Topics we gonna cover…

 Fluids and their Properties

 Pressure and Head
 Static Forces on Surfaces
 Buoyancy
 Motion of Fluid Particles and Streams
 The Momentum Equation and its Applications
 The Energy Equation and its Applications
 Two-dimensional Ideal Flow
 Dimensional Analysis and Similarity

Upaka Rathnayake (PhD)

194
 Two-dimensional Ideal Flow
Real fluids – Effects of viscosity
Ideal fluid - purely hypothetical fluid which is assumed to have no
viscosity and no compressibility, and, in the case of liquids, no
surface tension and no vaporization

The ideal flow theory may also be extended to situations in which

fluid viscosity is very small and velocities are high, since they
correspond to very high values of Reynolds number, at which flows
are independent of viscosity.

The study of ideal flow provides mathematical expressions for

streamlines in elementary or basic flow patterns.

Upaka Rathnayake (PhD) 195

 Rotational and Irrotational flow
there are two types of motion: translation and rotation
The two may exist independently or simultaneously

Translation and rotation

Linear and angular deformation

Upaka Rathnayake (PhD) 196

The two angles of rotation α and β will not be the same if deformation takes place
and, therefore, the average rate of rotation in time dt will be
    1 1    
     
 2  dt 2  dt 
for small values and taking anticlockwise rotation as positive
Arc v y 1 v y
  dxdt  dt
Radius x dx x
Upaka Rathnayake (PhD) 197
 vx 1 v
  dydt   x dt
y dy y
The rate of rotation about the z axis is, therefore,

    1 1    
     
 2  dt 2  dt 
1  v y v 1 1  v y vx 
Z   dt  x dt     
2  x y  dt 2  x y 

 v y vx 
If      Vorticity 
 x y 
1
Z  
2
ωz -angular velocity of the fluid elements about
  2Z their mass centre in the x–y plane.

Upaka Rathnayake (PhD) 198

flow is irrotational
  0  2Z
Z  0
v y vx
 0
x y

The distinction between rotational and irrotational flow is important

because, for example, it will be shown later that Bernoulli’s equation
derived for a streamline applies to all streamlines in the flow field
only if the flow is irrotational.

Upaka Rathnayake (PhD) 199

 Velocity Potential
Irrotational flow
v yvx
 0
x y
 
Definition of Velocity Potential (φ) vx  ; vy 
x y

Continuity Equation vx v y

 0
x y
      
   y 

    0
x
x y
 2  2
 2 0
x 2
y

Upaka Rathnayake (PhD) 200

 Stream Function
Definition of Stream Function ( ) vx 

; vy  

y x

v yvx
Irrotational flow  0
x y       
   y 
 x    0
x y
 2  2
 2  2 0
x y
 2  2
 2 0
x 2
y

Upaka Rathnayake (PhD) 201

 Properties of Stream Function

 = constant represents a streamline

 = constant along y=y(x)

 
d  dx  dy
x y
0  v y dx  vx dy
dx dy

vx v y

Upaka Rathnayake (PhD) 202

Properties of Stream Function

2

q
1

q = y2 - y1

Upaka Rathnayake (PhD) 203

 Properties of Stream Function
Streamlines and equipotential lines are always perpendicular to
each other

Upaka Rathnayake (PhD) 204

 Properties of Stream Function

Along a streamline
 
d  dx  dy
x y
0  v y dx  vx dy
dx dy

vx v y
 dy  vy
  
 dx  vx

Upaka Rathnayake (PhD) 205

 Properties of Stream Function
Along an equipotential line

 
d  dx  dy
x y
0  vx dx  v y dy
 dy  vx
  
 dx  vy

 dy   dy  vx v y
     
 dx   dx  v y vx
 dy   dy 
     1
 dx   dx 
Upaka Rathnayake (PhD)
206
Flow net example

Upaka Rathnayake (PhD) 207