 Title Page

 Declaration
 Abstract/Objectives
 Acknowledgements
 Table of Contents
1. Introduction
2. Background
3. SINGLE PARTICLE MOTION
3.1EQUATION OF MOTION
3.2MOTION IN UNIFORM E AND B
3.3GUIDING CENTRE
3.4
4. Application
5. Conclusions
6. Abbreviations/Appendices/ References
 TITLE OF PROJECT
A Minor Project Report

Submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for

the award of the degree of

INTEGRATED MASTER OF SCIENCE

In

PHYSICS

Submitted by
ARPIT (<2016IMSPH003>)
KSHITIJ(<2016IMSPH007>)
VARSHA(<2016IMSPH013
Under the Guidance of
DR.SUKHMANDAR SINGH
(ASST.PROFESSOR)

Department of Physics

School of Physical Science

1.INTRODUCTION

– What is plasma?

• Plasma is considered to be 4th state of matter despite solids, liquids and gases. It is
one of the fundamental state of matter. Technically it is an ionized gas consisting of
positive ion and free electron, typically at low pressure ( as in the upper atmosphere
and inflorescent lamps) or at a very high temperature ( as in stars and nuclear
fusion reactors).

• A plasma is a quasineutral gas of charged and neutral particles which exhibit

collective behavior.

• Plasma should be called first state of matter because it is what all the states arise
from ..

2.BACKGROUND (OCCURANCE)

– Three forms of plasma-

 Plasmas occur naturally but can also be artificially made. Naturally occurring
plasmas can be earth based ( terrestrial )or space based ( astrophysical).

 There are three major types of plasma i. e

 Natural plasma : Natural plasma only exist at very high temperature or low
temperature vacuum. It does not react rapidly but it is extremely hot ( over 20000 ⁰
Celsius ). There energy is so high that it vaporizes everything they touch.

 Artificial plasma: Artificial plasma can be created by the ionization of the gas as in
neon signs. plasma at low temperature is hard to maintain because outside a
vacuum , low temperature plasma reacts rapidly with any molecule it encounters.
This aspect makes this material , both very useful and hard to use .

 Terrestrial : Terrestrial is a plasma layer that blankets the outer reaches of the
earth’s atmosphere.

Plasma is usually very hot, because it takes very high

temperatures to break the bonds between electrons and the

nuclei of the atoms. Sometimes plasmas can have very high

pressure, like in stars. Stars (including the Sun) are

mostly made of plasma. Plasmas can also have very low

pressure, like in outer space.

APPLICATION:

Nuclear fusion is the process of recombining nuclei to form different nuclei and release vast
amounts of energy. This is the process that powers the sun. If we can harness it, nuclear
fusion has the potential to provide us with nearly limitless amounts of clean energy. As
such, it is often described as the Holy Grail of plasma physics. There are three conditions
necessary for nuclear fusion: high temperatures ( to about 107 K), high density, and
prolonged stability. The high temperature requirement places us in the regime of plasmas.
While experiments have attained these high temperatures, the primary difficulty is in
achieving a sufficiently high combination of density and stability.

Propulsion in Space Plasmas also have applications in the propulsion of spacecraft. The
ZaP experiment is particularly well-suited to this application. Since it requires no
externally applied magnetic field, the weight and size requirements of a such a vehicle are
drastically lower than other plasma configurations would require.
 CENTRAL UNIVERSITY OF RAJASTHAN

MAY-2018

Declaration

I hereby declare that the project entitled ……………………………………… submitted for the
M.Sc. (Physics) degree is my original work conducted under the guidance of
………………………..

I further declare that to the best of my knowledge the project does not contain any part of any
work that has been submitted for the award of any degree either in this university or in any other
university without proper citation.

Name…………….
Enrollment No………………….
Department of Physics

This is to certify that the statement made above by the candidate is true to the best of my
knowledge.
 ……………..
………………..
………………………….
(Supervisor)
Abstract/Objective
Acknowledgements
Certificate of company (if project is completed outside)
 Table of Contents

Title Page i
Declaration ii
Abstract/objectives iii
Acknowledgement
List of Figures
List of Tables (optional)

1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Problem Definition
1.2 Project Overview/Specifications
1.3 Hardware Specification
1.4 Software Specification
1.3.1
1.3.2
…

2. LITERATURE SURVEY
2.1 Existing System
2.2 Proposed System
2.3 Feasibility Study

3. SYSTEM ANALYSIS & DESIGN

3.1 Requirement Specification
3.2 Flowcharts / DFDs / ERDs
3.3 Design and Test Steps / Criteria
3.3.1
3.3.2
3.4 Testing Process
…

4. RESULTS / OUTPUTS
5. CONCLUSIONS / Future work
6. REFERENCES/ APPENDICES
Chapter 1