan, Huttari, Suggi, Kunitha, Karga, Lambi etc.
• Kerala: Kathakali (Classical), Rakhal, Nat Rash, Maha Rash, Raukhat etc.
• Maharashtra: Lavani, Nakata, Koli, Lezim, Gafa, Dahikala Dasavtar or Bohada, Tamasha, Mauni, Powara,
Gouricha etc.
• Manipur: Manipuri (Classical), Rakhal, Nat Rash, Maha Rash, Raukhat, etc.
• Meghalaya: Laho, Baagla, etc.
• Mizoram: Khanatm, Pakhupila, Cherokan etc.
• Nagaland: Chong, Khaiva, Lim, Nuralim, etc.
• Odisha: Odissi (Classical), Rakhal, Nat Rash, Maha Rash, Raukhat etc.
• Punjab: Bhangra, Giddha, Daff, Dhaman etc.
• Rajasthan: Ghumar, Chakri, Ganagor, Jhulan Leela, Jhuma, Suisini, Ghapal,Panihari, Ginad.
• Tamil Nadu: Bharatnatyam, Kumi, Kolattam, Kavadi
• Uttaranchal: Gadhwali, Kumayuni, Kajari, Jhora, Raslila, Chappeli
• Uttar Pradesh: Nautanki, Raslila, Kajri, Jhora, Chappeli, Jaita.
• West Bengal: Kathi, Gambhira, Dhali, Jatra, Baul, Marasia, Mahal, Keertan, etc.

Recent Geographical Indicator (GI) Tags

State GI tag for Details
Gobindobhog variety of rice is a short grain, white, aromatic, sticky rice having a
Rice
West Bengal sweet buttery flavour
Rosogulla Banglar Rasgolla, a term that refers only to the sweet produced in West Bengal
Banaganapalle It alone occupies 70% percent of total mango cultivable area of the state and
Mangoes was first introduced by the Nawabs of Banaganapalli.
Durgi stone carvings are linked to Buddhist art that flourished in Amaravati and
Durgi Stone
Andhra traces its roots to a village near Macherla where sculptures were carved from
Carvings
Pradesh soft limestone.
The art of making traditional wooden Etikoppaka toys is more than 400 years
Etikapakka Toys old and it has been traditionally handed over to them by their ancestors through
generations.
The famous Chi pi Khwu and Tsakü Khwü shawls of Chakhesang tribe.
Nagaland Chakshesang Shawl
The Chakhesangs, formerly known as Eastern Angami
Pochampalli Ikat is a saree made in Bhoodan Pochampally, Yadadri
Pochampaly Ikat
Bhuvanagiri district, Telangana State, India.
Telangana It is form of ancient bell metal craft practiced by Woj community native to
Adilabad Dokra
Adilabad district of Telangana.
Warangal Dhurries Dhurries is popular traditional thick cotton rug
Madhya Kadaknath chicken breed is unique for its black colour due to its black
Kadaknath chicken.
Pradesh feathers.
Nilambur teak known internationally for its superior timber quality and elegant
Nilambur teak
appearance
Wayanad Robusta
Kerala both as a pure crop and as mixed crop
Coffee
The distinct features of the Marayur Jaggery are high sweetness with less
Marayur Jaggery
saltiness, high content of iron and less sodium.
These sturdy leather chappals are hand-crafted and tanned using vegetable
dyes and the art of making them is passed down one generation to another.
Maharashtra Kolhapuri chappals
Belgaum, Dharwad, Bagalkot and Bijapur districts of Karnataka. Also share the
GI tag
5 districts of Maharashtra, known as ‘Hapus’ in Maharashtra is considered as
Alphonso mango king of mangoes. It is best known for its taste and also for pleasant fragrance
and vibrant colour.
Kandhamal Haldi has more oleoresin and volatile oil contents compared to
Odisha Kandhamal Haldi
other turmeric varieties.
Sirsi Supari
Sirsi Supari is the first product from the Arecanut sector to get a GI tag.
Karnataka (Arecanut)
Coffee: Coorg Arabica Coffee, Chikmagalur Arabica Coffee, Bababudangiri Arabica Coffee
Tamilnadu Erode Turmeric

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Shahi Litchi which famous for its sweet, juicy, unique flavour and aroma is
Bihar Shahi Litchi mostly grown in Muzaffarpur and adjoining areas of East Champaran, Vaishali,
Samastipur and Begusarai districts of state.

List of 18 Geographical Indications tag from Northeast Region

Assam – Muga Silk , Assam (Orthodox) Logo, Assam Karbi Anglong Ginger, Tezpur litchi & Joha Rice.
Arunachal Pradesh – Arunachal Orange
Nagaland – Naga Mircha (chilly), Naga Red Tomato and Chakhesang Shawl
Manipur – Shaphee Lanphee, Wangkhei Phee, and Kachai Lemon
Meghalaya – Khasi Mandarin and Memong Narang
Mizoram – Mizo Chilli
Sikkim – Sikkim Large Cardamom
Tripura – Tripura Queen Pineapple.
* Araku Valley Arabica Coffee: It is grown in regions of Visakhapatnam district in Andhra Pradesh and Koraput
district in Odisha. Got a GI tag

Architecture of Early Modern period (1500 CE—1947 CE)

Rajput Architecture
The Mughal architecture and painting influenced indigenous Rajput styles of art and architecture. [76] Rajput
Architecture represents different types of buildings, which may broadly be classed either as secular or religious. The
secular buildings are of various scales. These include temples, forts, stepwells, gardens, and palaces. The forts were
specially built for defense and military purposes due to the Islamic invasions.
Time
Architecture Features
Period
• Built during the course of the 15th century by Rana Kumbha, the walls of the fort
of Kumbhalgarh extend over 38 km, claimed to be the second-longest continuous wall
Fort 15th
after the Great Wall of China
of Kumbhalgarh century
• It is a World Heritage Site included in Hill Forts of Rajasthan.
• There are over 360 temples within the fort, 300 ancient Jain and the rest Hindu.
• Victory monument located within Chittorgarh fort in Chittorgarh, Rajasthan, India. The
tower was constructed by the Mewarking, Rana Kumbha.
Vijaya Stambha 1448
• The tower is dedicated to Vishnu
• it is technically a Kirttistambha or Kirti Stambha, a "tower of fame"
• It is known for its artistic Hindu style elements
Ajmer Fort
• Constructed of red sandstone and marble
• It was constructed by Udai Singh II after shifting his capital to Udaipur due to Muslim
City Palace, 1553
invasion. Construction over 400 years
Udaipur began
• It is a fusion of the Rajasthani and Mughal architectural styles
• Planned by Sawai Jai Singh II
1729-
City Palace, Jaipur • Diwan-i-Am (Sabha Niwas), the Hall of Public Audience
1732,
• The 'Diwan-I-Khas' or the 'Hall of Private Audience' is a marble floored chamber
• dedicated to Tirthankara Rishabhanatha.
• Dharna Shah, a local Jain businessperson, started construction of the temple.
Ranakpur Jain 15th
temple • Light colored marble has been used for the construction century
• The temple prohibits visits by women having their menstrual periods, on the grounds
that this will defile the sacred nature of the temple grounds
Lalgarh Palace • The palace was built in the Indo-Saracenic style. 1902-
• he complex was designed by the British architect Sir Samuel Swinton Jacob 1926
Maratha Architecture
• The architecture of Maratha period was planned with courtyards suited to tropical climates.
• The Maratha Architecture is known for its simplicity, visible logic and austere aesthetic, made rich by beautiful
detailing, rhythm, and repetition.
• The aisles and arcades, punctured by delicate niches, doors, and windows create space in which the
articulation of open, semi-open and covered areas is effortless and enchanting.
• The materials used during those times for construction were –
1. Thin bricks
2. Lime mortar
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3. Lime plaster
4. Wooden columns
5. Stone bases
6. Basalt stone flooring
7. Brick pavements
• Maharashtra is famous for its caves and rock-cut architectures. It is said that the varieties found in
Maharashtra are wider than the caves and rock-cut architectures found in the rock-cut areas of Egypt, Assyria,
Persia, and Greece.
• The Buddhist monks first started these caves in the 2nd century BC, in search of serene and peaceful
environment for meditation, and they found these caves on the hillsides.
Sikh Architecture
• Sikh Architecture is a style of architecture that is characterized by values of progressiveness, exquisite
intricacy, austere beauty and logical flowing lines.
• Due to its progressive style, it is constantly evolving into many newly developing branches with
new contemporarystyles.
• Although Sikh architecture was initially developed within Sikhism its style has been used in many non-
religious buildings due to its beauty.
• 300 years ago, Sikh architecture was distinguished for its many curves and straight lines; Shri Keshgarh
Sahib and the Sri Harmandir Sahib (Golden Temple) are prime examples.
European colonial architecture
British Colonial Era: 1615 to 1947
The major cities colonized during this period were Madras, Calcutta, Bombay, Delhi, Agra, Bankipore, Karachi, Nagpur,
Bhopal and Hyderabad, which saw the rise of Indo-Saracenic Revival architecture.
Indo-Saracenic (also known as Indo-Gothic, Mughal-Gothic, Neo-Mughal, Hindoo style)

• It drew stylistic and decorative elements from native Indo-Islamic architecture, especially Mughal architecture,
which the British regarded as the classic Indian style, and, less often, Hindu temple architecture.
• The basic layout and structure of the buildings tended to be close to that used in contemporary buildings in other
styles, such as Gothic revival and Neo-Classical, with specific Indian features and decoration added. Saracen was
a term used in the Middle Ages in Europe for the Arabic-speaking Muslim people of the Middle East and North
Africa.
• The first Indo-Saracenic building is said to be the Chepauk Palace, completed in 1768, in present-
day Chennai (Madras).
• Madras, Bombay, and Calcutta (as they then were), as the main centres of the Raj administration, saw many
buildings constructed in the style, although Calcutta was also a bastion of European Neo-classical architecture.
Turkic and Mughal conquest in the Indian subcontinent, introduced new concepts in the already rich architecture of
India. The prevailing style of architecture was trabeate, employing pillars, beams and lintels. The Turkic invaders
brought in the arcuate style of construction, with its arches and beams, which flourished
under Mughal and Taluqdar patronage and by incorporating elements of Indian architecture, especially Rajasthani
temple architecture.

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Time
Architecture Features
Period
• The official residence of the Nawab of Arcot from 1768 to 1855
Chepauk Palace • built by the engineer Paul Benfield, who completed it in 1768. It was one of the first 1768
buildings in India to be built in the Indo-Saracenic style
• The foundation stone of the supreme court's building was laid on 29 October 1954 by
Supreme Court Dr. Rajendra Prasad, the first President of India.
Building • Designed in an Indo-British style by the chief architect Ganesh Bhikaji Deolalikar, the
first Indian to head the Central Public Works Department.
• The design prepared by J. W. Brassington, the then consulting architect to the
1888-
Madras High Court government and later under the guidance of the famed architect Henry Irwin, who
92
completed it with the assistance of J. H. Stephens.
• a UNESCO World Heritage Site
• The station was designed by Frederick William Stevens according to the concept of
Chhatrapati Shivaji Victorian Italianate Gothic Revival architecture and meant to be a similar revival of
Maharaj Terminus Indian Goth (classical era) architecture. 1887
(Victoria Terminus) • The building exhibits a fusion of influences from Victorian Italianate Gothic Revival
architecture and classical Indian architecture
• The station is the most photographed building in the country after Taj Mahal
• It is the official residence of the Wadiyar dynasty and the seat of the Kingdom of
Mysore.
• Maharaja Krishnaraja Wodeyar IVand his mother Maharani Kempananjammanni Devi,
Mysore Palace commissioned the British architect Lord Henry Irwin to build a new palace.
• The construction was overseen by B. P. Raghavulu Naidu, an executive engineer in the
Mysore Palace division.
• blends of the Hindu, Mughal, Rajput, and Gothic styles.
• Designed by Herbert Baker.
• In continuation with the Viceroy's House, these buildings also used cream and
red Dholpur sandstone from Rajasthan, with the red sandstone forming the base.
• Much of the building is in classical architectural style, yet it incorporated
North Block of from Mughal and Rajasthani architecture style and motifs in its architecture. These are
the Secretariat visible in the use of Jali, perforated screens, to protect from scorching sun and 1910
Building, New Delhi, monsoon rains of India. Another feature of the building is a dome-like structure known
as the Chatri, a design unique to India, used in ancient times to give relief to travelers
by providing shade from the hot Indian sun.
• The style of architecture used in Secretariat Building is unique to Raisina Hill. In front
of the main gates on buildings are the four "dominion columns", given by Canada,
Australia, New Zealand and South Africa.
• seat of the state legislature of Karnataka, It is constructed in a style sometimes
described as Mysore Neo-Dravidian, and incorporates elements of Indo-
Vidhana Soudha Saracenic and Dravidian styles. 1956
• Kengal Hanumanthaiah is credited with the conception and construction of the
Vidhana Soudha
• The monument was erected to commemorate the landing of King George V and Queen
Mary at Apollo Bunder on their visit to India in 1911.
• The structure is an arch made of yellow basalt and indissoluble concrete.
• The final design of George Wittet was sanctioned in 1914
• One can also find traces of Muslim architectural styles incorporated in the structure of 1911-
Gateway of India
the grandiose edifice. 24
• The Scottish architect George Wittet combined the elements of the Roman triumphal
arch and the 16th-century architecture of Gujarat.
• The monument's design is a combination of Hindu and Muslim architectural styles. The
arch is of Muslim style while the decorations are of Hindu style.
• five-star luxury saracenic revival architecture hotel,
• In 2017, the Taj Mahal Palace Hotel has acquired an image trademark, It is the first
building in the country to get intellectual property rights protection for its architectural
The Taj Mahal Palace
design. 1903
Hotel
• The hotel's original building was commissioned by Tata
• The original Indian architects were Sitaram Khanderao Vaidya and D. N. Mirza, and the
project was completed by an English engineer, W. A. Chambers.

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• Designed by William Emerson in late 19th century

• To perpetuate the memory of Queen Victoria in India
Victoria Memorial
• Drew elements from the indigenous & Indo-Islamic architecture combined with the 1921
Hall (Kolkata)
Gothic revival & Neo-Classical styles
• Like the Taj Mahal, the Victoria Memorial is built of white Makrana marble
Recently in News
• India’s nomination of the architectures of "Victorian and Art Deco Ensembles of Mumbai” has been included in
UNESCO's World Heritage list.
• This collection of Victorian and Art Deco landmarks is the largest such conglomeration and first of the combination
of these two genres of architecture in the world to be included in world heritage list.
• The Ensemble consists of 94 buildings primarily of 19th century Victorian Gothic revival and early 20th century Art
Deco style of architecture with the Oval Maidan in the centre.
• The 19th century Victorian Gothic buildings that lie to the east of the Oval are the mainly the Bombay High Court,
The University of Mumbai (Fort Campus) and The City Civil and Sessions Court (Housed in the Old Secretariat
Building). This stretch also houses one of the landmarks of Mumbai, the Rajabai Clock Tower.
• The 20th century Art Deco buildings flank the western stretch of the Oval and consist mainly of privately-owned
residential buildings and the Eros Cinema among others
• Some characteristics of Victorian art are: Use of pointed arches, Heavy stone and brick work, Use of polychromes
(contrasting colours) and Bold forms like towers, massive hip and gabled roofs.
• Art Deco, also called style modern was movement in the decorative
arts and architecture. The Art Deco edifices, with their cinemas and • Andhra Pradesh and Telangana: Ugadi.
residential buildings, blend Indian design with Art Deco imagery, • Karnataka: Yugadi /Ugadi.
creating a unique style that has been described as Indo-Deco. • Maharashtra: Gudi Padwa.
Hindu New Year • Sindhis: Cheti Chand.
• Hindu New Year was welcomed in different parts of the country with • Manipuris: Sajibu Cheiraoba.
traditional festivities and celebrations. • Hindus of Bali and Indonesia also
• The Chaitra Sukladi, Ugadi, Gudi Padava, Navareh, Navroz and Chetti celebrate their new year on the same day
Chand are the same festivals in different names, marking the occasion. as Nyepi

Festivals/Traditions in News
Ambubachi Mela
• A four-day fair to mark the annual menstruation of the goddess is being held at Kamakhya temple in Guwahati.
• Kamakhya, atop Nilachal Hills in Guwahati, is one of 51 shaktipeeths or seat of Shakti followers, each
representing a body part of the Sati, Lord Shiva’s companion.
• Behdienkhlam, one of the most colourfulfestivals of the State, was recently celebrated in theJaintia Hills,
Meghalaya.
• Bathukamma is floral festival celebrated by the Hindu women of Telangana.
Indian harvest festivals
• The Harvest season is on and festivities have gripped the nation from the north to down south.
• Makar Sankranti: The festival of Makar Sankranti is being celebrated today when the Sun enters the Makar zodiac
and the days begin to lengthen compared to nights.
• Pongal: In South India and particularly in Tamil Nadu, it’s the festival of Pongal which is being celebrated over 4
days at harvest time.
• Magha Bihu: In Assam and many parts of the North East, the festival of Magha Bihu is celebrated. It sees the first
harvest of the season being offered to the gods along with prayers for peace and prosperity.
• Uttarayan: Gujarat celebrates it in the form of the convivial kite festival of Uttarayan.
• Maghi: In Punjab, Makar Sankranti is celebrated as Maghi. Bathing in a river in the early hours on Maghi is
important.
• Saaji: In Shimla District of Himachal Pradesh, Makara Sankranti is known as Magha Saaji. Saaji is the Pahari word
for Sankranti, start of the new month. Hence this day marks the start of the month of Magha.
• Kicheri: The festival is known as Kicheri in Uttar Pradesh and involves ritual bathing.
• Shakrain is an annual celebration of winter in Bangladesh, observed with the flying of kites.
• Maghe Sankranti is a Nepalese festival observed on the first of Magh in the Bikram Samwat Hindu Solar Nepali
calendar (about 14 January).
Makaravilakku
• Makaravilakku is an annual festival held on Makar Sankranti in Kerala, at the shrine of Sabarimala.
The festival includes the Thiruvabharanam (sacred ornaments of Ayyappan) procession and a
congregation at the hill shrine of Sabarimala.

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Kambala

• The Supreme Court has refused to pass an interimorder to stay Ordinance allowing kambala, thetraditional
buffalo slush track race in Karnataka.
• Kambala is an annual traditional Buffalo Race held incoastal districts of Karnataka to entertain ruralpeople of
the area.
• Slushy/marshy paddy field track is used for Kambala.
• In the traditional form of Kambala, buffalo racing is non-competitive and thebuffalo pairs run one by one in
paddy fields.
• There is also ritualistic approach as some agriculturists’ race their buffaloesfor thanks giving to god for
protecting their animals from diseases. But inrecent times, Kambala has become an organised rural sport.
Jallikattu
• Jallikattu is a bull taming or bull vaulting sportplayed in Tamil Nadu on Mattu Pongal day as apart of Pongal
celebrations.
• Jallikattu has been derived from the words ‘calli’(coins) and ‘kattu’ (tie), which means a bundle ofcoins is tied to
the bull’s horns.In the ancient Sangam literature the sport hasbeen called as ‘Yeru thazhuvuthal’ (means to
embrace bulls).
• In older times Jallikattu was popular amongst warriors during the Tamilclassical period. The bull tamer sought to
remove this bundle from theanimal’s head to win gold or silver coins to be called ‘brave’ and ‘valourous’.
• All castes participate in the event and majority of jallikattu and bulls used forthe sport belong to the pulikulam
breed of cattle.
The Losar festival
• The Losar festival in Ladakh region of Jammu and Kashmir is celebrated tomark the beginning of New Year in
the Himalayan region.
WARI WARKARI
• Wari meaning “pilgrimage” refers to the annual padayatra to the Vithoba temple in Pandharpur, Solapur district
of Maharashtra. It is a 700-year-old tradition.
• Vithoba is a form of Krishna, an avatar(incarnation) of Vishnu. Thus, Warkari is a branch of Vaishnavism.
• The Warkaris carry the padukas (footprints) of various saints, most notably Dnyaneshwar and Tukaram.
• It is mainly geographically related to Maharashtra and Southern Karanataka. Individuals taking the padayatra
are called Warkari meaning pilgrim.
• The pilgrimage culminates on Ekadashi (the11th day) of the Hindu lunar calendar month of Aashaadha.
• The teachers responsible for establishing andsupporting the movement through its history include Dnyaneshwar,
Tukaram and Chokhamela.
Kumbh Mela
• The world’s largest religious and cultural human congregation, ‘Kumbh 2019’ began at Prayagraj (erstwhile
Allahabad), Uttar Pradesh on January 15, 2019.
• The Kumbh Mela (the festival of the sacred pitcher) is anchored in Hindu mythology.
• It is the largest public gathering and collective act of faith, anywhere in the world.
• Crowds gather at the sacred confluence of the Ganga, the Yamuna, and the mystical Sarasvati. Primarily, this
congregation includes Ascetics, Saints, Sadhus, Sadhvis, Kalpvasis, and Pilgrims from all walks of life.
• The Mela was included in the list of “Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity” by UNESCO in 2017.
• Kumbh Mela is celebrated four times over a course of 12 years.
• The geographical location of Kumbh Mela spans over four locations in India and the Mela site keeps rotating
between one of the four pilgrimage places on four sacred rivers as listed below:
1. Haridwar on the Ganges in Uttarakhand.
2. Ujjain on the Shipra in Madhya Pradesh.
3. Nashik on the Godavari in Maharashtra.
4. Prayagraj at the confluence of the Ganges, the Yamuna, and the mythical Sarasvati in Uttar Pradesh.
• Each site’s celebration is based on a distinct set of astrological positions of the Sun, the Moon, and the Jupiter.
The celebrations occur at the exact moment when these positions are fully occupied, as it is considered to be the
holiest time in Hinduism.
Garia festival
• It is an important festival for the Tripuri tribal community of the state. The Garia dance is very popular
among the Tripuris and the Reangs. Symbolic of the worship of deities as well as of the socio-economic
activities of the households, these dances represent hunting, fishing, food-gathering and various other
activities.

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GEOGRAPHY
Major Indian Towns on Riverbanks
Towns Riverbank Towns Riverbank
Agra Yamuna Kolkata Hooghly
Ahmedabad Sabarmati Kota Chambal
Allahabad Confluence of the Ganga and Yamuna Kurnool Tungabhadra
Ayodhya Saryu Lucknow Gomti
Badrinath Alakananda Ludhiana Sutlej
Bareilly Ram Ganga Mathura Yamuna
Cuttack Mahanadi Nasik Godavari
Delhi Yamuna Panaji Mandavi
Dibrugarh Brahmaputra Patna Ganga
Ferozpur Sutlej Sambalpur Mahanadi
Guwahati Brahmaputra Srinagar Jhelum
Haridwar Ganga Srirangapatna Cauvery
Hyderabad Musi Surat Tapi
Jabalpur Narmada Tiruchirappalli Cauvery
Jamshedpur Subarnarekha Ujjain Shipra
Jaunpur Gomti Varanasi Ganga
Kanpur Ganga Vijayvada Krishna
Major Ports in India
Name of the Port Coast State Details
› Also called Tidal Port
Kandla Western Coast Gujarat › It is declared as Trade Free Zone
› Largest Port Serving North India
› Natural Harbour and Largest Natural Port In India
Mumbai Western Coast Maharashtra
› Busiest port in India
Navasheva/
Western Coast Maharashtra › Largest Artificial Port in India
Jawaharlal Nehru Port
› Established on the estuary of the river Juari
Marmagoa Western Coast Goa
› Handles Iron Ore Exports
Manglore Western Coast Karnataka › Handles iron ore exports from Kudermukh mines
Cochin/ › Located in the Vebanad lake
Western Coast Kerala
Kochi › Handles exports of spices and salts
› Riverine ports on Hugli river
Haldia Eastern Coast West Bengal
› Also known as Diamond Harbour
› Natural Harbor
Paradip Eastern Coast Odisha › Handles export of iron and aluminium to south east asian
countries
› Deepest port of India
Andhra
Vishakapatnam Eastern Coast › Handles export of iron ore to Japan
Pradesh
› Facilities of building and repairing of ships are available here
Chennai Eastern Coast Tamil Nadu › Artificial and 2nd Busiest port.
› First corporatized port of India
Ennore Eastern Coast Tamil Nadu
This port is now named as Kamarajar Port Limited.
› Southern Most major port
Tutikorin Eastern Coast Tamil Nadu
› Handles petro chemical products and fertilizers and salts
Port Blair is the 13th and youngest major port of India
Andaman
declared so in 2010. The port is of strategic importance to
Port Blair Port Eastern Coast and Nicobar
India and is closer to two international shipping lines viz. Saudi
island
Arabia-Singapore and US-Singapore.
*all the coastal states have a major port
Major Passes of the Himalayas
Passes of the Western Himalayas
Jammu and Kashmir
NAME in Between location
Mintaka Pass Kashmir and China Trijunction of India-China and Afghanistan border
Parpik Pass Kashmir and China East of Mintaka pass on the Indo-China border
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Khunjerab Pass Kashmir and China Indo-China border
Ladakh region of India with the 5000 m above sea level.
Aghil Pass Xinjiang (Sinkiang) Province of north of K2 Peak (the highest peak in India and the second highest
China peak in the world)
2832 m
Jammu and Srinigar across the Pir-Panjal Range
remains snow covered during winter season
The road from Jammu to Srinagar transversed Banihal Pass until 1956 when Jawahar Tunnel was
Banihal Pass
constructed under the pass. The road now passes through the tunnel and the Banihal Pass is no longer
used for road transport.
Another 11 km long tunnel provides railway link between Banihal and Kazigund. It was thrown open to
railway transport in July, 2013
altitude of 5360 m
Chang-La Ladakh with Tibet This has a temple dedicated to Chang-La Baba after whom the
temple has been named
The world’s highest motorable road passes through this pass
Khardung La near Leh in the Ladakh range
remains closed in winter due to heavy snowfall
this pass provides passage between Ladak and Lhasa. A road to
India and China (Akasai-Chin
Lanak La connect Xinjiang Province with Tibet has been constructed by the
area of Jammu and Kashmir)
Chinese
Provides the shortest and the easiest metal road between Jammu
Pir-Panjal pass across the Pir Panjal range and Kashmir Valley. But this route had to be closed down as a result
of partition of the subcontinent
Indo-China borer across the
Qara Tag La located at an elevation of over six thousand metres
Karakoram Range
Ladakh region of India and
Imis La
Tibet in China
vital link between the Kashmir remains closed to traffic from November to mid-May due to heavy
Pensi La
Valley and Kargil snowfall
The road passing through this pass has been designated at
Important road link between the National Highway (NH-1D)
Srinagar on one side and Border Road Organisation (BRO) is responsible for maintaining the
Zoji La
Kargil and Leh on the other road and cleaning it off snow during winter. In spite of all these
side efforts, the road through this pass remains closed from December to
mid-May
Himachal Pradesh
Elevation: 4,890 m
National highway connecting Mandi in Himachal Pradesh with Leh in
Himachal Pradesh and Jammu
Bara Lacha La Jammu and Kashmir passes through this pass. Being situated at high
and Kashmir
altitude, it remains snow covered in winter and is not used as a
transport route.
elevation of 5270 m above sea level
link between Kullu and Spiti
Debsa Pass It offers a much easier and shorter alternative route to traditional Pin-
districts
Parbati Pass route between Kullu and Spiti
Elevation: 3979 m
Border Road Organisation (BRO) is responsible for constructing and
road link between Kullu, Lahul
Rohtang Pass maintaining roads in this area. Rohtang pass is a great tourist
and Spiti Valleys
attraction and traffic jams are very commonbecause this route is
widely used by military, public and private vehicles.
Elevation: 6000 m
Shipki La Himachal Pradesh and Tibet
Remains closed in winter season (Nov – Apr)
Uttarakhand
trijunction of Uttarakhand
Lipu Lekh (India), Tibet (China) and Nepal This pass is used by pilgrims to Kailash-Mansarowar.
borders
elevation of 5610
Mana Pass Uttarakhand with Tibet Situated a little north of the holy place of Badhrinath
Remains closed in winter season (Nov – Apr)
Mangsha
Uttarakhand with Tibet It is used by pilgrims going to Kailash-Mansarowar
Dhura
Niti Pass Uttarakhand with Tibet Remains closed in winter season (Nov – Apr)

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situated in the north of Gangotri
Muling La Uttarakhand and Tibet
at an elevation of 5669 m in the Great Himalayas
Passes of the Eastern Himalayas
Sikkim
altitude of 4310 m
it forms part of an offshoot of the ancient Silk Route
an important trade route between India and China
Nathu La Sikkim with Tibet
It was closed after the Chinese aggression on India in 1962 but was
reopened in 2006 as the governments of the two countries decided
to enhance their trade through land routes
altitude of 4538 m
Jelep La Sikkim-Bhutan border passes through Chumbi Valley
important link between Sikkim and Lhasa
Arunachal Pradesh
altitude of 4331 m
Arunachal Pradesh with Situated at an altitude of 4331 m near the western boundary of
Bom Di La
Bhutan Arunachal Pradesh in the Greater Himalayas, this pass connects
Arunachal Pradesh with Lhasa
Arunachal Pradesh and
Dihang Pass elevation of more than 4000 m it provides passage
Myanmar.
Yonggyap Pass Arunachal Pradesh with Tibet
Easy access between Arunachal Pradesh and Mandalay in Myanmar.
trijunction of India, China and
Dipher Pass It is an important land trade route between India and Myanmar and
Myanmar
remains open throughout the year.
Arunachal Pradesh with
Kumjawng Pass
Myanmar
Arunachal Pradesh with
Hpungan Pass
Myanmar
Arunachal Pradesh with
Chankan Pass
Myanmar
List of Tribal Groups in India-
Tribes Regions
Abors Arunachal Pradesh
Aptanis Arunachal Pradesh
Badagas Nilgiri (TN)
Baiga Madhya Pradesh
Bhils Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan, some in Gujarat and Maharashtra
Bhot Himachal Pradesh
Bhotias Garhwal and Kumaon regions of U. P.
Chakma Tripura
Chenchus Andhra Pradesh, Orissa
Gaddis Himachal Pradesh
Garos Meghalaya
Gonds Madhya Pradesh. Also in Bihar, Orissa and A.P.
Gujjars Himachal Pradesh, J&K
Jarawas Andaman & Nicobar inhabiting Little Andamans
Khas Jaunsar-Babar area in U.P.
Khasis Assam, Meghalaya
Kol Madhya Pradesh
Kotas Nilgiri (Tamil Nadu)
Kuki Manipur
Lepchas Sikkim
Lushais Mizoram
Murias Bastar (Madhya Pradesh)
Mikirs Assam
Mundas Bihar, Orissa, West Bengal
Nagas (Angami, Sema, Ao, Tangkul, Lahora) Nagaland, some in Assam and NEFA region.
Oarons (also called Kurukh) Bihar, Orissa and West Bengal.
Onges Andaman and Nicobar islands
Santals Birbhum region in Bengal, Hazaribagh, Purnea in Bihar, Orissa
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Sentinelese Sentinel Island, Andaman and Nicobar
Shompens Andaman and Nicobar
Todas Nilgiri (Tamil Nadu)
Uralis Kerala
Warlis Maharashtra
Important Straits of the World
A Strait is defined as a comparatively narrow passageway connecting two large bodies of water. It may also be
described as a naturally formed, narrow, typically navigable waterway that connects two larger bodies of water.
Here is the list of the famous straits in the world.
• Strait of Dover: It separates England and France
• Cook Strait: It separates northern and southern New Zealand
• Sauda Strait: It separates java and Sumatra island of Indonesia
• Palk strait: It separates India from Sri Lanka
• Strait of Gibraltar: It separates Europe from Africa
• Strait of Bonifacio: It separates Sardinia island in Italy with Corsica island in France
• Strait of Messina: It separates Italy and Sicily
• Malacca Strait: It separates Malaysia and Indonesia
• Davis Strait: It separates Greenland and Canada
• Bass Strait: It separates Australia and Tasmania
• Bering Strait: It separates Russia and America
• Strait of Hormuz: It separates Oman and Iran
• Taurus Strait: It separates Papua Guiana and Australia
• Yucatan Strait: It separates Mexico and Cuba
• Formosa Strait: It separates China and Taiwan
List of the Grassland of the World and their Location:
Grassland Regions
Dawns Australia
Pampas South America (Argentina & Uruguay)
Prairies North America
Savannah Africa and Australia
Selvas South America
Steppes Europe and Northern Asia
Taiga Europe and Asia
Velds South Africa
Lianos Venezuela (South America)
Pustaz Hungary
Canterbury New Zealand
Grasslands are called different names in different parts of the world: - 'steppes' in Asia; 'prairies' in North America;
'pampas', 'llanos' and 'cerrados' in South America; 'savannas' and 'velds' in Africa; and 'rangelands' in Australia.
Classification by Cropping Season:
Cropping Seasons Sown Harvest Crops
Kharif June October Rice, Cotton, Jute, Maize, Groundnut, Tobacco, Jowar, Bajra ect..
Zaid March June Watermelon, Cucumber, leafy and other vegitables.
Some pulses like Moong, Urad etc are also grown.
Rabi Oct-Nov March-April Wheat, Barley, Gram, Linseed, Mustard, Masoor, Peas and Potatoes

Classification by uses:
Cash Crops: - Cotton, Jute, Sugarcane, Tobacco, and Oilseeds
Plantation Crops: - Tea, Coffee, Coconut and, Rubber
Horticulture Crops: - Fruits and Vegetables.

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Rivers, Their Tributaries, Major Projects on them

Contrib
ution
River Source Tributaries Projects
of
Water
• Left bank tributaries
Gangotri glacier – Ramganga,
The Tehri Dam is the Highest dam on
near Gomukh, Gandak, Kosi,
the Bhagirathi River one of the
Ganga Uttrakhand in the Gharghara, Gomati. 25%
two headstreams of the Ganga
Kumaon • Right bank tributaries
Himalaya. – Son, Yamuna and
Tons
West to East left bank tributaries of Ganga
Ramganga > Gomati > Ghagra > Gandhak (enters india in champaran dist. Of Bihar)> Kosi > Mahananda
Ramganga and Gomati are completely in India
The Rana Pratap Sagar dam is a dam located
52 km downstream of Gandhi Sagar dam on
1. Chambal 2. Sindh across the Chambal River near Rawatbhata in
Yamuna 3. Betwa 4. Ken 5. Chittorgarh district in Rajasthan.
Tons 6. Hindon Ken-Betwa inter-linking of rivers (ILR) project
aims to transfer surplus water from the Ken
River to the Betwa
Yamuna right Bank tributary from West to East
Chambal > Sind > Betwa > Ken
1. Indravati 2. Manjira
Trimbak plateau, Pranahita Chevella lift irrigation scheme: inter
3. Bindusara 4.
Godavari Nasik, river basin transfer link by feeding Godavari 6.4%
Sarbari 5. Penganga
Maharashtra river water to Krishna river basin.
6.Pranahita
Koyna Hydroelectric Project on Koyna River
1. Tungabhadra 2. Srisailam Project: Krishna river on the border
Mahabaleswar in Ghataprabha 3. districts between Andhra Pradesh and
Krishna 3.4%
Maharashtra Malaprabha 4. Bhima Telangana districts, It is the second largest
5. Vedavati 6. Koyna working hydroelectric power project in India.
Nagarjuna Sagar
1. Kabini 2.
Tala Cauvery,
Cauvery Hemavathi 3. Simsha Shivasamudram waterfalls
Western Ghat
4. Arkavati 5. Bhavani
Multai in Betul
Tapi Ukai
district, MP
Sardar Sarovar Dam: largest dam of Narmada
1. Amaravati 2.
Amarkantak Valley Project
Narmada Bhukhi 3. Tawa 4. 2.9%
Plateau, MP Omkareshwar on Narmada River
Banger
Indira Sagar Dam, Narmada River
Kailash Range,
Nathpa Jhakri on Sutlej river (Himachal
Tibet near 1. Sutlej 2. Dras 3.
Pradesh)
Indus Mansarovar Lake. Zanskar 4. Shyok 5.
Bhakra Nangal Dam (Gobind Sagar) across
Flows only in leh Gilgit 6. Suru
Sutlej River
district in India
Jhelum Verinag Uri, Kishanganga
• Right bank tributaries
Chemayung-Dung – Subansiri, Kameng,
glacier near Manas.
Brahmaputra 40%
Mansarovar in • Left bank tributaries
Tibet. – Buri Dihang,
Kameng.
Damodar 1. Barakar 2. Konar
Chamera Dam is on river Ravi
Rohtang Pass, 1. Budhil 2. Nai or
Ravi Ranjit Sagar Dam on river Ravi
kulu hills Dhona 3. Seul 4. Ujh
Ujh and Sewa
Beas Rohtang Pass Pong Dam

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Rakas Lake, Near
Sutluj Govind Sagar/ Bhakra Nangal Dam
Mansarovar
Dandakaranya, 1. Seonath 2. Hasdeo
Mahanadi Raipur, 3. Jonk 4. Mand 5. Ib Hirakud 3.5%
Chattishgarh 6. Ong 7. Tel
1. Banas 2. Kali Sindh
Chambal 3. Shipra 4. Parbati 5.
Mej
Jog Falls formed by the Sharavati river.
originates and flows
Sharavathi Dam, officially known as the
Sharavati entirely within the
Linganamakki Reservoir, is built across
state of Karnataka
Sharavathi river
Bara Lacha Pass
Chandra and Largest tributary of Salal I & II
Chenab river
BHaga merge to indus Dul Hasti Rattle, Miyar, Pakal Dul
form chenab
Idukki
Periyar river
Mullaperiyar Dam
Rank in terms of Drainage basin
1. Ganga-Brahmaputra-Meghna – Ganga
2. West Flowing Rivers of Kutch and Saurashtra including Luni
3. Indus
4. Godavari
5. Krishna
6. Ganga-Brahmaputra-Meghna – Brahmaputra
7. Mahanadi
East Flowing Rivers West Flowing Rivers

Have large catchment areas and form deltas not

Form estuaries and not deltas
estuary

Flows towards Bay of Bengal Flows towards Arabian Sea

77 per cent of the drainage area of the country is flows 23 per cent of the drainage area of the country is flows
towards the Bay of Bengal towards the Arabian sea

The Indus, the Narmada, the Tapi, the Sabarmati,

The Ganga, the Brahmaputra, the
the Mahi, the Ghagghar, theLuni, the
Mahanadi, the Godavari, the Krishna, the Cauvery,
Saravati, the Pumba, the Periyar, the Bharatpuja and the large
the Penneru, the Penneiyar, the Vaigai, and
number of swift flowing western coast rivers descending from
the Subarnarekha.
the Sahyadris.

Indus River system Rivers North to South

Indus > Jhelum > Chenab> Ravi > Beas > Sutluj
Waterfalls
Sahastradhara Falls Located near Dehradun, Formed by liquidification of limestone rocks
Located at shillong (Meghalaya), since it looks like the face of elephant, it was named as
Elephanta Falls
elephanta water fall by the britishers
Chuliya Falls Kota on River Chambal
Located at jabalpur (Madhya Pradesh) on river Narmada
Dhuandhar Falls
An example of nick point & represents rejuvanation
Located at the confluence of the Damodar & Bhairavi (locally called Bhera) rivers – Ramgarh
Rajrappa Falls
(Jharkhand)
On river Suvarnrekha at Ranchi (Jharkhand)
Hundru Falls
Represents nick point & rejuvanation
Joranda Falls At Shimlipal National Park of Mayurbhanj district of Orissa
On river Machkund, nearby Koraput district (Orissa)
Duduma Falls
Also known as Matsya Tirth
Located in Amarkantak district of MP
Kapildhara Falls
Lies at a distance of 6 km from the Narmada Kund

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Cascade gets its name from the famous sage Kapil, who had written ‘Sankhya Philosophy’ an
advance treatise on mathematics in the Kapil ashram
Yenna fall Mahabaleshwar in Maharashtra
Dudhsagar fall On Mondovi river in Goa
Gokak fall A horseshoe shaped waterfall, located at Belgaum district of Karnataka on river Gokak
Mekedaatu fall At river Kaveri in Bangaluru (Karnataka)
At river Sharavati at Maharashtra
Jog fall (Gersoppa)
On Karnataka border (Highest in India)
Shivasamundram fall On river Kaveri at Bangalore
Hogenakal fall On river kaveri at Taminlanu
Pykara fall On river Pykara on Nilgiri hills at Ooty
Vattaparai fall At Palani national park on river Pazhayar in Kanyakumari (Tamil Nadu)
Soochipara fall A 3 tiered waterfall in Wayanand district of Kerala
Meenmutty fall Meenmutty literally means “where fishes are blocked” in Malyala, Located in Kerala
Vazhachal fall Located on Chalakkudy river in Kerala

Types of Clouds
The diagram below shows where different types of clouds are located in the sky.

• The highest clouds in the atmosphere are cirrocumulus, cirrus, and cirrostratus. Cumulonimbus clouds can
also grow to be very high.

Mid-level clouds include altocumulus and altostratus.

MAPING
The Prime Meridian
The IERS Reference Meridian (IRM), also called the International Reference Meridian, is the prime meridian (0°
longitude) maintained by the International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service (IERS).

It is also the reference meridian of the Global Positioning System (GPS)

Starting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the IERS Reference Meridian passes through 8
countries: The UK, France and Spain in Europe and Algeria, Mali, Burkina Faso, Tongo and Ghana in Africa. The only
landmass crossed by the Meridian in the Southern Hemisphere is Antarctica.

Also passes through English Channel, Mediterranean Sea (Gulf of Valencia), Atlantic Ocean

*Standard Meridian of India which is 82°30′ East longitude passes through Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh,
Chhattisgarh, Odisha and Andhra Pradesh.

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Tropic of Capricorn
Starting at the prime meridian and heading eastward, the Tropic of Cancer passes through the following countries
and territories: Namibia, Botswana South Africa, Mozambique, Madagascar, Australia, Chile, Argentina, Paraguay,
Brazil.
Also passes through Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean, Coral Sea, Pacific Ocean

Tropic of Cancer
Starting at the prime meridian and heading eastward, the Tropic of Cancer passes through the following countries
and territories: Algeria, Niger, Libya, Egypt (Lake Nasser), Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Oman, India,
Bangladesh, Myanmar, China, Taiwan, Mexico, Bahamas, Western Sahara, Mauritania, Algeria.
Also passes through Red Sea, Indian Ocean, Taiwan Strait, Philippine Sea, Pacific Ocean, Gulf of California, Gulf of
Mexico, Atlantic Ocean.
*Tropic of Cancer passes through 8 (Eight) States in India: Gujarat, Rajasthan, MP, Chhatisgarh, Jharkhand, West
Bengal, Tripura and Mizoram.

Equator
The Equator passes through the land of 11 countries. Starting at the Prime Meridian and heading eastwards, the
Equator passes through: São Tomé and Príncipe, Gabon, Republic of the Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo,
Uganda, Kenya, Somalia, Indonesia, Ecuador, Colombia, Brazil
Atlantic Ocean, Lake Victoria, Indian Ocean, Karimata Strait, Makassar Strait, Gulf of Tomini, Molucca Sea,
Halmahera Sea, Pacific Ocean
*Despite its name, no part of Equatorial Guinea lies on the Equator. However, its island of Annobón is 155 km (96
mi) south of the Equator, and the rest of the country lies to the north.

Human Geography
Statistics about the Population scenario of India
• India is the second most populated country in the world with nearly a fifth of the world's population. According to the
2017 revision of the World Population Prospects, the population stood at 1,33 Billion.
• The Indian population reached the billion mark in 1998.
• India is projected to be the world's most populous country by 2024, surpassing the population of China.
• It is expected to become the first political entity in history to be home to more than 1.5
billion people by 2030, and its population is set to reach 1.7 billion by 2050. Suggests that India has
• Its population growth rate is 1.13%, ranking 112th in the world in 2017. entered the next stage of
• The southern states, Himachal Pradesh, West Bengal, Maharashtra and demographic transition with
Punjab now have fertility rates well below the replacement rate, i.e. 2.1.
population growth set to
• TFR is now below replacement level fertility in 13 out of the 22 major states
slow markedly in the next
• India's working-age population will grow by roughly 9.7mn per year during
2021-31 and 4.2mn per year in 2031-41. two decades along with a
• The proportion of elementary school-going children, i.e. 5-14 age group, significant increase in the
will witness significant declines. share of working age
population (the so-called
• The share of India’s young, i.e. 0-19 years, population has already started to decline “demographic dividend”
and is projected to drop from as high as 41 per cent in 2011 to 25 per cent by 2041 phase).
• The share of elderly, 60 years and above, population will continue to rise steadily,
nearly doubling from 8.6 per cent in 2011 to 16 per cent by 2041.

According to census 2011 population Stats, the following table shows the top 5 and bottom 5 states and UT

Top 5 bottom 5
UP (Highest) >Maharashtra >Bihar >W. Sikkim (Least) <Mizoram <Arunachal <Goa
States
Bengal >MP >TN >Rajasthan <Nagaland <Manipur
Total
Delhi >Puducherry >Chandigarh >Andaman and Nicobar >Dadra and Nagar >Daman
Population UT
and Diu >Lakshadweep
Himachal (Highest)>Bihar >Assam Mizoram (Least) <TN <Kerala <Maharashtra
Rural States
>Odisha >UP >Jharkhand <Gujarat

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Andaman and Nicobar (Highest)> Dadra and Nagar > Puducherry > Daman and Diu >
UT
Lakshadweep > Chandigarh > Delhi
Mizoram (Highest)>TN >Kerala Himachal (Least) <Bihar <Assam <Odisha
States
>Maharashtra >Gujarat <UP <Jharkhand
Urban
Delhi (Highest)> Chandigarh >Lakshadweep > Daman and Diu > Puducherry > Dadra
UT
and Nagar > Andaman and Nicobar
Bihar (Highest)>W. Bengal >Kerala >UP Arunachal (Least) <Mizoram <JnK <Nagaland
States
>Haryana >Punjab <Manipur <meghalaya
Density
Delhi (Highest among all states and UT)> Chandigarh > Puducherry > Daman and Diu >
UT
Lakshadweep> Dadra and Nagar > Andaman and Nicobar
Rajasthan (Highest)>MP >MH >UP >GJ Goa (Least) <Sikkim <Tripura <Nagaland
States
>Karnataka <Manipur <Mizoram
Area
Andaman and Nicobar (Highest)> Delhi > Dadra and Nagar > Puducherry > Chandigarh
UT
> Daman and Diu > Lakshadweep
Kerala (Highest)>TN >Andhra >Manipur
States Haryana (Least) <JnK <Sikkim <Punjab
Sex >Meghalaya >Telangana
Ratio Puducherry (Highest)> Lakshadweep > Andaman and Nicobar > Delhi > Chandigarh >
UT
Dadra and Nagar > Daman and Diu

UNESCO list of countries by literacy rate (2015) Adult literacy rate Youth literacy rate ages 15–24
India 72.1% 86.1
World average 86.3% 91.2%

According to census 2011, the following table shows the top 10 and bottom 10 states and UT in Literacy Rate
Top 10 Last 10
Literacy Literacy Literacy Literacy Literacy Literacy
State/ Union State/ Union
S.N. Rate in % Rate in % Rate in % S.N. Rate in % Rate in Rate in %
Territory Territory
(Person) (Male) (Female) (Person) % (Male) (Female)
1 Kerala 94 96.1 92.1 26 Assam 72.2 77.8 66.3
2 Lakshadweep 91.8 95.6 87.9 27 Chhattisgarh 70.3 80.3 60.2
3 Mizoram 91.3 93.3 89.3 28 Madhya pradesh 69.3 78.7 59.2
4 Goa 88.7 92.6 84.7 29 Uttar pradesh 67.7 77.3 57.2
Jammu &
5 Tripura 87.2 91.5 82.7 30 67.2 76.8 56.4
Kashmir
6 Daman & Diu 87.1 91.5 79.5 31 Andhra pradesh 67 74.9 59.1
Andaman &
7 Nicobar 86.6 90.3 82.4 32 Jharkhand 66.4 76.8 55.4
Island
8 NCT of Delhi 86.2 90.9 80.8 33 Rajasthan 66.1 79.2 52.1
Arunachal
9 Chandigarh 86 90 81.2 34 65.4 72.6 57.7
Pradesh
10 Puducherry 85.8 91.3 80.7 35 Bihar 61.8 71.2 51.5

Physiography
Corals
Condition for growth of Corals
• Need submarine shallow platform (50-meter-deep)– to receive sun light
• Temperature- 25-27 degree
• Warm, tropical and low latitude waters
• Salinity – 33 ppt
• Not at mouth of river, No turbulent water
• Need circulating nutrient rich water

Distribution of coral Reefs in India

• South East Coast of India: Palk Bay Coral reefs on the Tamil Nadu coast are located in Palk Bay near
Rameswaram and in the Gulf of Mannar. Palk Bay is separated from the gulf of Manner by Mandapam
peninsula and Rameswaram island.
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• The Gulf of Mannar: Here reefs are developed around a chain of 21 islands that lie along the 140 km stretch
between Tuticorin and Rameswaram
• Andaman and Nicobar Group of Islands: They are the emerged part of a mountain chain and lie on a ridge
which extends southward from the Irrawaddy delta area of Burma, continuing the trend of the Arakan Yoma
range.
• The Gulf of Kutch: It is one of the indentations found on the northern side of the Saurashtra Peninsula. The
coral formations of the Gulf of Kutch represent one of the extreme northern limits of corals in the Indian ocean.
• West Coast of India: The west coast of India between Bombay and Goa is reported to have submerged banks
with isolated coral formations. Coral patches have been recorded in the intertidal regions of Ratnagiri, Malvan
and Redi, south of Bombay and at the Gaveshani Bank, 100 Km west of Mangalore.
• The Lakshadweep Islands: The U.T of Lakshadweep along with the Maldives and the Chagos Archipelagoes
form an interrupted chain of coral atolls and reefs on a contiguous submarine bank covering over 2000 km.
This ridge is supposed to be a continuation of the Arravali mountains, and the islands are believed to be
remnants of the submerged mountain cliffs.

THE WORLD’S 5 LARGEST CORAL REEFS

1. Great Barrier Reef
• Length: 1,553 miles (2,500 km)
• Location: The Coral Sea near Australia
• The Great Barrier Reef is part of a protected national park in Australia large enough to be seen from space.
2. Red Sea Coral Reef
• Length: 1,180 miles (1,900 km)
• Location: The Red Sea near Israel, Egypt, and Djibouti
• The corals in the Red Sea, especially in the northern part in the Gulf of Eilat, or Aqaba, are under study
because they so far have been able to withstand high temperatures.
3. New Caledonia Barrier Reef
• Length: 932 miles (1,500 km)
• Location: The Pacific Ocean near New Caledonia
• The diversity and beauty of the New Caledonia Barrier Reef put it on the UNESCO World Heritage Sites list. It’s
even more diverse in species count (it harbors some threatened species) than the Great Barrier Reef.
4. The Mesoamerican Barrier Reef
• Length: 585 miles (943 km)
• Location: The Atlantic Ocean near Mexico, Belize, Guatemala and Honduras
• The largest reef in the Western Hemisphere, the Mesoamerican Barrier Reef is also called the Great Mayan
Reef and is a UNESCO site containing the Belize Barrier Reef. It contains 500 species of fish, including whale
sharks, and 350 species of mollusk.
5. Florida Reef
• Length: 360 miles (km)
• Location: The Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico near Florida
• The United States’ only coral reef, the Florida reef is worth $8.5 billion to the state’s economy and is
disintegrating faster than scientists had estimated due to ocean acidification. It extends into the Gulf of
Mexico, outside the boundaries of its home in the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary.

Vegetation and Forests

Region of Vegetation
(According to the Forests Trees /flora Climate
regions)
Himalayan foothills / evergreen and semi
sal, silk cotton, giant bamboos
Shivalik’s evergreen forests
Natural monsoon
western Himalayas Dwarf hill bamboo and brich forests with mixed
evergreen and semi -
(high altitude region) alpine pastures, rhododendron
evergreen forests
coniferous forests of pine fir,yew and junipers with
coniferous forests of undergrowth of scrubby rhododendrous and dwarf high humidity
Eastern Himalayas
pine bamboo, lichens, Moses, orchids and other epiphytes high rainfall
dominant
Tropical moist 1.East and north
deciduous to tropical North & east: Sal region higher
Peninsular India
dry decidious and Southern Pleatue : Teak rainfall
scrub vegetation 2. Rajasthan and
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(variation in rainfall West Ghats : Evergreen Vegetation Rajasthan & aravallis its Dry
and humidity) Aravalli hills: Trees are scarttered and throny scrub area
species predominate(more open savannah habit)
Indian desert Dry & Hot
Thorny trees with reduced leaves, cacti
(Rajasthan) climate
Tropical Rain forests Tropical evergreen mosses, ferns, epiphytes, orchids, lianas and vines,
High Rainfall
Region forests herbs, shrubs, ebony trees, variety of tropical orchids
Andaman and Nico Giant Dipterocarpus, terminalia and lagerstroemia,
Tropical rainforests High Rainfall
bar Islands Mangroves ( Coastal area)
Low tidal zone: Sonneratia and avicennia
Above this zone (level 1): Rhizophora, bruguiria and
Mangrove swamps delta region of ganga excaecaria - cereops forest; Above this level(Level 2):
of Sundarbans and Brahmaputra Phenoix with excaecaria; Highest portion ( Level 3) :
Heriteria forest with thick undergrowth of Phoneix
and neepa plams

Forest Climate /
Forests Trees /flora Animal / founa Rainfall
types Temperature
ebony, aini, Mahogany,
Rosewood, Rubber, tea,
coffee, white cedar, Heavy
Warm and wet Tropical evergreen
hollock, kail, cinchona, Elephants, Monkey, Rainfall
throughout the forests (trees, shrubs
Tropical greenheart, cabinet Lemur, deer, one (>200c
year, and creeps are in
evergreen woods and dyewoods, horned rhinoceros, m) &
temperature: layers) (there is no
forests palm trees, lianas or bats, sloth, scorpions Short
>22degree definite time for trees to
rattan, epiphytic and and snails Dry
Celsius shed their leaves)
parasitic plants, where season
trees grow a fern, orchids
and lalang
Average
Teak, Bamboos, sal,
temperature
shisham, acacia, some
which includes
Monsoon forests (trees varieties of eucalyptus,
all seasons Rainfall
Tropical shed their leaves for sandalwood, Khair,
[summer (March lion, Tiger, Pig, Deer between
Deciduou about six months to kusum, arjun, mulberry,
to mid June), and elephant 70cm-
s forests eight weeks in dry bamboo thickets and
Rainy(Mid June 200cm
summer) species; agriculture
to September) ,
production: Sugarcane,
winter(October to
paddy, Tea and coffee
February)]
Rainfall
Dry wetter margin: Moist Teak, sal, Peepal, Neem, Lion, Tiger, Pig, Deer,
Extremely humid between
deciduous deciduous; Drier tendu, palas, amaltas, Elephant, Lizards,
climate 70cm-
forests margin: Thron forests bel, khair, axlewood snakes and tortoises
100cm
Acacias, palms,
Thorn Rats, Mice, Rabbits,
euphorbias, cacti, babool, Rainfall(
forests Rainfall and Dry Thorny leaves and Fox, wolf, Tiger, Lion,
ber, wild date palm, khair, <50cm
and Climate scrubs in arid areas Wild ass, horses and
neem, khejri, palas, rainfall)
scrubs camels.
tussocky grass
Kashmir stag,
Montane (1000-2000m): wet spotted deer, whild
Evergreen broad leaf
forests temperate type of sheep, jack rabbit,
trees(oaks & chestnuts),
[tribes : elevation forests;;(1500-3000m): tibetian antelope,
pine, deodar, silver fir,
Gujjars, increases the Temperate forests;; yak, snow leopard, 150cm-
spruce and cedar, silver
Bhakarwa climate becomes (>3600m):temperate squirrels, Shaggy 300cm
fir, junipers, pines,
ls,bhotiya cooler forests and grasslands;; horn wild ibex, bear
birches,chinar, walnuts,
s& higher altitude ; Mosses and rare red panda,
blue pine,
Gaddis] and lichens sheep and goats with
thick hair

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Humid In dense mangrove

Royal bengal tiger,
Mangrove (Temperature forests the roots of the sundari trees, palm,
Turtles, crocodiles,
forests Averege : 22 plants are submerged coconut, keora, agar
gharials and snakes
degree Celsius) in water.

Climatic regions of the world

Climate / Forests Trees /flora Animal / fauna Rainfall Habitation
Temperature
Savanna Climate: Hot rainy Tall grass acacias, baobabs, zebra, antelope, Annual Nomadic
or Sudan season and cool and short bottle trees, millets giraffe, deer, gazelle, precipitati Tribes:
climate and dry season trees (trees banana elephant, okapi, lion, on varies Masai;
Temperature: 70 are groundnuts Tiger, Leopard, from 32 - Settled
F to 90F deciduous) vegetables; grass: hyaena, panther, 45 inches cultivators:
mallee, mulga, jaguar, jackal, lynx, the Hausa
spinifex puma, crocodiles,
alligators, monitors,
giant lizards,
rhinoceros,
hippopotamus
The hot High temperature cactis, Date palms, cactis, snakes, lizards >10inches Nomadic
desert (During summer) grass, hunters and
and mid and the bushes, food
latitude temperature may long rooted gathers: The
desert increase upto wirey Bushmen,
170F during grasses, Bindibu;
winter the long rooted Nomadic
temperature will shrubs herdsmen:
be coldest Bedouin,
Tuaregs,
gobi
mangols;
carvan
traders;
settled
cultivators;
mining
settlers
warm Mediterranean Mediterrane oak , cork oak, during
temperate climate: dry, an eucalyptus, offshore:
western warm summer evergreen redwood or giant No rainfall
margin with offshore forests, sequoia, pines,
trades; Evergreen firs, cedars and during
Concentration of coniferous cypresses, olives, onshore:
rainfall in winter trees, oranges, lemons, Heavy
with on - Shore; Mediterrane orchids, limes, rainfall
Bright, Sunny an bushes citrons and
weather with hot and shrubs, grapefruit,
dry summers and Grass chestynet, walnut,
wet, mild winters; hazelnut, almonds,
prominence of peaches, apricots,
local winds pears, plums,
around cherries , figs,
Mediterranean wheat,
sea grapes(wine
production)
Temperat continental Temperate Wheat and maize; Grazing animals, wild Average nomadic
e climate: Extremes grasslands lucerne or alfalfa horses, swift footed rainfall and semi
Continent of temperature ( grass bison, untamed ranges nomadic
al Very warm in buffaloes, sheep, goat peoples like

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(steppe) summers, and from 10 to kirghiz,
Climate winters are very 30 inches kazakhs,
cold;;Southern kalmuk,
Hemisphere : Tartars; Red
there is mild indians of
variation in north
temperature america are
mostly
hunters
Warm Warm moist Evergreen Grass, ferns, cattle and sheep Ranges
temperatu summer and cool broad- kianas, Bomboos, from 25 to
re eastern dry winter; leaved Palms, timber, 60 inches;
margin The mean forests Aand eucalyptus, parana Summer:
(China temperature deciduous pine, quebracho, South-east
type) varies between trees yerba mate, monsoon;
Temperat 40 F to 78 F chestnuts, Winter :
ure ironwood, North -
blackwoods, oak, west
camphor, rice, tea, monsoon
mulberries, maize,
cotton, Sugarcane
cool Annual Deciduous oak, elm, ash, sheep in low land
temperate temperature is forest birch, beech, regions:
western between 40F to poplar, hornbeam, 20-40
margin 60F;; cool willows, alder, inches; in
(British summers and aspen, chestnut, high land
type) mild winters sycamore, maple, regions: it
climate lime, eucalypts, varies
timber, wheat, from 40
potato Inches to
105
inches
cool Long duration coniferous pine(eg: white 15 to 25
temperate cold winter and forests pine, red oine, inches; in
continent cool brief scots pine, jack winter
al summer pine, lodgepole months
(Siberian) pine);; Fir ( eg: precipitati
climate Douglas fir and on is in
balsam fir) ;; the form
Spruce, Larch of snow
The cool Cool dry winters cool fir, spruce, larch, North
temperate and warm wet temperate oak, beech, maple, american
eastern summers forest; birch, ferns, region :
margin Asiatic potatoes, oats, 54inches
(Laurentia region: barley, soya beans, of annual
n) coniferous groundnuts, precepitati
forest seasame, rape on;; Asiatic
seeds, tung oil, region : 25
mulberry inches
The artic long and severe Tundra mosses, lichens, wolves, foxes, musk- During
or polar winters and vegetation sedges, ox, artic hare, winter in
climate summers are cool lemmings, seals, polar form of
(Tundra and brief. bear snow. not
vegetation more than
) 12 inches

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Layers of Earth's Atmosphere

Troposphere
• It is the lowermost layer of the atmosphere.
• The height of this layer is about 18 km on the equator and 8 km on the poles.
• The thickness of the troposphere is greatest at the equator because heat us transported to great heights by
strong convectional currents.
• Troposphere contains dust particles and water vapour.
• This is the most important layer of the atmosphere because all kinds of weather changes take place only in
this layer.
• The air never remains static in this layer. Therefore this layer is called ‘changing sphere’ or troposphere.
• The environmental temperature decreases with increasing height of the atmosphere. It decreases at the rate
of 1 degree Celsius for every 165 m of height. This is called Normal Lapse Rate.
• The zone separating troposphere from the stratosphere is known as tropopause.
• The air temperature at the tropopause is about – 80 degree Celsius over the equator and about – 45 degree
Celsius over the poles. The temperature here is nearly constant, and hence, it is called tropopause.
Stratosphere
• Just above the troposphere it extends up to a height of 50 km.
• The temperature remains almost the same in the lower part of this layer up to the height of 20 km. After this,
the temperature increases slowly with the increase in the height. The temperature increases due to the
presence of ozone gas in the upper part of this layer.
• Weather related incidents do not take place in this layer. The air blows horizontally here. Therefore, this layer is
considered ideal for flying of aircraft.
• Ozone is abundant here and it heats the atmosphere while also absorbing harmful radiation from the sun.
• The air here is very dry, and it is about a thousand times thinner here than it is at sea level. Because of that,
this is where jet aircraft and weather balloons fly
• The upper limit of the stratosphere is known as stratopause.
• The relative thickness of the ozone layer is measured in Dobson Units.
• It is mainly found in the lower portion of the stratosphere, from approximately 20 to 30 km above the earth’s
surface.
• It contains a high concentration of ozone (O3) in relation to other parts of the atmosphere.
• It is the region of the stratosphere that absorbs most of the sun’s ultra-violet radiations.
Mesosphere
• It is the third layer spreading over the stratosphere which extends up to a height of 80 km.
• In this layer, the temperature starts decreasing with increasing altitude and at the top of the mesosphere,
called the mesopause, is the coldest part of Earth's atmosphere, with temperatures averaging about minus
130 degrees F (minus 90 C).
• Meteors or falling stars occur in this layer.
• The upper limit of the mesosphere is known as mesopause.
Thermosphere
• This layer is located between 80 and 400 km above the mesopause.
• It contains electrically charged particles known as ions, and hence, it is known as the ionosphere.
• Radio waves transmitted from the earth are reflected to the earth by this layer and due to this, radio
broadcasting has become possible.
• The temperature here starts increasing with heights.
Exosphere
• The exosphere is the uppermost layer of the atmosphere.
• The air is extremely rarefied, and the temperature gradually increases through the layer.
• Light gases like helium and hydrogen float into the space from here.
• Temperature gradually increases through the layer. (As it is exposed to direct sunlight)
• This layer coincides with space.

List of major Local Winds

• Abroholos: squall frequent wind that occurs from May through August between Cabo de Sao Tome and Cabo
Frio on the coast of Brazil
• Amihan : northeasterly wind across the Philippines
• Bayamo : violent wind on Cuba’s southern coast
• Bora : northeasterly from eastern Europe to northeastern Italy
• Chinook : warm dry westerly off the Rocky Mountains
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• Elephanta : strong southerly or southeasterly wind on the Malabar coast of India

• Fremantle Doctor : afternoon sea breeze from the Indian Ocean which cools Perth, Western Australia during
summer
• Gregale : northeasterly from Greece
• Föhn : warm dry southerly off the northern side of the Alps and the North Italy, the name gave rise to the fén-
fēng or ‘burning wind’ of Taiwan
• Habagat : southwesterly wind across the Philippines
• Harmattan : dry northerly wind across central Africa
• Karaburan : “black storm”, a Spring and Summer Katabatic wind of central Asia
• Khamsin : southeasterly from north Africa to the eastern Mediterranean
• Loo : hot and dry wind which blows over plains of India and pakistan.
• Mistral : cold northerly from central France and the Alps to Mediterranean
• Monsoon : mainly south-westerly winds combined with heavy rain in various areas close to the equator
• North wind : northern cold winds blowing from the Gulf of Mexico to the Isthmus of Tehuantepec
• Nor’easter : strong storm with winds from the northeast in the eastern United States, especially New England
• Nor’wester : wind that brings rain to the West Coast, and warm dry winds to the East Coast of New Zealand’s
South Island, caused by the moist prevailing winds being uplifted over the Southern Alps, often accompanied
by a distinctive arched cloud pattern
• Sirocco : southerly from north Africa to southern Europe

Ocean Currents
*North Equatorial current, South Equatorial Current, Equatorial counter Current flows through all the oceans, But
the direction of the flow of Equatorial counter Current is opposite to the equatorial currents i.e. from west to east.
* Antarctic Circumpolar Current or West Wind Drift flows from west to east around the Antarctica and is circumpolar
due to the lack of any landmass connecting with the Antarctica and thus keeps warm ocean waters away from the
Antarctica.
Pacific Ocean Atlantic Ocean Indian Ocean
Gulf
Kuroshio
North Stream, North
(Japanese Alaskan Norwegian Somali
Northern Hot Pacific Antilles, Atlantic
coast) current current current
Hemi- current Florida Current
current
sphere Current
Oyashio California Canary Greenlandian Labrador
Cold
current current current current current
East
Brazil Aghulas Leeuwin
Hot Australian
Southern current current current
current
Hemi-
Peru West
sphere Falkland Benguela Mozambique
Cold (Humboldt) Australian
current current current
current current

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Cyclones
Tropical Cyclone Temperate Cyclone
Dynamic Origin – Coriolis Force, Movement of air
Origin Thermal Origin
masses.
Confined to 350 – 650 N and S of equator. More
Confined to 100 – 300 N and S of
Latitude pronounced in Northern hemisphere due
equator.
to greater temperature contrast.
The very cyclone formation is due to
Frontal system Absent frontogenesis. [Occluded Front]
Mainly along the cold front
They form only on seas with
temperature more than 26-270 C. They Can form both on land as well as seas
Formation dissipate on reaching the land. Forms in mid and high Latitudes beyond the
Not formed at equator as the Coriolis tropics
force is Zero
Irregular. But few in summers and more in
Season Seasonal: Late summers (Aug – Oct)
winters.
Limited to small area, Smaller than
They cover a larger area.
Temperate cyclone
Size Typical size: 100 – 500 kms in Typical size: 300 – 2000 kms in diameter. Varies
diameter. from region to region.
Varies with the strength of the cyclone.
Heavy but does not last beyond a few
In a temperate cyclone, rainfall is slow and
Rainfall hours. If the cyclone stays at a place,
continues for many days, sometimes even weeks.
the rainfall may continue for many days.
Much greater (100 – 250 kmph) (200 – Comparatively low. Typical range: 30 – 150
1200 kmph in upper troposphere) kmph.
Wind Velocity and
destruction
Greater destruction due to winds, storm Less destruction due to winds but more
surges and torrential rains. destruction due to flooding.
Complete circles and the pressure Isobars are usually ‘V’ shaped and the pressure
Isobars
gradient is steep gradient is low.
Lifetime Doesn’t last for more than a week Last for 2-3 weeks.
• East – West. Turn North at
200 latitude and west at
300 latitude.
• Moves away from equator.
The movement of Cyclones in Arabian
Sea and Bay of Bengal is a little • West – East (Westerlies – Jet Streams). Move
Path
different. away from equator.
Here, these storms are superimposed
upon the monsoon circulation of the
summer months, and they move in
northerly direction along with the
monsoon currents.
Temperature The temperature at the center is almost All the sectors of the cyclone have different
distribution equally distributed. temperatures
The center of a tropical cyclone is known
In a temperate cyclone, there is not a single place
Calm region as the eye. The wind is calm at the
where winds and rains are inactive.
center with no rainfall.
The tropical cyclone derives its energy
from the latent heat of condensation,
The energy of a temperate cyclone depends on
Driving force and the difference in densities of the air
the densities of air masses.
masses does not contribute to the
energy of the cyclone.
The tropical cyclones exhibit fewer
The temperate cyclones show a variety of cloud
Clouds varieties of clouds – cumulonimbus,
development at various elevations.
nimbostratus, etc..
The tropical cyclones are not associated The temperate cyclones are associated with
Surface anti-
with surface anticyclones and they have anticyclones which precede and succeed a
cyclones
a greater destructive capacity. cyclone. These cyclones are not very destructive.
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Influence on Both coasts effected. But east coast is Bring rains to North – West India. The associated
India the hot spot. instability is called ‘Western Disturbances’.

In News
40. Cyclone Vayu classified as severe cyclonic storm had developed into a cyclone storm from deep depression in
Arabian Sea near Aminidivi island in Lakshadweep.
41. Cyclone Fani in South East Bay of Bengal was the strongest tropical cyclone to strike the Indian state of Odisha
since Phailin in 2013.
Cyclone in recent years:
• In 2017 Cyclone Ockhi hit parts of Kerala, Tamil Nadu and Sri Lanka.
• Cyclone Gaja, Cyclones Sagar (in Somalia), Cyclone Mekunu (striked Oman), Cyclone Luban (affected the
Arabian Peninsula) and Cyclone Titli (made landfall near Palasa, Andhra Pradesh) were part of 2018 North
Indian Ocean cyclone season.
• Cyclone Pabuk originated over the Gulf of Thailand, in 2019
42. The bomb cyclone swept has through the US Great Plains resulting in blizzard conditions, hurricane-like winds,
snow and heavy rain and subsequent flooding.
• Bomb Cyclone or bombogenesis refer to a rapidly intensifying area of low-pressure winter storm when there
is a pressure drop by at least 24 millibars in 24 hours.
43. Tropical Cyclone Idai has caused huge deaths and economic losses in Mozambique, Malawi, Zimbabwe, and South
Africa.
Distribution of Volcanism
Pacific Ring of Fire Mid Oceanic Ridge
• Ocean-Ocean convergence • Ocean-Ocean convergence
• Ocean-Continent convergence • Basaltic – peaceful eruption
Mediterranean volcanism Hot Spot Volcanoes
• Breaking up of Mediterranean plates into multiple blocks • Magma From deep interior -Basaltic
• Andesitic eruption • Fixed place - Plate movement – Island arc in Direction
• Frequent interaction of plate
• Mt. Etna, Mt. Vesuvius • Hawaii, Reunion, Kurile, Aleutian

Comparison Between Basaltic eruption and Andesitic eruption

From News
• Mount Sinabung volcano erupted in Sumatra Island of western Indonesia.
• Indonesia is home to over 130 active volcanoes due to its position on ‘Pacific Ring of Fire’.
• Volcano of Indonesia Mount Agung erupted again.
• Mount Agung is an active volcano in Bali of Indonesia. Mount Agung stratovolcano is the highest point on Bali;
• Mount Bromo is an active volcano and part of the Tengger massif, in East Java, Indonesia.
• Mount Merapi is an active volcano located on the border between Central Java and Yogyakarta provinces, Indonesia.

Basaltic eruption Andesitic eruption

• Occur at mid-oceanic ridge and hot spot volcanism • Volcanic arcs, volcanic mountains
• Basalt highly fluid – mobile • Andesite – less fluid – less mobile
• Spread across easily • Solidifies at short distance- intense pressure develop
• Quite eruption inside –explosive

List of lava plateaus (Volcanic Landform formed due to Basaltic eruption) of the world
• Columbia-snake plateau, USA
• Ozark plateau, USA
• Parana-Patagonia, S. America Types of Volcanic cones
• Adamawa plateau, Africa Shield/ dome Cinder Composite
Less fluid / highly
• Bie plateau, Africa Highly fluid Fluid + viscous
viscous
• Katanga Plateau, Africa Multiple and violent
• Deccan plateau, India Silent flow Violent eruption
eruption
• Arabian plateau Gentle slope Steep slope Highest volcanoes
• Balkan plateau, Europe Small volcanoes Small volcanoes Large volcanoes
• Siberian plateau, Russia
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• Yunan Plateau, China

• Shan plateau, Myanmar
• Kimberly plateau, Australia
The Geological Survey of India (GSI) in its report revealed that about 35 % of India’s total Graphite reserves is found
in Arunachal Pradesh. This is the highest found in country.

NORTH EAST INDIA

In News
• Bhupen Hazarika was an Indian playback singer, lyricist, musician, singer, poet and film-maker from Assam, widely
known as Sudhakantha. Who was recently awarded Bharat Ratna, the highest civilian award in the Republic of India
(2019, posthumous)
• India’s first Orchidarium was opened for tourists at Upper Shillong in Meghalaya. It was made functional by Institute
of Bio-resources and Sustainable Development (IBSD)
• Sikkim has won the UN Food and Agriculture Organization’s (FAO) Future Policy Gold Award for its achievement in
becoming the world's first totally organic agriculture state.
• The longest road bridge of India, Dhola-Sadiya Bridge is built over the river Lohit, which is a tributary of the
Brahmaputra. It links Dhola and Sadiya both are in Tinsukia district of Assam is named after Bhupen Hazarika
• Ambubachi Mela is an annual hindu mela held at Kamakhya Temple in Guwahati. It is the celebration of annual
menstrual course of goddess Kamakhya. There is no idol of the presiding deity in the mela.
• 125th Constitutional Amendment Bill: to increase the financial and executive powers of the 10 Autonomous
Councils in the Sixth Schedule areas of the northeastern region. Which will impact one crore tribal people in Assam,
Meghalaya, Tripura and Mizoram
• A statue of Tripura’s last ruler, Maharaja Bir Bikram Kishore Manikya was unveiled at the Agartala airport.
• Maharaja Bir Bikram Kishore Manikya (reigned 1923-47) is considered as the father of modern architecture in
Tripura, as the entire planning of present-day Tripura was initiated during his rule including planning of the capital
city of Tripura, Agartala.
• Bogibeel Bridge: This 4.9 km-long bridge is the nation’s only fully welded bridge, connects the southern bank of the
Brahmaputra River in Assam’s Dibrugarh district with Silapathar in Dhemaji district, bordering Arunachal Pradesh. it
is Asia’s second-longest railroad bridge.
• Manipur To Get India’s First Sports University to promote sports education in the areas of sports sciences, sports
technology, sports management and sports coaching.
• The Sualkuchi village, about 40km from Guwahati, is recognized world over for its indigenous silk weaves (eri, muga
and paat) produced on traditional hand looms.
• Meghalaya has launched Mission Lakadong to produce 50,000 metric tonnes of the famous Lakadong turmeric per
annum in the next five years.
• Sela Pass Tunnel Project: It aims to provide all weather connectivity to Tawang in Arunachal Pradesh — an area
claimed entirely by China — and other forward areas.
• Sikkim will be the first state to roll out Universal Basic Income (UBI) by 2022 and has started the process to introduce
the unconditional direct cash transfer scheme.
• In 2018, Sikkim was declared as the “Organic State of India”
• The Northeast Frontier Railway Construction Organization has constructed India’s tallest pier as part of the project
to build a railway bridge at Noney in Manipur. constructed across the valley of river Ijai near Noney, with the height
of the final pier being 141 metres.
• Dhubri- Phulbari Bridge: India’s longest river bridge will be built across the Brahmaputra, connecting Dhubri in Assam
to Phulbari in Meghalaya
• The country’s longest river bridge, as of now is between Dhola and Sadiya in Assam
• The Platinum Jubilee of the Battle of Kangla Tongbi War was commemorated on 07 Apr 2019 by Army Ordnance
Corps at Kangla Tongbi War Memorial near Imphal honouring the valiant brave hearts of Ordnance Personnel of
221 Advance Ordnance Depot who made their supreme sacrifice in the line of duty during the battle of World War-
II on the night of 6/ 7 April 1944.
• It is considered one of the fiercest battles of World War II. It was fought by Ordnance personnel of 221 Advance
Ordnance Depot (AOD) on the night of 6/7 April 1944 against Japanese forces. Japanese forces had planned a
three-pronged offensive to capture Imphal and the surrounding areas.
• Recently government released 'Digital North East: Vision 2022', which aims to leverage digital technologies to
transform lives of people of the northeastern states and enhance the ease of living.

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Capital, Language and Art forms

Historic Official Traditional Performi High

State Capital Statehood Traditional Crafts
Name Languages ng Arts Court
1987 Wancho dances, Cane and bamboo, cotton
Guwahat
North- (earlier Idu Mishmi dance, and wool weaving, wood
Arunach i High
East UT Digaru Mishmi Buiya carving, blacksmithy (hand
al Itanagar English Court
Frontier constitut dance, Khampti tools, weapons, ornaments,
Pradesh (Itanagar
Agency ed in dance, Ponung dishes, sacred bells and
Bench)
1971) dance, Sadinuktso smoking pipes)
Assamese,
Cane and bamboo, bell
Sattriya, metal and brass, silk, toy
Shillong Bengali (in
Pragjyotis Bagurumba, Bihu and mask Guwahat
(till the Barak
Assam h, 1947 dance, Bhaona making, pottery and terraco i High
1969), Valley),
Kamarupa Visual Arts: tta, jewellery, musical Court
Dispur Bodo
Hastividyarnava instruments making, boat
(Bodoland
making, paints
)
1971 Manipuri dance (Ras
(earlier Lila), Kartal
Manipur
Kangleipa UT Cholom, Manjira Cotton textile, bamboo craft
Manipur Imphal Meiteilon High
k constitut Cholom, Khubak s (hats, baskets), pottery
Court
ed in Eshei, Pung
1956) Cholom, Lai-Haraoba
Making hand tools and
weapons, musical
Khasi Nongkrem,
instruments
hills, Khasi, Shad suk, Meghala
Meghala (drums), cane and bamboo
Jaintia Shillong 1971 Garo, Behdienkhlam, ya High
ya work, weaving traditional
hills and English Wangala, Court
attires, jewellery making
Garo hills Lahoo dance
(gold, coral, glass), wall
engravings, wood carving
Cheraw, Khuallam,
1987
Chheih- Guwahat
Mizoram (earlier Traditional hand tools,
Lam, Chai, Rallu- i High
(Molasse Lushai UT Mizo, weapons and textile
Aizawl Lam, Solakia, Court (Ai
s Basin hills constitut English work, bamboo and cane ha
Sarlamkai, zawl
of India) ed in ndicrafts
Par-lam, Bench)
1971)
Sakei Lu Lam
Cane and bamboo crafts,
Zeliang dance, war traditional hand tools, Guwahat
dance, Nruirolians (c weapons and textile i High
Nagalan
Naga hills Kohima 1963 English ock dance) (For work, wood carving, pottery, Court (K
d
more see Music of ornaments for traditional ohima
Nagaland) attire, musical instruments Bench)
(drum and trumpet)
Chu Faat dance, Lu
Khangthamo, Gha
To
Kito, Rechungma, M Handmade paper, carpet Sikkim
Nepali,
Sikkim Sukhim Gangtok 1975 aruni, Tamang Selo, making, woolen High
English
Singhi Chaam, Yak textile, wood carving Court
Chaam, Khukuri dan
ce, Rumtek Chaam
(mask dance)[
1971 Goria dance, Cane and bamboo, weaving
(earlier Jhum dance, and
Bengali, Tripura
UT Lebang dance, handloom, sitalpati (mat
Tripura Tipperah Agartala Kokborok, High
constitut Mamita dance, making), wood carving,
English Court
ed in Mosak sulmani string and wind musical
1956) dance, instruments

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Hojagiri dance,
Bizhu dance,
Wangala, Hai-hak
dance, Sangrai
dance, Owa dance
Thangka (showcasing Buddhist teachings on cotton canvas using vegetable dyes)

• Capitals from West to east [Observe in the Map]

Agartala > Dispur > Shillong > Aizawl > Itanagar > Imphal and Kohima
• Capitals from North to South [Observe in the Map]
Itanagar > Dispur > Kohima > Shillong > Imphal > Agartala > Mizoram
Geography
• The Northeast region can be physiographical categorised into the Eastern Himalaya, the Patkai and
the Brahmaputra and the Barak valley plains.
• Northeast India (at the confluence of Indo-Malayan, Indo-Chinese, and Indian biogeographical realms) has a
predominantly humid sub-tropical climate with hot, humid summers, severe monsoons, and mild winters.
• Along with the west coast of India, this region has some of the Indian subcontinent's last remaining rainforests,
which support diverse flora and fauna and several crop species.
• Reserves of petroleum and natural gas in the region are estimated to constitute a fifth of India's total potential.
• Arunachal Pradesh and Sikkim have a montane climate with cold, snowy winters and mild summers.

Mountains and hills by state

Peak State Range/Region
Kangchenjunga (shared with Nepal) Sikkim Eastern Himalaya
Kangto (shared with Tibet) Arunachal Pradesh Eastern Himalaya
Mount Saramati (Shared with Myanmar) Nagaland Naga Hills
Mount Iso (also known as Tenipu) Manipur Senapati District
Phawngpui (Blue Mountain) Mizoram Saiha District
Shillong Peak Meghalaya Khasi Hills
Unnamed peak near Laike Assam Dima Hasao District
Betalongchhip Tripura Jampui Hills

• Hills from North to South (in states of Nagaland, Manipur, Mizoram) [Observe in the Map]
Patkai Bum > Naga Hills > Barail Range > Laimatol Range (Contains Loktak Lake) > Manipur Hills >
Purbanchal > Mizo Hills
• Hills from North to South (in states of Arunachal) [Observe in the Map]
Mishmi > Abhor > Miri > Dafla > Mikir > Rengma
• Barak river: It goes through Silchar, and acts as a border between Assam/Manipur and Mizoram /Manipur
• Kapali river: Separates Mikir, Rengma and Baraiel range from Meghalayan Plateau
• Name of Brahmaputra in various regions
• China: Tsangpo
• Arunachal Pradesh: Enters as Dibang
• Assam: Continues as Brahmaputra
• Bangladesh: continues as Jamuna
• Northeast India has a subtropical climate that is influenced by its relief and influences from the southwest and
northeast monsoons
• The Himalayas to the north, the Meghalaya plateau to the south and the hills of Nagaland, Mizoram and Manipur
to the east influences the climate
• The southwest monsoon is responsible for bringing 90% of the annual rainfall to the region
• The North Eastern Region of India is a mega-earthquake prone zone caused by active fault planes beneath
formed by the convergence of three tectonic plates viz. India Plate, Eurasian Plate and Burma Plate.
• The region has been identified by the Indian Council of Agricultural Research as a center of rice germplasm.
• Out of the nine important vegetation types of India, six are found in the North Eastern Region
• Most of the North Eastern states have more than 60% of their area under forest cover, a minimum suggested
coverage for the hill states in the country in order to protect from erosion.
• Northeast India is a part of Indo-Burma hotspot. This hotspot is the second largest in the world, next only to the
Mediterranean Basin, with an area 2,206,000 square kilometres (852,000 sq mi) among the 25 identified
• Northeast India is also the home of many Living root bridges. In Meghalaya, these can be found in the southern
Khasi and Jaintia Hills
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National park Location State Vegetation

Arunachal Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf
Namdapha National Park Changlang district
Pradesh forests, montane forests
Largest protected area in Eastern Himalaya
Manas National Park Barpeta district Assam Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests
Rare and endangered wildlife like the Indian Rhinoceros, tiger, leopard, Assam Roofed Turtle, Hispid Hare, Golden
Langur and Pygmy Hog are present
UNESCO World Heritage Site
Brahmaputra Valley semi-evergreen
forests, Terai-Duar savanna and grasslands
comprising alluvial inundated grasslands,
Golaghat and Nagao
Kaziranga National Park Assam alluvial savanna woodlands, tropical moist
ndistricts
mixed deciduous forests, and tropical semi-
evergreen forests AND is crisscrossed by four
major rivers.
Highest known tiger density in the world, Indian rhinoceros, UNESCO World Heritage Site
Khangchendzonga National Sub-tropical to Alpine, Krummholz (stunted
North Sikkim district Sikkim
Park forest)
UNESCO Mixed World Heritage Site and highest altitude wildlife protected area in India
Home to many endangered animal species like the Snow Leopard, Himalayan Black Bear, Red Panda and Asiatic Wild
Dog.
Upper Siang, West
Arunachal
Mouling National Park Siang and East Tropical to Temperate forests
Pradesh
Siangdistricts
Dibru-Saikhowa National Dibrugarh and Tinsu
Assam Brahmaputra Valley semi-evergreen forests|
Park kiadistricts
South Garo Hills
Balphakram National Park Meghalaya Sub-tropical evergreen deciduous forests
district
Intangki National Park Peren district Nagaland Temperate evergreen forests
Nameri National Park Sonitpur district Assam Brahmaputra Valley semi-evergreen forests
Murlen National Park Champhai district Mizoram Montane sub-tropical semi-evergreen forest
Darrang and
Sonitpur Eastern seasonal swamp forests, Eastern
Orang National Park on the north bank of Assam Himalayan moist mixed deciduous forests,
the Brahmaputra eastern wet alluvial grasslands
River
Phawngpui National Park Lawngtlai district Mizoram Temperate forests
West Garo Hills
Nokrek National Park Meghalaya Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests
district
Sirohi National Park Ukhrul district Manipur Mizoram-Manipur-Kachin rainforest
Keibul Lamjao National Park Bishnupur district Manipur Phumdi (floating marshes)
World's only floating National park
Tropical semi-evergreen and moist deciduous
Bison (Rajbari) National Park South Tripura district Tripura
forests
Clouded Leopard National
Sepahijala district Tripura Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests
Park

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SCIENCE
In NEWS
1. Redefining of World’s standard definition of kilogram, Ampere, Kelvin, and Mole by General Conference on Weights
& Measures (CGPM)
Kilogram
• Previous definition: The kilogram is the unit of mass; it is equal to the mass of the international prototype of the
kilogram.
• 2019 definition: The kilogram, symbol kg, is the SI unit of mass. It is defined by taking the fixed numerical value of
the Planck constant
Ampere
• Previous definition: The ampere is that constant current which, if maintained in two straight parallel conductors of
infinite length, of negligible circular cross-section, and placed 1 m apart in vacuum, would produce between these
conductors a force equal to 2×10−7 newton per metre of length.
• 2019 definition: The ampere, symbol A, is the SI unit of electric current. It is defined by taking the fixed numerical
value of the elementary charge e (electrons charge)
Kelvin
• Previous definition: The kelvin, unit of thermodynamic temperature, is 1/273.16 of the thermodynamic
temperature of the triple point of water.
• 2019 definition: The kelvin, symbol K, is the SI unit of thermodynamic temperature. It is defined by taking the
fixed numerical value of the Boltzmann constant k
Mole
• Previous definition: The mole is the amount of substance of a system that contains as many elementary entities
as there are atoms in 0.012 kilogram of carbon-12.
• 2019 definition: The mole, symbol mol, is the SI unit of amount of substance. One mole contains
exactly 6.02214076×1023 elementary entities. This number is the fixed numerical value of the Avogadro
constant, NA
Second
• 2019 definition: The second, symbol s, is the SI unit of time. It is defined by taking the fixed numerical value of the
caesium frequency (caesium-133 atom)
2. 5G
• The Steering Committee, headed by AJ Paulraj, for identifying the 5G deployment roadmap for India recently
submitted report titled 'Making India 5G Ready'.
• 5G is a wireless communication technology using radio waves or radio frequency (RF) energy to transmit and
receive data. With
• Technical specification for 5G –
➢ high data rates: While 4G tops out at a theoretical 100 megabits per second (Mbps), 5G tops out at 10 gigabits
per
➢ second (Gbps).
➢ massive connectivity of 1 million connections per square kilometer (4G- 100 thousand conncetions/km2).
➢ ultra-low latency of 1 millisecond (4G has a latency of 10 ms).
➢ high reliability (99.999% for mission critical ‘ultra-reliable’ communications), and
➢ Mobility at high speeds (up to 500 km/h i.e. high-speed trains).
➢ 30 Ghz of available spectrum in comparison to 3Ghz of 4G.
• South Korea has become the world's first country to launch 5th-Generation (5G) networks.
• Shanghai Becomes World's First City With 5G Network Coverage.
3. The United Nations General Assembly has proclaimed 2019 as the International Year of the Periodic Table of
Chemical Elements to celebrate its 150 years.
4. Artificial Intelligence
• Recently NITI Aayog released a ‘national strategy for artificial intelligence’, to suggest ways to promote adoption of
machine learning in key areas of the economy.
• It refers to the ability of machines to perform cognitive tasks like thinking, perceiving, learning, problem solving
and decision making.
o It enables computer system to carry out task on their own that otherwise requires human intelligence.
5. Recently PARAM Shivay, the first supercomputer designed & built under the National Supercomputing Mission by C-
DAC (Center for Development of Advanced Computing) at IIT-BHU was launched.
• American “Summit” is the world's most powerful supercomputer, based on the LINPACK benchmarks.
6. Spiking Neural Network Architecture Machine
• World’s largest brain like supercomputer called Spiking Neural\ Network Architecture (SpiNNaker) was turned on
for the first time. It mimics the working of human brain with the help of about thousand interconnected circuit
boards.
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7. Shakti Microprocessor
• It’s India’s first microprocessor developed by IIT Madras.
• Shakti is an open-source initiative by the Reconfigurable Intelligent Systems Engineering (RISE) laboratory at IIT
Madras with funding by Union Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology.
8. Food fortification is the deliberate addition of one or more micronutrients to food so as to correct or prevent a
deficiency (Hidden Hunger: Deficiency of Micronutrients). Food fortification is a “complementary strategy” and not a
replacement of a balanced & diversified diet to address malnutrition.
9. Central Electro Chemical Research Institute (CECRI), under Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR) and
RAASI Solar Power Pvt Ltd have signed a Memorandum of Agreement for transfer of technology for India’s first
Lithium Ion (Li-ion) Battery project.
10. World’s first-ever thermal battery plant was inaugurated in Andhra Pradesh.
• Conventional battery technology is based on the system of charging/discharging cycles that are driven by
electricity while thermal batteries, uses thermal energy to operate, i.e., the energy created by temperature
differences.
11. Delhi is set to be India’s first city to launch hydrogen enriched CNG (HCNG) buses in 2019. HCNG is a vehicle fuel
which is a blend of compressed natural gas and hydrogen, typically 8-50% hydrogen by volume.
12. Germany has rolled out world’s first hydrogen fuel cell powered trains called Coradia iLint. It is a fuel cell that
combines hydrogen and oxygen to produce electricity with water and steam as the only biproducts.
13. Russia has created world’s first floating nuclear plant (FNPP) named as Academik Lomonosov.
14. Indian- Australian mathematician Akshay Venkatesh was awarded Fields Medal, also known as the Nobel prize for
math.
15. NOBLE PRIZES 2018
• PHYSIOLOGY/MEDICINE: jointly awarded to James P. Allison and Tasuku Honjo for their discovery of ‘immune
checkpoint therapy,’ a cancer treatment.
• PHYSICS: was awarded for inventions in the field of laser physics with one half to Arthur Ashkin for the optical
tweezers and their application to biological systems, the other half jointly to Gérard Mourou and Donna Strickland
for their method of generating high-intensity, ultra-short optical pulses. Donna Strickland is third women to win
Physics Nobel.
• CHEMISTRY: was divided, one half awarded to Frances H. Arnold for the directed evolution of enzymes, the other
half jointly to George P. Smith and Sir Gregory P. Winter for the Phage Display of peptides and antibodies. Ms.
Arnold, only the fifth woman to win a chemistry Nobel.

Biology
Virus, Bacteria and Fungi
Virus
• Virus is a Microscopic particle which infect the body by creating replicas of their own in the cell of Organism. They
are non-cellular Organisms. They doesn’t belongs to the five kingdom classification. They Cause Infection in
animals, plants, fungi and bacteria.
Bacteria
• Bacteria, first life form of the earth, is a single celled Organism belongs to Monera Kingdom. They don’t have
Nucleus. They are very tiny and present in communities and reproduce themselves through Binary Fission. Bacteria
plays important role in Nutrient Cycle.
Fungi
• Fungi is made up of many Fungus particles belongs to Kingdom Classification. Fungi is a Eukaryotic Organism. They
get their food by eating organic substances. Yeast, mushrooms, moulds these all belongs to Kingdom Fungi. Fungi is
used to produce – Antibiotics, Wine, Beer, Bread, Biological Pesticides etc.
Virus, Fungi and Bacteria all are the part of Biological Process but they cause some Deadly and Incurable Diseases.
Various Diseases their symptoms, vaccination and causing agents are listed below-
Diseases Caused by Viruses
Disease Virus name Spread by Symptoms Vaccination
By mosquito bite – Aedes Yellow skin and eyes,
Yellow fever Flavivirus aegypti. Vomiting, Nausea, Bleeding YF -Vax
By Animal or Insect bite. fatigue
Human Immuno- Fatigue, Fever, Loss of No Effective
HIV AIDS Sexual contact
deficiency virus appetite, Sores Vaccine yet
Nipah virus Exposure to Bat, Pig and
Nipah Virus Fever, Headache, Drowsiness No Vaccine yet
infection Infected person
Diarrhoea, eye redness, red
Ebola Ebola Virus By infected animal bite VSV-EBOV
spot on skin, Sore throat
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Communication with
infected place and person
Killed Virus
Zika Virus Fever, Sweating, Eye redness, Vaccine
Zika Aedes Mosquito
(Flaviviridae) Skin rash (developed by
India)
By Mosquito Bite
Japanese Japanese
Pigs and Wild Bird areas is High fever, Sudden headache Jenvac Vaccine
Encephalitis Encephalitis Virus
prone to Disease
Contagious viral infection
Difficulty in breathing, Fever
due to poor sanitation Inactivated Polio
Polio Poliovirus Shrinking muscles, Pain in
Pregnant women more Vaccine (IPV)
joints and muscles
susceptible to virus

Nipah Virus Infection

• Recently, the presence of Nipah virus was confirmed in Kerala.

• Nipah virus (NiV) infection is a newly emerging zoonosis that causes severe disease in both animals and
humans.
• The natural host of the virus are fruit bats of the Pteropodidae Family, Pteropus genus.
• NiV was first identified during an outbreak of disease that took place in Kampung Sungai Nipah, Malaysia in
1998. On this occasion, pigs were the intermediate hosts.
Key facts
• Nipah virus is an RNA virus that is part of the Paramyxovidae family that was first identified as a zoonotic
pathogen after an outbreak involving severe respiratory illness in pigs and encephalitic disease in humans in
Malaysia and Singapore in 1998 and 1999.
• Nipah virus infection in humans causes a range of clinical presentations, from asymptomatic infection
(subclinical) to acute respiratory infection and fatal encephalitis.
• Nipah virus can be transmitted to humans from animals (bats, pigs), and can also be transmitted directly from
human-to-human.
• Fruit bats of the Pteropodidae family are the natural host of Nipah virus.
• Nipah virus is on the WHO list of Blueprint priority diseases
Transmission
• NiV is a zoonotic virus (a virus transmitted to humans from animals). Transmission is thought to have occurred
via respiratory droplets, contact with throat or nasal secretions from the pigs, or contact with the tissue of a sick
animal
• In the Bangladesh and India outbreaks, consumption of fruits or fruit products (e.g. raw date palm juice)
contaminated with urine or saliva from infected fruit bats was the most likely source of infection.
Diagnosis
• NiV infection can be diagnosed together with clinical history during the acute and convalescent phase of the
disease. Main tests including real time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) from bodily fluids as well as antibody
detection via ELISA. Different tests include:
1. enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)
2. polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay
3. Virus isolation by cell culture.
Treatment
• There are currently no drugs or vaccines specific for NiV infection although this is a priority disease on the WHO
R&D Blueprint. Intensive supportive care is recommended to treat severe respiratory and neurologic
complications.
• Natural host: fruit bats
• Fruit bats of the family Pteropodidae – particularly species belonging to the Pteropus genus – are the natural
hosts for Nipah virus. There is no apparent disease in fruit bats.
Nipah virus in domestic animals
• Nipah outbreaks in pigs and other domestic animals (horses, goats, sheep, cats and dogs) were first reported
during the initial Malaysian outbreak in 1999.
• Nipah virus is highly contagious in pigs. Pigs are infectious during the incubation period, which lasts from 4 to 14
days.

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Diseases Caused by Bacteria

Disease
Caused by Spread by Symptoms Vaccination/Cure
name
Weight loss, Shortness of Medication
Mycobacterium In contact with
Tuberculosis breath, Cough with blood, Bacillius Calmette-Guerin
Tuberculosis infected person
Affects lungs (BCG) vaccine
Streptococcus
In contact with the
Pneumoniae Cough, Breathing problem Pneumococcal conjugate
Pneumonia person having cough
& Haemophilus Fever, Dehydration vaccine(PCV 13)
or sneezes
influenzae
Contaminated water Dehydration
Cholera Vibrio Cholerae Poor sanitation Diarrhoea WC – rBS and BivWC
Unhygenic area Vomiting
Contaminated food Weight loss, Abdominal pain, Vaccination
Typhoid Salmonella Typhi
and water Diarrhoea, Fever, Malaise Antibiotics
Communication with Blisters, Rashes
Mycobacterium Mycobacterium indicus
Leprosy infected person Ulcers, Nerve injury, Weight
laprae pranii
Airborne droplets loss

Fungi usually attack on the skin of Human beings. The rashes on skin if not cure or taken care of may take place the
Fungal Infection. A proper hygiene is solution to stay away from Fungal Infections. They not only cause Infections in
Human beings but Plants and Animals are also susceptible to it.

Apart from all these Government of India took steps to fight epidemics of the deadly Diseases Caused by Virus,
Fungi & Bacteria. Various initiatives has been started and set deadlines to eradicate few Diseases from India.

Initiatives
• Dastak campaign – Japaneses Encephalitis
• Mission Indradhanush – Vaccination Program for Major 13 Diseases
Deadlines
• Tuberculosis – 2025
• Leprosy – 2018
• Measles and Rubella- 2020
Microorganisms are tiny Organisms that cannot be seen by Human Eye and can only be seen under a Microscope.
They are grouped into various types like Bacteria, Fungi and Virus. They multiply rapidly and adapt quickly to their
surrounding environments and many are aggressive. Some of them can Survive in extremely hot and cold
Temperatures. All in all,we have to accept the fact that Bacteria, Viruses and Fungi are not going anywhere, so it is
our job to figure out how to Protect ourselves and function daily with these Microorganisms.

Deficiency diseases and Sources of Nutrients

Nutrient Constituent Deficiency Diseases Sources

Retinol, Retinoic
Carrots, Papaya, Milk, Cheese, Fish Liver Oil,
Vitamin A Acid, Beta Night-blindness
Green Vegetables etc.
Carotene
Brewer’s Yeast, Whole Grain, Oatmeal,
Vitamin B1 Thiamine Beriberi Legumes, Peanuts, Dried Soybean,
Sunflower Seeds etc.
Beef Liver, Lamb, Milk, Mushroom, Spinach,
Vitamin B2 Riboflavin Ariboflavinosis
Almonds etc.
Niacin or Nicotinic Tuna, Chicken, Turkey, Mushrooms , Bacon,
Vitamin B3 Pellagra
Acid Broccoli, Veal etc.
Chicken Liver, Sunflower Seeds, Salmon,
Vitamin B5 Pantothenic Acid Acne, Paresthesia
Avocados, Corn, Broccoli, Mushroom etc.
Pyridoxine,
Dandruff-like eruptions, Pink eye, Fish, Beef Liver, Potatoes & other starchy
Vitamin B6 Pyridoxal,
Epilepsy vegetables, Fruit (other than citrus) etc.
Pyridoxamine
Growth & Neurological Disorders in Raw Egg Yolk, Liver, Peanuts, Yeast, Whole-
Vitamin B7 Biotin
Infants wheat Bread, Cheddar Cheese, Pork etc.

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Dark Leafy Greens like Spinach, Asparagus,
Vitamin B9 Folic Acid Macrocytic Anaemia, Birth Defects Broccoli, Citrus Fruits, Beans, Peas, Lentils,
Avocados etc.
Macrocytic Anaemia, Memory Loss,
Various
Vitamin B12 Pernicious Anaemia, Mania, Seafood, Beef, Chicken, Eggs etc.
Cobalamins
Psychosis, Paralysis
Amla, Guava, Chillis, Kiwi, Broccoli, Orange,
Vitamin C L-Ascorbic Acid Scurvy
Papaya, Lemon, etc.
Calciferol (D2) & Sunlight, Mushrooms, Alfalfa, Fish Liver Oils,
Vitamin D Rickets, Osteomalacia
Cholecalciferol (D3) Cooked Egg Yolk, etc.
Red Blood Cell Destruction, Ataxia,
Tochopherols & Wheat Germ Oil, Canola Oil, Sunflower Oil,
Vitamin E Retinopathy, Peripheral
Tocotrienols Almond Oil, Hazelnuts, Peanuts etc.
Neuropathy, Reproductive Failure
Omega 3 (Alpha
Essential Linolenic Acid) and Several bodily processes afflicted, Fish Oils, Flaxseed Oil, Hemp Oil, Olive Oil,
Fatty Acids Omega 6 (Linolenic Skin Ailments Pumpkin Seeds, Leafy Vegetables etc.
Acid)
Phylloquinone (K1), Lack of Clotting of Blood, Lack of
Vitamin K Green Leafy Vegetables etc.
Menaquinone (K2) Tissue Renewal
Red Meat, Seafood, Egg Yolk, Bananas,
Iron Anaemia, Arrhythmia Apple, Green Vegetables, Broccoli, Beans,
Pumpkin Seeds etc.
High Blood Pressure, Arrhythmia,
Muscle Weakness, Myalgia, Muscle Meat, Milk, Fruits, Vegetables, Whole Grains
Potassium
Cramps, Constipation, Respiratory etc.
Depression, Paralysis
Osteoporosis, Hypocalcemia, Milk and Milk Products, Eggs, Wheatgrass
Calcium
Ostopenia etc.
Deterioration of Metabolism &
Nuts and Seeds, Green Vegetables, Dark
Magnesium Cellular Functioning, Heart Attacks,
Chocolate, Whole Grains etc.
Insulin Resistance
Cognitive Impairment, Headaches,
Sodium Nausea, Seizure, Coma, Electrolytic Salt, Fish, Meat, Vegetables etc.
Imbalance
Chlorine Salt, Milk, Meats, Vegetables etc.
Phosphorous Meat, Fish, Poultry, Eggs, Milk, Bananas etc.
Goitre, Cretinism, Deterioration of Iodised Salt, Sea Food, Green Vegetables,
Iodine
Metabolism & Cellular Functioning, Raw Milk, Eggs etc.
Meat, Seafood, Eggs, Pulses & Legumes,
Protein Kwashiorkor
Milk & Milk Products etc.
Protein- Grains, Pulses & Legumes, Meat, Milk &
Marasmus
Energy Milk Products, Eggs, Seafood etc.

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REPORTS AND INDICES

NAME RELEASED BY PURPOSE INDIA’s POSITION

India saw an “overall
International US Commission on International deterioration of
threats to religious freedom around
Religious Freedom Religious Freedom
the world religious freedom
2019
conditions in 2018”.
It accounts for 14 out of 17
SDGs (sustainable development
goals) that cover aspects such as India is ranked 95th
SDG Gender Index Equal Measures 2030,
poverty, health, education, literacy, among 129 countries
political representation and equality
at the workplace.
Index of Economic US based Think Tank, The Measures the degree of economic
129th out of 186
Freedom 2019 Heritage Foundation. freedom in the countries
India’s growth forecast
Asian Development
Asian Development Bank Growth in developing Asia is cut to 7.2% for
Outlook 2019.
2019-20
INSEAD business school in
Global Talent annual benchmarking report that
partnership with Tata
Competitive Index measures the ability of countries to Ranked 80
Communications and Adecco
(GTCI) for 2019 compete for talent.
Group.
Internet Security Security solutions 3rd most vulnerable
Checks Vulnerability to cyber threats
Threat Report provider Symantec country
lowered India's growth
Provides a comprehensive analysis of
Asian Development forecast for 2019-20
Asian Development Bank (ADB) macroeconomic issues in developing
Outlook 2019 to 7.2 per cent from
Asia
7.6 per cent
141/163 and Fifth in
Global Peace Index Institute for Economics and measures the relative position of
the South Asian
2019 Peace (IEP) nations' and regions' peacefulness
region.
World Press Index measures the level of media
Reporters Without Borders 140
Freedom Index 2019 freedom in 180 countries
Aims to provide humanitarian
World Migration International Organisation for assistance to migrants in need,
Report Migration (IOM) including refugees and internally
displaced people.
Report describes changes occurring
Global Risks Report in the global risks landscape from
World Economic Forum (WEF).
2019 year to year and identifies global
catastrophic risks.
India will continue to
World Economic United Nations Department of remain the world's
Situation and Economic and Social Affairs fastest-growing large
Prospect 2019 (UN/DESA), economy in 2019 as
well as in 2020.
It analyses and measures how well
positioned 100 countries will shape
Global and benefit from changing nature of
manufacturing index World Economic Forum (WEF) production through adoption of 30th position
emerging technology as part of
Fourth Industrial Revolution in
production.

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U.S. Chamber of Commerce’s India is placed at rank

Index evaluates the IP infrastructure
Global Innovation Policy Center 36th this year. In
International IP Index in each economy based on 45 unique
2018, India was
2019 (GIPC). indicators, which are critical to the
ranked 44 out of 50
growth of effective IP systems.
countries
Projected growth rate
South Asia Economic Projection and analysis of Growth
World Bank of 7.3% for India in
Focus report potential IN south Asian Countries
2018
measure the extent to which the
commissioned by Facebook and
Inclusive Internet Internet is not only accessible and India has been ranked
conducted by The Economist
Index affordable, but also relevant to all, 47th
Intelligence Unit
Partnership with the United
Nations World Intellectual
Commonwealth It showcases what they have to offer
Property Organisation (WIPO) 10th out of 53
Innovation Index and share with other members.
and its annual Global Innovation
Index (GII).
Of the 10 cities with
to measure the presence of fine highest pollution,
particulate matter known as seven are in India,
World Air Quality
IQAir AirVisual and Greenpeace Particulate Matter (PM) 2.5, which
Report 2018 while one is in China
has been recorded in real-time in
2018. and two are in
Pakistan.
global trends as well as progress
made and gaps in achieving the
Global Chemicals
UN Environment Assembly global goal to minimize the adverse
Outlook
impacts from chemicals and waste by
2020.
The Survey compares more than 400
Worldwide Cost of Worldwide Cost of Living Survey
individual prices across 160 products
Living Survey 2019. 2019.
and services in cities around the
world.
Sustainable Development
ranks the countries of the world on India figures at 140th
World Happiness Solutions Network for the
the basis of questions primarily from place, seven spots
Report- 2019. United Nations by the UN
the Gallup World Poll. down from last year
General Assembly.
growth at 7.4% in
Portrays the world economy in the
2018
World Economic International Monetary Fund’s near and medium context, with
India is now the
Outlook (WEO) (IMF) projections for up to four years into
world’s sixth largest
the future.
economy
Index ranks countries on how well
they are able to balance energy
Energy Transition
World Economic Forum’s (WEF) security and access with 76th among 114
Index (ETI) 2019
environmental sustainability and
affordability
Startupblink Report
Global startup ecosystem map Measures startup ecosystem
2019 17th out of 125
Startupblink strength and activity.
Global Economics examines global economic India’s growth rate to
World Bank
Prospect (GEP) developments and prospects 7.3% in 2018
Digitally illiteracy
The State of the
Theme of this edition of report was major cause to
World’s Children UNICEF
Children in a digital world. women’s & girls
Report
marginalisation.
Organisation for Economic Co- Determines government’s trust levels
Government at a
operation and Development’s by whether or not people consider India ranked 3rd
Glance 2017 report
(OECD) their government stable and reliable.

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2017 Sustainable Sustainable Development Assesses the performance of
Development Goal Solutions Network (SDSN) and countries towards achieving the 116 out of 157
(SDG) Index Bertelsmann Stiftung. ambitious SDGs
-World’s largest milk
Provides market projections for major producer by 2026
Agricultural Outlook
OECD-FAO agricultural commodities, biofuels - Biggest increase in
2017-2026
and fish. wheat production
globally.
United Nations Department of
World Economic Economic and Social Affairs India’s growth
Prospects for global macroeconomic
Situation and (UN-DESA), the United Nations accelerating to 7.2%
development
Prospects Report Conference on Trade and in 2018-19
Development (UNCTAD)
United Nations Sustainable
World Happiness
Development Solutions Network Measure of happiness 133rd among 156
Report 2018
(UN-SDSN)
Provides rigorous benchmark of
Commissioned by Facebook in 62nd in Availability,
national-level Internet inclusion
Inclusive Internet 2017 and is conducted by The 39th in Affordability,
across four categories: Availability,
Index (III) 2018 Economist Intelligence Unit and 37th in Relevance
Affordability, Relevance and
(EIU) and 23rd in Readiness
Readiness.
Intellectual Property analyses IP climate in 50 world 43rd out of 45
US Chamber of Commerce
(IP) Index economies countries
Explores trends that affect high net
6th in list of wealthiest
World Wealth Report Capgemini worth individuals (HNWIs) in 71
countries
countries,
CPI ranks countries on a scale of zero
Corruption
(highly corrupt) to 100 (very clean)
Perception Index NGO Transparency International 78 among 180
based on their perceived levels of
(CPI) 2018
corruption in the public sector.

INTERNATIONAL GROUPINGS AND ORGANISATIONS

Important Groupings
India’s
Name of the group Members Objectives Year HQ
Position
8 members:
China,
Kazakhstan, Main activities: cooperation on security, military
Shanghai
Kyrgyzstan, activities, and cultural economic and cooperation Beijing, Full
Cooperation 2001
Russia, Member countries are rich in energy resources China Member
Organisation (SCO)
Tajikistan, (both fossil fuels and uranium)
Uzbekistan, India
and Pakistan
The 19th SCO summit held in Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan.
The 18th Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) summit concluded with the adoption of the Qingdao declaration. It
was India and Pakistan’s first summit as full members of SCO grouping.
It is the largest regional organisation in the world in terms of geographical coverage and population
The Regional Anti-Terrorist Structure (RATS), headquartered in Tashkent, Uzbekistan, is a permanent organ of the SCO
which serves to promote cooperation of member states against the three evils of terrorism, separatism and extremism.
The Head of RATS is elected to a three-year term. Each member state also sends a permanent representative to RATS.
Sary-Arka-Antiterror 2019: first joint military exercise of Shanghai Cooperation Organization was announced at the during
the 34th meeting of the RATS council held in Tashkent, Uzbekistan.
Solidarity 2019-2021: First joint border operation
Bangladesh,
South Asia Sub It aims to promote regional prosperity by
Bhutan, India, Manila,
regional Economic improving cross among member countries and
Maldives, 2001 Philippi
Cooperation strengthening regional economic cooperation.
Myanmar, Nepal, nes
(SASEC) It is a project-based partnership
Srilanka

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It is an initiative of Asian Development Bank
(ADB)
ADB is the secretariat and lead financier of the
SASEC program.
Governments of India, Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka had established SACEP
in 1982 in Sri Lanka. Its purpose was to promote and support protection, management and enhancement of environment
in the South Asian region.
The SACEP jointly with International Maritime Organisation (IMO) had developed Regional Oil Spill Contingency Plan to
facilitate international co-operation and mutual assistance in preparing and responding to major oil pollution incident in
seas around SACEP’s maritime states of Bangladesh, India, Maldives, Pakistan and Sri Lanka.
Recently in NEWS
Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) between India and South Asian Cooperative Environment Programme (SACEP) for
cooperation on response to Oil and Chemical Pollution in South Asian Seas Region.
SASEC Road Connectivity Investment Program (SRCIP): SRCIP is a strategic initiative that aims to achieve regional
integration among the members of the SASEC group by improving road connectivity within the North Bengal Region in
India. Under this
Recent Cabinet approval for upgradation and widening of 65 kms of Imphal-Moreh Section of NH-39 in Manipur.
The project is being developed with Asian Development Bank’s (ADB) loan assistance under the South Asian Sub-
Regional Economic Cooperation (SASEC) Road Connectivity Investment Program. It aims at upgradation of road
infrastructure in Bangladesh, Bhutan, Nepal and India (BBIN) in order to improve the regional connectivity.
India has
43 members
The Australia Group is an informal forum of become
(China, Pakistan,
The Australia countries that seeks to ensure that exports do 43rd
Iran, North Korea 1985
Group not contribute to the development of chemical or member
are not its
biological weapons. of this
members.)
group
With its admission into Australia Group, India is now part of three of the four key export control groups in world dealing
with non-proliferation. This includes Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR), India had joined Wassenaar
Arrangement, which is also an informal grouping of 42 countries, exercising control over the export of dual-use goods and
technologies in December 2017 and the Australia Group, But not a part of NSG (China has repeatedly blocking India’s
entry in NSG. Significantly, China is not member of Wassenaar Arrangement, MTCR and Australia Group.)
1987
It is an informal and voluntary partnership
by
The Missile between 35 countries which urge each other (India is
the
Technology Control 35 nation to restrict their missile export and technologies 35th
G7
Regime (MTCR) capable of carrying a 500-kilogram payload a member)
count
minimum of 300 kilometres
ries
MTCR membership would improve India’s stature among world nations, especially because India is a non-signatory of
both NPT and CTBT that are necessary for membership
Wassenaar Arrangement was established to
contribute to regional and international security
(India is
The Wassenaar 42 member and stability.
1996 42nd
Arrangement states It aims to promote transparency and greater
member)
responsibility in transfer of conventional arms
and dual-use goods and technologies.
A multinational body concerned with reducing
nuclear proliferation by controlling the export and not a
Nuclear Suppliers
48 members re-transfer of materials that may be applicable to 1974 member
Group (NSG)
nuclear weapon development and by improving yet
safeguards and protection on existing materials.

International Groups
INDIA’S
NAME PARTICIPANTS OBJECTIVES YEAR HQ POSITIO
N
Asia-Pacific
Economic 21 Pacific Rim Promote free trade throughout the Asia- observer
1989 Singapore
Cooperation Countries Pacific region member
(APEC)

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APEC Chile 2019 is the year-long hosting of Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) meetings in Santiago, Chile.
Latest Summit: Da Nang, Vietnam, Nov 2017. Theme was “Creating New Dynamism, Fostering a Shared Future”
Indonesia, Malaysia, Accelerating economic growth social
Philippines, progress, and sociocultural evolution
Association of Has FTA
Singapore, Thailand, among its members,Protection of regional Jakarta,
South East Asian 1967 with
Brunei, Cambodia, stability Indonesia
Nations (ASEAN) ASEAN
Laos, Myanmar Providing a mechanism for member
(Burma), Vietnam countries to resolve differences peacefully
The 4th India-ASEAN Expo and Summit held in February 2019 by FICCI
12th ASEAN Defence Ministers Meeting (ADMM) and 5th ADMM-Plus was held on October 19 and 20, 2018 Singapore.
ADMM and ADMM-Plus serves as key Ministerial-level platforms in regional security architecture for promoting strategic
dialogue and practical cooperation between ASEAN and its partners.
Latest Summit: Manila (Philippines), April 2017. Theme “Partnering for change, engaging the world”
ASIA-Europe 51 countries + Seeks to strengthen the relationship
Is a
Meeting Summit European Union (EU) between the two regions in a spirit of 1996 Bangkok
Member
(ASEM) and the ASEAN mutual respect and equal partnership
The 12th Asia-Europe Meeting (ASEM) Summit was held in Brussels, Belgium. The theme of summit was ‘Global Partners
for Global Challenges’.
The third ASEM (Asia-Europe Meeting) Conference on ‘Global Ageing and Human Rights of Older Persons’ was held in
Seoul, capital of South Korea.
The eleventh edition of the Asia-Europe Meeting Summit (ASEM11) or ASEM2016 had issued Ulaanbaatar Declaration.
The declaration has reaffirmed ASEM’s commitment for greater partnership through informal political dialogue and
initiatives in economic and socio-cultural fields.
Bangladesh-China- An initiative conceptualised for significant
sub-regional
India-Myanmar gains through sub regional Economic
organisation
(BCIM) cooperation within the BCIM.
Works to safeguard and protect the
interests of the Muslim world in the spirit
of promoting international peace and
Organisation of Jeddah,
harmony not a
Islamic 57 member states 1969 Saudi
OIC has permanent delegations to the UN member
Cooperation (OIC) Arabia
and the European Union (EU)
Its official languages are Arabic, English
and French.
The 14th summit of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) held in Mecca, Saudi Arabia was hosted by Saudi King
Salman bin Abdul Aziz Al Saud.
India attended 46th Session of the OIC’s Council of Foreign Ministers held in Abu Dhabi
Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) held extraordinary summit in Istanbul, Turkey to discuss recent Israeli violence
against Palestinian protesters in Gaza Strip.
Recently held summit in Turkey, it has declared “East Jerusalem” as the capital of Palestine, rejecting the US stance as
“dangerous”.
Bay of Bengal
Initiative for Multi- Bangladesh, India, Technological and economic cooperation
Dhaka,
Sectoral Technical Myanmar, Sri Lanka, among south
1997 Banglades
and Economic Thailand, Bhutan, Asian and south east Asian countries
h
Cooperation Nepal along the coast of the Bay of Bengal
(BIMSTEC)
leaders from BIMSTEC countries and foreign envoys were invited for the oath-taking ceremony was held at Rashtrapati
Bhavan in New Delhi 2019
The first field training military exercise MILEX-18 of BIMSTEC countries was held in Pune
Recently, the 4th summit of the Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC)
was held in Nepal after a gap of four years. The 3rd BIMSTEC Summit took place in Nay Pyi Taw in 2014.
It encourages commercial, political and
Brazil, Russia, India, cultural cooperation between the BRICS
BRICS China and South nations 2011
Africa New Development Bank is an outcome of
this platform
10th BRICS Summit took place at Johannesburg in South Africa. The Theme of the summit was ‘BRICS in Africa:
Collaboration for Inclusive Growth and Shared Prosperity in the 4 th Industrial Revolution.’
Johannesburg Declaration: It recommends the establishment of BRICS Partnership on New Industrial Revolution
(PartNIR).

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BRICS plus format initiated at Xiamen Summit in 2017 by inviting a few countries from different regions was emulated in
Johannesburg Summit also.
The third edition of BRICS Film Festival was held in Durban, South Africa, along with the International Durban Film Festival
(DIFF). The last day of festival was celebrated as India Country Day
Ninth Summit was held in Xiamen, China in 2017. Theme was "BRICS: Stronger Partnership for a Brighter Future"
India has pressed the BRICS nations to set up an independent credit rating agency of the five-member group.
faMostly territories of the former British
Empire
It aims to promote democracy, human
Commonwealth of rights, world peace Active
53 members 1949 London
Nations Commonwealth countries in theory do not Member
consider each other ‘foreign’, and hence
send ‘High Commissioners’ and not
‘Ambassadors’
Maldives has applied to re-join the Commonwealth. Which withdrew 2 years ago
It operates by intergovernmental consensus of the member states.
Established in 1949 by the London Declaration.
It proclaims that the Commonwealth nations are “free and equal.” The insignia of this Commonwealth Association is
Queen Elizabeth II who is considered the Supreme of the Commonwealth nations.
The member states of the commonwealth are not legally liable or bound to each other. They are rather united by
language, history, culture, likeness of the democracy, human rights and the rule of law.
10 ASEAN nations +
It is an ASEAN led initiative
China, Japan and
EAS meetings are held after annual ASEAN
South Korea (ASEAN
East Asia Summit leaders’ meetings 2005 Member
+ 3) + Australia, New
Latest Summit: Pasay (Philippines), Nov
Zealand, India,
2017
Russia, USA
The 6th East Asia Summit-Economic Ministers’ Meeting (EAS-EMM) and 15th India-ASEAN Economic Ministers’ Meeting
(AEM) was held in Singapore. Singapore is currently holding the Chair of Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN).
It is an economic union of states located
in Northern Eurasia.
Armenia, Belarus,
Eurasian Economic The EEU introduces the free movement of Not a
Kazakhstan, 2015 Moscow
Union (EEU) goods, capital, services and people and member
Kyrgyzstan, Russia
provides for common transport, agriculture
and energy policies
India, Brazil,
G4 All members support each other Council 2004
Germany and Japan
These countries have voiced concern over lack of substantive progress in long-pending United Nations Security Council
(UNSC) reform.
Canada, France, The European Union is also represented
Germany, Italy, within the G7
Not a
G7 Japan, the United These countries are the seven major 1997
Member
Kingdom, and the advanced economies as reported by the
United States. International Monetary Fund.
Latest Summit: The 43rd edition of G7 summit held at Taorminain Sicily, Italy. May 2017
It is an international forum for the
governments and central bank governors
from 20 major economies.
To focus on economic issues and other India is a
G20 EU + 19 Countries) 1999
important development challenges. member
It represents 85% of global GDP, 80% of
international trade, 65% of world’s
population.
The 2019 G20 Osaka summit was the fourteenth meeting of the G20, a forum of 19 countries and the EU that together
represent most of the world economy. It was held on 28–29 June 2019 at the International Exhibition Center in Osaka. It
was the first G20 summit to be hosted by Japan.
India will host G20 Summit In 2022, when it celebrates its 75th year of Independence. Announced in G20 13th meet of
international grouping in Buenos Aires, capital of Argentina. (It was the first G20 summit to be hosted in South America.)
India presented a nine-point agenda to the G20 countries calling for strong and active cooperation among them to
comprehensively deal with fugitive economic offenders.
Last Summit: In 2017, held in Hamburg, Germany

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Its members include Australia, Argentina, Brazil, Canada, China, India, France, Germany, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, South
Korea, Mexico, Saudi Arabia, Russia, Turkey, South Africa, UK, US and EU.
Three constitutional
monarchies (Kuwait, It is a political and economic alliance
Qatar and Bahrain), which promotes economic, security,
Riyadh,
Gulf Cooperation two absolute cultural and social cooperation between Not a
1981 Saudi
Council (GCC) monarchies (Oman the six states and holds a summit every Member
Arabia
and Saudi Arabia) year to discuss cooperation and regional
and one federal affairs.
monarchy (UAE)
The United Arab Emirates (UAE) and Saudi Arabia have formed new economic and partnership group named Joint
Cooperation Committee, separate from Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC).
The 39th session of the GCC summit was held recently in Riyadh. At the end of the summit, the council issued the ‘Riyadh
Declaration’, which included 72 items covering matters related to the Gulf countries, the region and the world.
The 40th session of the GCC summit will be held in the UAE
Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates (UAE) became first countries of Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) to introduce Value
Added Tax (VAT) for the first time to increase their revenue away from oil reserves.
South-South cooperation Brasil
All Developing Democracies ia
India-Brazil-South India, Brazil, South, The forum provides the three countries Decla
Africa (IBSA) Africa (IBSA) with a platform to engage in discussions ration
for cooperation in the field of agriculture, (200
trade, culture, and defence among others. 3)
Recently, at a Ministerial meeting of IBSA in Pretoria, South Africa, Foreign Ministers of India, Brazil and South Africa
(IBSA) adopted a declaration to contribute to greater understanding of development and South-South Cooperation (SSC).
IBSA Declaration on South-South Cooperation. This document calls for contribution of each of the member of IBSA forum
to contribute to greater understanding of development cooperation as a common endeavour of the global South.
India, Brazil and South Africa (IBSA) have signed the IBSA Trust Fund Agreement that seeks to fight poverty in developing
countries. It was signed at the 8th IBSA trilateral Ministerial Commission Meeting in Durban, South Africa.
The India–Africa Forum Summit (IAFS) is
India-Africa Forum the official platform for the African Indian 2008
relations.
Summits: 2008 (New Delhi); 2011 (Addis Adaba); 2015 (New Delhi) = “Delhi Declaration”
Objectives of IORA
Promote sustainable growth and balanced
development.
Focus on those areas of economic
Coastal states
cooperation which provide maximum
Indian Ocean Rim bordering the Indian Ebene,
opportunities for development, shared 1995 Member
Association Ocean Mauritius
interest and mutual benefits.
21 member states
Promote liberalisation, remove
impediments and lower barriers towards
freer and enhanced flow of goods,
services, investment, and technology.
Bangladesh was elected as Vice Chairman of Indian Ocean Rim Association (IORA) for the period of 2019-21 and
eventually as IORA Chairman for 2021-23 at 18th IORA Council of Ministers’ Meeting held in Durban, South Africa. The
Current Chair is South Africa and Vice Chair is UAE.
Delhi Declaration on Renewable Energy in Indian Ocean Region. It was adopted at 2nd IORA Renewable Energy Ministerial
Meeting held at 2nd Global Re-Invest India-ISA Partnership Renewable Energy Investor’s Meet & Expo in Greater Noida.
The 2017 Indian-Ocean Rim Association (IORA) Summit (March 5-7, 2017) was the first IORA Summit. Held in Jakarta,
Indonesia. Theme was "Strengthening Maritime Cooperation for a Peaceful, Stable and Prosperous Indian Ocean"
Maldives, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Myanmar are not members.
It is an intergovernmental counter Riyadh,
Islamic Military Total members are Not a
terrorism alliance 2015 Saudi
Alliance 41 Member
It is an alliance of Muslim countries which Arabia
They emphasised four areas of
India, Thailand,
cooperation: tourism, culture, education,
Mekong-Ganga Myanmar,
and transportation. 2000 Member
Cooperation Cambodia, Laos
8th Mekong Ganga Cooperation
and, Vietnam
Ministerial Meeting held in Manila
Organization of the 13 members Gabon has re-joined OPEC in July 2016 1960 Not a
Vienna
Petroleum Algeria, Angola, Indonesia left OPEC in November 2016 in Member

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Exporting Ecuador, Gabon, It operates on the principle of unanimity, Bagd
Countries Iran, and one member, one vote ad
Iraq, Kuwait, OPEC sets production targets for its
Libya, Nigeria, member nations and generally, when
Qatar, Saudi Arabia OPEC production targets are reduced, oil
(the de facto leader), prices increase.
United Arab
Emirates, and
Venezuela.
Qatar has announced its withdrawal from Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) from January 2019 and
focus more on the production of natural gas. It makes Qatar first Gulf country to leave OPEC bloc of oil-producing
countries led by Saudi Arabia.
Asian Premium is extra charge being collected by OPEC countries from Asian countries when selling oil in comparison to
western countries.
Organisation for
Aims to stimulate economic progress and
Economic Co- not a
35 Members world trade, Its members are committed to 1961 Paris
operation and member
Democracy and Market Economy
Development
Union Ministry of Human Resource Development (HRD has officially decided to participate in Programme for International
Student Assessment (PISA) after gap of nine years.
PISA is assessment test for 15-year-olds, organised every three years by Organisation for Economic Cooperation
Development (OECD), Paris, France.
Raise the collective voice of the Muslim
world.
It consists of 57 Collectively work to safeguard and protect
Organisation of Jeddah, India is a
member states the interests of the Muslim world in the
Islamic 1969 Saudi blocked
including Iran and spirit of promoting international peace and
Cooperation (OIC) Arabia country
Pakistan. harmony.
OIC has permanent delegations to United
Nations and the European Union.
10 ASEAN nations:
Brunei, Myanmar,
Cambodia, Proposed free trade agreement between
Indonesia, Laos, countries of ASEAN (10 countries) and 6
Malaysia, other countries with which ASEAN has
Regional
Philippines, existing FTAs (including India).
Comprehensive
Singapore, Thailand, RCEP is viewed as an alternative to the 2012
Economic
Vietnam Trans-Pacific Partnership trade
Partnership (RCEP)
6 Other Nations: agreement, which
Australia, China, includes the United States but excludes
India, Japan, South China
Korea and New
Zealand
The 6th Interregional Ministerial Meeting of Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) was held in Singapore.
8 Members: Myanmar and China are not its members
South Asian Afghanistan (Joined Nepal is the current chair of SAARC
Association for in 2007) Nine observer states: Australia, China,
Kathmand
Regional Bhutan, Bangladesh, European Union, Japan, Iran, Mauritius, 1985
u
Cooperation India, Pakistan, Myanmar, South Korea, and United States.
(SAARC) Nepal SAFTA : South Asia Free Trade Agreement
Sri Lanka, Maldives was launched in 2006
SAARC Development Fund (SDF) Partnership Conclave 2018 was held in New Delhi. SDF was established by heads of all
eight SAARC member states during 16th SAARC summit at Thimphu, Bhutan in 2010.
The first South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) Agri Cooperative Business Forum was held in
Kathmandu co-organized by Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of United Nations and Asian Farmers’ Association
with the support from International Fund for Agricultural Development.
The 14th South Asian Association for Regional Co-operation in Law (SAARCLAW) Conference was held in Colombo, capital
city of Sri Lanka along with 11th SAARC Chief Justices Conference.
promote economic growth; India is
Transpacific 12 Pacific Rim support the creation and retention of jobs; not a
2016
Partnership (TPP) countries enhance innovation, productivity and part of
competitiveness; this

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USA has withdrawn raise living standards;
from TPP in Jan reduce poverty in our countries;
2017 promote transparency, good governance,
enhanced labor and environmental
protections
Transatlantic It is a proposed trade agreement between
Trade and the European Union and the USA
USA and EU
Investment Aims to promote trade and multilateral
Partnership (TTIP) economic growth
MEMBERS OF THE Following Organisation
South Asia Growth
BIMSTEC SAARC SASEC SCO
Quadrilateral
1 INDIA INDIA INDIA INDIA INDIA
2 Bangladesh Bangladesh Bangladesh Bangladesh China
3 Bhutan Bhutan Bhutan Bhutan Kazakhstan
4 Nepal Nepal Nepal Nepal Kirgizstan
5 Srilanka Srilanka Srilanka Russia
6 Thailand Maldives Maldives Tajikistan
7 Myanmar Afghanistan Myanmar Uzbekistan
8 Pakistan Pakistan

International Finance Institutes

NAME Purpose Headquarter
Established on 19 December 1966 with a aim of Economic
social development in asia
Mandaluyong,
The Asian Development Bank Moto: Fighting poverty in Asia and the Pacific
Philippines
JAPAN has the highest Voting power followed by USA, CHINA
and INDIA
Asian Development Bank (ADB) released its long-term corporate strategy i.e. Strategy 2030. It’s a broad vision and
strategic response to the evolving needs of Asia and the Pacific.
According to Asian Development Bank (ADB), India will continue to be fastest growing major economy, ahead of China,
with growth rate of 7.3% in 2018-19 and 7.6% in 2019-20. The growth projections were supplement to ADB’s Asian
Development Outlook (ADO).
It is outcome of 6th BRICS Summit being held in Fortaleza,
Brazil.
The New Development Bank Shanghai,
Contribute to development plans established nationally
(Established by the BRICS) China
through projects that are socially, environmentally and
economically sustainable.
Indian Government has signed second Loan Agreement with New Development Bank (NDB) for financing of Rajasthan
Water Sector Restructuring Project for the Desert Areas.

The Asian Infrastructure Investment To support the building of infrastructure in the Asia-Pacific
Beijing, China
Bank region
Recently, third annual meeting of AIIB was held in Mumbai where Asian Infrastructure Forum was launched for creating
connections & business development opportunities for participants drawn from project sponsors, financiers,
governments, etc.
The Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB) has approved investment of $200 million in India’s National Investment
& Infrastructure Fund (NIIF) to give greater impetus to mega infrastructure projects.
Regional development: fight poverty and improve living Abidjan, Cote
The African Development Bank
conditions d’Ivoire
India hosted the Annual Meetings of the African Development Bank (AfDB) Group in Gandhinagar in May 2017
Washington,
International Bank for Reconstruction Offers loans to middle-income developing countries, Poverty
D.C., United
and Development (IBRD) reduction
States
Washington,
The International Development Offers concessional loans and grants to the world's poorest
D.C., United
Association developing countries. Poverty reduction
States

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Foster global monetary cooperation, secure financial
stability, facilitate international trade, promote high Washington,
International Monetary Fund
employment and sustainable economic growth, and reduce D.C.
poverty around the world
India-born economist Gita Gopinath was appointed Chief Economist of International Monetary Fund (IMF).
International Monetary Fund (IMF), World Bank and World Trade Organization have collectively launched report
“Reinvigorating Trade and Inclusive Growth”. In this report all three international organisations have sought liberalisation
of global service sector, asserting that barriers to these services trade currently is roughly as high as those to trade in
goods about a half century ago.
BIS is an international financial organisation owned by 60-
Basel,
Bank for International Settlements (BIS) member central banks, representing countries from around
Switzerland
the world including INDIA
It is a multilateral development bank set up in 1991 after the
fall of the Berlin Wall to promote private and entrepreneurial
European Bank for Reconstruction and
initiative in emerging Europe. London
Development (EBRD).
India recently became the 69th shareholder of the European
Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD).

International Organisations
United Nations Organisation
“UN Global Counter-Terrorism Coordination
• The United Nations is an international organization founded in Compact”: It is an agreement between the
1945 after the Second World War by 51 countries committed to UN chief, 36 organizational entities, the
maintaining international peace and security, developing friendly International Criminal Police Organisation
relations among nations and promoting social progress, better (INTERPOL) and the World Customs
living standards and human rights. Organisation, to better serve the needs of
• second multipurpose international organization after League of Member States when it comes to tackling
Nations international terrorism.
• The headquarters of the UN is in Manhattan, New York City
• The organization is financed by assessed and voluntary contributions from its member states.
• The UN has six principal organs:
1. the General Assembly (the main deliberative assembly);
2. the Security Council (for deciding certain resolutions for peace and security);
3. the Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC; for promoting international economic and social co-operation and
development);
4. the Secretariat (for providing studies, information, and facilities needed by the UN);
5. the International Court of Justice (the primary judicial organ); and
6. The UN Trusteeship Council (inactive since 1994)
• Four of the five principal organs are located at the main UN Headquarters in New York City. The International Court
of Justice is located in The Hague, while other major agencies are based in the UN offices at Geneva, Vienna, and
Nairobi.
• The six official languages of the UN, used in intergovernmental meetings and documents, are Arabic, Chinese,
English, French, Russian, and Spanish
• UN System agencies include the World Bank Group, the World International Court of Justice (ICJ) in an
Health Organization, the World Food Programme, UNESCO, and advisory opinion has said that Britain has
UNICEF. to handover Chagos Archipelago to
• The UN's most prominent officer is the Secretary-General, an office complete the process of decolonization of
held by Portuguese politician and diplomat António Guterres since Mauritius.
2017
• The organization won the Nobel Peace Prize in 2001

UN-General Assembly

• It is the main deliberative organ and composed of all member states, each of which has one vote.
• General Assembly appoints Secretary General of UN based on the recommendations given by Security Council.
• General Assembly elects Non-Permanent members in Security Council and elects Members for Social and Economic
Council.
• Along with Security Council, General Assembly elects Judges to International Court of Justice.
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• Decision on important questions such as those on peace and security, UN budget, admission, suspension and
expulsion of members to various organs of UN requires special majority.
• Make recommendations on any matters within the scope of the UN, except matters of peace and security that are
under consideration by the Security Council.
• UN budget – United Nation is funded by its member states through compulsory and voluntary contributions.
• The size of each state‘s compulsory contribution depends mainly on its economic strength, though its state of
development and debt situation are also taken into account.
• Member countries can make voluntary contribution to UNESCO, WHO, UN Programmes and Funds such as Office of
the UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) and the UN Children‘s Fund (UNICEF).
Recent developments
• Venezuela and Libya have been suspended from voting in the UN General Assembly for the third time in 3 years
because of millions of dollars in unpaid dues to the world body.
• Venezuela is mired in an economic and political crisis and Libya has two rival governments, each backed by an array
of militias.

United Nation Security Council (UNSC)

• The Security Council has primary responsibility for the maintenance of International peace and security.
• The council has 15 members: 5 Permanent – US, UK, Russia, France and China and 10 members elected by the
General Assembly for 2-year terms.
• Present ten non-permanent members (with end of term date) are Bolivia (2018) Côte d‘Ivoire (2019), Equatorial
Guinea (2019), Ethiopia (2018), Kazakhstan (2018), Kuwait (2019), Netherlands (2018), Peru (2019), Poland
(2019), and Sweden (2018).
• While other organs of the UN can only make ―recommendations‖ to member states, the Security Council has the
power to make binding decisions on member states.
• All the members have one vote and permanent members have veto power.
• Decisions on procedural matters should have vote of at least 9 of the 15 members and decision on substantive
matters require nine votes and the absence of negative vote by any of the 5 permanent members.
• The presidency of the Security Council rotates alphabetically each month.
• G4 Nations – 4 countries bids for permanent seats in UNSC. They are Brazil, Germany, India, and Japan.
• Uniting for Consensus (Coffee Club) – These are group of countries who are opposing the expansion of permanent
seats in the United Nations Security Council under the leadership of Italy.
• Other Members in Coffee Club - Spain, Malta, San Marino, Pakistan , South Korea, Canada , Mexico, Argentina,
Colombia and Turkey.
• Despite drastic changes in geopolitics and international relations the Council has not been reformed yet.
Proposed Reforms in UNSC
1. The demands for reform of the UNSC is based on five key issues:
2. Categories of membership (permanent, non-permanent).
3. The question of the veto held by the five permanent members.
4. Regional representation.
5. The size of an enlarged Council and its working methods.
6. The relationship between Security Council and General Assembly.
• Notably, any reform of the Security Council would require the agreement of at least two-thirds of UN member states.
• Importantly, the agreement of all the permanent members of the UNSC enjoying the veto right is also required.

UNHRC
• The United States has withdrawn from the UNHRC
• It is a specialized agency of United Nations to protect and promote human rights across the world set up in 2006.
• The Council consists of 47 members, elected yearly by the General Assembly through direct and secret ballot for
three-year terms.
• Recently India was elected with highest number of votes by General Assembly to the United Nations Human Rights
Council (UNHRC).
• Members are selected via the basis of equitable geographic rotation using the United Nations regional grouping
system.
• Members are barred from occupying a seat for more than two consecutive three-year terms.

World Trade Organization (WTO)

• WTO is the only intergovernmental organization which regulates international trade.

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• The WTO officially commenced under the Marrakesh Agreement, replacing the General Agreement on Tariffs and
Trade (GATT).
• The WTO deals with regulation of trade between participating countries by providing a framework for negotiating
trade agreements and a dispute resolution process,
• These agreements are signed by representatives of member governments and ratified by their parliaments.
• The WTO has 164 members and 22 observer governments, with Afghanistan the latest to join.
• WTO members do not have to be fully independent states; they need only be a customs territory with full autonomy
in the conduct of their external commercial relations eg: Hong Kong.
• The WTO is attempting to complete negotiations on the Doha Development Round, which was launched in 2001
with an explicit focus on developing countries.
• Due to various obstacles it impossible to launch new WTO negotiations beyond the Doha Development Round.
• The highest decision-making body of the WTO is the Ministerial Conference, which usually meets every two years.
• Five principles which WTO follows are non-discrimination, reciprocity, binding and enforceable commitments,
transparency, safety values.
• The operation of the WTO dispute settlement process involves case-specific panels appointed by the Dispute
Settlement Body (DSB), the Appellate Body, The Director-General and the WTO Secretariat, arbitrators, and advisory
experts.
• The 11th biennial ministerial conference was recently held in Buenos Aires, Argentina.

Organizations and specialized agencies of the United Nations

India’s
No Agency Headquarters Purpose Year
Position
A source of knowledge and information, and
Food and helps developing countries and countries in
a member
1 Agriculture Rome, Italy transition modernize and improve agriculture, 1945
of FAO
Organization forestry and fisheries practices, ensuring good
nutrition and food security for all
160th session of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) Council, currently underway in Rome, approved India’s
proposal to observe an International Year of Millets in 2023.
Sikkim was awarded UN Food and Agriculture Organisation’s (FAO) Future Policy Gold Award (Gold Prize) for its
achievement in becoming the world’s first totally organic agriculture state.
It seeks to promote peaceful use of nuclear
International energy, and to prohibit its use for any military
Is a
2 Atomic Energy Vienna, Austria purpose, including manufacturing of nuclear 1957
member
Agency weapons. It reports to the UNGA and the UNSC
(although it is an independent body)
India has decided to place four more reactors under International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) safeguards. At 62nd
General Conference of IAEA held in Vienna, Austria.
The four reactors include two Russian-designed Pressurised Light Water Reactors and two Pressurised Heavy
Reactors being built with Indian technology. With this, total of 26 Indian nuclear facilities will be now under IAEA
safeguards.
International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) has opened world’s first low Enriched Uranium (LEU) Bank in Oskemen in
Kazakhstan. It will be the first of its kind LEU bank not to be under control of any individual country.
It codifies the principles and techniques of India I a
International Civil
Montreal, international air navigation and fosters the member in
3 Aviation 1947
Quebec, Canada planning and development of international air PART II to
Organization (ICAO)
transport to ensure safe and orderly growth Category
International Fund India is a
Its goal is to empower poor rural men and
for Agricultural founder
4 Rome, Italy women in developing countries to achieve 1977
Development member of
higher incomes and improved food security.
(IFDA) IFAD
India is a
International It deals with labour issues, particularly
Geneva, Switzerl founder 1946
5 Labour international labour standards, social
and member of (1919)
Organization (ILO) protection, and work opportunities for all
ILO
Global Wage Report 2018-19 published by International Labour Organization (ILO), women are paid most unequally in
India, compared to men, when it comes to hourly wages for labour.
International Labour Organization’s (ILO’s) World Employment and Social Outlook Report has that projected increase in
surface temperature due to global warming will lead to around 2,59,000 job losses in India by 2030, especially in carbon-
and resource-intensive industries.

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India has deposited the instruments of ratification of the two fundamental ILO Conventions with the International Labour
Office (ILO). The two key conventions are related to the elimination of child labour- the Minimum Age Convention, 1973
(No 138) and the Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention, 1999 (No. 182).
India was
one of the
The IMO's primary purpose is to develop and earliest
maintain a comprehensive regulatory members of
International
London, United framework for shipping and its remit today the IMO and
6 Maritime 1948
Kingdom includes safety, environmental concerns, legal had joined it
Organization (IMO)
matters, technical co-operation, maritime as a
security and the efficiency of shipping. member-
state in
1959.
India was re-elected to Council of the International Maritime Organisation (IMO).
To foster global monetary cooperation, secure
financial stability, facilitate international trade, Is one of the
Washington, promote high employment and sustainable IMF's
International 1945
7 D.C., United economic growth, and reduce poverty around original
Monetary Fund (1944)
States the world. members?
Voting power in the IMF is based on a quota
system.
International
Geneva, Switzerl ITU is responsible for allocating global radio 1947
8 Telecommunication
and spectrum and satellite orbits. (1865)
Union
India has been elected as a Member of the International Telecommunications Union (ITU) Council for another 4-year term
(2019-2022).
The ITU consists of three sectors:
Radiocommunication (ITU-R) — ensures optimal, fair and rational use of the radio frequency (RF) spectrum.
Telecommunication Standardization (ITU-T) — formulates recommendations for standardizing telecommunication
operations worldwide.
Telecommunication Development (ITU-D) — assists countries in developing and maintaining internal communication
operations.
There are 193 Member States of the ITU, including all UN member states except the Republic of Palau, plus the Vatican
City.
Membership of ITU is open to only UN members
To contribute to peace and security by
promoting international
United Nations India was
collaboration through educational, scientific,
Educational, re-elected
and cultural reforms in order to increase
9 Scientific and Paris, France as member 1946
universal respect for justice, the rule of law,
Cultural of executive
and human rights along with fundamental
Organization board
freedom proclaimed in the United Nations
Charter.
Bangladeshi disabilities’ advocate Vashkar Bhattacharjee and Chinese private sector ICT enterprise, Tencent (China) were
awarded UNESCO/Emir Jaber al Ahmad al Jaber al Sabah Prize for Digital Empowerment of Persons with Disabilities.
The restoration of an aristocratic house project from partial ruin state in Ladakh undertaken by LAMO (Ladakh Arts and
Media Organisation) Center has won 2018 UNESCO Asia-Pacific award for Cultural Heritage conservation
IOWave18: Indian ocean-wide tsunami mock exercise was organized by Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission
(IOC) of UNESCO.
Khangchendzonga Biosphere Reserve in Himalayan state of Sikkim was included in UNESCO designated World Network
of Biosphere Reserves (WNBR), making it 11th Biosphere Reserve from India to achieve this recognition.
UNESCO will set up ‘Design University for Gaming’ in Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh.
Promotion and acceleration of industrial
United Nations
development in developing countries and In India
Industrial
10 Vienna, Austria countries with economies in transition and the since: 1967
Development
promotion of international industrial 1966
Organization
cooperation.
India was
Responsible for promotion of responsible, elected to
World Tourism
11 Madrid, Spain sustainable and universally accessible the 1974
Organization
tourism. Executive
Council of

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UNWTO in
2009
Universal Postal Bern, Switzerlan Coordinates postal policies among member Is a 1947
12
Union d nations member (1874)
The World Bank is an international financial India
institution that provides loans to developing highest
Washington, countries for capital programs. recipient of
1945
13 World Bank Group D.C., United It comprises of two institutions: remittances
(1944)
States International Bank for Reconstruction and : World
Development (IBRD) Bank
International Development Association (IDA).
It is the world’s largest humanitarian
organization addressing hunger and
World Food promoting food security. In India
14 Rome, Italy 1963
Programme It works to help people who cannot produce or since: 1963
obtain enough food for themselves and their
families.
India is a
It is concerned with international public health
World Health Geneva, Switzerl founder
15 It acts as coordinating authority on 1948
Organization and member of
international public health
WHO
India is
party to
World Intellectual Aims to encourage creative activity, to
Geneva, Switzerl several
16 Property promote the protection of intellectual property 1974
and treaties
Organization throughout the world
administere
d by WIPO.
According to World Intellectual Property Indicators 2018 report released by United Nation’s World Intellectual Property
Organisation (WIPO), number of patents granted by India shot up by 50% in 2017.
WMO is the specialised agency of the UN for
World India is a
Geneva, Switzerl meteorology (weather and climate), 1950
17 Meteorological member of
and operational hydrology and related geophysical (1873)
Organization WMO
sciences
International It aims to provide humanitarian assistance to
Geneva, Switzerl India is a
18 Organisation for migrants in need, including refugees and 1951.
and member
Migration (IOM) internally displaced people.

Other International Organisation

Name HQ Purpose INDIA’s Position YEAR
Undertake joint efforts required to reduce the
Natioanl cost of finance and the cost of technology; ISA was jointly
Institute of Mobilize more than US $1000 billion of launched by
International Solar Solar Energy investments needed by 2030 for massive India and
Dec-17
Alliance (ISA) (NISE), deployment of solar energy; Pave way for France in
Gurugram, future technologies adapted to needs of solar November
Harayana rich 121 countries lying fully or partially 2015
between Tropic of Cancer and Capricon.
The Union Cabinet has approved signing of Host country (Headquarters) Agreement between India and International Solar
Alliance (ISA). ISA presently has 4 ongoing programmes 1. Scaling Solar Mini Grids 2. Affordable Finance at Scale 3.
Scaling Solar Applications for Agricultural Use 4. Scaling Solar Rooftop catering to the needs of solar energy in specific
areas
It is hosted by
It is a high-level group of the world’s major
one of the
and emerging funders of global environmental India is a
Belmont Forum Belmont forum 2009
change research and international science member
members on
councils
rotational basis
It is recognized as international institution for
World Economic public-private cooperation.
Geneva. 1971
Forum It is committed to improve state of world by
engaging business, political, academic, and

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other leaders of society to shape global,
regional, and industry agendas.
CEPI is a public-private alliance to finance and
coordinate the development of new vaccines
Coalition for Epidemic
to prevent and contain infectious disease
Preparedness India
epidemics.
Innovations (CEPI)
Department of Biotechnology is one of the
funding agency
Commission for the
It is part of the Antarctic Treaty System. ratified by 35
Conservation of Tasmania,
Preserve marine life and environmental states 1982
Antarctic Marine Living Australia.
integrity in and near Antarctica (including India)
Resources (CCAMLR)
It is established to settle disputes related to
Court of Arbitration for Lausanne sport through arbitration.
1984
Sport (CAS) (Switzerland). CAS has banned Indian wrestler Narsingh
Yadav for four years in doping case
The laboratory helps scientists and engineers
probing fundamental structure of Universe
North West
European using the most sophisticated scientific India has
suburbs of
Organisation for instruments and advanced computing become an
Geneva on 1954
Nuclear Research systems associate
France-Swiss
(CERN) CERN operates the Large Hadron Collider member.
Border.
(LHC) which is the world’s largest and most
powerful particle accelerator.
Economic and political union of 28 countries.
1958
It operates
Treaty Of
European Union (EU) Brussels an internal (or single) market which allows
Rome
free movement of goods, capital, services and
people between member states
The EEA area in which the Agreement on the EEA
includes EU provides for the free movement of persons,
European Economic countries and goods, services and capital within the
1994
Area (EEA) also Iceland, European Single Market, including the
Liechtenstein freedom to choose residence in any country
and Norway. within this area.
It is a voluntary initiative that seeks to
increase maritime co-operation among navies
of the littoral states of the Indian Ocean Regional forum
Indian Ocean Naval
Region (IOR) by providing an open and of Indian Ocean 2008
Symposium (IONS)
inclusive forum for discussion of regionally littoral states
relevant maritime issues.
launched by India
ICAN is a global civil society coalition of 468
International partner organizations from 101 countries
Campaign to Abolish Geneva, working to promote adherence to and full
2007
Nuclear Weapons Switzerland. implementation of Treaty on Prohibition of
(ICAN) Nuclear Weapons.
ICAN received 2017 Noble Prize
It will work to support local member countries
South Asia Regional
of South Asia viz. India, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Opened by
Training and Technical
New Delhi Maldives, Nepal and Sri Lanka to build human IMF in
Assistance Centre
and institutional capacity and implement 2017
(SARTTAC)
policies for growth and poverty reduction

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DEFENCE
In News
• Border Security Force (BSF) has launched a massive exercise, code named as Sudarshan, to fortify Anti-Infiltration
Grid along Pakistan border in Punjab and Jammu.
• Strum Ataka: India has signed a deal with Russia for acquiring Strum Ataka anti-tank missile for its fleet of Mi-35
attack choppers of Indian Air Force (IAF).
• Comprehensive Integrated Border Management System (CIBMS) programme: a robust and integrated system
that is capable of addressing the gaps in the present system of border security by seamlessly integrating
human resources, weapons, and high-tech surveillance equipment.
• BOLD-QIT (Border electronically dominated quick response team interception technique) Surveillance along
Dhubri district in Assam on the India Bangladesh border. BOLD-QIT Surveillance is part of the Integrated Border
Management System (CIBMS).
• Mi-35s are set to be replaced with Apache gunships being acquired from United States (US)
• The AH-64E Apache Guardian helicopter is flown by the US Army and is one of the leading multi-role attack
helicopters globally. It is even dubbed as the “flying tank”.
• 20 years of Kargil War: Operation Vijay, the name of Indian operation to clear Kargil sector. During Kargil war, IAF
had conducted Operation Safed Sagar as a part of Operation Vijay of the Indian Army.
• Operation Bandar: IAF’s code name for Balakot Airstrike, The IAF pilots carried out pre-dawn attacks by dropping
five Spice 2000 bombs
• SPICE 2000 guided bombs: Indian Air Force (IAF) signed a deal with Israel’s Rafael Advanced Defense Systems, an
Israeli defence firm to procure a batch.
• Operation Sankalp: Indian Navy launched ‘Operation Sankalp’ in Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman to reassure safe
passage of Indian flagged vessels transiting through area.
• Defence Space Research Agency (DSRO): Recently Cabinet Committee on Scram-jet system v/s Ram jet
Security (CCS) cleared setting up and has been entrusted with task of system
creating space warfare weapon systems and technologies. In scram-jet technology, fuel
• Hypersonic Technology Demonstrator Vehicle (HSTDV): Defence Research combustion takes place in a
and Development Organisation (DRDO) conducted maiden test of an chamber in missile at supersonic
speeds while in a ram jet system,
indigenously developed Hypersonic Technology Demonstrator Vehicle
the system collects air it needs
(HSTDV) which is an unmanned scramjet demonstration aircraft. It is from atmosphere during flight at
designed to cruise at Mach 6 speed with scramjet engine. It can be used for subsonic speeds and propellants
launching satellites at low cost and can also be available for long-range burn in combustion chamber.
cruise missiles of future.
• The Indian Navy recently deployed its P8I surveillance planes for carrying out anti-piracy patrol sorties from Salalah
(in Oman) to patrol the Gulf of Aden and other piracy prone areas.
• The “Kharga Prahar”, a major training exercise conducted by the Indian Army in Punjab
• The Director Generals of Assam Rifles and Indian Coast Guard signed a ‘Affiliation Charter’ between 3rd (Naga Hills)
Battalion of Assam Rifles and Indian Coast Guard (ICG) Ship ‘Shaurya’
• Indian Navy successfully conducted test firing of Medium Range Surface to Air Missile (MRSAM) on the Western
Seaboard. These Surface to Air Missiles are for now fitted onboard Kolkata Class Destroyers (comprised of INS
Kolkata, INS Kochi and INS Chennai). Medium Range Surface to Air Missile which i.e. it is capable of engaging
multiple aerial targets at range of more than 50 km.
• The Indian Coast Guard ship (ICGS) Vigraha was decommissioned at Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh.
• India for the first time will host the ‘Army scouts master’s competition’. The Army Scouts Masters Competition is a
part of International Army Games steered by Russia. This is the 5th edition of International Army games.
• The Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO, an agency under Ministry of Defence) conducted
successful flight test of ‘ABHYAS’, a High-speed Expendable Aerial Target (HEAT)
• The ASEAN Defense Ministers’ Meeting (ADMM)-Plus Maritime Security Field Training Exercise (MS FTX) in the South
China Sea concluded on 13 May 2019 at RSS Singapura ( also known as Changi Naval Base) in Singapore.
• The Indian Navy launched fourth Stealth Scorpene-Class submarine ‘INS Vela’ under Project 75.

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• INS Kalvari, the first submarine in Scorpene class, has already been commissioned, while others are at adavance
level of trial and test. The third in Scorpene series INS Karanj was launched in January 2019. The fifth Scorpene-
class submarine INS Vagir and sixth Scorpene-class submarine INS Vagsheer.
• The Indian Navy has launched its third guided missile destroyer, INS Imphal as part of its Project 15B.
• INS Vishakhapatnam was the first Project 15B, second ship, INS Mormugao
• Sea Vigil was a first of its kind multi-agency drill, covering the entire 7,516 km-long Indian coastline and exclusive
economic zone and involving 13 coastal states and Union Territories.
• Indian Army built the longest suspension bridge over Indus river in Leh in just 40 days and the bridge is named as
Maitri Bridge.
• DRDO-developed A-SAT system successfully destroyed a live satellite in the Low Earth Orbit under project named as
Mission Shakti, India is only the fourth country after the U.S., Russia and China to have the A-SAT technology.
• Indigenous Dhanush Howitzer guns were inducted to the Indian Army. The induction of Dhanush Howitzer
• AK-47 rifles manufacturing unit at Amethi of Uttar Pradesh a joint venture between India and Russia.
• Sela Tunnel Project in Arunachal Pradesh across Sela Pass. on the border between the Tawang and West Kameng
Districts of Arunachal Pradesh. The pass connects Tawang for rest of India. Border Roads Organisation (BRO).
• The disaster relief exercise ‘Exercise Rahat’ demonstrated in Jaipur, Kota and Alwar in Rajasthan. This The joint
exercise will see participation from Armed Forces, National Disaster Management Response Mechanism (NDMRM),
State Disaster Management Authority of Rajasthan and District LMAs.
• Naval Air Station (NAS) Shibpur has been commissioned as INS Kohassa. It will be India’s fourth air base and the
third naval air facility in the Andaman and Nicobar region. The other two Naval Air Bases in the Andaman and Nicobar
region are INS Utkrosh at Port Blair and INS Baaz at Campbell Bay.
Security Forces
1. Indian Armed Force
2. Central Armed Police Force
Security Forces Dealing with External Threats

• The defence forces (Indian Armed Force) are the primary force responsible for the security of the country, and they
come under the authority of Ministry of Defense.
• Central Armed Police Force (CAPF) aid in combating external threats (they mainly manage internal security issues)
but are managed by Ministry of Home Affairs.
Indian Armed Force
The defence forces are divided into four sub-heads.
1. Indian Army Personnel.
2. Indian Air Force Personnel.
3. Indian Navy Personnel.
4. Indian Coast Guard Personnel.

Security Forces Dealing with Internal Threats

• There are many divisions of Central Armed Police Force, which deal with internal threats.
• Paramilitary Forces of India: The term "paramilitary forces" in India has not been defined in any acts or by authorities
officially however they are conventionally used to refer to two forces i.e. Assam Rifles and Special Frontier Force.
• Indo-Myanmar border is being guarded by Assam Rifles.
• Special Frontier Force main goal originally was to conduct covert operations behind Chinese lines in the event of
another Sino-Indian War.
• Central Armed Police Forces were formerly referred as Paramilitary Forces however from March 2011, Ministry of
Home Affairs adopted a uniform nomenclature of Central Armed Police Forces for five forces
namely: CRPF, BSF, ITBP, CISF, and SSB.
Central Armed Police Force (CAPF)
• The Central Armed Police Forces (CAPF) refers to uniform nomenclature of five security forces in India under the
authority of Ministry of Home Affairs. They are the Border Security Force (BSF), Central Reserve Police
Force (CRPF), Central Industrial Security Force (CISF), Indo-Tibetan Border Police (ITBP), and Sashastra Seema
Bal (SSB).
• Each of the five CAPFs (the BSF, CRPF, ITBP, CISF and SSB) has its own cadre of officers, but they are headed by
officers of the Indian Police Service.
Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF)

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• The Central Reserve Police Force is the largest of the Central Armed Police Forces units with 313,678 personnel in
239 battalions. The Central Reserve Police includes:
• The CRPF's primary role lies in assisting the State/Union Territories in police operations to maintain law and order
and counter insurgency. It came into existence as the Crown Representative's Police on 27 July 1939
• The Rapid Action Force (RAF), a 10 battalion anti-riot force trained to respond to sectarian violence.
• The Commando Battalion for Resolute Action (COBRA), a 10 battalion strong anti-Naxalite/COIN force.
• Parliament Duty Group is an elite CRPF unit tasked to provide armed protection to Parliament House. PDG members
are trained in combating nuclear and bio-chemical attacks, rescue operations and behavioural management.
Border Security Force (BSF)

• It was raised in the wake of the 1965 War on 1 December 1965

• The primary role of the Border Security Force is to guard the border of the India with Pakistan and Bangladesh, it is
deployed both on the IB and the LOC. The BSF also has active roles during times of war. It has 257,363 personnel
in 186 battalions, it has 89,432 personnel in 56 fighting, 2 DM and 4 specialized battalions.
• It currently stands as the world's largest border guarding force. BSF has been termed as the First Line of Defence of
Indian Territories
• Every evening, at the Wagah border, which is the international border of India and Pakistan, the BSF together with
the neighbouring country's border guarding, the Pakistan Rangers conduct a military drill while lowering the
respective national flags.
• Creek Crocodile Commando are the elite commando force of BSF.

Central Industrial Security Force (CISF)

• One of the largest industrial security forces in the world, the Central Industrial Security Force provides security to
various Public Sector Undertakings (PSUs) and other critical infrastructure installations, major airports across the
country and provides security during elections and other internal security duties and VVIP protection. It has a total
strength of about 144,418 personnel in 132 battalions. Including 9 reserve battalions.
• The CISF is in charge of airport security at all commercial airports in India.
• Security on the Delhi Metro is handled by the Central Industrial Security Force (CISF)
• Central Industrial Security Force (CISF), on the basis of recommendations of the Intelligence Bureau, raised a special
unit called Special Security Group (SSG) to provide security cover to persons nominated by the Home Ministry

Sashastra Seema Bal (SSB)

The objective off the Sashastra Seema Bal is to guard the Indo-Nepal and Indo-Bhutan Borders. It has 76,337
personnel and 67 battalions, as well as some reserved battalions.
Indo-Tibetan Border Police (ITBP)

• The Indo-Tibetan Border Police (ITBP) was raised on 24 October 1962, under the CRPF Act, in the wake of the Sino-
Indian War of 1962. The ITBP was intended for deployment along India's border with China's Tibet Autonomous
Region.
• The ITBP is trained in Civil Medical Camp, disaster management, and nuclear, biological and chemical disasters.
ITBP personnel have been deployed abroad in UN peacekeeping missions
• Two battalions of ITBP are deputed to National Disaster Response Force.

Special Forces
The Special Forces of India refer to those units which are under the direct command of the Indian military and
specifically organised, trained, and are equipped to conduct and support special operations.
National Security Guard (NSG)
• The National Security Guard (NSG) is an Indian Special Forces unit under the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA).
• The National Security Guard (NSG) was set up in 1984, following Operation Blue Star and the assassination of Indira
Gandhi as a Federal Contingency Deployment Force for combating terrorist activities with a view to protect states
against internal disturbances, it is intended for use "only in exceptional situations" and not meant to take over the
"functions of the State Police Forces or other Para Military Forces". Yet, over the years its role has vastly expanded
to provide personal security to influential politicians quite independent of the real threat that they face.
• The NSG is trained to conduct counter terrorist task to including counter hijacking tasks on land, sea, and air; Bomb
disposal (search, detection and neutralization of IEDs); PBI (Post Blast Investigation) and Hostage Rescue missions.
• NSG is under the authority of Ministry of Home Affairs. However, it is not categorised under the uniform
nomenclature of Central Armed Police Forces.

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• It has a Special Forces mandate, and its core operational capability is provided by the Special Action Group (SAG)
which is drawn from the Indian Army. The Special Rangers Group (SRG), the police component of NSG, which also
handles VIP security, is composed of personnel on deputation from other Central Armed Police Forces and State
Police Forces.
• The NSG personnel are often referred to in the media as Black Cats because of the black outfit and black cat insignia
worn on their uniform.
Para (Special Forces)
• Commonly known as Para SF, is the special force unit of the Indian Army. It is attached to the Parachute Regiment.
• The unit was created in 1966 by the Indian Army. During the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965, a small ad hoc force
comprising volunteers from most infantry units from North India
• The unit is tasked with missions such as special operations, direct action, hostage rescue, counter-terrorism,
unconventional warfare, special reconnaissance, foreign internal defence, counter-proliferation, counter-
insurgency, seek and destroy and personnel recovery.
MARCOS
• This unit was created in 1987 by the Indian Navy.
• They saw action during Operation Pawan in 1988. They were a part of Operation Cactus in 1988.
• They have also been deployed in Wular Lake which was a major infiltration point for terrorists.
• MARCOS, previously named as Marine Commando Force (MCF), is the special forces unit of the Indian Navy created
for conducting special operations such as amphibious warfare, close quarter combat, counter-terrorism, direct
action, special reconnaissance, unconventional warfare, hostage rescue, personnel recovery, combat search and
rescue, asymmetric warfare, foreign internal defence, counter proliferation, amphibious
reconnaissance including hydrographic reconnaissance.
• The MCF is specially organised, trained and equipped for the conduct of special operations in a maritime
environment.
• The MARCOS are capable of undertaking operations in all types of terrain, but are specialised in maritime operations
in Jammu and Kashmir through the Jhelum River and Wular Lake, a 65 square kilometre freshwater lake.
• Some MARCOS personnel are also attached with the Army Special Forces units conducting counter-terrorism
operations in the area.
• MARCOS are widely feared among the terrorists, who call them "Dadiwala fauj", meaning the "Bearded army"
because of their bearded disguise in civil areas.

Garud Commando Force

• The Garud Commando Force is the Special Forces unit of the Indian Air Force. It was formed in September 2004
• Garud is tasked with the protection of critical Air Force bases and installations; search and rescue during peace and
hostilities and disaster relief during calamities.
• Garuds have diverse responsibilities. Besides base protection force to protect airfields and key assets in hostile
environments, some advanced Garud units are trained like Army Para Commandos and the Naval MARCOS to
undertake missions deep behind enemy lines. Note, that the security of IAF installations like radars, airfields and
other establishments in border areas is generally performed by the Air Force Police and the Defence Security Corps
(DSC)
Ghatak Force
• Ghatak Platoon, or Ghatak Commandos, is a special operations capable infantry platoon. There is one platoon in
every infantry battalion in the Indian Army
Central Police Organisation
1. Intelligence Bureau
2. Central Bureau of Investigation
3. Bureau of Police Research & Development. (BPRD)
4. National Crime Records Bureau
5. National Investigation Agency
6. Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel National Police Academy, Hyderabad.
7. North Eastern Police Academy, Shillong.
8. National Institute of Criminology & Forensic Science. (NICFS)
India’s Intelligence and Investigation Agencies
1. Intelligence Bureau (IB) – Internal Intelligence.
2. Research and Analysis Wing (RAW) – External Intelligence – Similar to CIA of US.
3. National Technical Research Organisation (NTRO).
4. Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA).
5. Computer Emergency Response Team (CERT).
6. National Technical Research Organisation.
7. Defense Intelligence Agency.
8. Joint Cipher Bureau.

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9. Directorate of Revenue Intelligence.
10. All India Radio Monitoring Service.
11. Signals Intelligence Directorate.
12. Aviation Research Centre.
13. Directorate of Air Intelligence.
14. Directorate of Navy Intelligence.
15. Directorate of Income Tax (Intelligence and Criminal Investigation).
16. Directorate General of Income Tax Investigation.
17. National Investigation Agency – Central agency to combat terrorism.
18. Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) – Similar to FBI of US.
Other law enforcement agencies:
• Directorate of Enforcement (DE).
• Directorate of Revenue Intelligence (DRI).
• Narcotics Control Bureau (NCB).
• Financial Intelligence Unit (FIU).

Central Armed Police Forces under Administrative Control of Ministry of Home Affairs
Border Guarding Forces Non-Border Guarding
Central Industrial Security Force (CISF): Provides security
Assam Rifles: Guards the Indo-Myanmar border.
for critical infrastructures.
Border Security Force (BSF): Guards the Indo- Pakistan Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF): Deployed for
and Indo- Bangladesh borders. maintaining internal security.
Indo-Tibetan Border Police (ITBP): Guards the Indo- National Security Guard (NSG): Deployed for antiterrorist
China border. activities.
Sashastra Seema Bal (SSB): Guards the Indo-Bhutan and Indo-Nepal borders.

Defence Exercises
Naval Exercises
Countries
Exercise Name Purpose Place of Conduct Involved
Involved
address issues of terrorism,
Indo-Myanmar human trafficking, poaching,
Coordinated patrol
coordinated illegal fishing, drug trafficking and
(CORPAT)
patrol (IMCOR) other illegal activities harmful to
interest of both nations.
enhance interoperability,
Singapore India
strengthen mutual trust, and build
Maritime INS Kolkata and INS
SIMBEX-2019 greater synergy to address
Bilateral Shakti
common maritime concerns
Exercise
among both navies.
Facilitate operational-level
Varuna-19 French Navy and
Indo-French interactions between their armed off the Goa coast
17th edition INDIAN navy
forces
India and bilateral naval cooperation in the coast of
AUSINDEX 2019
Australia strategic Indian Ocean region. Vishakhapatnam
India-Indonesia
Port Blair,
(IND-INDO CORPAT) coordinated peaceful Indian Ocean for benefit
Andaman &
33rd edition patrol of the international community.
Nicobar Islands.
Bay of Bengal off Indian Coast Guard
India and South joint anti-piracy, search and
Sahyog-Hyeoblyeog the Chennai coast (ICG) and Korean
Korea rescue
in Tamil Nadu. Coast Guard (KCG)
Tri-service To build interoperability between
Western coast in
Paschim Lehar maritime Indian Navy, Indian Army, Indian
Arabian Sea.
exercise Air Force and Coast Guard.
Indian Coast Guard,
Humanitarian Assistance and State administration,
Chakravat INDIA Kochi Coast
Disaster Relief (HADR) State Disaster
Management
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Authority, National
Disaster Response
Force (NDRF)
Under aegis of
MILAN Andaman and
Sharing of views and ideas on Port Blair in
(MILAN is 16 countries Nicobar Command
maritime good-order and Andaman and
congregation of participating with theme
enhancing regional cooperation Nicobar (A&N)
littoral navies) of ‘Friendship Across
the Seas’.
Augment operational level
National Maritime
interaction and capacity building Chennai, Tamil Indian Coast Guard
Search and Rescue
INDIA- JAPAN in areas of search and rescue, Nadu in Bay of (ICG) and Japan
Workshop and
pollution response and maritime Bengal. Coast Guard (JCG)
Exercise
law enforcement
Said Bin Sultan Two naval ships –
Naseem-Al-Bahr India and Strengthening of bilateral ties
Naval Base, INS Trikand and INS
(SEA BREEZE) Oman between both countries.
Wudam in Oman. Teg
ICG Pollution Control
Clean Sea- Evaluate preparedness for
India- Indian Port Blair, Vessel and
Regional Level Response Operations for any such
Coast Guard Andaman & integration of ICG
Marine Oil Pollution oil pollution incident in highly
(ICG) Nicobar Islands. Dornier/Chetak
Response Exercise sensitive area of A&B islands.
aircraft.
International
Consolidate bilateral naval
Multilateral Maritime under the aegis of
India and relations between India and
Search and Rescue Bangladesh Indian Ocean Naval
Bangladesh Bangladesh and to explore new
Exercise Symposium (IONS)
avenues for naval cooperation.
(IMMSAREX)
Two aircraft carriers
India, Japan
MALABAR Chennai in Bay of from India and US
and United Submarine-hunting
Bengal and a Japanese
States (US)
helicopter destroyer.
Increase inter-operability amongst Bay of Bengal. Indian Navy and
INDRA NAVY INDIA- RUSSIA
the two navies Visakhapatnam Russian Navy
Provide a unique training India is being
Participation of
RIMPAC (Rim of the opportunity to participants in represented by
navies from 26 Honolulu, Hawaii.
Pacific) order foster cooperative Indian Naval ship
countries.
relationships (INS) Satpura
ADMM-Plus (ASEAN
multinational Maritime Security and Counter Indian warship INS
Defence Ministers’ Brunei
naval exercise Terrorism (Ex MS & CT) Airavat
Meeting Plus)
Anti-submarine warfare (ASW), air
Brazil, India
defence, flying operations, INS Mumbai–INS
IBSAMAR and South Goa
surface firing, search and rescue Shalki–INS trishul
Africa
and tactical procedures.
Anti-piracy procedures, search
Coast of Chennai,
and rescue operations and Both countries Coast
Sahayog-Kaijin INDIA- JAPAN Tamil Nadu in the
interoperability between the two guards
Bay of Bengal.
forces

Military Exercise
Exercise Name Countries Involved Purpose Place of Conduct Involved
Targeted at militant groups
India and
Operation Sunrise 2 operating in Manipur, Nagaland On border
Myanmar
and Assam.
aimed at developing military
Joint Military technology, enhance the
Bold Kurukshetra– Babina Cantonment of
Exercise of India maritime security and bolster
2019 Jhansi
and Singapore the nations’ fight against
terrorism.

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Represented by
Counter Terrorist Operations
Mitra Shakti 2019 India-Sri Lanka Srilanka the Bihar
(CTO)
Regiment
Theatre Level
Readiness and inter-service
A & N islands
Operational Exercise military exercise
(TROPEX) 19.
To train the participating
Africa-India Joint contingents in Humanitarian
Field Training Mine Assistance (HMA) and Pune
Indian Army and
Exercise (AFINDEX- Peace Keeping Operations
16 African nations
19) (PKO) under the United
Nations Charter
To strengthen and broaden the
9th Battalion
SAMPRITI 2019 aspects of interoperability and
Indo-Bangladesh Bangladesh at Tangail the Rajputana
8th edition cooperation between the Indian
Rifles.
and Bangladesh Armies.
Border Security
Mainamati Maitree Force (BSF) and confidence-building measures Comilla Township in
Exercise 2019 Border Guards between the two border guards. Bangladesh,
Bangladesh (BGB)
showcased its artillery firepower by using ultra light Howitzers and indigenous Swathi weapon-
Exercise Topchi
locating radar

Asia-Pacific region’s largest

northern Thai province
multinational military exercises
of Phitsanulok on
United States and that is held in Thailand every
Cobra Gold Exercise banks of the Nan river.
Thailand year.
It is one of the oldest
Aim to improve coordination
cities of Thailand.
between the armed forces.
I: 4
GRENADIERS
Aims at bolstering cooperation M: 1 Royal
India and Sengai Perdik, Hulu
HARIMAU SHAKTI and coordination between Ranjer
Malaysia Langat, Malaysia
armed forces of both nations. Regiment and
Royal Malay
Regiment
United Arab
raising level of performance and
Desert Tiger 5 Emirates (UAE) Dubai, UAE
combat efficiency
and Malaysia
It is a major exercise carried out
by Indian Army in the deserts of
Hamesha Vijayee INDIA Rajasthan to evaluate the Deserts of Rajasthan Indian Army
capability of the armed forces to
strike deep into enemy territory.
23 countries
Gulf Shield – 1 to raise military readiness of
including Gulf Eastern Region of
(multilateral participating countries,
Cooperation Saudi Arabia.
exercise) modernise joint mechanisms
Council (GCC)
Fighting
Enhancing military cooperation Mahe Island in
Lamitye Indian and insurgency,
and interoperability between the Seychelles
(8th edition) Seychelles terrorism and
two countries. archipelago.
piracy threats.
Table Top Exercise to carry out
India-Vietnam
training for Peace Keeping Jabalpur in Madhya first military
Bilateral Army India-Vietnam
Operations under United Pradesh. exercise
Exercise (VINBAX-
Nations (UN) mandate.
To promote military relations
Pune-
between two countries by Joint Base Lewis-
headquartered
Vajra Prahar Indo-US enhancing interoperability and McChord (JBLM) in
Southern
mutual exchange of tactics Seattle
Command
between Special Forces.

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 DNYANADEEP IAS SUPER SERIES – CAPF2019
To conduct military training
Indian Army and
India, Maldives between armies of both
Maldives
EKUVERIN bilateral military countries with emphasis on Belagavi, Karnataka.
National
exercise counter insurgency, counter
Defence Force
terrorism operations (CICT Ops).
Drill designed to enhance their
readiness and operational
South Korea and
Vigilant Ace capability and to ensure peace
United States
and security on Korean
peninsula.
20 Rajputana
To increase mutual cooperation Mahajan Field Firing Rifles And Royal
Ajeya Warrior- India and the UK and coordination between two Range near Bikaner of Anglian
countries. Rajasthan. Regiment of UK
Army
To practice and validate
Defence of
Andaman & procedures and drills of all
Andaman and Andaman and Nicobar
Nicobar Command forces aimed at
Nicobar Islands Islands
Command defending strategic Andaman &
Exercise
Nicobar Islands.
Joint Warfare Centre at Army’s RED
Building and promoting closer
the Umroi Joint HORNS
IMBAX India-Myanmar relations with armies of the
Training Node in DIVISION and
neighbouring countries.
Meghalaya. GAJRAJ CORPS.

To build and promote bilateral 11th Gorkha

India and Bakloh, Himachal
PRABAL DOSTYK – army-to-army relations and Rifles of Indian
Kazakhstan Pradesh.
exchange skills and experiences Army.
Preparation and Conduct of
Operations by Joint Force for
INDRA- Suppression of International Indian and
Indo-Russia Vladivostok, Russia
Tri-Services Exercise Terror Activity at the request of Russian forces
a host country under UN
mandate

For translating political goodwill

between both countries into a special forces of
Pakistan and Minralney Vody,
DRUZBA substantial partnership Pakistan and
Russia Russia
especially in the field of Russia
defence.
Infantry
Tactical skills in counter- Regiment of US
Joint Base Lewis
India and United insurgency and counter-terrorist Army &
Yudh Abhyas McChord, Washington,
States operations (CICT ops) under UN Gorkha Rifles
US.
charter from the Surya
Command
Focused on skills required Kumaon Scouts
counter-terrorism and counter- Nepal Army Battle of India and
Surya Kiran XII India-Nepal terror, forest fighting and School (NABS) in Narayan Dal
natural disaster management Saljhandi, Nepal. Battalion of
operations. Nepal
to acquaint with each other`s
Royal Thailand
Indian Army and operating procedures in the Bakloh in Chamba
Army &
Maitree Royal Thailand backdrop of counter-insurgency district in Himachal
Northern
Army and counter-terrorism Pradesh
Command of IA
environment.
Sagarmatha focus on disaster management
Nepal and China
Friendship- & combating terror
Promote military associations
Nomadic Elephant Indo-Mongolian Vairengte in Mizoram.
between India and Mongolia.
Focus on skills required for Pithoragarh area of Ekta Shakti
Surya Kiran XI India-Nepal
natural disaster management, Uttarakhand. Battalion of

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counter-insurgency and jungle the Punjab
warfare. Regiment. &
Durga Baksh
Battalion of
NEPAL
Dhauladhar Ranges in
Strengthen the military ties Infantry
Al-Nagah-II India and Oman Bakloh belt of
between the two countries. battalions
Himachal Pradesh
BIHAR Regiment
Emphasis on amphibious &
Kadhdhoo, Laamu & Maldivian
EKUVERIN Exercise India & Maldives counter insurgency, counter
Atoll, Maldives. National
terrorism operations.
Defence Force.
Share the expertise in drills and
Hand in Hand- India-China practices while tackling Pune, Maharashtra
insurgency and terrorism

Air Exercise
Place of
Exercise Name Countries Involved Purpose Involved
Conduct
aimed at enhancing
Indian Air Force
interoperability level of French Mont de IAF contingent: 4 Sukhoi 30
(IAF) and Armée de
Garuda VI 2019 and Indian crews in air Marsan in MKI along with an IL-78 flight
l’Air (French Air
defence and ground attack France. refuelling aircraft.
Force)
missions.
firepower demonstration Exercise Vayu Shakti demonstrtaes the IAF’s ability to strike targets on
EXERCISE VAYU
the ground such as enemy convoys and tanks, radar stations, railway yards and military
SHAKTI-2019
headquarters.
EXERCISE Gagan
air-to-air combat is out into display at another exercise of IAF called Gagan Shakti.
Shakti
Conducted by Southern Air
Indian Air Force
first multilateral Humanitarian Command (SAC) and
(IAF) in association coast of
Samvedna Assistance and Disaster Relief involved representatives
with South Asian Kerala
(HADR) from air forces of Sri Lanka,
Region nations
Bangladesh, Nepal and UAE.

Equivalent Ranks of the Indian Armed Forces – Army, Air Force and Navy
Army Air Force Navy
*Field Marshal *Marshal of the Air Force *Admiral of the fleet
General Air Chief Marshal Admiral
Lt. General Air Marshal Vice Admiral
Major General Air Vice Marshal Rear Admiral
Brigadier Air Commodore Commodore
Colonel Group Captain Captain
Lt. Colonel Wing Commander Commander
Major Squadron Leader Lt. Commander
Captain Flight Lieutenant Lieutenant
Lieutenant Flying Officer Sub Lieutenant

Gallantry awards
Types of Gallantry awards
Second Category of
Gallantry Awards are classified into two First Category of Gallantry
Gallantry Awards
Categories Awards Comprises of the
Comprises of the following
1. Gallantry in the Face of Enemy following Awards
Awards
2. Gallantry Other than in the Face of Enemy • Param Vir Chakra (PVC) • Ashok Chakra
• Mahavir Chakra (MVC) • Kirti Chakra
• Vir Chakra • Shaurya Chakra

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• Post-independence, first three gallantry awards namely the Param Vir Chakra, the Maha Vir Chakra and the Vir
Chakra were instituted by the Government of India on 26th January, 1950 which were deemed to have effect
from the 15th August, 1947.
• Thereafter, other three gallantry awards i.e. the Ashoka Chakra Class-I, the Ashoka Chakra Class-II and the
Ashoka Chakra Class-III were instituted by the Government of India on 4th January, 1952, which were deemed
to have effect from the 15th August, 1947. These awards were renamed as the Ashoka Chakra, the Kirti Chakra
and the Shaurya Chakra respectively in January, 1967.
• Order of precedence of these awards is the Param Vir Chakra, the Ashoka Chakra, the Mahavir Chakra, the Kirti
Chakra, the Vir Chakra and the Shaurya Chakra.
Eligibility
The Param Vir Chakra, The Maha Vir Chakra & The Vir Chakra
The following categories of persons shall be eligible for the Param Vir Chakra, the Maha Vir Chakra and the Vir
Chakra:
• Officers and men and women of all ranks of the Naval, Military and Air Forces, of any of the Reserve Forces,
of the Territorial Army, Militia and of any other lawfully constituted Armed Forces.
• Matrons, Sisters, Nurses and the Staff of the Nursing Services and other Services pertaining to Hospitals and
Nursing, and Civilians of either sex serving regularly or temporarily under the orders, directions or supervision
of any of the above-mentioned Forces.
Conditions of Eligibility:
• The Param Vir Chakra is awarded for most conspicuous bravery or some daring or pre-eminent act of valour
or self-sacrifice, in the presence of the enemy, whether on land, at sea, or in the air.
• The Maha Vir Chakra is awarded for acts of conspicuous gallantry in the presence of the enemy whether on
land, at sea or in the air.
• The Vir Chakra is awarded for acts of gallantry in the presence of the enemy, whether on land or at sea or in
the air.
The Ashoka Chakra, the Kirti Chakra & Shaurya Chakra
The following categories of persons shall be eligible for the Ashoka Chakra, the Kirti Chakra and the Shaurya
Chakra:
• Officers and men and women of all ranks of the Army, the Navy and the Air Force, of any of the Reserve
Forces, of the Territorial Army, Militia and of any other lawfully constituted forces.
• Members of the Nursing Services of the Armed Forces.
• Civilian citizens of either sex in all walks of life and members of Police Forces including Central Para-Military
Forces and Railway Protection Force.
Conditions of Eligibility:
• The Ashoka Chakra is awarded for most conspicuous bravery or some act of daring or pre-eminent act of
valour or self-sacrifice otherwise than in the face of the enemy.
• The Kirti Chakra is awarded for conspicuous gallantry otherwise than in the face of the enemy.
• The Shaurya Chakra is awarded for gallantry otherwise than in the face of the enemy.
All the gallantry awards may be awarded posthumously.
• Persons recommended for the award shall not be involved in any adverse report or should not have been
conveyed any displeasure or censure or given any punishment in a court martial proceeding or through
administrative action.
Missile Technology
INDIAN MISSILE TECHNOLOGY
Integrated Guided Missile Development Program
The Integrated Guided Missile Development Program (IGMDP) was launched in 1983 to develop five missile systems
in the country viz. Trishul, Akash, Nag, Prithvi and Agni-I (intermediate-range surface-to-surface missile). In 1990s, the
program was expanded to develop the long range Agni Missile, Sagarika (ballistic missile), Surya (medium-range
version of the Agni ballistic missile) and Dhanush (naval version of the Prithvi). In 2008, the DRDO announced the
successful completion of the program
Missile Stage TYPE Range Developed
by
Trishul Surface-to-air short-range: 9KM DRDO
Akash Surface-to-air medium-range: 30KM DRDO
Surface to Air Missile (SAM) AKASH was successfully tested with indigenous radio frequency seeker against target UAV
Banshee.
❖ Nag Surface-to-air and Land version: 500m to 4km (Air- DRDO
Air to Surface launched: 7-10km)
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‘fire and forget’
Anti-tank
NAG Variants: NAMICA (NAG missile carrier), HELINA (HELIcopterNAg)
Prithvi-I (Army surface-to-surface short range: 150km range DRDO
Version) ballistic missile
Prithvi-II (Air Force single-stage surface-to-surface short range: 250-350 km DRDO
Version) liquid-fuelled ballistic missile
Prithvi-III (Naval two-stage: 1st surface-to-surface short range: 350 km- 600Km DRDO
Version) Solid and 2nd ballistic missile
Liquid
Prithvi-III Variant: Dhanush Missile (surface-to-surface or ship-to-ship) used by INDIAN NAVY
Prithvi Advanced Air Defence (AAD) supersonic interceptor missile was successfully test-fired from a test range in
Odisha.
Agni-I two-stage: 1st surface to surface medium range (700 km to 1,200 DRDO
(Operational) Solid and 2nd ballistic missile km)
Liquid
Agni-II two-stage: Both surface to surface intermediate range (2,000 km to DRDO
(Operational) Solid Fuelled ballistic missile 2,500 km)
Agni-III two-stage: Both surface to surface intermediate range (3,000 km to DRDO
(Operational) Solid Fuelled ballistic missile 5,000 km)
Agni-IV two-stage: Both surface to surface intermediate range (2,500 km to DRDO
(Testing) Solid Fuelled ballistic missile 3,700 km)
Earlier known
as Agni II prime.
Agni-V Three stage solid surface to surface intercontinental (5,000 km to DRDO
(Testing) fuel ballistic missile 8,000 km)
Agni-VI Three stage solid surface to surface intercontinental (10,000 km to DRDO
(Under fuel ballistic missile 12,000 km)
development)
Agni missiles are long range, nuclear weapons capable surface to surface ballistic missile. The first missile of the
series, Agni-I was developed under the Integrated Guided Missile Development Program and tested in 1989. After its
success, Agni missile program was separated from the IGMDP upon realizing its strategic importance. It was
designated as a special program in India's defence budget and provided adequate funds for subsequent development.
K-15 (Sagarika) Version of the submarine-launched 750 km-1,500 km DRDO
land ballistic missile (SLBM)
based Shaurya
missile
K-4 submarine-launched 3,500 km DRDO
ballistic missile (SLBM)
K-5 submarine-launched 5,000 km DRDO
ballistic missile (SLBM)
K-6 Three-stage solid submarine-launched 6,000 km DRDO
fuel ballistic missile (SLBM)
The K family of missiles named after Indian scientist and former Indian President, Dr. A P J Abdul Kalam is a series
of submarine-launched ballistic missiles (SLBM) developed by India to boost its second strike capabilities and thus
augment its nuclear deterrence. "K" missiles are faster, lighter and stealthier than their Agni missile counterparts.
Shaurya missile: It is a short-range surface-to-surface ballistic missile developed for Indian Army. Its range is 700km
and is capable of carrying a payload of one ton conventional or nuclear warhead.
BrahMos 1st stage: solid Launched from medium-range ramjet supersonic INDIA-
(World’s fastest fuel submarine, ships, cruise missile RUSSIA
anti-ship cruise rocket booster aircraft, or land. Surface/Sea: 450Km
missile in 2nd stage: liquid- Air: 400
operation.) fuelled ramjet
BrahMos-II scramjet air Launched from Hypersonic cruise missile
(Under breathing jet submarine, ships, 450 km
development) engine aircraft, or land.
Top speed will be
double that of the
current BrahMos-I
BrahMos-A launched from a Su- range of 400 km
30MKI

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(A modified air- successfully test fired:
launched variant of Nov 2017
the missile
BrahMos-NG (Next Launched from 290 km range
Generation) submarine, ships,
aircraft, or land.
• The BrahMos is a joint venture between the Russian Federation's NPO Mashinostroeyenia and India's Defence
Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) who together have formed BrahMos Aerospace.
• It is based on the Russian P-800 Oniks cruise missile
• The name BrahMos is formed from the names of two rivers, the Brahmaputra of India and the Moskva of Russia.
• In 2016, as India became a member of the Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR), India and Russia are now
planning to jointly develop a new generation of Brahmos missiles with 600 km-plus range and an ability to hit
protected targets with pinpoint accuracy
Supersonic cruise missile BrahMos was successfully flight-tested for first time with indigenously developed seeker at
Pokhran test range, Rajasthan.
Nirbhay Capable of Launched from multiple long range, all- DRDO
(under carrying platforms weather, subsonic cruise missile
development ) conventional 1000km-1500km
and nuclear
warheads.
DRDO successfully conducted flight test from test range at Chandipur, Odisha.
Astra single stage air to air beyond visual 80–110 km DRDO
(one of the smallest solid fuelled range Indian Air Force (IAF) successfully
weapon systems conducted developmental trials
developed by DRDO)
Quick reaction surface-to-air short-range missile (QR-SAM): an all-weather weapon system capable of tracking and
firing.
Strike range of 25 to 30 km
Will complement the existing Akash short range SAM (surface-to-air missile)
Barak 8 Long-Range Surface-to- Medium-Range Surface-to-Air INDIA-
Air Missile (LRSAM): Missile (MRSAM): land-based ISREAL
Extended range variant configuration of the missile
• Barak 8 is an Indian Israeli surface-to-air missile (SAM), designed to defend against any type of airborne threat
including aircraft, helicopters, anti-ship missiles, and UAVs as well as ballistic missiles, cruise missiles and combat
jets. Both maritime and land-based versions of the system exist.
• Barak 8 was jointly developed by Israel Aerospace Industries (IAI), India's Defence Research & Development
Organisation (DRDO), Israel's Administration for the Development of Weapons and Technological Infrastructure,
Elta Systems, Rafael and other companies. Bharat Dynamics Limited (BDL) produce the missiles.
Pinaka Rocket Rate of Fire: 12 Maximum range of 40 km for DRDO
Rockets in 44 sec Mark-I and 75 km for Mark-II,
Pinaka II, also called Guided Pinaka, is being developed by Armament Research and Development Establishment
(ARDE), Pune; Research Centre Imarat (RCI), Hyderabad; and Defence Research and Development Laboratory (DRDL),
Hyderabad. The Mark II version is equipped with a navigation, guidance, control kit and has considerably enhanced
the range and accuracy of the missile.

Other Missile’s in NEWS

1. Babur-3
• Pakistan Made Submarine-Launched Cruise Missile (SLCM) capable of carrying a nuclear warhead.
• SLCM Babur-3 is a sea-based variant of Ground Launched Cruise Missile (GLCM) Babur-2.
2. Ababeel surface-to-surface medium range ballistic missile.
• Pakistan’s missile arsenal.
• It has a maximum range of 2,200 kilometres.
• Ababeel missile is capable of delivering multiple warheads, using Multiple Independent Re-entry Vehicle (MIRV)
technology
• Pakistan became seventh country to join the elite club of nuclear countries that have MIRV capabilities.
3. DF-5C missile
• China has successfully tested a new version of a DF-5C missile that can carry up to 10 nuclear warheads
• The flight test of the missile was carried using 10 multiple independently targetable re-entry vehicles, (MIRVs),
from the Taiyuan Space Launch Centre in Shanxi province
• The Dongfeng 5 (DF-5) is a three stage Chinese intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM).
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4. Hwasong-14
• First intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) of North Korea
5. Kinzhal hypersonic missile
• Russia successfully launched high-precision aeroballistic Kinzhal hypersonic missile from a MiG-31 supersonic
interceptor jet.
• Kinzhal, the name means double-edged Russian dagger.

Defence systems
1. Russia's S-400
• The S-400 is one of the most modern air defence systems in the world, and comes at a lower price than its US
competitor, the Patriot.
• it has a range of 400 kilometres (250 miles) and can be deployed within just five minutes.
• It consists of several vehicles: a command centre, various mobile radar stations and up to 12 launch vehicles that
each carry four missiles.
• India bought five S-400 systems for $5.2 billion. Their delivery is due to begin at the end of next year.
2. Phalcon Airborne Warning and Control System (AWACS)
• India and Israel are also in an advanced stage of negotiations for the purchase of two more long-range Phalcon
AWACS.
• The CCS already has approved the deal for additional AWACS in 2016.
• India currently operates three Phalcon AWACS Israeli radars mounted on Russian IL-76 transport aircraft.
3. Smart Anti Airfield Weapon (SAAW)
• The Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) has successfully tested indigenously developed
light weight glide bomb Smart Anti Airfield Weapon (SAAW).
• SAAW is a long-range lightweight high precision-guided anti-airfield weapon.
• It is 120 kg smart weapon capable of engaging ground targets with high precision up to a range of 100 km.
• It can be used to destroy bunkers, runways, aircraft hangers and other reinforced structures.
• SAAW’s deep penetration capabilities and high explosive warhead carrying capacity will allow Indian Air Force (IAF)
to easily hit targets across border without putting pilot and aircraft at risk.
• It can be integrated into the varied types of fighter jets with the IAF. It will be inducted soon into the Armed Forces

What is Intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM)?

• An ICBM is a missile launched by a land-based system that is intended to carry nuclear payloads. To qualify as an
ICBM, a missile must have a minimum range of 5,500km. The most significant difference between an ICBM and other
ballistic missiles is its greater range and speed. It enables countries to strike exceptionally distant targets with
minimum warning.
What are the differences between a ballistic missile and a cruise missile?

• Cruise missiles that can be launched from various platforms whether from Land, Sea (Submarine, Ship) or Air and
they are characterized by having different forms of guidance whether inertial or beyond visual range satellite gps
guidance. They are known specifically for low-level flight which is staying relatively close to the surface of the earth to
avoid detection from anti-missile systems and are designed to carry large payloads with high precision. The key being
that the missile is guided entirely to the target under its own power.
• Ballistic Missiles - Travel under their power, but at some point fall under the influence of gravity for their terimal stage
- a ballistic path, hence the name.

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Who Controls INDIA’s Nuclear Arsenal?

• The Strategic Forces Command (SFC) sometimes called Strategic Nuclear Command, forms part of India's Nuclear
Command Authority (NCA).
• It is responsible for the management and administration of the country's tactical and strategic nuclear
weapons stockpile.
• It was created on January 4, 2003 by the Vajpayee Government.
• Air Marshal Teja Mohan Asthana became its first commander-in-chief.
• It is the responsibility of the Strategic Forces Command to operationalize the directives of the NCA under the
leadership of a Commander-in-Chief who is a three-star rank officer.
• It will have the sole responsibility of initiating the process of delivering nuclear weapons and warheads, after acquiring
explicit approval from the NCA.
• The exact selection of the target area shall be decided by the SFC through a calibrated, cumulative process involving
various levels of decision-making, and with formal approval by the NC

The Nuclear Command Authority (NCA) of India is the authority responsible for command, control and operational
decisions regarding India's nuclear weapons programme.

Political Council and the Executive Council of the NCA: The Executive Council gives its opinion to the Political Council,
which authorises a nuclear attack when deemed necessary. While the Executive Council is chaired by the National
Security Advisor (NSA), the Political Council is chaired by the Prime Minister.

Sports Cups and Trophies

Sport Tournaments
Cricket Ashes Cup, Asia Cup, C.K. Naidu Trophy, Deodhar Trophy, Duleep Trophy, Gavaskar Border
Trophy, G.D. Birla Trophy, Gillette Cup, ICC World Cup, Irani Trophy, Jawaharlal Nehru Cup, Rani
Jhansi Trophy, Ranji Trophy, Rohinton, Barcia Trophy, Rothmans Cup, Sahara Cup, Sharjah Cup,
Singer Cup, Titan Cup, Vijay Hazare Trophy, Vijay Merchant Trophy, Wisden Trophy and Wills
Trophy.
Football Rovers Cup, Bandodkar Trophy, Merdeka Cup, Confederation cup, DCM Trophy, Durand Cup,
Rovers Cup, B.C. Raj Trophy (National Championship), FIFA World Cup, Jules Rimet Trophy,
Kalinga Cup, Santosh Trophy, IFA Shield, Scissor Cup, Subroto Cup, Sir Ashutosh Mukherjee
Trophy, Todd Memorial Trophy, Vittal Trophy, and UEFA Champions League.
Hockey Sultan Azlan Shah Cup, Aga Khan Cup, Maharaja Ranjit Singh Gold Cup, Dhyanchand Trophy,
Nehru Trophy, Sindhia Gold cup, Murugappa Gold Cup, Wellington Cup, and Stanley Cup.
Table Tennis Travancore Cup (women), Swathling Cup (men), Bama Belleck Cup.
Lawn Tennis Davis Cup, Australian Open, French Open, Wimbledon, US Open, Heineken Cup
Badminton Amrit Diwan Cup, Asia Cup, Chaddha Cup, European Cup, Harilela Cup, Ibrahim Rahimatillah
Challenger Cup, Konica Cup, Sophia Cup, Kitiakara Cup, Malaysian Open, Thomas Cup (men),
Uber Cup (women).
Golf Canada Cup, Rydet Cup, Walker Cup, and Eisenhower Cup

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SPACE
ISRO
GSLV-Mk III - M1 / Chandrayaan-2 Mission
• Chandrayaan-2 will be launched from Satish Dhawan Space
Center at Sriharikota on-board GSLV Mk-III on 15th July 2019.
• Chandrayaan 2 is an Indian lunar mission that will boldly go where
no country has ever gone before — the Moons south polar region.
• The lunar South Pole is especially interesting because a larger
section of its surface stays in the shadow than the North Pole.
• There is a possibility of the presence of water in permanently
shadowed areas around it.
• In addition, the south polar region has craters that are cold traps,
containing a fossilised record of the early Solar System.
• Chandrayaan 2 will use the Vikram lander and Pragyan rover to
attempt a soft landing in a high plain between two craters —
Manzinus C and Simpelius N — at a latitude of about 70° south.
Speciality of this mission
• India’s 1st space mission headed by Women: Ritu Kharidhal
the mission Director and M. Vanitha the Project Director
• 1st space mission to conduct a soft landing on the Moon's
south polar region
• 1st Indian expedition to attempt a soft landing on the lunar
surface with home-grown technology
• 1st Indian mission to explore the lunar terrain with home-
grown technology
• Chandrayaan 2 will be the first mission to study the south pole
of the moon.
• 4th country ever to soft land on the lunar surface
Gaganyaan
• It is a crewed orbital spacecraft intended to be the basis of the
Indian Human Spaceflight Programme.
• The crewed vehicle is planned to be launched on ISRO's GSLV Mk
III in December 2021
• ISRO Pad Abort Test was an Indian Space Research Organisation
launch escape system test of its crew module as part of Indian
Human Spaceflight Programme.
GSAT-11,
• The heaviest satellite built by ISRO was launched from French
Guiana by Ariane-V Rocket of Arianespace (a joint venture of
Airbus and Safran).
• It is part of ISRO’s high-throughput communication satellite
(HTS) fleet that will drive the country’s Internet Broadband from
space to untouched areas.
HYSIS
PSLV C43 recently launched India's first Hyperspectral Imaging
Satellite (HysIS) from Satish Dhawan Space Centre, Sriharikota.
HysIS is an earth observation satellite built around ISRO’s Mini
Satellite-2 (IMS-2) bus.
1ST MISSION OF 2019
• Microsat-R, a military satellite and Kalamsat onboard its Polar
rocket PSLV C44, in the first mission for the ISRO in 2019.
• Microsat-R is meant for military use.
DNYANADEEP ACADEMY FOR UPSC AND MPSC, PUNE
• Geosynchronous satellites have the
advantage of remaining permanently in the
same area of the sky, as viewed from a
location on Earth.
• Geostationary satellites have the special
property of remaining permanently fixed in the
same position in the sky, meaning that
ground-based antennas do not need to track
them but can remain fixed in one direction.
Such satellites are often used for
communication purposes. This orbit is
present at an altitude of approx. 35,786 km
in the equatorial plane.
• Sun Synchronous Orbits (or Low Earth
Orbit): These orbits allow a satellite to pass
over a section of the Earth at the same time
of day. These satellites orbit at an altitude
between 700 to 800 km.
• Geostationary Transfer Orbit (GTO) is an
elliptical orbit, with an apogee (high point) of
35,784 kilometers and an inclination roughly
equal to the latitude of the launch site, into
which a spacecraft is initially placed before
being transferred to a geosynchronous or
geostationary orbit.
Ku vs Ka Band
• Ku band ranges between 12-18 GHz while Ka
Band ranges from 26.5-40 GHz.
• Most satellites today use Ku Band
Transponders because it is difficult to build
hardware and software for Ka Band
Transponders. (India’s GSAT-11 has 8 Ka
band transponders)
• Hyperspectral Imaging Technology combines
the power of digital imaging and spectroscopy
to attain both spatial and spectral information
from an object.
Satellite-Launch Vehicles Developed By ISRO
• PSLV (Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle):
Designed mainly to deliver the “earth-
observation” or “remote sensing” satellites
with lift-off mass of up to about 1750 Kg to
Sun Synchronous circular polar orbits of 600-
900 Km altitude. And it has four-staged
launch vehicle with alternating solid and
liquid stages.
• GSLV (Geosynchronous Satellite Launch
Vehicle): GSLV is designed mainly to deliver
the communication satellites to the highly
elliptical (typically 250 x 36000 Km)
Geosynchronous Transfer Orbit (GTO). Two
versions of the GSLV:
1. GSLV Mk-II: is a three-stage vehicle with
four liquid strap-ons.
2. GSLV MK-III: It is a three-stage vehicle
with an indigenous cryogenic upper stage
engine (C25) with two solid fuel strap-on
engines
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 DNYANADEEP IAS SUPER SERIES – CAPF2019

• Kalamsat is a communication satellite with a life span of two months. The nanosatellite is a 10cm cube weighing
1.2 kg. It was the first to use the rocket’s fourth stage as an orbital platform. It is the world’s lightest and first ever
3D-printed satellite.
GSAT-31
• GSAT-31 is the country’s 40th communication satellite.
• This satellite will augment the Ku-band transponder capacity in Geostationary Orbit.
• GSAT-31 will be used for supporting VSAT networks, Television uplinks, Digital Satellite News Gathering, DTH-
television services, cellular backhaul connectivity and many such applications
Aditya-L1 satellite
• IRSO will launch Aditya-L1 satellite during 2019 – 2020 timeframe by PSLV-XL from Sriharikota.
• The satellite will be inserted in a halo orbit around the L1, which is 1.5 million km from the Earth.
• A Satellite placed in the halo orbit has the major advantage of continuously viewing the Sun without any occultation/
eclipses.
• Aditya-1 was meant to observe only the solar corona, the outer layers of the Sun, extending to thousands of km
above the disc (photosphere) is termed as the corona.
• XPoSat is a 5-year Mission satellite of ISRO which will be used to learn more about cosmic radiation.
Globular cluster NGC 2808.
• The Indian multi-wavelength space observatory AstroSat, launched in September 2015, Using this observatory,
astronomers from Thiruvananthapuram and Mumbai have identified a new population of ultraviolet stars in
the globular cluster NGC 2808.
• Globular clusters are collections of thousands to millions of stars, moving as one unit.
PSLV-C45/ EMISAT
• India’s Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV), in its 47th mission (PSLV-C45), will launch EMISAT, the primary satellite
and 28 international customer satellites from Satish Dhawan Space Centre (SDSC) SHAR, Sriharikota.
• PSLV-C45: First Launch Vehicle to Use Solar Propulsion.
• This mission will be ISRO’s first attempt at placing payloads in three different orbits.
• EMISAT mission and its significance: It is meant for electromagnetic spectrum measurements. It will be released
into an orbit at 749 km
NASA
OSIRIS-Rex
• NASA’s OSIRIS-Rex spacecraft has set a new milestone in cosmic exploration by entering orbit around an
asteroid, Bennu, the smallest object ever to be circled by a human-made spaceship.
New Horizons spacecraft
• It became the first explorer to fly past the mysterious object- Ultima Thule
• Ultima Thule is located in the Kuiper belt in the outermost regions of the Solar System, beyond the orbit of Neptune.
Parker Solar Probe
• It is first to fly direct into the Sun’s atmosphere known as corona. The Sun’s unstable corona produces solar winds,
flares, magnetic and plasma explosions.
• It will take measurements of the Sun’s electric fields and waves.
Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (Tess)
• It is a mission that will look for planets orbiting the brightest stars in Earth’s sky.
• TESS is designed to build on the work of its predecessor, the Kepler space telescope
Double Asteroid Redirection Test (DART)
• will also launch the Double Asteroid Redirection Test (DART) between 2020 and 2021, which will target Didymoon
as part of its planetary defence programme
• The programme, designed to protect Earth from dangerous comets and asteroids, aims to crash DART into
Didymoon in 2022 to alter its orbit around Didymos.
SPHEREx.
• NASA will launch a new space telescope in 2023 called SPHEREx.
• It would provide a glimpse of the first moments in the history of the universe and explore how common are the
ingredients for life in our galaxy’s planetary system.
• SPHEREx is the Spectro-Photometer for the History of the Universe, Epoch of Reionization and Ices Explorer.

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ARTEMIS mission
• Scientists used NASA’s ARTEMIS mission and suggest that the solar wind and the Moon’s crustal magnetic fields
work together to give the Moon a distinctive pattern of darker and lighter swirls.
• Every object, planet or person travelling through space has to contend with the Sun’s damaging radiation.
Atmospheric Waves Experiment (AWE
• The National Aeronautics and Space Administration has selected a new mission- Atmospheric Waves Experiment
(AWE)- that will help scientists understand and ultimately, forecast the vast space weather system around the Earth.
• It will be launched in August 2022 and will be attached to exterior of Earth-orbiting International Space Station (ISS).
Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO
• NASA’s Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) has observed water molecules moving around the dayside of Moon, an
advance that could help us learn about the accessibility of water that can be used by humans in future lunar
missions.
• Lyman Alpha Mapping Project (LAMP) — the instrument aboard LRO — measured sparse layer of molecules
temporarily stuck to the Moon’s surface, which helped characterise lunar hydration changes over the course of a
day.
NASA’s Cassini-Huygens spacecraft
• Cassini mission — a cooperation between NASA, the European Space Agency and the Italian Space Agency to study
Saturn and its moons
• Cassini–Huygens is an unmanned spacecraft sent to the planet Saturn.
• Cassini is the fourth space probe to visit Saturn and the first to enter orbit.
Mars Lander: InSight
• InSight is part of NASA’s Discovery Program, and will be the first mission to peer deep beneath the Martian surface,
studying the planet’s interior by measuring its heat output and listening for marsquakes
• InSight would delve deep beneath the surface of Mars, detecting the fingerprints of the processes of terrestrial
planet formation, as well as measuring the planet’s “vital signs”:
Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS)
• A key instrument aboard the Terra and Aqua satellites. Terra MODIS and Aqua MODIS are viewing the entire Earth’s
surface every 1 to 2 days, acquiring data in 36 spectral bands, or groups of wavelengths.
• To improve our understanding of global dynamics and processes occurring on the land, in the oceans, and in the
lower atmosphere.
• Recently its data showed that China and India are leading the increase in “greening efforts” across the world.
China
• Yutu-2: China has named the lunar rover, successfully deployed to carry out a string of experiments on the far side
of the moon.
• Chang’e-4 : first ever craft to touch down on the far side of the lunar surface.
European Space Agency’s (ESA’s)
• Hera mission is set for a new record by becoming the first spacecraft to explore a binary asteroid — the Didymos
pair.
Aeolus satellite
• It’s a European Space Agency’s Earth Explorer satellite and world’s first space mission to map the Earth’s wind on
a global scale.
• It is part of the ESA's Living Planet Programme which include various missions like:
1. Gravity field and steadystate Ocean Circulation Explorer (GOCE)
2. Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity
3. CryoSat mission
4. Swarm magnetic field mission
• The moon orbiting Didymos, called ‘Didymoon’ — almost the size of the Giza Pyramid in Egypt, measuring just 160
metres in diametre — will be the smallest asteroid ever explored
• A European Vega rocket has put PRISM- a new Earth-observation satellite into orbit for the Italian Space Agency.
• PRISMA (an Italian acronym for Hyperspectral Precursor of the Application Mission) is designed to provide
information about environmental monitoring, resources management, pollution and crop health.
• Israel’s First Lunar Lander- Beresheet– was recently launched on board Falcon 9.

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• Beresheet will attempt to become the first Israeli spacecraft, and the first privately-operated mission, to land on the
Moon.
• If successful, it will make the Jewish state only the fourth nation to ever to achieve a controlled touchdown on the
moon’s surface
Japanese Space Exploration Agency (JAXA)
• JAXA has announced that a probe, Hayabusa2, had successfully landed on an asteroid- Ryugu– 300 million km from
Earth.
• Hayabusa2 is the second Japanese spacecraft to land on an asteroid, after Hayabusa achieved a similar feat back
in 2005.
Other Missions
BepiColombo mission
• BepiColombo is a joint mission between ESA and the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), executed under
ESA leadership.
• The mission comprises two spacecraft: the Mercury Planetary Orbiter (MPO) and the Mercury Magnetospheric
Orbiter (MMO).
• The Vernal Equinox is a solar term with great balance. At the equinox, earth’s two hemispheres are receiving the
sun’s rays equally. On the day of the vernal equinox, night and day are often said to be equal in length.
Nepal’s first satellite NepaliSat-1
• It was recently launched into space from the Virginia-based station of the National Aeronautics and Space
Administration (NASA) in the US.
• NepaliSat-1 will collect information about the country’s topography and Earth’s magnetic field.
Mars Mission named- HOPE:
• Emirates Mars Mission project
• This will mark the Arab world’s entry into the era of space exploration and place the UAE among the major scientific
countries that have begun programmes to explore Mars.
Spectrum-Roentgen-Gamma (SRG).
• Developed by A joint team of German-Russian scientists create a three-dimensional (3D) X-ray map of the universe
and unveil unknown supermassive black holes, dark energy and stars.
• The telescope will be launched into space on a Russian-built Proton-M rocket from the Baikonur Cosmodrome in
Kazakhstan

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Paper 2: Essay and English Strategy

Central Armed Police forces exam it has two papers 4. The things that count being as civilised
the second paper consists of 5. Cleaning and connecting rivers in India
• Essay 6. Recent achievement of India’s nuclear scientists
• Arguments Arguments asked (300 words- (2×20=40))
• Report writing 1. The youth in India are getting addicted to
• Précis Writing android mobiles
• Comprehension 2. Power flows from the barrel of the gun
Report writing (200 words each- (2×10=20))
• English Grammar
1. Corruption in politics
2015
2. Environmental Pollution
Essay asked (any four of the following in about 300
words each- (4×20=80))
1. Sardar Patel’s role in India’s freedom movement 2018
and afterwards
2. Financial inclusion is a must for inclusive growth Q1. Write essays on any four of the following in
3. Role of Governor in Indian polity about 300 words each: (20x4=80)
4. Disaster Management System in India
5. NET Neutrality is a must for digital India 1. Civil wrong emerging from religious bigotry,
6. Sino-Pak alliance and India’s security constitutionally punishable
Arguments asked (300 words- (2×20=40)) 2. Farm waiver is populistic and myopic: strategy
1. Large population of India is more of a bane than change needed
a boon. 3. From economic growth to well-being: a paradigm
2. Democracy slows down the pace of shift
development. 4. suppresses civil dynamism
Report writing (200 words each- (2×10=20)) 5. Non-performing parliament, unhealthy trend in
• Operation Raahat in Yemen Democracy
6. Promoting innovative outlook in education
• Acid attacks on women
Q2. Write arguments for and against each of the
2016 following statements: (20x2=40)
Essay asked (any four of the following in about 300 (a) Privacy is an elitist idea.
words each- (4×20=80)) (b) Note-ban, effective tool against black money.
1. The Onus of maintaining healthy relations with
Nepal is on India Q3. Write reports on the following in about 200
2. Farmer’s Suicide in India: Sign of Impending words each:
Disaster (a) Data leak from Facebook
3. India needs to redefine the relationship between (b) Violence on University campuses during Student
the centre and the states elections
4. Is development possible at the cost of
environment?
5. Revamping of our banking system is need of the
hour
6. Urbanisation in India is blind westernisation
Arguments asked (300 words- (2×20=40))
1. India needs to focus on imparting quality
education instead of merely increasing its gross
enrolment ration
2. Trend of nuclear families will make old age
homes increase in number
Report writing (200 words each- (2×10=20))
1. Receding Glaciers
2. Ban on alcohol in Bihar

2017
Essay asked (any four of the following in about 300
words each- (4×20=80))
1. Need for common civil code in India
2. Cashless transaction: Scope and future
prospects in India
3. India versus China in the emerging Economy in
South Asia

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Trend Analysis
Essay
Paper 2 pattern changed in the year 2015, the following pattern follows:
o One essay on India’s neighbour (Indian-china, Indian- Nepal, China- Pakistan)
o One essay on economic situation in news (Financial Inclusion, Banking Sector, Cashless transactions, economic
growth)
o One Essay on polity (Role of Governor, centre state relations, Common civil code, Civil wrong, Non-performing
parliament)
Argument Writing
Topics are asked which are general in nature with a broad perspective like Population, democracy, Education, Nuclear
families,
Report Writing
All the topics asked are from the recent news

ESSAY
• You will have to write 4 essays (20 marks each), out of given 6 in the word-limit of 300. It consumes more time
than any other part in the Exam.
• To manage the time, you can squeeze it to 200-220 Words, provided you are maintaining the quality.
• Underline the important words and sentences.
• Link static part with currents. That will show your understanding to the topic.
• Write a paragraph of 4-5 lines. You can also keep a mix of paragraph and points.
• Make a rough synopsis before writing-
✓ Introduction
✓ Body
✓ Conclusion
Introduction-
• Start with a famous Quote that is directly related to the topic. Introduction should reflect that you very well
understood the topic. Write it in 2-3 lines, approx. 20 words.
Body
• See the topic with different angles like Historical angle, Geographical angle, Economy, Polity, Society,
Environment, and Science and technology etc.
• Write Govt schemes and programs, current news related to the topic.
• Write in Points and compulsorily underline important words and sentences.
• Use Diagrams, flowchart, table, and graph and try to include data (Factually Correct).
• If the topic is related to Scheme or Program, then write all schemes related to it, and elaborate 2-3 of them in
detail.
• Try to stick to the latest event and don't go too much in history.
• You can also show your own opinion and thought. Write evidence for your thoughts.
Conclusion-
• Follow same tune, Words and ideology, you followed in Introduction and Body.
• Be concise and Conclusive.
• Use the words like “In conclusion", finally", "In the end" to make it look more natural.
• While trans-versing from one paragraph/point to the other, use connecting words as per the requirement like-
Moreover, whenever, unless, however. Connect the ideas and points.

PASSAGE/COMPREHENSION
• This question is for 20 marks. You really can fetch good marks easily in this question, if show a bit of care.
• 5 questions are given in the passage.
• Write one question in this part within 30 words.
How to do it-
• Read the Passage carefully and quickly- within 3 minute.
• Read the question and directly jump to the section in the passage where the topic has been explained. Write
the answer according to the passage in your own words. Don't copy paste the passage as it is.
• Don't apply your own theory or ideology, Answer the question completely from text.
• Keep approx. 3 minute time frame for each question.

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REPORT WRITING
• This question is for 20 Marks. You will have to write 2 Reports (10 Marks each).
• The format of report is very important. Many people don't know the format. It is necessary to write it in proper
format to fetch good marks.
• Don't write conclusion in the report.
• Don't write in points. Write in small passages.
• Complete one report in about 125 words.
• Date- the day you are writing the report.

Report Writing Format

Title/Heading
Name of the reporter
Date and Place

Example:
Operation Rahat in Yemen
XYZ Correspondent
Delhi, 20/10/2017

Para1: Brief intro of the event, date, place timing and other factual data, every factual data relating to the event.
Short and Crisp
Para2: Details from History, Similar events, causes, need, consequences, stakeholders involved, actions taken
Para3: Reaction of the people, promises made by authority, Government reactions and actions.

PRECIS WRITING
• This question carry 15 marks, and you can complete it in comparatively lesser time. So try to complete it
first.
• You have to write it on additional sheet provided. Complete it in as less words as possible, and try to keep
it in your own words. Don't repeat/copy the sentences from original text.
• First read it carefully, and Try to understand what the writer want to say in the paragraphs.
• Write one word in one box and try to complete it even less than one-third of the original text.
• Write it compulsorily in your own words squeezing it to one-third, and explain all the things of the original
text.

ARGUMENT FOR AND AGAINST THE STATEMENT

• This question is for 40 marks. It take a bit time so try to squeeze it.
• Try to write in Bullets, to save time.
• Write heading properly- ARGUMENTS SUPPORTING and ARGUMENTS AGAINST.
• Try to complete one statement within 200 Words.
• Write and introductory statement/ paragraph related to topic.
• Arguments for-Write at-least 5 Points But not more than 8, supporting the statement.
• Arguments against- Again 5-8 points against the topic.
• You can also give 1-2-line brief conclusion just to close it.
• so complete structure will be-
▪ INTRODUCTORY STATEMENT
▪ ARGUMENTS FOR
▪ ARGUMENTS AGAINST
▪ CONCLUSIVE STATEMENT

GRAMMAR
This is an important section as it carries 25 solid Marks. This part can be completed in minimum time period, and
Marks here will decide your overall marks and in-turn your selection. You can fetch good marks from this section if
done properly.
• For this part, take any grammar book, and read the sections which are asked in the examination.
• Compulsorily practice previous year’s questions for this section. Questions are repeatedly asked, and many
questions can be done easily.

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Probable’s
Probable topics for Probable topics for Argument
Probable topics for Essay
Report Writing writing
• 100 years of Jallianwala Bagh • Simultaneous elections: One
• Women Entry into Temples nation one poll
• Women in Armed Forces • NRC • Demographic transition:
• ISRO Achievements • Addhar constitutional Good/bad
• Water Criss [Chennai] validity: SC verdict • Article 370
• Universal Basic Income • Kerala floods • Customs vs legal rights
• Banking Reforms • Chandrayan 2 (sabarimala issue)
• Technology and Applications • Mob Lynching • DNA technology (Gene editing,
[Aadhar, AI, Cryptocurrency • Electoral bonds designer babies, cloning)
(Libra), Big Data] • Article 35A • SC verdict on Adultry
• Marine/Plastic Pollution • Zero Budget Natural • Data Localisation, Privacy
• Elections: Festival of Democracy Farming • Uniform Civil Code (Triple Talak
• Cyber Security Bill)
• Rohingya conflict

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Have a glance at the boundaries of each state.

• Boundaries with neighbouring countries

• States along the tropic of cancer

ALL THE BEST

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