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1. ---- There are those that affect the body
surfaces they contact, and those that
damage the general nervous system.
Surface agents include phosgene gas,
chlorine gas, hydrogen cyanide, and
mustard gas. While the principal action of
the first three occurs through inhalation,
mustard is ablistering agent that damages
any surface it contacts, including the skin.
Nerve agents, on the other hand, which
include the chemicals sarin, soman, and
tabun, act by blocking the transmission of
nerve messages throughout the body. A
single drop of nerve agent can shut down
the body’s nervous system.
A) A biological attack involves dispersing
agents into the air.
B) Chemical warfare involves the use of
compounds to kill an enemy.
C) Biological weapons use living
microorganisms to infect large masses of
people.
D) Both biological and chemical weapons are
considered weapons of mass destruction.
E) Chemical warfare agents can be grouped
into two general types.
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2. Diamond is the crystalline phase of carbon
formed at very high pressures. It generally
crystallizes at depths of 135 to 200
kilometres and at temperatures of 1,100 to
1,200 Celsius. It is the most highly valued
gemstone; exceptional stones can fetch
upward of $500,000 per carat and individual
pieces can be valued at more than $20
million. ---- But today, the three top
diamond-producing nations by value are
Botswana, Russia and Canada, with
significant production from Angola and
South Africa.
A) Mineral inclusions within diamonds allow
calculation of pressures and temperatures
of the environment in which they were
formed.
B) The Golkonda region in south-central India
was the original source of diamonds for
hundreds of years until discoveries were
made in different parts of the world.
C) Although there are dozens of gemstones,
among the best known and most important
is sapphire, mostly found in Sri Lanka and
Thailand.
D) Besides its beauty, diamond’s exceptional
physical properties, unusual formation and
value have prompted abundant research.
E) Part of the reason that gemstones reach
high values is their rarity, which also
makes them coveted by geologists.
3. Ecology is the study of the relationship of 4.
plants and animals to their physical and
biological environment. The physical
environment includes light and heat or solar
radiation, moisture, wind, nutrients in soil,
water, and atmosphere. The biological
environment includes organisms of the
same kind as well as other plants and
animals. ---- For this reason, it draws upon
such fields as climatology, hydrology,
oceanography, physics, chemistry, geology,
and soil analysis as well as animal
behaviour, taxonomy, physiology, and
mathematics.
A) Different kinds of organisms often share
the same environment, which makes the
relationship between them significant.
B) However, due to the climate and other
natural factors, physical and biological
environments show great diversity in the
world.
C) An increased public awareness of
environmental problems has made ecology
a common but often misused word.
D) Our understanding of environmental
problems has increased by a very large
extent over the last few decades.
E) Although the field is a distinct scientific
discipline, it has a close relationship with
other disciplines.
5.
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Insulin plays a major role in the storage of
all the breakdown products of food that are
absorbed into the bloodstream. Glucose
(carbohydrates),triglycerides (fats), and
amino acids (proteins) are all pushed into
storage forms in the cells of the body by
insulin. Obese people generally have higher
insulin levels than people who are not
obese, and any food they eat is more likely
to proceed directly into storage as fat in the
presence of this increased amount of
insulin. ----
A) Dieticians, in fact, have succeeded in
explaining the dynamics of weight gain and
loss.
B) However, many studies revealed that the
faster glucose is dumped into the
bloodstream, the more insulin is released.
C) This is one of the reasons why obese
people can eat very little and still not lose
weight.
D) Also, metabolic syndrome results in such
manifestations as obesity and late-onset
diabetes.
E) Fructose, the major sugar in most fruits,
has much less of an effect on insulin
production.
Antidepressants are becoming quite popular
around the world. Americans take more
antidepressants than they do any other type
of prescription drug, and pregnant women
are no exception. One out of every eight
pregnant women in the United States takes
antidepressants to treat depression and
other mood disorders. ---- Nevertheless,
most doctors argue that the benefits these
drugs provide still outweigh the potential
risks.
A) A group of Danish doctors found that
women who take antidepressants are more
likely to give normal births.
B) According to some clinical
pharmacologists, untreated depression
increases the risk of prematurity.
C) Doctors have to distinguish between real
depression and just sadness and feeling
down.
D) Many women who take antidepressants
have not been diagnosed with clinical
depression.
E) A handful of recent studies suggest that
these drugs could have adverse effects on
infant health.
6. In England, special educational
arrangements are made for children with
IQs of between 50 and 70 or 75. Provision
for dull and backward children in ordinary
schools usually consists, in urban areas, of
classes with specially adapted curricula and
teaching methods. ---- In rural areas, it is
difficult, sometimes impossible, to offer
adequate provision for backward children.
A) The causes of retardation are usually
several in any one case.
B) Teachers who have, to some extent,
specialized in this work are employed.
C) In choosing between a day-school and a
residential school such factors as
temperament and character are taken into
consideration.
D) Sometimes a child's disability may be
environmentally determined rather than the
result of intellectual defect.
E) It is thought that roughly 10 per cent of the
school population needs special help.
7. A person's water needs vary,
depending primarily on diet, activity,
environmental temperature and humidity. ---
- Recommendations for adults are
expressed in proportion to the amount of
energy expended under average
environmental conditions. A person who
expends 2000 calories a day needs 2 to 3
liters of water.
A) This is why beverages containing caffeine
are not good substitutes for water.
B) The body must excrete a minimum of
about 500 milliliters of water each day as
urine.
C) Moreover, water is lost from the lungs as
vapour and from the skin as sweat.
D) In fact, most fruits and vegetables contain
up to 90 per cent water.
E) Accordingly, a general water requirement
is difficult to establish.
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8. While identifying the right behaviours for
reinforcement, even managers who use
positive reinforcement can get into trouble if
they are not careful to identify the right
behaviours to reinforce. ---- First, it is crucial
for managers to choose behaviours over
which subordinates have control; in other
words, subordinates must have the freedom
and opportunity to perform the behaviours
that are being reinforced. Second, these
should provide organizational effectiveness.
A) The managers sometimes stop acting
interested in the non-work-related
conversations.
B) No one likes being criticized or threatened
in front of other people.
C) People avoid performing behaviours that
lead to outcomes they do not desire.
D) Doing this is not always as straightforward
as it might seem.
E) Punishment can have some unintended
side effects such as loss of self respect.
9. In recent years, many countries in Africa
have faced severe food shortages as a
result of extended drought. The reduced
capacity for food production has been
catastrophic for a population of over 200
million people, some of whom have died of
starvation. ---- In order to rehabilitate these
victims, the international community brings
in emergency aid, both in the form of food
supplies and of technical assistance.
However, the drought hazard in Africa is
expected to continue, recurring at
unpredictable intervals.
A) It is especially the rural people in Africa
who need to be trained efficiently.
B) As regards the continent’s precious top-
soil, it is being lost at an incredible rate.
C) The human population in Africa’s arid and
semiarid areas has doubled in the past
three decades.
D) Among the survivors, many will suffer
impaired health for the rest of their lives.
E) Unless serious measures are taken, the
economic situation could lead to political
chaos.
10. ---- The first is that price changes are
normally distributed. In other words, most
price changes are small moves up or down;
very rarely are there extremely large
changes. Second, price changes are
statistically independent, that is, a price
change today has nothing to do with past
prices. Mandelbrot tears down these
assumptions and shows how his models
provide a far more accurate description of
the risks involved in financial markets.
A) Mandelbrot has been trying to persuade
economists that his model can provide a
more accurate description of price
changes.
B) Mandelbrot believes that markets are far
riskier than economists believe.
C) While the views of Mandelbrot are
gradually being accepted, established
models remain dominant.
D) The assumption that economics is not a
full-fledged science has been challenged
by two eminent scholars.
E) There are two assumptions that have been
at the root of economics since its
foundation about a century ago.

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 Cevap Anahtarı
1 E
2 B
3 E
4 C
5 E
6 B
7 E
8 D
9 D
10 E

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