T1-1 [176 marks]

1. [1 mark]

Markscheme
C

Examiners report
In spite of a concern on the part of one teacher that this question was too difficult, this was one of the questions that students found
easiest, with a Difficulty Index of 94%; hence it provided a nice easy start to settle students into the paper.

[1 mark]
2.

Markscheme
C

Examiners report
[N/A]

3. [1 mark]

Markscheme
D

Examiners report
One respondent stated that the equation was a difficult choice to test the balancing of chemical equations. However, this type of
question has been asked several times on previous papers and 59% of candidates got the correct answer, D. Candidates should be
exposed to the balancing of some challenging equations as part of the teaching programme.

[1 mark]
4.

Markscheme
D

Examiners report
[N/A]

[1 mark]
5.

Markscheme
D
 Examiners report
[N/A]

[1 mark]
6.

Markscheme
B

Examiners report
One respondent stated that this question was particularly difficult. Although the question was challenging, 66.89% of candidates did
manage to get the correct answer B. The question was the ninth hardest question on the paper.

[1 mark]
7.

Markscheme
D

Examiners report
[N/A]

8a. [4 marks]

Markscheme
(i) change in concentration of reactant/product with time / rate of change of concentration;

Increase can be used instead of change for product or decrease can be used instead of change for reactant.

Allow mass/amount/volume instead of concentration.

Do not accept substance.

(ii) concentration;

particle size / surface area;

light;

pressure;

Allow pH.

(iii) (measuring electrical) conductivity / (measuring) pH;

Accept other suitable method.

Examiners report
This was the most popular question in Section B of the paper. Part (a) was very well answered.
8b. [4 marks]

Markscheme
(i) minimum/least/smallest energy needed (by reactants/colliding particles) to react/start/initiate a reaction;

Allow energy difference between reactants and transition state.

Minimum/least/smallest required for the mark.

(ii) x-axis label: (kinetic) energy/(K)E and y-axis label: probability/fraction of molecules/particles / probability density;

Allow number of molecules/particles for y-axis.

correct shape of a typical Maxwell–Boltzmann energy distribution curve;

Do not award mark if curve is symmetric, does not start at zero or if it crosses x-axis.

two curves represented with second curve for T2 > T1 to right of first curve, peak maximum lower than first curve and after the curves
cross going to the right, T2 curve needs to be above T1 curve as illustrated;

M2 and M3 can be scored independently.

Examiners report
In (b) (i), some candidates failed to mention minimum/least/smallest energy in the definition of activation energy. In part (ii), again
candidates often dropped easy marks here for poor representations of the Maxwell-Boltzmann energy distribution curves. In some
cases the curves were drawn symmetrically, which was incorrect. In addition, incorrect labels were often given for the x- and y-axes.
Some candidates mixed these curves up with enthalpy level diagrams. It was nice to see more candidates giving a more precise label
for the y-axis as probability/fraction of molecules rather than just number of molecules. The latter was allowed but is less precise
(although does tend to be used in many IB textbooks).
 [3 marks]
8c.

Markscheme

(i) ;

(ii) ;

(iii) ;

Examiners report
Part (c) however was very well answered.

[5 marks]
8d.

Markscheme
(i) second order in ClO2 and first order in OH− ;

rate = k[ClO2]2[OH− ];

Award [2] for correct final answer.

(ii) k = 2.30 × 102/230;

−2
mol dm6s− 1;
(iii) 1.22 × 10−3/0.00122 (mol dm−3s− 1);

Examiners report
In part (d), many candidates also scored highly though the units of k in (ii) did cause a problem for some candidates.

[1 mark]
8e.

Markscheme
ethyl ethanoate;

Do not allow ethyl acetate.

 Examiners report
In (e) (i), the most common mistake was candidates stating ethyl methanoate instead of ethyl ethanoate.

[1 mark]
8f.

Markscheme
as temperature/T increases, (value of) rate constant/k increases (exponentially);

Do not allow answers involving ln k from the Arrhenius equation.

Do not allow T directly proportional to k.

Examiners report
In part (ii), a number of candidates stated incorrectly that T is directly proportional to k, which is incorrect. Proportionality is a concept
embedded in AS 11.3.1 in Topic 11, and may be worth some further discussion in the light of the Arrhenius Equation.

[4 marks]
8g.

Markscheme
slope = −5.6 × 103/ − 5600 (K);

Ea = −slope × R/slope = −Ea/R;

Ea( = 5.60 × 103 K × 8.31 J K− 1mol− 1) = 4.65 × 104 (J mol− 1)/46.5 (kJ mol− 1);
Accept answers in range 4.60 × 10 4 J mol
− 1 to 4.67 ×

104 (J mol
− 1).

J mol− 1/kJ mol− 1;

Accept J or kJ.

Unit mark can be scored independently but correct Ea values with incorrect units scores only [3 max] (for example 46.5 J mol
− 1).

Award [4] for correct final answer.

Examiners report
The most difficult part of Q6 however involved (e) (iii). Very few candidates scored full marks here and simply did not know how to
manipulate the equation to get the activation energy. Others even gave incorrect units.

8h. [1 mark]

Markscheme
3ClO− (aq) → ClO− −
3 (aq) + 2Cl (aq);

Ignore state symbols.

Examiners report
One respondent stated that part (f) (ii) would be difficult for candidates. (f) certainly did prove challenging and the rate expression for
step two was often given incorrectly. This question became a good discriminating question in Section B. However the better students
did manage to score all three marks in part (f).
8i. [2 marks]

Markscheme
Step 1: rate = k[ClO− ]2;
−
Step 2: rate = k[ClO−
2 ][ClO ];

Penalize missing k once only.

Examiners report
One respondent stated that part (f) (ii) would be difficult for candidates. (f) certainly did prove challenging and the rate expression for
step two was often given incorrectly. This question became a good discriminating question in Section B. However the better students
did manage to score all three marks in part (f).

[1 mark]
9a.

Markscheme
Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq) → H2(g) + MgCl2(aq);

Examiners report
Part (a) was scored correctly about 50% of the time but many assumed magnesium chloride to be MgCl.

[3 marks]
9b.

Markscheme
n(Mg) = ( 0.0740
24.31
) = 3.04 × 10−3 (mol);

Accept range 3.04 × 10 –3 to 3.08 × 10 –3.

n(HCl) = (2.00 × 15.0 × 10−3) = 3.00 × 10− 2 (mol);

Mg;

Examiners report
Many candidates were able to answer (b) correctly with ECF (error carried forward) taken into account as necessary.

[3 marks]
9c.

Markscheme
(i) n(H2) = n(Mg) = 3.04 × 10−3 (mol);
Accept same value as in 2(b).

Answer must be in range 3.04 x 10 –3 to 3.08 x 10 –3 and must have 2, 3 or 4 significant figures.

(ii) V (= nRT
) = 3.04 × 10−3× 8.31 × 293× 106
;
P 1.01 × 105

= 73.4 (cm3);
Accept answers in the range 72.3 to 74.3 (cm 3).
 Examiners report
In (c)(i), many following through directly from (b) weren’t careful enough with the significant figures of the answer and were penalized
here. Part (c)(ii) required a careful calculation; most did not make the correct correction to cm3.

[2 marks]
9d.

Markscheme
gas leaks from apparatus / gas escapes;

the syringe stuck;

Mg impure;

Examiners report
In (d), candidates needed to think whether the answer they gave made sense in the context of the experiment and their previous
answers. It is important that candidates are exposed to a wide range of practical experiences.

10. [1 mark]

Markscheme
D

Examiners report
[N/A]

[1 mark]
11.

Markscheme
D

Examiners report
[N/A]

12. [1 mark]

Markscheme
C

Examiners report
[N/A]
13a. [1 mark]

Markscheme
(1) 2 2 2 4
−−−−N(NO2)3(g) + −−CH3OH(l) → −−N2(g) + −−CO2(g) + −−H2O(l);

Examiners report
Most candidates got the correct stoichiometric coefficients for the equation in part (a).

13b. [3 marks]

Markscheme
−
bonds broken: (6 × 305) + (3 × 158) = 1830 + 474 = 2304 (kJ mol 1);

bonds made: (2 × 945) + (3 × 498) = 1890 + 1494 = 3384 (kJ mol− 1);
−
enthalpy change: 2304 − 3384 = −1080 (kJ mol 1);

Award [3] for correct final answer.

Award [2 max] for +1080 (kJ mol –1) .

Accept –234 kJ mol –1 which arise from students assuming that 305 kJ mol –1 refers to the strength of a single N–O bond. Students may
then take N=O from the data book value (587 kJ mol–1).

bonds broken: (3 × 305) + (3 × 587) + (3 × 158) = 915 + 1761 + 474 = 3150 (kJ mol–1)

bonds made: (2 × 945) + (3 × 498) = 1890 + 1494 = 3384 (kJ mol –1)

enthalpy change: 3150 – 3384 = –234 (kJ mol –1) .

Award [2 max] for correct calculation of the enthalpy change of reaction for the equation in part (a), which gives –2160 (kJ mol –1).

Award [1] if the final answer is not –2160 but the candidate has correctly calculated the bonds broken in trinitramide as 2304 (kJ mol –1).

Examiners report
In Part (c), the typical errors were using the incorrect bond enthalpies from the Data Booklet and using the sum of the bond enthalpies of
bond forming (products) minus bond breaking (reactants) instead of the reverse. Some candidates surprisingly used the combustion
equation from part (a) for their extensive calculations which was partially given credit.

[2 marks]
13c.

Markscheme
(N–N bond in) trinitramide is longer/nitrogen (gas) is shorter / 0.145 nm in trinitramide versus 0.110 nm in nitrogen;

trinitramide has single (N–N) bond and nitrogen (gas) has triple bond;

Examiners report
Part (d) was well answered although a number of candidates thought that nitrogen has a single or double bond instead of a triple bond
which was worrying. VSEPR theory however was exceptionally poor and most candidates demonstrated little or no understanding.
Many incorrect geometries were cited, especially trigonal planar and even linear and v-shaped! Very few candidates related the
geometry to four negative charge centres or electron domains around the central nitrogen atom.
 [3 marks]
13d.

Markscheme
106°–108°;

Accept <109°.

Any two for [2 max].

4 (negative) charge centres/electron pairs/electron domains around central nitrogen;

central nitrogen has a lone/non-bonding pair;

lone/non-bonding pairs repel more than bonding pairs;

molecule will be (trigonal/triangular) pyramidal;

(negative) charge centres/electron pairs/electron domains will be tetrahedrally arranged/orientated/ have tetrahedral geometry;

Do not apply ECF.

Examiners report
[N/A]

13e. [2 marks]

Markscheme
polar;

net dipole moment present in molecule / unsymmetrical distribution of charge / polar bonds do not cancel out / centre of negatively
charged oxygen atoms does not coincide with positively charged nitrogen atom;

Marks may also be awarded for a suitably presented diagram showing net dipole moment.

Do not accept “unsymmetrical molecule”.

For polarity, apply ECF from part (e).

Examiners report
In part (f), polarity typically involved just guess work and only few candidates could explain the reason for the polarity or gave a diagram
showing the net dipole moment which suggested poor understanding of the topic.

[3 marks]
13f.

Markscheme
burn/combust a (known) mass/volume/quantity/amount of methanol (in a spirit burner) / weigh methanol/spirit burner before and after
combustion;

use flame to heat a (known) mass/volume/quantity/amount of water;

measure the increase/rise/change in temperature (of the water);

Examiners report
Part (g) was generally well answered and of those that attempted the question they often scored full marks demonstrating good
understanding of calorimetry.
 [3 marks]
13g.

Markscheme
calculate the heat gained by the water / calculate the heat evolved by the burning methanol / substitute in q = mcΔT ;

calculate the amount/moles of methanol / divide the mass of methanol by its molar mass;

divide the heat gained by the water by the amount/moles of methanol;

Examiners report
Part (g) was generally well answered and of those that attempted the question they often scored full marks demonstrating good
understanding of calorimetry.

13h. [2 marks]

Markscheme
result would be less exothermic/less negative;

Accept “less/smaller/lower”.

heat loss / incomplete combustion;

Accept methanol is volatile/evaporates / beaker/material of calorimeter absorbs heat.

Examiners report
Part (g) was generally well answered and of those that attempted the question they often scored full marks demonstrating good
understanding of calorimetry.

14a. [1 mark]

Markscheme
(1) 2 2 2 4
−−−−N(NO2)3(g) + −−CH3OH(l) → −−N2(g) + −−CO2(g) + −−H2O(l);

Examiners report
Most students could insert the coefficients to balance the equation provided and many recognized the benign nature of the products
formed. Though the structure of trinitramide was not given this did not seem to hinder students in calculating the required enthalpy
change. A worryingly high number of students however used bond enthalpies to calculate the enthalpy change in the part (a) equation
rather than the much simpler decomposition asked for, so to allow them to gain some credit, the mark scheme was adjusted. The
sections relating to entropy and free energy changes were generally well tackled, as was the comparative lengths of the N-N bonds.
Predicting the shape and polarity of the trinitramide molecule often proved more difficult, especially explaining the polarity of the
molecule. Explanations of the effect of external pressure on boiling point, in terms of vapour pressure, and of the effect of temperature,
in terms of kinetic theory, often lacked clarity.
14b. [3 marks]

Markscheme
−
bonds broken: (6 × 305) + (3 × 158) = 1830 + 474 = 2304 (kJ mol 1);

bonds made: (2 × 945) + (3 × 498) = 1890 + 1494 = 3384 (kJ mol− 1);

enthalpy change: 2304 − 3384 = −1080 (kJ mol− 1);

Award [3] for correct final answer.

Award [2 max] for +1080 (kJ mol –1).

Accept –234 kJ mol –1 which arise from students assuming that 305 kJ mol –1 refers to the strength of a single N–O bond. Students may
then take N=O from the data book value (587 kJ mol–1).

bonds broken: (3 × 305) + (3 × 587) + (3 × 158) = 915 + 1761 + 474 = 3150 (kJ mol –1)

bonds made: (2 × 945) + (3 × 498) = 1890 + 1494 = 3384(kJ mol –1)

enthalpy change: 3150 – 3384 = –234(kJ mol –1).

Award [2 max] for correct calculation of the enthalpy change of reaction for the equation in part (a), which gives –2160 (kJ mol –1).

Award [1] if the final answer is not –2160 but the candidate has correctly calculated the bonds broken in trinitramide as 2304 (kJ mol –1).

Examiners report
Most students could insert the coefficients to balance the equation provided and many recognized the benign nature of the products
formed. Though the structure of trinitramide was not given this did not seem to hinder students in calculating the required enthalpy
change. A worryingly high number of students however used bond enthalpies to calculate the enthalpy change in the part (a) equation
rather than the much simpler decomposition asked for, so to allow them to gain some credit, the mark scheme was adjusted. The
sections relating to entropy and free energy changes were generally well tackled, as was the comparative lengths of the N-N bonds.
Predicting the shape and polarity of the trinitramide molecule often proved more difficult, especially explaining the polarity of the
molecule. Explanations of the effect of external pressure on boiling point, in terms of vapour pressure, and of the effect of temperature,
in terms of kinetic theory, often lacked clarity.

14c. [2 marks]

Markscheme
increase in the number of moles of gas;

gases have a greater entropy/degree of randomness (than liquids or solids);

Award [1 max] for answers stating that positive value indicates an increase in disorder/randomness.

Examiners report
Most students could insert the coefficients to balance the equation provided and many recognized the benign nature of the products
formed. Though the structure of trinitramide was not given this did not seem to hinder students in calculating the required enthalpy
change. A worryingly high number of students however used bond enthalpies to calculate the enthalpy change in the part (a) equation
rather than the much simpler decomposition asked for, so to allow them to gain some credit, the mark scheme was adjusted. The
sections relating to entropy and free energy changes were generally well tackled, as was the comparative lengths of the N-N bonds.
Predicting the shape and polarity of the trinitramide molecule often proved more difficult, especially explaining the polarity of the
molecule. Explanations of the effect of external pressure on boiling point, in terms of vapour pressure, and of the effect of temperature,
in terms of kinetic theory, often lacked clarity.
14d. [3 marks]

Markscheme
ΔG = ΔH − T × ΔS;
700
= −1080 − 300 × 1000 ;

−1290 (kJ mol− 1);

Award [3] for correct final answer.

Award [2 max] for incorrect conversions of units.

If no answer to part (c), using ΔH = –1000 kJ mol –1, gives –1020 (kJ mol –1).

Examiners report
Most students could insert the coefficients to balance the equation provided and many recognized the benign nature of the products
formed. Though the structure of trinitramide was not given this did not seem to hinder students in calculating the required enthalpy
change. A worryingly high number of students however used bond enthalpies to calculate the enthalpy change in the part (a) equation
rather than the much simpler decomposition asked for, so to allow them to gain some credit, the mark scheme was adjusted. The
sections relating to entropy and free energy changes were generally well tackled, as was the comparative lengths of the N-N bonds.
Predicting the shape and polarity of the trinitramide molecule often proved more difficult, especially explaining the polarity of the
molecule. Explanations of the effect of external pressure on boiling point, in terms of vapour pressure, and of the effect of temperature,
in terms of kinetic theory, often lacked clarity.

[2 marks]
14e.

Markscheme
no change in spontaneity / temp has no effect on spontaneity / spontaneous at all temperatures;

ΔG negative at all temperatures / exothermic/ ΔH negative and involves an increase in entropy/ ΔS positive;

Examiners report
Most students could insert the coefficients to balance the equation provided and many recognized the benign nature of the products
formed. Though the structure of trinitramide was not given this did not seem to hinder students in calculating the required enthalpy
change. A worryingly high number of students however used bond enthalpies to calculate the enthalpy change in the part (a) equation
rather than the much simpler decomposition asked for, so to allow them to gain some credit, the mark scheme was adjusted. The
sections relating to entropy and free energy changes were generally well tackled, as was the comparative lengths of the N-N bonds.
Predicting the shape and polarity of the trinitramide molecule often proved more difficult, especially explaining the polarity of the
molecule. Explanations of the effect of external pressure on boiling point, in terms of vapour pressure, and of the effect of temperature,
in terms of kinetic theory, often lacked clarity.

[2 marks]
14f.

Markscheme
(N–N bond in) trinitramide is longer/nitrogen (gas) is shorter / 0.145 nm in trinitramide versus 0.110 nm in nitrogen;

trinitramide has single (N–N) bond and nitrogen (gas) has triple bond;

Examiners report
Most students could insert the coefficients to balance the equation provided and many recognized the benign nature of the products
formed. Though the structure of trinitramide was not given this did not seem to hinder students in calculating the required enthalpy
change. A worryingly high number of students however used bond enthalpies to calculate the enthalpy change in the part (a) equation
rather than the much simpler decomposition asked for, so to allow them to gain some credit, the mark scheme was adjusted. The
sections relating to entropy and free energy changes were generally well tackled, as was the comparative lengths of the N-N bonds.
Predicting the shape and polarity of the trinitramide molecule often proved more difficult, especially explaining the polarity of the
molecule. Explanations of the effect of external pressure on boiling point, in terms of vapour pressure, and of the effect of temperature,
in terms of kinetic theory, often lacked clarity.
14g. [3 marks]

Markscheme
106° – 108°;

Accept < 109°.

Any two for [2 max].

4 (negative) charge centres/electron pairs/electron domains around central nitrogen;

central nitrogen has a lone/non-bonding pair;

lone/non-bonding pairs repel more than bonding pairs;

molecule will be (trigonal/triangular) pyramidal;

(negative) charge centres/electron pairs/electron domains will be tetrahedrally arranged/orientated/ have tetrahedral geometry;

Do not apply ECF.

Examiners report
Most students could insert the coefficients to balance the equation provided and many recognized the benign nature of the products
formed. Though the structure of trinitramide was not given this did not seem to hinder students in calculating the required enthalpy
change. A worryingly high number of students however used bond enthalpies to calculate the enthalpy change in the part (a) equation
rather than the much simpler decomposition asked for, so to allow them to gain some credit, the mark scheme was adjusted. The
sections relating to entropy and free energy changes were generally well tackled, as was the comparative lengths of the N-N bonds.
Predicting the shape and polarity of the trinitramide molecule often proved more difficult, especially explaining the polarity of the
molecule. Explanations of the effect of external pressure on boiling point, in terms of vapour pressure, and of the effect of temperature,
in terms of kinetic theory, often lacked clarity.

[2 marks]
14h.

Markscheme
polar;

net dipole moment present in molecule / unsymmetrical distribution of charge / polar bonds do not cancel out / centre of negatively
charged oxygen atoms does not coincide with positively charged nitrogen atom;

Marks may also be awarded for a suitably presented diagram showing net dipole moment.

Do not accept “unsymmetrical molecule”.

Apply ECF from part (h).

Examiners report
Most students could insert the coefficients to balance the equation provided and many recognized the benign nature of the products
formed. Though the structure of trinitramide was not given this did not seem to hinder students in calculating the required enthalpy
change. A worryingly high number of students however used bond enthalpies to calculate the enthalpy change in the part (a) equation
rather than the much simpler decomposition asked for, so to allow them to gain some credit, the mark scheme was adjusted. The
sections relating to entropy and free energy changes were generally well tackled, as was the comparative lengths of the N-N bonds.
Predicting the shape and polarity of the trinitramide molecule often proved more difficult, especially explaining the polarity of the
molecule. Explanations of the effect of external pressure on boiling point, in terms of vapour pressure, and of the effect of temperature,
in terms of kinetic theory, often lacked clarity.
 [3 marks]
15a.

Markscheme

Award [1] for each feature that is correct for both sodium and sodium chloride.

Accept equation or half-equations for the reaction of sodium chloride in “reaction occurring”.

Examiners report
Very poorly answered. The state of matter received most marks, conducting particles seldom correct and reaction occurring generally
misunderstood by candidates.

[3 marks]
15b.

Markscheme

clear diagram containing all elements (power supply, connecting wires, electrodes, container and electrolyte);

labelled positive electrode/anode and negative electrode/cathode;

Accept positive and negative by correct symbols near power supply.

Accept power supply if shown as conventional long/short lines (as in diagram above) or clearly labelled DC power supply.

labelled electrolyte/NaCl(l);

State of NaCl not needed.

Examiners report
Diagrams were very poorly drawn, many without power supplies and the wires within the electrolyte. The electrodes were often mis-
signed as Na and/or Cl. Many candidates seem to confuse voltaic cells with electrolytic cells.
 [3 marks]
16a.

Markscheme
same functional group / same general formula;

difference between successive members is CH2;

similar chemical properties;

Do not accept “same” chemical properties.

gradually changing physical properties;

Examiners report
Students had surprisingly difficulties to name the features of a homologous series. Common mistakes were to say SAME chemical or
physical properties or same empirical/molecular/structural formula.

16b. [2 marks]

Markscheme
adding bromine (water);

ethene: brown/orange to colourless / decolourizes bromine water and

ethane: does not change colour;

OR

adding acidified potassium permanganate solution/KMnO4(aq);

ethene: purple to colourless/brown and

ethane: does not change colour;

OR

adding Baeyer’s reagent;

ethene: purple/pink to brown and

ethane: does not change colour;

Do not accept “clear” or “transparent” for “colourless”.

Examiners report
Most candidates did well describing the test to distinguish alkanes and alkenes.

[2 marks]
16c.

Markscheme
C 2H4 + HBr → C 2H5Br;
C 2H6 + Br2 → C 2H5Br + HBr;
Accept structural formulas.

Penalise missing H atoms or incorrect bonds (such as C–HO, C–H 2C) in structural formulas only once in the paper.

Examiners report
The formation of dibromobutane was a common error.
16d. [1 mark]

Markscheme
C 4H9Br + OH− → C 4H9OH + Br− ;
Accept NaOH in the equation.

Examiners report
The equation for the reaction of the C 4H9Br with NaOH presented no problem.

[1 mark]
16e.

Markscheme
decreases;

Examiners report
Some did not realize that pH decreases as NaOH is reacting, often referring as the pH would become more neutral.

[2 marks]
16f.

Markscheme
C4H9Br:

[C4H9Br] doubles and time halves/rate doubles / rate proportional to [C 4H9Br];

Do not accept rate increases when [C4H9Br] increases.

NaOH:

[NaOH] doubles and time/rate does not change / rate independent of [NaOH];

Examiners report
Candidates could deduce that the concentration of NaOH does not affect the rate, but could not accurately explain and quantify the
relationship between the concentration of C4H9Br and the rate of reaction. Time and rate were often confused.

[1 mark]
16g.

Markscheme
increases rate;

Accept increases number of collisions.

Examiners report
This was well answered.
 [2 marks]
16h.

Markscheme
rate depends on [C 4H9Br] only / rate does not depend on [OH− ] / SN1 reaction /

first order reaction / if it was primary, reaction would be SN2;

tertiary;

Accept ECF.

Examiners report
Very few candidates could relate rate information to deduce that C 4H9Br was tertiary.

16i. [1 mark]

Markscheme
(CH3)3CBr;
Allow both condensed and full structural formula.

Accept ECF.

Examiners report
The structural formula was generally gained by ECF.

[1 mark]
16j.

Markscheme
C 4H9Br + Br2 → C 4H8Br2 + HBr;

Examiners report
Students did not have problems with the equation.
 [4 marks]
16k.

Markscheme

curly arrow showing Br− leaving;

representation of tertiary carbocation;

curly arrow going from lone pair/negative charge on O in − OH to C + ;

Do not allow arrow originating on H in –OH.

formation of (CH3)3COH and Br− ;

Accept Br– anywhere on product side in the reaction scheme.

If primary halogenoalkane has been answered in (c)(iii) apply ECF for the mechanism:

curly arrow going from lone pair/negative charge on O in − OH to C;

Do not allow curly arrow originating on H in –OH.

curly arrow showing Br− leaving;

Accept curly arrow either going from bond between C and Br to Br in bromobutane or in the transition state.

representation of transition state showing negative charge, square brackets and partial bond;

Do not penalize if HO and Br are not at 180° to each other.

Do not award M3 if OH—C bond is represented.

formation of organic product C 4H9OH and Br− ;

Accept Br– anywhere on product side in the reaction scheme.

Examiners report
Mechanism with curly arrows was done very poorly, students confused SN1 and SN2 mechanisms, drew arrows that did not show
clearly origin and end or did not draw any arrow at all.

17a. [3 marks]

Markscheme
same functional group / same general formula;

difference between successive members is CH2;

similar chemical properties;

Do not accept “same” chemical properties.

gradually changing physical properties;

Examiners report
Features of an homologous series need to be learnt; this was answered relatively poorly.
17b. [2 marks]

Markscheme
adding bromine (water);

but-2-ene: brown/orange to colourless / decolourizes bromine water and

butane: does not change colour;

OR

adding acidified potassium permanganate solution/KMnO 4(aq);

but-2-ene: purple to colourless/brown and

butane: does not change colour;

OR

adding Baeyer’s reagent;

but-2-ene: purple/pink to brown and

butane: does not change colour;

Do not accept “clear” or “transparent” for “colourless”.

Examiners report
The most common reagent was bromine (some indeed used liquid bromine!) and the common errors were using HBr and describing
“colourless” as “clear”.

17c. [1 mark]

Markscheme

Accept condensed structural formula.

Penalise missing H atoms or incorrect bonds (such as C–HO, C–H 2C) once only in the whole paper.

Examiners report
In (iii), some gave the equation backwards, a consequence, perhaps, of misreading the question.

[1 mark]
17d.

Markscheme
compounds with the same structural formula but different arrangement of atoms (in space);

Examiners report
In (iv) many referred to “same molecular formula” rather than “same structural formula”.
 [2 marks]
17e.

Markscheme
(but-2-ene exists as) cis-but-2-ene and trans-but-2-ene /

restricted rotation of C=C/double bond;

Examiners report
The lack of rotation about the double bond in (v) was not well described.

[3 marks]
17f.

Markscheme
C4H9Br:

[C4H9Br] doubles and time halves/rate doubles/rate proportional to [C4H9Br];

Do not accept rate increases when [C4H9Br] increases.

NaOH:

[NaOH] doubles and time/rate does not change/rate independent of [NaOH];

C4H9Br: first order and NaOH: zero order;

Examiners report
In (c) (i) the explanations were a little vague, some candidates perhaps being fooled by the data of time rather than rate. Many expected
to be given marks for a series of numbers and calculations without explanations.

[1 mark]
17g.

Markscheme
rate = k[C 4H9Br];

Accept ECF.

Examiners report
Answers to (ii) were usually consistent with (i).

[1 mark]
17h.

Markscheme
s− 1;
Accept ECF.

Examiners report
Answers to (iii) were usually consistent with (i).
 [1 mark]
17i.

Markscheme
greater stability of tertiary carbocation;

steric hindrance for SN2 mechanism;

positive inductive effect (of alkyl groups);

Do not allow ECF.

Examiners report
(ii) was rarely answered correctly while the answer to (iii) was patchy.

[1 mark]
17j.

Markscheme
the first step / Br− leaving / formation of carbocation;

Do not allow ECF.

Examiners report
(ii) was rarely answered correctly while the answer to (iii) was patchy.

[1 mark]
18a.

Markscheme
systematic (error);

Do not accept parallax.

Examiners report
Question 1 presented difficulties to many candidates. It is felt that the extended nature of the response distracted candidates from rather
straight-forward quantitative chemistry calculations. Part (a) required candidates to determine whether an error was systematic or
random and part (b) asked for the meaning of precision. Both of these questions are relevant to Topic 11.

[1 mark]
18b.

Markscheme
closeness of agreement of a set of measurements to each other / OWTTE;

Allow reproducibility/consistency of measurement / measurements with small random errors/total amount of random errors/standard
deviation / a more precise value contains more significant figures / OWTTE.

Examiners report
Question 1 presented difficulties to many candidates. It is felt that the extended nature of the response distracted candidates from rather
straight-forward quantitative chemistry calculations. Part (a) required candidates to determine whether an error was systematic or
random and part (b) asked for the meaning of precision. Both of these questions are relevant to Topic 11.
 [1 mark]
18c.

Markscheme
potassium permanganate has a very dark/deep (purple) colour so cannot read bottom of meniscus / OWTTE;

Examiners report
Very few candidates related reading the top of the meniscus in the burette in part (c) to the colour of the KMnO 4 solution. While it is
acknowledged that few candidates would have performed this experiment themselves, it is reasonable that candidates should know the
colour of KMnO4.

18d. [1 mark]

Markscheme
gain (of electrons);

Examiners report
Part d) (i) was answered very well with nearly all candidates correctly defining reduction.

18e. [1 mark]

Markscheme
VII / +7;

Do not accept 7 or 7+.

Examiners report
In d) (ii) many candidates correctly deduced the oxidation number of Mn in MnO 4 . Several lost marks, however, for not using
acceptable notation. 7 by itself is not correct.

[2 marks]
18f.

Markscheme
volume = 16.80 (cm3)/18.00 − 1.20 (cm3);

amount (= 16.80× 5.00 × 10−3

) = 8.40 × 10−5 (mol);
1000

Award [2] for correct final answer.

Examiners report
Part (e) involved the calculations. Candidates were guided through the process of calculating number of moles from concentration and
volume, finding mole ratios, and determining mass from moles and molar mass. Better candidates performed these calculations well.
Weaker candidates often scored follow-through marks when working was shown.

18g. [1 mark]

Markscheme
(8.40 × 10−5 × 5 × 10) = 4.20 × 10−3 (mol per 250 cm3);
 Examiners report
Part (e) involved the calculations. Candidates were guided through the process of calculating number of moles from concentration and
volume, finding mole ratios, and determining mass from moles and molar mass. Better candidates performed these calculations well.
Weaker candidates often scored follow-through marks when working was shown.

[1 mark]
18h.

Markscheme
(55.85 × 4.20 × 10−3) = 0.235 (g);
Do not penalize if 56 g mol –1 is used for atomic mass of iron.

Examiners report
Part (e) involved the calculations. Candidates were guided through the process of calculating number of moles from concentration and
volume, finding mole ratios, and determining mass from moles and molar mass. Better candidates performed these calculations well.
Weaker candidates often scored follow-through marks when working was shown.

[1 mark]
18i.

Markscheme
( 0.235 × 100
1.65
=) 14.2% ;

No ECF if answer >100 %.

Examiners report
Part (e) involved the calculations. Candidates were guided through the process of calculating number of moles from concentration and
volume, finding mole ratios, and determining mass from moles and molar mass. Better candidates performed these calculations well.
Weaker candidates often scored follow-through marks when working was shown.

18j. [1 mark]

Markscheme
MnO2;

Examiners report
In f) (i) a common error was to write Mn 2O4 as the formula for manganese(IV) oxide. Also common was the use of the symbol Mg for
manganese.

[2 marks]
19a.

Markscheme
atoms of same element / atoms with same number of protons/atomic number/Z;

Do not allow elements instead of atoms in second alternative.

(but) different numbers of neutrons/mass number/A;

 Examiners report
This was by far the most popular choice of question in Section B. Again, part a) (i) proved challenging as many candidates failed to
refer to atoms in their definition and scored only 1 mark out of 2.

[2 marks]
19b.

Markscheme

Allow [1 max] for 17 p, 17 e for both if n’s are omitted or incorrect.

Allow [1 max] for 35Cl: 18 n and 37Cl: 20 n if p’s and e’s are omitted.

Examiners report
In a) (ii) most candidates could state the numbers of protons, neutrons and electrons in the isotopes of chlorine. Those who got this
wrong gave answers which indicated a complete lack of understanding of atomic structure.

[2 marks]
19c.

Markscheme
(for 35Cl : x%) 35x + 3700 − 37x = 3545;
Allow other alternative mathematical arrangements.
35Cl = 77.5% and 37Cl = 22.5%;
Award [1 max] for correct percentages if no correct working is shown.

Examiners report
In a) (iii) some candidates remembered the percentage abundance of chlorine isotopes but could not do the calculation.

[1 mark]
19d.

Markscheme
ability of atom/nucleus to attract bonding/shared pair of electrons / attraction of nucleus for bonding/shared pair of electrons / OWTTE;

Do not allow element instead of atom/nucleus.

Examiners report
Part b) (i) required another definition. Again, many candidates lost marks for inarticulate responses.
 [2 marks]
19e.

Markscheme
increasing atomic radii (down the group) / OWTTE;

so reduced attraction (for the bonding electrons) / OWTTE;

screening/shielding effect of inner electrons / OWTTE;

Allow more energy levels/electron shells for M1.

Do not accept decrease in nuclear charge.

Examiners report
The explanation in b) (ii) of trends in electronegativity values was reasonably well done, with most candidates scoring at least one mark
out of two.

19f. [1 mark]

Markscheme
2KBr(aq) + Cl2(aq) → 2KCl(aq) + Br2(aq);
Ignore state symbols.

Allow ionic equation.

Examiners report
However, writing a balanced equation in b) (iii) was poorly done with many candidates not knowing the formula of KCl, and not knowing
what products would be formed. This is clearly on the syllabus in 3.3.1.

[1 mark]
19g.

Markscheme
colourless/pale yellow/green to yellow/orange/brown;

Start and end colours must both be mentioned.

Examiners report
Almost no-one knew the colours of aqueous chlorine and aqueous bromine in b) (iv).
19h. [3 marks]

Markscheme
Bonds breaking:

1 × (C=C) + 4 × (C–H) + 1 × (Cl–Cl)

= (1)(612) + (4)(413) + (1)(243)/ = (+)2507 (kJ mol− 1);

Bonds forming:

1 × (C–C) + 4 × (C–H) + 2 × (Cl–Cl)

= (1)(347) + (4)(413) + (2)(346)/ = −2691 (kJ mol− 1);

Enthalpy change:

(2507 − 2691 =) − 184 (kJ mol− 1);

OR

Bonds breaking:

1 × (C=C) + 1 × (Cl–Cl)

= (1)(612) + (1)(243)/ = (+)855 (kJ mol− 1);

Bonds forming:

1 × (C–C) + 2 × (C–Cl)

= (1)(347) + (2)(346)/ = −1039 (kJ mol− 1);

Enthalpy change:

(855 − 1039 =) − 184 (kJ mol− 1);

Award [3] for correct final answer.

Examiners report
In part c) (ii) the calculation of ΔH using bond enthalpies was done well. Some candidates failed to use the C=C bond enthalpy value
and some did not recall that bond breaking is endothermic and bond formation exothermic.

[1 mark]
19i.

Markscheme
exothermic;

Do not award mark unless based on some value for part (iii).

Examiners report
Nearly everyone scored a mark in c) (iii) as follow-through marks were awarded.
 [1 mark]
19j.

Markscheme
representation of PVC showing two repeating units;

For example,

Brackets not necessary but continuation bonds must be given.

No penalty if chlorines are not on same side.

No penalty if chlorines are on two middle C atoms or on two end C atoms.

Examiners report
Drawing two repeating units of poly(chloroethene) presented difficulties in c) (iv). Some candidates tried to draw the monomers joined
through the chlorine atoms.

19k. [2 marks]

Markscheme
monomers are smaller molecules / monomers have smaller mass / smaller surface area than polymers;

weaker/fewer intermolecular/London/dispersion/van der Waals’ forces (of attraction);

Allow reverse argument.

Allow abbreviation for London/dispersion as FDL or for van der Waals’ as vdW.

Award zero if reference is made to breaking of bonds.

Examiners report
In c) (v) most candidates scored at least one out of two for explaining why monomers have a much lower melting point than polymers.

[1 mark]
20a.

Markscheme
increase (in oxidation number);

Examiners report
Many made mistakes in writing a balanced equation for the reaction between Cu and HNO 3, in drawing a diagram for a hydrogen
electrode, in writing a definition of ‘standard electrode potential’. Most could draw a labeled diagram for an electrochemical cell. Many
mistakes were made in writing balanced equations for reactions at the electrodes and overall equation for the electrolysis of water.
 [2 marks]
20b.

Markscheme
Cu(s) + 2NO− + 2+
3 (aq) + 4H (aq) → Cu (aq) + 2NO2(g) + 2H2O(l) /

Cu(s) + 2HNO3(aq) + 2H+ (aq) → Cu2+ + 2NO2(g) + 2HO(l);

correct reactants and products;

fully balanced chemical equation;

Ignore state symbols.

M1 can be scored if there are unbalanced electrons in equation.

M2 can only be scored if M1 is correct.

M2 can be scored if there are balanced electrons on both sides of equation.

Examiners report
Many made mistakes in writing a balanced equation for the reaction between Cu and HNO 3, in drawing a diagram for a hydrogen
electrode, in writing a definition of ‘standard electrode potential’. Most could draw a labeled diagram for an electrochemical cell. Many
mistakes were made in writing balanced equations for reactions at the electrodes and overall equation for the electrolysis of water.

[1 mark]
20c.

Markscheme
Oxidizing agent: NO−
3 /nitrate/ HNO3/nitric acid and Reducing agent: Cu/copper;

Examiners report
Many made mistakes in writing a balanced equation for the reaction between Cu and HNO 3, in drawing a diagram for a hydrogen
electrode, in writing a definition of ‘standard electrode potential’. Most could draw a labeled diagram for an electrochemical cell. Many
mistakes were made in writing balanced equations for reactions at the electrodes and overall equation for the electrolysis of water.
 [3 marks]
20d.

Markscheme
Diagram showing gas, solution and solid electrode;

For example,

1 mol dm−3 H+ (aq) and Pt;

Allow 1 mol L –1 or 1 M.

Allow 1 mol dm–3 HCl (aq) or other source of 1mol dm−3 H+(aq) ions.

100 kPa/10
5 Pa/1 bar (H

2 (g) pressure) and 298K / 25 °C;

Ignore state symbols throughout.
Allow 1.01×10
5 Pa/1 atm.

Examiners report
Many made mistakes in writing a balanced equation for the reaction between Cu and HNO 3, in drawing a diagram for a hydrogen
electrode, in writing a definition of ‘standard electrode potential’. Most could draw a labeled diagram for an electrochemical cell. Many
mistakes were made in writing balanced equations for reactions at the electrodes and overall equation for the electrolysis of water.

[1 mark]
20e.

Markscheme
potential of reduction half-reaction under standard conditions measured relative to standard hydrogen electrode/SHE / potential under
standard conditions relative to standard hydrogen electrode/SHE;

Instead of standard conditions allow either solute concentration of 1 mol dm–3 or 100 kPa/105 Pa/1 bar (pressure) for gases (allow 1
atm).

Allow voltage/EMF instead of potential.

Examiners report
Many made mistakes in writing a balanced equation for the reaction between Cu and HNO 3, in drawing a diagram for a hydrogen
electrode, in writing a definition of ‘standard electrode potential’. Most could draw a labeled diagram for an electrochemical cell. Many
mistakes were made in writing balanced equations for reactions at the electrodes and overall equation for the electrolysis of water.
 [2 marks]
20f.

Markscheme
Cu2+ (aq) + H2(g) → Cu(s) + 2H+ (aq)
reactants and products;

fully balanced chemical equation, including state symbols;

M2 cannot be scored if M1 is incorrect.

Examiners report
Many made mistakes in writing a balanced equation for the reaction between Cu and HNO 3, in drawing a diagram for a hydrogen
electrode, in writing a definition of ‘standard electrode potential’. Most could draw a labeled diagram for an electrochemical cell. Many
mistakes were made in writing balanced equations for reactions at the electrodes and overall equation for the electrolysis of water.

[1 mark]
20g.

Markscheme
(+)0.48 (V);

Examiners report
Many made mistakes in writing a balanced equation for the reaction between Cu and HNO 3, in drawing a diagram for a hydrogen
electrode, in writing a definition of ‘standard electrode potential’. Most could draw a labeled diagram for an electrochemical cell. Many
mistakes were made in writing balanced equations for reactions at the electrodes and overall equation for the electrolysis of water.

20h. [1 mark]

Markscheme
positive;

Examiners report
Many made mistakes in writing a balanced equation for the reaction between Cu and HNO 3, in drawing a diagram for a hydrogen
electrode, in writing a definition of ‘standard electrode potential’. Most could draw a labeled diagram for an electrochemical cell. Many
mistakes were made in writing balanced equations for reactions at the electrodes and overall equation for the electrolysis of water.

[1 mark]
20i.

Markscheme
provides ions (to carry current) / water poor conductor (of electricity);

Do not accept electrons instead of ions.

Examiners report
Many made mistakes in writing a balanced equation for the reaction between Cu and HNO 3, in drawing a diagram for a hydrogen
electrode, in writing a definition of ‘standard electrode potential’. Most could draw a labeled diagram for an electrochemical cell. Many
mistakes were made in writing balanced equations for reactions at the electrodes and overall equation for the electrolysis of water.
20j. [1 mark]

Markscheme
copper reacts so (nonreactive metal such as) Pt used;

Accept Ag, Au or any named metal less reactive than copper as electrode.

Do not accept Cu reacts with water or graphite as electrode.

Examiners report
Many made mistakes in writing a balanced equation for the reaction between Cu and HNO 3, in drawing a diagram for a hydrogen
electrode, in writing a definition of ‘standard electrode potential’. Most could draw a labeled diagram for an electrochemical cell. Many
mistakes were made in writing balanced equations for reactions at the electrodes and overall equation for the electrolysis of water.

[2 marks]
20k.

Markscheme
Positive electrode (anode):

2H2O(l) → O2(g) + 4H+ (aq) + 4e− / 4OH− (aq) → O2(g) + 2H2O(l) + 4e− ;
Negative electrode (cathode):

H+ (aq) + e− → 12 H2(g) / 4H+ (aq) + 4e− → 2H2(g) / 2H+ (aq) + 2e− → H2 /

2H2O(l) + 2e− → H2(g) + 2OH− (aq) / H2O(l) + e− → 12 H2(g) + OH− ;

Award [1 max] if M1 and M2 reversed.

Ignore state symbols.

Allow e instead of e–.

Do not penalize use of equilibrium sign instead of →.

Accept a multiple of the equations.

Examiners report
Many made mistakes in writing a balanced equation for the reaction between Cu and HNO 3, in drawing a diagram for a hydrogen
electrode, in writing a definition of ‘standard electrode potential’. Most could draw a labeled diagram for an electrochemical cell. Many
mistakes were made in writing balanced equations for reactions at the electrodes and overall equation for the electrolysis of water.

20l. [1 mark]

Markscheme
2H2O(l) → 2H2(g) + O2(g) / H2O(l) → H2(g) + 12 O2(g);

State symbols required as asked for in question.

Do not penalize use of equilibrium sign instead of →.

Do not accept any multiple of 2H +(aq) + 2OH–(aq) → 2H2(g) + O2(g).

Examiners report
Many made mistakes in writing a balanced equation for the reaction between Cu and HNO 3, in drawing a diagram for a hydrogen
electrode, in writing a definition of ‘standard electrode potential’. Most could draw a labeled diagram for an electrochemical cell. Many
mistakes were made in writing balanced equations for reactions at the electrodes and overall equation for the electrolysis of water.
 [2 marks]
20m.

Markscheme

electrolytic cell showing solid electrodes immersed in solution;

positive electrode (anode) connected to positive terminal of battery and

negative electrode (cathode) to negative terminal;

Allow graphite or metal given in e(iii) as electrodes.

Examiners report
Many made mistakes in writing a balanced equation for the reaction between Cu and HNO 3, in drawing a diagram for a hydrogen
electrode, in writing a definition of ‘standard electrode potential’. Most could draw a labeled diagram for an electrochemical cell. Many
mistakes were made in writing balanced equations for reactions at the electrodes and overall equation for the electrolysis of water.

[1 mark]
20n.

Markscheme
bubbles /gas produced;

Do not accept hydrogen is formed at cathode and oxygen formed at anode.

Examiners report
Many made mistakes in writing a balanced equation for the reaction between Cu and HNO 3, in drawing a diagram for a hydrogen
electrode, in writing a definition of ‘standard electrode potential’. Most could draw a labeled diagram for an electrochemical cell. Many
mistakes were made in writing balanced equations for reactions at the electrodes and overall equation for the electrolysis of water.

[2 marks]
20o.

Markscheme
n(O2) (= ( 22.4×
100
1000
)) = 4.46 × 10−3 (mol);

m (= (4.46 × 10−3 × 2 × 207.19)) = 1.85 (g);

OR

n(O2) (= PV
RT
) = 4.45 × 10−3 (mol);

m (= 4.45 × 10−3 × 2 × 207.19) = 1.84 (g);

Examiners report
Many made mistakes in writing a balanced equation for the reaction between Cu and HNO 3, in drawing a diagram for a hydrogen
electrode, in writing a definition of ‘standard electrode potential’. Most could draw a labeled diagram for an electrochemical cell. Many
mistakes were made in writing balanced equations for reactions at the electrodes and overall equation for the electrolysis of water.
 21. [1 mark]

Markscheme
A

Examiners report
There was a comment in the G2s that this question is too easy for IB level. Some easier questions are needed to give the paper
balance. It was not the easiest question on the paper but 82% of the candidates got it right. Worryingly, 811 candidates thought NaCl to
be the solvent.

22. [1 mark]

Markscheme
C

Examiners report
Although this might have seemed unfamiliar, nearly 50% gave the correct answer. Many thought this was too challenging for an early
question. The examination questions are, and have been for many years, presented in topic order. Those candidates who find the more
mathematical manipulation testing should, perhaps, be advised the tackle the questions in a different order.

[1 mark]
23.

Markscheme
C

Examiners report
Candidates found this to be relatively straightforward with 73% giving the correct answer.

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