BASIC ORBITS BASIC PRINCIPLES

1. DOPPLER EFFECT
- Change in frequency of a transmitted signal in
reference to distance

1. Circular
- Low Earth Orbiting Satellites
2. Elliptical
- PERIGEE—point in the elliptical orbit at which a
satellite is nearest to the earth.
- APOGEE—point in the elliptical orbit at which a
satellite is farthest to the earth. 2. TIME OF ARRIVAL
3. Polar, Equatorial & Inclined - Time of arrival of signal being fed by the satellite
- Polar: North Pole to South Pole
- Equatorial: in parallel to the Equator

BASIC SATELLITE SIGNAL

*SV—Satellite Vehicle

- SV Identification
- SV Orbital information
- Latitude, Longitude, Altitude
- SV Time Reference
- Using atomic clocks
- Other SV Positions

SEGMENTS OF SATELLITE SYSTEM

1. Ground Segment—for control

2. Space Segment
3. User Segment—stationary, mobile 3. PSEUDO RANGING
- Approximation of distance of satellite from ground
receiver
 4. KEPPLER’S LAW
- THREE LAWS:
(1) Orbit being followed by satellite is normally
elliptical and lies in a single plane.
(2) Area covered by a single satellite is equal at any
time interval.
Satellite velocity is proportional to distance, the
higher the velocity the nearer it is to the earth
(perigee), the smaller the velocity, the farther it is
from the earth (apogee).
(3) Orbital period of satellite depends only on one
parameter—its distance to Earth.
- The first experimental Block-I GPS (NTS1) satellite was
launched in February 1978.
- By 1985, ten more experimental Block-I satellites had
been launched to validate the concept.
- The most recent launch was on November 17, 2006.
The oldest GPS satellite still in operation was launched
in August 1991.
GPS
The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a navigation and
precise-positioning tool.
GPS is used as a navigation and positioning tool in airplanes,
boats, cars, and for almost all outdoor recreational activities
such as hiking and fishing.

Meteorologists use it for weather forecasting and global

climate studies; and geologists can use it as a highly accurate
NAVSAT (Navy Navigational Satellite System) method of surveying and in earthquake studies to measure
tectonic motions during and in between earthquakes.
- Also known as Transit
- 1964—developed by US Navy
- 1967—offered for civilian
- Consists of 7 original satellites: 5 = transit satellites, 1
= Nova (or Oscar) Satellite, 1 = missing
- Attitude = 1075 km
- Velocity = 7.3 km/sec
- Period = 106.75 minutes
- No. of orbit/day = 13.5
- Orbital pattern = polar “Bird Cage” Elliptical
- 30 degrees separation, 6 plane (1 satellite/plane)
- Operating frequency = 150 MHz and 400 MHz
- Dec 31, 1996 = NAVSAT stops in operations

THE GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM

- The Global Positioning System (GPS) is currently the

only fully functional Global Navigation Satellite
System (GNSS).
- Since the first experimental satellite was launched in
1978, GPS has become an indispensable aid to
navigation around the world, and an important tool
for map-making and land surveying, scientific study of
earthquakes, and synchronization of
telecommunications networks.

HISTORY:

- Developed by the United States Department of

Defense, it is officially named as NAVSTAR GPS
(NAVigation Satellite Timing And Ranging Global
Positioning System).