Notes - Pre-Calculus – Midterms

I. Circle

A. Definition of a Circle

- A circle consists of all the points on a plane that are equidistant from a fixed point,
called the center. The constant distance is called the radius of the circle (Cueno, Acob &
Cortez, 2017). [with references, charot]

B. Formulas

B.1 Circle with center at the origin (0, 0).

𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝒓𝟐
B.2 Circle with center at (h, k).

(𝒙 − 𝒉)𝟐 + (𝒚 − 𝒌)𝟐 = 𝒓𝟐

C. Examples

General Instruction: Find the equation of the circle.

1.) A circle with center at (2, -3) and radius 5

Since the center is at (2, -3), the equation will follow this form: At any given center, a
negative value will
(𝒙 − 𝒉)𝟐 + (𝒚 − 𝒌)𝟐 = 𝒓𝟐 mean that the
Substituting (2, -3). corresponding value will
possess a plus sign.
(𝒙 − 𝟐)𝟐 + (𝒚 − (−𝟑))𝟐 = 𝒓𝟐 1
i.e. (5, -2)
(𝒙 − 𝟐)𝟐 + (𝒚 + 𝟑)𝟐 = 𝒓𝟐
1
( 𝑥 – 5)2 + ( 𝑦 + 2)2

Substituting radius = 5.

(𝒙 − 𝟐)𝟐 + (𝒚 + 𝟑)𝟐 = 𝟓𝟐

(𝒙 − 𝟐)𝟐 + (𝒚 + 𝟑)𝟐 = 𝟐𝟓
 2.) 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 6𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 3 = 0

Hint: Kapag equation ang binigay, tulad nito, palagi niyong isipin na merong COMPLETING
THE SQUARE. (hindi galit, gusto ko lang maalala niyo yung naka caps haha)

The easiest way to solve equations like this is through pairing like terms with like variables.

Ano nanaman yang +9 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 6𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 3 = 0 San galing yung -3?

at +1 na yan huhu (𝑥 2 + 6𝑥) + (𝑦 2 − 2𝑦) = −3 Kapag pumupunta sa
Completing the square. (𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 9) + (𝑦 2 − 2𝑦 + 1) = −3 +9 +1 kabilang side ng
equation ang isang
number or term,
Pano nanaman yang completing the square huhu magbabago yung sign.
Sa lahat ng times na merong raised to 2 ang isang variable, kelangan From positive to
mo dagdagan ng pangatlo. San galing yung pangatlo? negative, and v.v.

Bigyan kita hint.

Kapag x2 or y2 yan, dapat palaging walang katabing number yung x2 or y2, kapag meron, i-divide
niyo muna, or ilabas. Example:

6x2 + 24x
6 (x2 + 4x)
6 (x2 + 4x + 4)
6 (x +2)2

Kahit anong number yung nasa tabi ng

Kita niyo yung 4x?
x2, yun yung ilabas mo.
Yung 4, i-divide niyo sa 2. Kung ano
Hala pa’no naging ganyan? mang lumabas na sagot, i-square niyo
siya.
Kita niyo yung 4x sa gitna?
4 divided by 2 = 2 ---> 22 = 4
I-divide niyo lang yung 4 sa 2.
Kahit ano ba yung kasama nung x,
(x2 + 4x + 4)
ganyan yung gagawin na process?
(x + 2)^2
Oo, at kung fraction man yung
Pa’no kung x2 + 18x? lumabas, oks lang.
I-divide niyo yung 18 sa 2.
(x2 + 18x + 81) = (x + 9)^2
 Let’s go back to the problem.

(𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 9) + (𝑦 2 − 2𝑦 + 1) = −3 + 9 + 1

I-divide natin yung 6 sa 2. ( 6 divided by 2 = 3), pati na rin yung 2 sa 2. Simplify the right side.

(𝑥 + 3)2 + (𝑦 − 1)2 = 7

One more thing, notice the first sign inside the parentheses.

(𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 9) = (x + 3)2 +6x kaya + 3 din. Kung ano man yung sign ng middle
term, ganun din yung sa compressed.
(𝑦 2 − 2𝑦 + 1) = (y – 1)2 -2y kaya -1.

(𝑥 + 3)2 + (𝑦 − 1)2 = 7

3.) Determine the standard equation of the circle with center at (-1, 5) and passes through (3, 7).

Hint: In word problems, always start by finding the standard form of the formula.

Since the center is at (-1, 5), substitute these values.

(x − h)2 + (y − k)2 = r 2

(x − (−1))2 + (y − 5)2 = r 2

(x + 1)2 + (y − 5)2 = r 2

Since the circle passes through point (3, 7),

(3 + 1)2 + (7 − 5)2 = r 2

(4)2 + (2)2 = r 2

16 + 4 = r2

20 = r2

Substitute this value of r2 to the equation.

(x + 1)2 + (y − 5)2 = r 2

(x + 1)2 + (y − 5)2 = 20
4.) (2, -1) and (2, 5) are the endpoints of a diameter of a circle.

Hint: At any given circle, there are many special

segments, namely: tangent, chord, and diameter, etc.

A diameter is a straight line inside a circle passing

through the center.

Ibig sabihin lang nito, Midpoint ng diameter yung

center.

Using midpoint formula to determine the center of the circle:

𝑥1 + 𝑥2 𝑦1 + 𝑦2
( , )
2 2
2 + 2 −1 + 5
( , )
2 2
4 4
( , )
2 2
(2, 2)

The center of the circle, therefore, is (2, 2).

Pa’no na ngayon ‘yung radius?

Shortcut: Notice that the x-coordinate or the abscissa of the center (2, 2) and the endpoints of the
diameter (2, -1) and (2, 5) is 2. The values of the y-coordinates are different: -1 and 5. Therefore,
we have to use the y-coordinates.

Using the center: (2, 2), choose any endpoint. Example, using (2, -1), subtract both y-
coordinates.

2 – (-1)

Therefore, the radius = 3.

Combine both center and radius in the equation:

(x − h)2 + (y − k)2 = r 2

(x − 2)2 + (y − 2)2 = 32

(x − 2)2 + (y − 2)2 = 9

[Note: Kung may word problems ka na gusto niyong matutunan ang solution, pa-PM nalang ako,
para pwede ma-include dito or ma-PM ko sa’yo ang solution. Thank you!]

II. Parabola

A. Definition of a Parabola

- A parabola is the set of all points in a plane equidistant from both a fixed point called
focus, and a fixed line called directrix (Cueno, Acob & Cortez, 2017).

B. Formulas

B.1 Parabola with vertex at origin (0, 0).

𝒙𝟐 = 𝟒𝒑𝒚
B.1 Parabola with vertex at (h, k).

(𝒙 − 𝒉)𝟐 = 𝟒𝒑(𝒚 − 𝒌)

B.1. Orientation

The orientation of any parabola is based on the

value of 4p, and which variable is squared, x
or y.

𝒙𝟐 = 𝟒𝒑𝒚

𝒙𝟐 = − 𝟒𝒑𝒚

𝒚𝟐 = 𝟒𝒑𝒙

𝒚𝟐 = − 𝟒𝒑𝒙
Tip:

1.) If x is squared, e.g.:

𝒙𝟐 = 𝟒𝒑𝒚

𝒙𝟐 = − 𝟒𝒑𝒚
This means that the parabola is facing upward if positive and facing downward if negative.

2.) If y is squared, e.g.:

𝒚𝟐 = 𝟒𝒑𝒙

𝒚𝟐 = − 𝟒𝒑𝒙
This means that the parabola is going to the right if positive and going to the left if negative.
This is true for any given equation, even if the center is at (h, k).

C. Examples

General Instruction: Determine the properties (orientation, principal axis, vertex, focus, directrix,
endpoints of latus rectum, and length of latus rectum) of the given parabola.

1.) x2 = 12y

A. Orientation: From the discussion in B.1, since 4p is positive, the parabola is facing upward.

B. Principal axis: From the given, the principal axis is x = 0.

Turuan kita shortcut.

Diba ang naka-square si x? Yung principal axis mo x. So principal axis natin dito, x = 0.

Ay talaga?

Oo, parang nagbago buhay natin, ‘no?

So pag naka-square si y, principal axis mo y.

Pero paano kapag (x - 3)2 = 12(y – 2)?

Kunin mo yung term na may x, which is (x - 3)^2. Kunin mo yung term at i-equate sa 0.

(x – 3) = 0; x = 3; ito yung principal axis mo.

C. Vertex: (0, 0)
Paano ngay pag (x - 3)2 = 12(y – 2)?

Alala mo yun ginawa natin sa principal axis? Ganun din dito.

(x – 3)2; x – 3 = 0; x = 3

(y – 2); y – 2 = 0; y = 2
Vertex mo: (3, 2).

D. Focus: (0, 3)
 San nanaman nanggaling yang 3? Ano nanaman ngay daw yan?

Alala niyo yung 4p? Kunin na natin value ni p. (buti pa siya may value)

So diba x2 = 12y

Yung 4p natin equal siya sa 12; 4p = 12.

p=3

Ano gagawin ko dyan sa p?

Diba naka-square si x? Dun natin i-da-dagdag si p.

From the vertex na (0, 0),

(0 + 3, 0)

(0, 3); ito na focus natin.

Lahat ba mag-p-plus sa x?

Alala mo yung discussion natin sa B.1 Orientation?

Nakadepend lang yung focus natin sa orientation.

1.) If x2 tapos positive si 4p, mag plus sa y.

2.) If x2 tapos negative si 4p, mag minus sa y. (e.g. (0, 0 – 3) = (0, -3))

3.) If y2 tapos positive si 4p, mag plus sa x. (e.g. (0 + 3, 0) = (3, 0))

4.) If y2 tapos negative si 4p, mag minus sa x. (e.g. (0 - 3, 0) = (-3, 0))

E. Directrix: y = - 3

Balikan natin si p = 3

Buti pa ‘yan, binabalikan.

Kanina diba naka-depend sa orientation si focus. Ganun din si directrix, ang pinagkaiba lang,
babaliktarin mo lang variables. Gagamitin pa rin nating reference yung vertex.

1.) If x2 tapos positive si 4p, mag minus sa y. Since y = 0, 0 – 3; y = - 3

2.) If x2 tapos negative si 4p, mag plus sa y. Since y = 0, 0 + 3; y = 3

3.) If y2 tapos positive si 4p, mag minus sa x. Since x = 0, 0 – 3; x = - 3

4.) If y2 tapos negative si 4p, mag plus sa x. Since x = 0, 0 + 3; x = 3

F. Endpoints of latus rectum: (6, 3), (-6, 3)

Hala? Paano???????

Balikan mo si focus: (0, 3).

Ngayon i-times 2 mo si p. 2p = 2(3) = 6; 2p = 6

I-plus at minus mo yang si 2p sa x ng focus.

(0 + 6, 3), (0 – 6, 3)

(6, 3), (-6, 3)

So ano na? 1 to 4 nanaman?

Hinde. Hanggang 2 lang ):.

1.) If x2, mag plus at minus sa x. Since focus is (0, 3), (0 +6, 3); (6, 3) at (0 – 6, 3); (-6, 3)

2.) If y2, mag plus at minus sa y. Since focus is (0, 3), (0, 3 + 6); (0, 9) at (0, 3 – 6); (0, -3)

G. Length of latus rectum: 4p = 12.

The length of the latus rectum is always positive.

In summary,

1.) If naka-square si x (x2),

A.) Para makuha si principal axis, i-equate niyo yung term na may x sa 0. e.g. (x + 5)2 = 0

B.) Para makuha si vertex, solve for x and y.

C.) Para makuha si focus, mag-add ng p sa y-coordinate ng vertex (kung facing upward),
or mag-minus ng p sa y-coordinate (kung facing downward).

D.) Para makuha si directrix, mag-minus ng p sa y-coordinate ng vertex (kung facing

upward), or mag-add ng p sa y-coordinate (kung facing downward).

E.) Para makuha si endpoints of latus rectum, mag-add at mag-minus ng 2p sa x-

coordinate ng focus.

F.) Para makuha length, 4p.

 2.) If naka-square si y (y2),

A.) Para makuha si principal axis, i-equate niyo yung term na may y sa 0. e.g. (y - 3)2 = 0

B.) Para makuha si vertex, solve for x and y.

C.) Para makuha si focus, mag-add ng p sa x-coordinate ng vertex (kung going right), or
mag-minus ng p sa x-coordinate (kung going left).

D.) Para makuha si directrix, mag-minus ng p sa x-coordinate ng vertex (kung going

right), or mag-add ng p sa x-coordinate (kung going left).

E.) Para makuha si endpoints of latus rectum, mag-add at mag-minus ng 2p sa y-

coordinate ng focus.

F.) Para makuha length, 4p.

2.) Write the standard equation of the parabola with F(-4, 0) and directrix x = 2.

(Yehey, bumalik si italicized na red ink) From Example #1, D and E, naka-depend sa orientation
ang focus at directrix ng isang parabola.

(Yehey, bumalik din si green ink) When in doubt, always try to plot the points in a cartesian
plane. Using this method, you can see that the directrix x = 2 is found to the right of the focus,
F(-4, 0). When the directrix is at the right side of the focus, the parabola is going to the left.
Hence, the equation of the parabola is:

(𝒚 − 𝒌)𝟐 = −𝟒𝒑(𝒙 − 𝒉)

The midpoint between the focus and the directrix is the vertex of the parabola. Using midpoint
formula:
𝑥1 + 𝑥2 𝑦1 + 𝑦2
( , )
2 2
Pansin mo na x yung directrix, so ‘yung
‘Yung 2 galing sa directrix, ‘yung -4 2 + (−4) 0 x lang yung magbabago, ganun pa din
galing sa focus. ( , )
2 2 yung y.
−2 0
( , )
2 2
V: (-1, 0)

The distance between the vertex to the focus is p (The distance between the directrix to the vertex
is also p). Using the shortcut in the discussion of circles (refer to page 4),

-1 – (-4)
 -1 + 4

p=3

Combine the vertex and p in the equation:

(𝒚 − 𝒌)𝟐 = −𝟒𝒑(𝒙 − 𝒉)

(𝒚 − 𝟎)𝟐 = −𝟒(𝟑)(𝒙 − (−𝟏))

y2 = -12 (x + 1)

3.) Endpoints of the focal width are (-1, 6) and (-1, -2), and p < 0

Always remember: Kung hindi ka sigurado, try mo munang i-plot yung points na given.

The length of the focal width is 4p, meaning the distance between (-1, 6) and (-1, -2) is equal to
4p. Applying the shortcut in the discussion of circles (refer to page 4),

6 – (-2)

6+2

4p = 8

p=2

Since p < 0, p is negative; which means that the graph is either going left or facing downward.
From the given endpoints, the graph is going to the left.

Ano raw? Going to the left? Paano? Magic nanaman?

Sa dalawang endpoints ng focal width, yung x = -1, parehas para sa dalawang points. Ibig sabihin,
yung equation ng line ng principal axis ay y.

So kapag (6, -1), (-2, -1) yung given, yung equation ng line ng principal axis natin x.

From the first statement, alam natin na ang equation ng line ng principal axis ay y. Ibig sabihin yung
graph ay going left or right. Since negative, going left siya.

Wait, di ko pa din gets, so kung p > 0, ano na?

Well, kung p > 0, edi going right na siya. Basta balikan niyo nalang yung discussion ko about
orientation. (Refer to page 6)
Therefore, the parabola follows this equation:

(𝒚 − 𝒌)𝟐 = −𝟒𝒑(𝒙 − 𝒉)

(𝒚 − 𝒌)𝟐 = −𝟖(𝒙 − 𝒉)

The midpoint of the endpoints of the focal width is the focus. Calculating for the focus:

𝑥1 + 𝑥2 𝑦1 + 𝑦2
( , )
2 2
−1 + (−1) 6 + (−2)
( , )
2 2
−2 4
( , )
2 2
(-1, 2)

From the discussion on focus (refer to page 8), when a parabola is going to the right, the focus is
to the right of the vertex by p units. Using p = 2,

(-1, 2)

(-1+2, 2)

(1, 2)

Combining the vertex and 4p =32,

(𝒚 − 𝒌)𝟐 = −𝟑𝟐(𝒙 − 𝒉)

(𝒚 − 𝟐)𝟐 = −𝟑𝟐(𝒙 − 𝟏)
4.) The Saint Louis Gateway Arch has the shape of an inverted catenary, a curve that is roughly
the shape of a parabola. From the ground level to the vertex, the Gateway Arch is 630 feet tall.
At ground level the legs are 630 feet apart. The legs extend 60 feet below ground level to anchor
into bedrock. Given this information, what is the equation of a parabola that approximates the
shape of the Gateway Arch? Assume that the origin of the coordinate system is at ground level
midway between the legs of the arch. Give the equation in standard form.

Since the height of the parabola is measured from the ground level, we can assume that the
parabola is facing downward, with vertex at (0, 630).

630 ft

***Imagine niyo nalang na may 60 feet extension below the base kase di ko alam kung pano i-d-
drawing yun.

We can divide the length of the base by 2, to get the x-coordinates of the points of the parabola
at the base.

630 / 2

315
We can assume therefore, that the coordinates of the points at the base of the parabola are
(-315, 0) and (315, 0).

Since the parabola is facing downward, the parabola has the equation:

(𝒙 − 𝒉)𝟐 = −𝟒𝒑(𝒚 − 𝒌)

The vertex is at (0, 630):

(𝒙 − 𝟎)𝟐 = −𝟒𝒑(𝒚 − 𝟔𝟑𝟎)

𝒙𝟐 = −𝟒𝒑(𝒚 − 𝟔𝟑𝟎)

Using the point (315, 0)

(315)2 = - 4p (0 – 630)
315
-4p =
2

Combining the vertex and -4p:

(𝒙 − 𝒉)𝟐 = −𝟒𝒑(𝒚 − 𝒌)
𝟑𝟏𝟓
(𝒙 − 𝟎)𝟐 = − (𝒚 − 𝟔𝟑𝟎)
𝟐

𝟑𝟏𝟓
x2 = − (y – 630)
𝟐

[Note: Kung may word problems ka na gusto niyong matutunan ang solution, pa-PM nalang ako,
para pwede ma-include dito or ma-PM ko sa’yo ang solution. Thank you!]

III. Ellipse

A. Definition of an Ellipse

- is the set of all points in a plane the sum of whose distances from two fixed points,
called foci, is a constant(2a).

B. Formulas

𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐
+ =𝟏
𝒂 𝟐 𝒃𝟐
(𝒙 − 𝒉)𝟐 (𝒚 − 𝒌)𝟐
+ =𝟏
𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐
B.1 Vertical or Horizontal

The orientation of the ellipse depends on where the variable a2 is located, either below the x2 or
the y2.

1.) If a2 is located below the x2, the ellipse is horizontal.

2.) If a2 is located below the y2, the ellipse is vertical.

C. Examples

General Instruction: Determine the properties (principal axis, center, vertices, co-vertices, foci,
length of major, and length of minor) of the ellipse.

(𝑥−1)2 (𝑦+3)2
1.) + =1
144 64

A. Principal axis: y = -3

Ano? Ba’t ganyan? Hakdog?

Kung nasaan yung mas mataas na number, kunin niyo yung kabilang variable.

Example, mas mataas yung 144 sa 64, so yung (y+3)2; y + 3 = 0; y = -3

So kung nasa y yung 144, kunin yung (x-1)2; x – 1 = 0; x = 1

Ganito ba solution sa lahat ng equation?

Oo, wag ka rin mag-alala kung fraction yung lumabas hihi.

B. Center: (1, -3)

So parang sa circle at parabola lang?

Yes!

C. Vertices: (-11, -3), (13, -3)

San nanaman nanggaling daw ngay yang -11 at 13 huhu

Sa vertices: pansinin niyo yung mas malaking denominator, so ‘yung 144 sa example natin.

Kunin mo yung square root ng number na yun, so √144 = 12. (Itong 12 yung value ng a mo; a = 12)

Shortcut:

Diba yung a2 nasa x? Sa x kayo mag-add at mag-minus. Kung nasa y yung a2, sa y kayo mag-add at
mag-minus.

Using the center: (1, -3)

(1 + 12, -3), (1 – 12, -3)

(13, -3), (-11, -3)

Paano ngay kung walang ma-solve na square root, kunware √7?

Okay lang. (1 + √7, -3), (1 - √7, -3)

D. Co-vertices: (1, 5), (1, -11)

Eh yang 5 at -11 saan naman nanggaling? Huhu nag-m-magic ka e

Sa co-vertices: pansinin niyo yung mas maliit na denominator. so ‘yung 64 sa example natin.

Kunin mo yung square root ng number na ‘yun, so √64 = 8. (Itong 8 yung value ng b mo; b = 8)

Shortcut:

Diba yung b2 nasa y? Sa y kayo mag-add at mag-minus. So kung nasa x yung b2, sa x kayo mag-add
at mag-minus.

Using the center: (1, -3)

(1, -3 + 8), (1, -3 – 8)

(1, 5), (1, -11).

Kung ‘di ulit ma-solve yung square root, okay lang na may kasamang square root.

E. Foci: (1 + 4√5, -3), (1 - 4√5, -3)

Hala, ano nanaman yang 4√5 na yan huhu

Pagsasabayin naman natin si denominator na maliit at malaki. So si 144 i-minus natin kay 64:

144 – 64

80

‘Yung sagot, kunin natin yung square root niya.

√80

4√5

Ito na yung value ng c natin. (c = 4√5)

Kung san tayo nag-add at nag-minus sa vertices, dun din tayo mag-add at mag-minus; or kung nasaan
yung a squared.

F. Length of major: 2a: 24

G. Length of minor: 2b: 16

In summary,

1.) If nasa x2 ang a2,

A.) Para makuha si principal axis, i-equate niyo yung term na may y sa 0. e.g. (y + 3)2 = 0

B.) Para makuha si center, solve for x and y.

C.) Para makuha si vertices, mag-add at mag-minus ng a sa x-coordinate ng center.

D.) Para makuha si co-vertices, mag-add at mag-minus ng b sa y-coordinate ng center.

E.) Para makuha si foci, mag-add at mag-minus ng c sa x-coordinate ng center.

F.) Para makuha length of major, 2a.

G.) Para makuha length of minor, 2b.

2.) If nasa y2 ang a2,

A.) Para makuha si principal axis, i-equate niyo yung term na may x sa 0. e.g. (x - 1)2 = 0

B.) Para makuha si center, solve for x and y.

C.) Para makuha si vertices, mag-add at mag-minus ng a sa y-coordinate ng center.

D.) Para makuha si co-vertices, mag-add at mag-minus ng b sa x-coordinate ng center.

E.) Para makuha si foci, mag-add at mag-minus ng c sa y-coordinate ng center.

F.) Para makuha length of major, 2a.

G.) Para makuha length of minor, 2b.

2.) Write the standard equation of the ellipse with C (2, 2), F1 (0, 2), and V (5, 2).

As always, when in doubt, try to plot the points. When using this method, notice that all of these
points lie on the same horizontal line. (Hint: The center, the foci and the vertices all lie on the
same line, the principal axis.)

The distance between the center and the foci is c. Using the shortcut from the discussion on
circles (refer to page 4),

C, x = 2; F, x = 0

2–0

2
The value of c is 2; c = 2.

The distance between the center and the vertex is a. Using the shortcut from the discussion on
circles (refer to page 4),

C, x = 2; V, x = 5

5–2

The value of a is 3; a = 3

To calculate the value of b, use the following formula

b2 = a2 – c2

derived from c2 = a2 – b2

b2 = 32 - 22

b2 = 9 – 4

b2 = 5

Substitute the values of a and b, and the vertex to the equation:

(𝐱 − 𝐡)𝟐 (𝐲 − 𝐤)𝟐
+ =𝟏
𝐚𝟐 𝐛𝟐

(𝐱 − 𝟓)𝟐 (𝐲 − 𝟐)𝟐
+ =𝟏
𝟑𝟐 𝟓

(𝐱 − 𝟓)𝟐 (𝐲 − 𝟐)𝟐
+ =𝟏
𝟗 𝟓

3.) F1 (-4, 0) and F2 (4, 0), passing through (4, 1)

The midpoint between the foci is the center, using midpoint formula:

𝑥1 + 𝑥2 𝑦1 + 𝑦2
( , )
2 2
 −4 + 4 0
( , )
2 2
(0, 0)
The center therefore is at the origin; C (0, 0). Using the foci, alam natin na y = 0 ang principal
axis, (Pansinin niyo lang na parehong 0 yung y-coordinate) so the graph follows this equation:

𝐱𝟐 𝐲𝟐
+ =𝟏
𝐚𝟐 𝐛 𝟐
Before anything else (ehehe bae kuno), balikan natin definition ng ellipse:

The set of all points in a plane the sum of whose distances from two fixed points, called foci, is
a constant(2a).

Ibig sabihin, yung distance mula dun sa unang focus (-4, 0) hanggang sa (4, 1) at yung
pangalawang focus (4, 0) hanggang sa (4, 1), kapag pinag-add, ang sagot yung constant or 2a.

Calculate the distance between F1 and (4, 1).

d = √(𝑥 − ℎ)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑘)2

d = √(4 − (−4))2 + (1 − 0)2

d = √(8)2 + (1)2

d = √64 + 1

d = √65

Calculate the distance between F2 and (4, 1).

d = √(𝑥 − ℎ)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑘)2

d = √(4 − 4)2 + (1 − 0)2

d = √(0)2 + (1)2

d=1

Combining these distances or adding them will result in 2a.

2a = 1 + √65
 1 + √65
a=
2

Calculating for the value of b, using a and c:

b2 = a2 – c2

1 + √65 2
b2 = ( 2
) - 42

b2 = 4.53112887415

Combining a2 and b2 in the equation:

𝐱𝟐 𝐲𝟐
𝟐 + 4.53112887415 = 𝟏
1 + √65
( )
2
𝐱𝟐 𝐲𝟐
𝟐 + =𝟏
1 + √65 4.53112887415
(
2
)

𝐱𝟐 𝐲𝟐
+ =𝟏
20.53112887415 4.53112887415

[Note: Kung may word problems ka na gusto niyong matutunan ang solution, pa-PM nalang ako,
para pwede ma-include dito or ma-PM ko sa’yo ang solution. Thank you!]

Kung may tanong, may hindi klaro, may gustong i-dagdag, sabihin niyo lang sa’kin ha.

Happy studying, friends and family.

Good luck to every single one of you.

- Soriano, 2018.