ARCHITECTURAL BOARD EXAM REVIEW ( DOHA )

Prepared and Complied by Eng'r Wilfredo Enghoy , ASEP , PICE

STRESS , STRAIN AND MATERIAL STRENGTHS

DEFI NITIONS
j. f0!" L.{ The quantity that tends to accelerate or change the movement of a body

2. HY'tutr 11
The basic S l ( Systeme lnternationale ) unit for force

It is the general term applied for all forces which act upon a structure and anything else
which causes stresses or deformations within a structure or paft thereof .

4. ' These refer to the forces or other actions that resultf rom the weight of ali building materials
, occupants and their possessions, environmental effects, differential movements and restrained dimensional
cha nges

5 17. I rj L6&iiq It is a term applied to the weight of the materials of constructjon that is , the weight of
the beams , girders , floorings , paditions , etc

6 Itreferstotheoccupancyload(excludingearthquakeorwindforces ),tvhichis
either padially orfully in place or may not be present at all is called

7. 1[*41{a{ unit weight of materials expressed as weight per unit volume

B ) What is the weight of '1 cu. m. of concrete ?

A.!24AAN B)2400KN .C)2400kg D. ) 2400 lbs

9.) What type of concrete when air-dried weighs 1900 kg / m'i r

'1
0 Density of water : ls0D ka /nl t-tl !-*t pu rr

1 1. Density of steel . ?gro r* /nn' f1 1rt;r

o l{, k
12. hat is the weight of a '16mm diam steel bar 6m lonE ?
A )9.47 kgs B)749kgs C)794kgs D) 497kgs
11 r' ", !4k I If
14

13.
.j L, )
lntensity of force per unit area of the cross Eection -. Y ?rr0
l+. is the cohesive force in a body , which resist the tendency of an external force to
change the shape of the body pFr,'
" l-l
g* ?t4cYL LJ A is in no.. mna or in2
Stress(S) = force(P) Y P isinN.KN orlbs
ArealA) H
+

1Pa=1 El
Stress can be in units of "Pascal"
R tnrit{NL -;F
ugr/fltl
1 Mpa = 1 x 106 Pa = 1x106 N but1m2=1x106mm2
R
Hence , also
l Mpa= 1 N
mm2

1 Gpa = 1 x 10ePa = 1 x 1O3x 106 Pa lGpa=1x10'Mpa

 psl = hh pur,J re-r E&uhar* tual+

Also, lksi = 6.895Mpa

(Ens) (Sl)
/ 1ksi = 6.895 Mpa
(Ens) (Sl)
--r?-
kilooound or
F
kio

To convert from ksi to Mpa ?

l kilopound x'l 000 lbs x 1ko x9.8N x{1 in)2" = 6.895 N

i- t rinpouno 2ltos I xg. (25.4mm)2 mm2

Examples:

" 28k day compressive strengh of concrete (fc') Ex. fc' = 3000 psi = 3 ksi x 0=895-M8 = 2A.7 Mpa

CONCRETE

'l $. Cuptt'f (z - Allsw concrete to dry slowly by keeping it moist ( hydration i to attain maximum strength

17. Compressive strength of fully cured concrete is most directly related to :

A.) sand gravel ratio B.)fineness modulus C.) absolute volume of cement Q)water cement ratio

'l 8. What is the most determinant of concrete strength ?

A.) Water Q Cement C.) Sand D. l Gravel

1S ) - A test f or the workabrlity of concrete wherein a conical mould is filled with concrete .

well - rammed, andthen carefuliy inveded and emptied over a flat plate The amount by which the concrete ccne
drops is measured below the top of the mould which gives us a rough idea of the water content of the mix

20.) C.6urr{ t1t1oo\ trn'r, gFt These refer to materials used in concrete in combination with
fiy ash , raw or other calcined natural pozzolans , silica fumes or ground granulated blast-furnace slag which have a
cementing value in themselves.

21 ) ' A material otherthan water, aggregate or hydraulic cement, used as an

ingredientof concreteandaddedtoconcretebeforeorduri ngitsmlxturetomodifyits properties.

22.) fuL\+l c'LE* - An admixture in concrete , other than water reducer , which can reduce the
requirement of mixing water and can produce a florr;ing concrete that does not segregate and needs very little
rribration Thisadmixtureproducesimpermeable,sirongconcreiebutthensofl uidthatitcaneasilybepumped

za I [cc*r-e\+run- - Asubstance, r,vhichwhen addedto concrete, modaror grout, increases

j!* Iu!" gf hydra!1on _of the hydraulic cement , shortens the time of setting or increases the rate of hardening

24) [-; ].-I ir

-. I ''
- An admixture which slqw-s*-do-w.nthe setting the rate of concrete
( lengthening the time of setting ) , added as Iate as possible but before the concrete is three hours old

25) \Qhen an air entrainment agent is introduced in a concrete mrx to produce tiny bubbles in enhancing its workability
A. )the strength will increase B. ) the strength will decrease
C ) the strength will not be affected D ) the water cement ratio must be reduced f rom '1 0 to 15%
 STEEL REINFORCEUENT

. Yield strengith of steel ( fy ) In the Philippine industry,

rade Fy = 33 ksi x 6 895 = 230 Mpa ( PNS or PS Grade 230 i

white

rade Fy = 40 ksi x 6 895 =276 Mpa ( PNS'or PS Grade 275 )

-yellovl

Grade 60 ( hiqh qrade ) Fy=60ksix6895 =414Mpa ( PNS or PS Grade 410 I 415)

blue or green

26 ) High tensile strength steel grade is color codeq[ as :

A.; White B.)yellow SlOr""n

D.) brown

fa - allowable workinq stress used in actual design computation

F.S. -factor of safety set by local design codes,for example (NSCP-National Struciural Code of the Phils )
fult-ultimatestrength,compressivestrength,tensilestrength(highest valueof stressattai ned)
fy - yield point , yield strength

NOTE: From PNS: Allowable Stress fa or fs

For ductile material PS Grade 230 :
fa= & such as steel
Fy = 230 Mpa fs = 124 Mpa
FS. ( 18,000 psi )
FS Grade 275 :

Fy = 276 Mpa fs = 138 Mpa

( 20,000 psi )
+-l--l\'=--'l-l
l\-.\rl \- ) PS Grade 4iC :

Fy = 4'14 Mpa fs = 165 Mpa

(24,000 psi)
-
fa - fult
For brittie n-.aterial
such as concrete
F-S.

.+il-*
TWO BAS]C ]YPES QES]EE€S

A ) AXIAL Stress - where force ( P ) is acting along the axis of the member
In otherwords force ( P) is perpendicu!arto the cross sectional area iA ),
hence this is also called NORMAL stress
A
P--m.,,K
B I SHEAR Stress - where force ( P r acts paraliei to the area Wi!fuI
Also known as TANGENTIAL stress
FEATURES OF THE STRESS STRAIN DIAGRAM

27 - is the change in the shape of any material when subjected to the action of a force

ZO is called unit deformation or deformation per unit len$h

G Strain= 6c/L =3mm/10O0mm = 0.003 ( unitless )

I r=iooomm I dcl3mm
n
29. According to ACI Code , if the strain in a concrete specimen reaches 0 003 , it will begin to

Futt
c+.^^- c - n/,r
JII EJJ J L / fr, -a
--,--- +.- r-
-

, ri;e St.p.. ?4#tur_rx 6'F i.i"*,J u\

l'l:e ruj - ltrair : .
.,

1 x' 1

Strnin € = F./

f- : tlllf .'. '

I .r'
"'
.,r-P.L{lsllc
stc,ge
_r_
l

-30. - Maximum stress below which the material

springs back to original length when load is released . Below this point ,

the force or' stress applied is directly proporlional to the deformation or strain
( Hooke's Law is applicable )
31 - Maximum stress belcw which the material
sorings back but not to original length but has incurred a permament deformation
called permanent set. Beyond this point, the material is no longer elastic

32 - The stress where the material continues to

deform even without increasing the load . The material at some portion shows a
decrease in its cross section .

SH - strain hardening stage -the pointwhere material crystals restructure toresist loads again

33 - the highest point in the stress strain diagram. The maximum value of
stress that can be attai ned immediately before actual failure or rupture

1A - the stress at which the material totally breaks

35 Maximr-tm usable strain at extreme concrete compression fiber shall be assumed to be equai to

36. ln the formula , e = PL i AE E stands for h+r Urt-ul s?' .fLp(t'ic'111{

37. Fornormal weightof concrete,themodulusof elasticityof concrete Ecisgiven by the formuia
,,-j ''

Also , the modulus of elasticity of steel = (,0. qry, ?6"5oq.4-

38. ltistheconditioninwhlchastructureorcomponentsisjudgedeithertobenolongeruseful foritsintended
function ( or serviceabilify ) or to be unsafe ( or its strengrth ) L" H i{ qY}:'""ti

39. The condition at which the structure reaches a limit state . lt may be due to deflection , cracking or leakage , but ii
usually does not i nvolve rupiure ( total breakage of specimen ) E-Si i" Ilii:

40. lt is the greatest stress which a material is capable of developing without a permanent deformation remaining upon
complete release of stress 7la4 t"l :j 1: I 't44- L \M I'

a1. {f*;'qY{ Tr,l+e'"t?i{'" The ultimatestrength althematerial divided bythe allowaUeworkingstress

42 ltis the maximum value of tension , compression or shear respectively that the material can sustain without
imminentfailuls lJi-v:*r{.:r" \'tT6aj*#i-l

43. The amount of energy that can be stored in an elastic material per unit vol ume without a permanent deformation
1"'anonr-us o{ PE(,- i :-rvr'r #{l
'
( until elastic limit )

44. The amount of energy absorbed by a specimen necessary until breakage

1. r ,r ..r , ,! 0F 1Furru515'qq
45 Abtlityof steel tobestretchedtoflnewirewithoutrupture(breakng) - ?tr{-flLI'gt/ {withless
13'Pgr-i
46. Ability of steel to be stretched and regain original shape when forces releas"O - F'l',$'r;fi * l?Y
47.Abiliy of steel to be hammered or compressed into thin sheets without breaking - lld l.:,,4.i*Y'.f.1. *qL:i*I

48.The. term given to the tendency for concrete to contlnue to strain over a period of time when the stress is constant
Zui.;l ,,.r:" C\11-l,'P
49 Hooke's Law states that : As a force is applied to a material , the deformation ( or strain ) is direc'tly proportional to
the stresses , but only up to a cedain point , called the elastic limit . What happens beyond this paint ?

a.) Defarmdion stops

_-b.I Material begins to change length faster than the force
c.) Material will break
d.) Other properties Iike clor begin to change
STRUCTURAL MECHANICS

UO iI]i{'""r ,
! , ^L
Thetendencyof aforcetoproducerotationaboutagivenpoint,Ic$.''+, L;',,'r;,.r,.i
computed as the product of the force and the perpendicular distance f rom
the line of action of the force to the point .

51 It is the moment on the structure as a whoie at any given level , due

to wind or earthquake lateral forces

52. An object subject to balanced forces is said to be at rest and in a state of EAols*q pei$n
Given a Pratt Truss

F = 10 KN
Si mplv Suppofted truss
Top Chord - Compression
Bottom Chord - Tension
Top chord

Ah

bottom cirord
Hinge -loint that will permit rotation but not vertical or horizontal movement

For above truss , the followrng equations of staitcs can be applied

EFh=$ -+=<- 1QKN=Ah

+-+
EM=0 ) =( (takemomentaboutptA) Bv(8m)=1OKirli4rn) ; Bv=5KN

EFv=0
Lfv-v tI =v
=I Bv=Av IlEilUe
DV=AV hence Av=5KN
'1v=fr\tr{
/
/
53.)The truss above is calledW4't'**a*;q ffiq*'.ial;'t';qtr
since by just using EQUATIONS OF STATICS , one can DETERMIhIE all the unknown reactions. This is pcssible if
the number of unknowns is less than or equal to the number of usable equations

lf the number of unknowns is more than the number of equations , the reactions cannot be solved by eouations of
statics alone ( one needs special methods to solve reactions) . This is called STATICALLY INDETER[/INATE

To determine the degree of statical indeterminacy ,

jusi subtract the number of unknowns

with the number of equations of statics .

Exarnple.

54 The above truss rs STATICALLY INDETERMINATE TO THE DEGREE

55 is the mathematical measure of the abrlity of

beam section to resist bending ortwisting

Formula for Moment of lnertia for rectangular section

lbh3/12 lwherebisthedimensionparallel totheaxisorlinewherebeambendsabout

s6. @'stPs o'e SV 'Egtta+"\ it determines the column's resistance against buckling as it is used in
computing the slenderness ratio
The formula is given as

\l'lhere I -is the moment of inedia of section and A is the area of the section

52. !cp.r0P*rst FAl1o is equal to effective length

of a column divided by radius of gyration

buc\<u r+\ L
36. The load at which a perfectly straight member under compression
assumes a deflected shape

59 What does slenderness ratio determine ?

A. ) Effective length D.) Mar ht of coiumn
60 lf the ratio of the height to the least lateral dimension of
an upright compression member is less than 3 , this element
is cailed ( fails by crushing )

61. Lr>Hh A column where

the ratio of the height over least lateral dimension is greater than 10
( fails by buckling )

62.) A column that fails due to a combination of buckling and crushing when overloaded .

A.) Long column B.)Short column C.) lntermediate Column D.) Pedestal

63. What happens to a short column ?

A.) Elongates B.) Buckles €.) Deforms ( "Crushes" ) D ) Deflects

64. The point in an element where it changes curvature "t'btl-l*

is known as the -df i|.1
tr'*ta{'-[$+-l
f-b"l+*i:--.
65 F{"r j:;t't "lKq *tIY The distance between
point
the of application of a direct load to a column and the centroid of its cross section

66.. bN qugp?$-"%S l.Sei#.$\. The distance between the supports of a column.

67.. {1{11ifr4?*H t-:ffi}*ffi The distance between inflection points in a column when it breaks is
called :

YTT
68. lntheformulaforslendernessratio ,14lr ,whatdoesKstandtorf €-$tt*',.fi;H i-&a{:"'il tgg"qB&'

ttl
I hh
69. A structural rnernber whose primary function is to carry loads parallel to its longitudinal axis ,

70 A structural member urhose primary function is to carry loads transverse ( perpendicular )

--
to its longitudinal axis r , ",
BEAMS

71. ' The upward resistance of a supporl such as a yrall or column against the downwarcj
pressure produced by loads in a member such as a beam or truss

72__ The distance between trruo structural supports

73) t rr.r,i,l,.+ t'ij{r€*x ttwltype of beam that is

supported by a hinge at one endand a tolieratthe other end

74) o r/pt_ 1.14Ft 6 A beam that pro.;ects beyond

one or both supports is called :

75 ) C4da.i *ru';16*t r;. o type of beam that

is supported at one end only , as in a beam that is embedded in a wall .

The above beams are called staticallv determinate beams

I ._..'rr , t
76. CPUPLt Forces that act parallel to each other,
of same magnitude but opposite in direction

TT. 0<trtPL!, The reactive element usually found at the fixed

end which can be represented by a pair of equal forces oppositely direcied
producing pure rotation

V#f?,tuttwo^
( u',
i. L I \rrlz
wtq lw Pvan
_ lt is a structural member
78.)
yrhich is supported at one end and the other end is projecting beyond
the supporl or rvall

7s ). ttvpvr tr*q - lt is the type of beam wherein

no rotation nor vertical or horizontal movement can occur at either end

80) Ur.l.r.itf{ut/S tEAr{ It is a beam with h,tto or more spans.

The last three beams are called statically indeterminate beams because the
equationsof statics fFv=0,IFh = 0and fM = 0 are insufficientto
solve all the unknowns

81.) A fixed beam is indeterminate to what degree ?

n*{.l|, fiE'r**.r'-.

CONCEPTS OF BEAM iNTERNAL FORCES

Consider a simply suppoded beam with a conc.entrated load at midspan,

P

?t2
*;i*rir"i- oi" f;:*-lr,:/,'' c r'nx't
ur. - is the argebraic sum of unbalanced transverse forces acting to
the left side ( or right side ) ofthe cut section

v = {+)Pi2
Pt2
Relative Beam Movement Corresponding
to Srgn of Shear
I Considering left side of the cut section

r-a1- ,--];_r Upward loads produce positive shear I l*iv

^ lRi
I p------r
Positive shear
L-LJ-
Negative shear
Downward loads produce negative shear
I
l -ru
83) Ii' r ' "' - is the algebraic sum of the moments of theforces acting on
eithersideofthesectionof abeamaboutanaxisthroughthe centerofthegravityofthesection.

E
Io I M=(_)Fxd

M= +lPt2lx
Relative Beam Curvature Corresponding to Moment

+M M
Q' <=
84 \ lktht-bc *r oil ?ot*r - a point in the moment diagram ivhere it changes from
positive to negative moment or vice versa and the value of the moment at this point is zero.

es; lt{fL'ECtlor"l +r t{i ln reinforced concrete beams,

the position at which the tensile reinforcement is bent upward .

{ usually at L I 4 from support where L - is clear span )

BENDNG STRESS

eA. W,fi *l fu sfiVt-U\ is used as a mathematical measure of resistance for ftexural

or bending stress lt is computed as

Where I - is the centroidai moment of inertia of the section

and c - distance of the outermost fiber to the centrotd .

At section A - A' ( + Moment) Maximum Flexural or Bending stress ( fb or Sb ) is found at

f b nnqx the outermostfiber ( that is, atthetop & bottom of the beam

fb max =Mc
-____!"1_ !

where
M - bending moment ( maximum )
c - is the distance of the outermost
fi ber to the neutral axis .

| - is the moment of inenia

Neutral Axis ( 'NA') lflexural stress"is zero , neithertension
nor compression ) Rearranging fbmax = [/
llc
Or fbmax = l,/l
S
Where S is section modulus

B7) To determine the required section modul us, S, the maximum moment, Mmax, should be
{
) It/ultrplred by the maxi mum ailowable bending stress
f6i) niviOea by the maxi mum allowable bending stress
V)VtuttiptieO by allor,vable defiectjon
D ) Divided by modulus of elasticity and moment of inertia
ros I H*t *-t lruoq=
the Richter scale
- is the measure of the energy released by an eailhquake ( measured by
)

106.) ls tT6,crfi - is the rreasure of the oamage level of an ea(hquake ( as categorized by

Mercalli Scale ).
Mrt.f riu'l
ro7.) l-,roPrfr6) V+Eele'urt 9'r4'E - A measure of an eadhquake intensity interpreted through a
subjective rating based on the obseryed damage to structures and other physical effects . This scale ranges from lto
Xll with the upper rating bei ng the most severe with each scale having a verbal description of the effects and clamage
of an eafthquake .

10n ) - it is an instrument which measures the velocitv and acceleraiion of

earthquake in the ground

109; '-;'l -'

-amachineprovidingusefui quantifiedseismicdatasuchastheacceleration
of the building orthe ground usually placed atthe basement, mid-portion and nearthe top of the building

110 ) ,;,-,, ' r : - An instrumentwhich measuresthe actual displacement of the groundwith

i:i,
respect to a staiionary point during an eafthquake .

111.) h0roP -thetimeinsecondsforabuildingtocompleteonefull side-to-sideoscillation,

which is dependent on the mass and stiffness ( or slenderness ) of the building .

tPl Lta'vrt*un'N The loss of the load carrying ability of loose fill ( such as sand ) during
earthquake

113 f i'i'l ::'i'r -isathree-dimensional structural systemwithoutbearingwallscomposedof

members interconnected so astofunction as a complete self contarned unitwith orwithoutthe aid of horizontai
diaphragms or bracing systems

114. tWT-$l\. LN!{-L - is a structural system without a complete vedical load carrying
space frame .

115.F*III - is the level at which the eadhquake motions are considered to be imprted to the structure .

116. tlb{rFY - is the space between levels.

Story x is the story below level x

117. Sttfrrr tg4€f - is the displacement

of one level relative to the level above or below

118. \to'.'r r"'hi 1,kf1,.r]

- is the story drift dividecj by the story height

119. tvgd.r( qf,&F{ is a story

whose strengh is less than 80 percent of the
strength ofthe story above.

i20.
r4v _ dt:'a* f?r &fl,lr
- is a story
whose iateral stiffness is f tfran ZO percent
of the stiffness of the story"-ss
above

121 l[eq. we'ou .- is a wall designed to fFTPFrDla/t-Plt forftr{l\tl dAtL

resist lateral forces parallel to the plane of the wall
sometimes referred to as a structural wall ).

122. 't '" '

-isah,g11zo;rtal ornearlyhorizontal system
( including horizontal bracing system ) acting to transmit lateral forces to the vertical resisting elements
as an example , R.C. slabs )
LrWVr^tY( bfyr /
1%. ,bW&le4&t*-a"W- is a member or an element provided to transfer lateral forces from a portion of a
structure to the vertical elements of the lateral force resisting system .

4-A
I Z+. IWaa C uugufot Uff@ %tso kncrwn astie or corector, isthe erement of a
diaphragm parallel to the applied load which collects and transfers diaphragm shear to the vertical resisting elements
or distribute loads within the draphragm Such members may also take axial tension or compression .
 i49.) ?PF - t?{ qkl-\ - concrete members permanently loaded to cause internal stresses
that are opposite in direction to those caused by both live and dead loads. The concrete is held in compression.
Tension is placed on the reinforcing priorto the placing of concrete .

i
rso ?ort- ftpsto*\ is the method of introducing a.lacking force in which tenoons are tensioned
after the concrete has hardened enough to sustain thisjacking force

151 .) {^, A4l$Le f$'{ttlirL ln prestressed concrete , friction caused by unintended deviation of
prestressing sheath or ductfrom its specified profile.

t i52)
prestressing tendon profil e
- The type of incidental f riction resulting from bends or curves in the specified

'1
53)Atypeof beamfailureinitiatedbycrushingof concrete Atthispoint,thesteel strainwiii beiessthantheyield
strain . Hence the steel stress will be lower than its yield strength . This type of failure occurs when there is more
reinforcementthanthatrequiredforbalancedcondition
A.)Cracked section B.)Under-reinforced section C.) Balanced condition .D) Over-reinforced section

154 ) lt is a condition in which the concrete reaches its full compressive strength when the steel reaches it yieid
strength. This condition in strengtn design is called r..
A.)Under-reinforced design B ) Over-reinforced design /'C.)Balanced design D )[Jone in the list
\. _l

155 ) Concrete will be poured in two batches . What steel members should be provided beyond the first
batch so that there is sufficient bonding forthe nex:i batch of concrete to be poured ?

"q) KeY
lb)t Dowels
Y) lendons
d ) Rebars

156 Which load carried by structural steel can be accurately calculated ?

a )
Live Load
b )
\A/nd Load
c.) Laterai Load
rd ), Dead Load

157.What is the best way to protect structurai steel members from fire ?

a.) Coat with cement

b ) lnstall sprinklers at closer distances
Cover with steel cladding
Apply sprayed-on fire proofing material

158. What happens when concrete has no steel reinforcement ?

a-) Becomes liohter and therefore more ideal for beams

(G)crumole* r"nd"r. tensile loads
$ Becomes more rigid
d.) Resistsfire better
159. What concrete member is used to bridge the top of dosrs and windows so that they do not bear the weight of the
CHB ?
a.) header
IJ jamb
(9)tintet
d.) bndgrng

160. What is the minimum size for stirrups in mm. diameter ?

a.) 16
b.I 6
f")lo
Ytz
What are cross ties ?
 161 . What is the minimum concrete cover for column reinforcement in mm ?
a.) 60
@ss
c.) 25
d)6
162.) Wnd pressures, directions and timing are constantly changing. However, for purposes of calculations. what
type of load is wind considered?
;Q Combined
(!) dvnamic
c. ) Statrc
d.) Rotating

163) ln a truss system , the straight members form a number of triangles . What type of stresses are they subjected to

a.) Compression
b.) Tension
.,9;.1 Torsion
(d.)Either Tension or compression
164)lnFigurel, theinfluencelinesof thefoundationintersect, causing danger of settlementandcrackformation.
where is this likely to happen ?
a.) When rooms in a building are too small
b.) Stairs built too close to the toilet
c.) Renovation of structures
6D frf"* buildings built adjacent to the old buildings
\J
165) ln concrete columns, what do steel reinforcement bars need to keep them from buckling outward ?
a.) Binders
@t':."
c. ) stlTTeners
d.) stirrups

166.) Under what type of load will column tend to buckle ?

a.) Shear
b.) Tension
6j
V.
n iut compression
d.)wrnd Load

167.) Which of the following criteria for bundled bars,do NOT apply ?
A.) Bars larger than 32 mm shall nst be bundled in beams .

E") Bundle bars shall be enclosed within stirrups or ties .

G) Croup of parallel reinforcing bars bundled in contact to act as a unit shall be limited to three in any one bundle
.

-trJ tnOiviOual bars within a bundle terminated within the span of flexural members shall terminate at different points
with at least 40 db staggered .

16.8.d)When theratioofshortspantothelongspanofaslabislessthan 0.50,slabisa:

'A.)lone-way slab B.) slab on fill C.) two-way slab D.) cantilevered slab

169pne-way concrete slab are used when :

(n) tfre slab is being supported by two parallel beams

B.) the slab has no cantilevered portion
C.) the concrete slab is reinforced on the near bottom side
D.) the concrete slab is sloping to all ihe side

170 What symbol is used f or a square groove weld ?

r
c)
/
,/-f--l-
I I {r}
\,J,/ /-TT-
rr
 16'1 . What is the minimum concrete cover for column reinforcement in mm ?
a.) 60
@ee
c.) 25
d)6
162.i Wnd pressures, directions and timing are constantly changing. However, for purposes of calculations. what
type of load is wind considered?
a) Combined
($ dvnamic
c. ) Slatrc
d.) Rotating

'163) In a truss system , the straight members form a number of triangles . What type of stresses are they subjected to
?
a.) Compression
b.) Tension
EtJ Torsion
Tension or compression
CTEither
164) ln Figure 1, the influence lines of the foundation intersect , causing danger of settlement and crackformation .

where is this likely to happen ?

a.) When rooms in a building are too small
b.) Stairs built too close to the toilet
g"l Renovation of structures
/0.)) New buildings built adjacent to the old buildings

'165) ln concrete columns, what do steel reinforcement bars need to keep them from buckling outward ?
a.) Binders
/6liri""
\J ..--
c.) slrTleners
d.) stirrups

166.) Under whattype of load will column tend to buckle ?

a.) Shear
b.) Tension
@ n*iulcompression
d.)wrnd Load

167.) Which qf the following criteria for bundled bars,do NOT apply ?
A.) Bars largerthan 32mm shall not be bundled in beams .

_Q) Bundle bars shall be enclosed within stirrups or ties .

@) Oroup of parallel reinforcing bars bundled in contact to act as a unit shall be limited to three in any one bundle .
'ErJ lndividual bars within a bundle terminated within the span of flexural member* shall terminate at different points
with at least 40 db staggered .

16Q))When theratioofshortspantothelongspanofaslabislessthan 0.50,slabisa:

'A ))one-way slab B.) slab on fill C.i two-way slab D.) cantilevered slab

169pne-way concrete slab are used when :

(n) tfre slab is being supported by two parallel beams
B-.) the slab has no cantilevereo portion
C.) the concrete slab is reinforced on the near bottom side
D.) the concrete slab is sloping to all the side

17O.What symbol is used for a square groove weld ?

",/E- @/-lT-