RESEARCH PRACTICE REPORT

Power system state estimation using synchrophasor technology

Submitted by
H.R.Sai Kiran Pandit (116EE0328)
Abhinav Anand(116EE0291)
Vishnu Prasad dalai(116EE0301)
Under Supervision of
Prof. Ananyo Sengupta

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, ROURKELA
MAY 2019
 CONTENTS PAGE NO

1. OBJECTIVE 1
2. INTRODUCTION 1
3. THEORY 2
3.1) PHASOR MEASUREMENT UNIT 2
3.2) HIERARCHY OF PHASOR MEASUREMENT SYSTEMS 2
3.3) PHASOR ESTIMATION TECHNIQUE 3
4. APPLICATION OF SYCHROPHASOR TECHNOLOGY 4
5. INTERNATIONAL SYNCHROPHASOR TECHNOLOGY USE 4
6. SYNCHROPHASOR TECHNOLOGY IN INDIA 5
7. REFERENCES 6
1. OBJECTIVE:
Research practice report on Power system state estimation using synchrophasor
technology
2. INTRODUCTION:
Synchrophasors are time-synchronized numbers that represent both the magnitude
and phase angle of the sine waves found in electricity, and are time-synchronized
for accuracy. They are measured by high-speed monitors called Phasor
Measurement Units (PMUs) that are 100 times faster than SCADA. PMU
measurements record grid conditions with great accuracy and offer insight into grid
stability or stress. Synchrophasor technology is used for real-time operations and
off-line engineering analyses to improve grid reliability and efficiency and lower
operating costs.
A phasor measurement unit (PMU) is a device used to estimate the magnitude and
phase angle of an electrical Phasor quantity like voltage or current in the electricity
grid using a common time source for synchronization. Time synchronization is
usually provided by GPS and allows synchronized real-time measurements of
multiple remote measurement points on the grid. PMUs are capable of capturing
samples from a waveform in quick succession and reconstruct the Phasor quantity.
The resulting measurement is known as a synchrophasor. PMU measurements are
time-stamped to an accuracy of a microsecond, synchronized using the timing signal
available from global positioning system (GPS) satellites or other equivalent time
sources. Measurements taken by PMUs in different locations are therefore
accurately synchronized with each other and can be time-aligned, allowing the
relative phase angles between different points in the system to be determined as
directly-measured quantities. Synchrophasor measurements can thus be combined to
provide a precise and comprehensive “view” of an entire interconnection. The
accurate time resolution of synchrophasor measurements allows unprecedented
visibility into system conditions, including rapid identification of details such as
oscillations and voltage instability that cannot be seen from SCADA measurements.
Complex data networks and sophisticated data analytics and applications convert
PMU field data into high-value operational and planning information
3.THEORY:
3.1) PHASOR MEASUREMENT UNIT:
A phasor measurement unit (PMU) is a device used to estimate the magnitude and
phase angle of an electrical Phasor quantity like voltage or current in the electricity
grid using a common time source for synchronization. Time synchronization is
usually provided by GPS and allows synchronized real-time measurements of
multiple remote measurement points on the grid. PMUs are capable of capturing
samples from a waveform in quick succession and reconstruct the Phasor quantity.
The resulting measurement is known as a synchro phasor. The PMU consists of a
GPS receiver, in order to time stamp the measured phasor, it also consists of an
anti-aliasing filter to filter the input signal, an Analog to digital converter, which
converts the analog input to digital value and given to the microprocessor, which
estimates the phasor and a phase locked oscillator which is common to both A/D
and the GPS Receiver. There is a modem for the purpose of the communication.

Fig-: Major elements of modern PMU

3.2) HIERARCHY OF PHASOR MEASUREMENT SYSTEMS:
The PMUs are installed in power system substations. The selection of substations
where these installations take place depends upon the use to be made of the
measurements they provide. In most applications, the phasor data is used at
locations remote from the PMUs. Thus an architecture involving PMUs,
communication links, and data concentrators must exist in order to realize the full
benefit of the PMU measurement system.
PMUs that are situated in power system substations provide measurements
of time-stamped positive-sequence voltages and currents of all monitored buses
and feeders. The synchro phasor is transmitted to the next level of the hierarchy are
commonly known as “phasor data concentrators” (PDCs). Typical function of the
PDCs is to gather data from several PMUs and by using the data state estimation is
performed.
The next in the level of hierarchy are “Super data concentrator”. The
functions at this level are similar to those at the PDC levels – that is, there is
facility for data storage of data aligned with time-tags.

Fig- Hierarchy of the phasor measurement systems, and levels of phasor data
concentrators.

3.3) PHASOR ESTIMATION TECHNIQUE:

The phasor measurement unit measurement measures the phasor of a signal

using recursive DFT algorithm which is
 𝑁−1
2 𝑗 2𝜋
−𝑗( ×𝑛×𝑘)
𝑋𝑘𝑟 = × (∑ 𝑥𝑟+𝑛 × 𝑒 𝑁 )
𝑁 √2
𝑛=0

2𝜋 2𝜋
𝑗( ×𝑛×𝑘) 𝑗( ×𝑛×𝑘)
𝑋𝑘𝑟+1 = 𝑋𝑘𝑟 × 𝑒 𝑁 + (𝑥𝑟+𝑁 − 𝑥𝑟 ) × 𝑒 𝑁

Where, 𝑋𝑘𝑟 is the phasor estimated at rth time instant, of the kth harmonic of the
signal, N is total number of samples in a complete cycle, j is the imaginary
number, 𝑥𝑟 is the sample at rth time instant and 𝑋𝑘𝑟+1 is the phasor estimated at
(r+1)th time instant.

4.APPLICATIONS OF SYNCHROPHASOR TECHNOLOGY:

 Situational awareness and wide-area monitoring: The network of PMUs
enable grid operators to see the bulk power system across an entire
interconnection, understand grid conditions in real time, and diagnose and
react to emerging problems. As synchrophasor data quality improves, those
data are being integrated into some existing control room visualization tools
based on EMS and SCADA data, gaining acceptance for synchrophasor-
enhanced wide-area monitoring.
 Real-time operations: Synchrophasor data is being used to improve state
estimator models for better understanding of real-time grid conditions. It is
being used to detect and address grid oscillations and voltage instability, and
integrated with SCADA and EMS data to drive real-time alarms and alerts.
Analysts are looking at PMU data to expedite resolution of operating events
such as fault location, and quickly diagnose equipment problems such as
failing instrument transformers and system imbalances.
 Forensic event analysis: Phasor data is invaluable for post-event analysis of
disturbances and blackouts. Because synchrophasor data is time-stamped, it
can be used to quickly determine the sequence of events in a grid disturbance,
and facilitate better model analysis and reconstruction of the disturbance.
These enable a faster and deeper understanding of the disturbance causes and
inform development of ways to avert such events in the future.
5.INTERNATIONAL SYNCHROPHASOR TECHNOLOGY USE:
Several nations began deploying PMUs in the 2000s, including several European
Transmission System Operators, the Nordic System, and several Latin American
utilities. China has built an extensive synchrophasor system in combination with its
high voltage power grid and generation build-out, using the synchrophasor system
for wide-area monitoring and dynamic security control. In India, the Power System
Operation Corporation Ltd. is building a national-scale wide-area monitoring system
with over 1,700 PMUs that will feed a broad suite of real-time grid security
applications and off-line uses.
6. SYNCHROPHASOR TECHNOLOGY IN INDIA:
The Synchrophasor technology in India was implemented in different Regions
separately as follows:
1. PMUs are installed at different locations in a region provide time stamped
synchronized measurements to Phasor Data Concentrators (PDCs) installed at
control center of each region. and these all were integrated at National level by
providing a PDC at National level in National Load Despatch Center located at
Delhi.
2. Western region: In the Region fifteen PMUs are installed. PMUs are installed at
selected eleven locations by Kaikitech in collaboration with national
instruments(NI).four pmus are installed by SEL and one by independent power
producer. SYNC 4000 PDC is installed to align and aggregate the all fifteen PMUs
data.The communication link connecting PMUs and PDC is mostly provided by
POWERGRID, having a bandwidth ranging from 64Kbps to 2Mbps depending upon
location and feasibility.
3. Southern region: In the southern Region ten PMUs are installed.The
communication link from PMUs to PDC is fiber optic, other than PMU in Narendra
which is using VSAT link of KPTCL. PMUs were spread all over southern region
communicating with PDC at SRLDC.
4. Northern region: fourteen PMUs are installed at various locations, selected in view
of observability of dynamics of NR and availability of communication links. The
synchrophasor application consists of historian, visualization of events, alarm alerts
and visualizations in real time. It also consists of visualization of low frequency
dominant modes existing in the system.
5. North eastern region: PMUs are installed at selected eight locations in North
Eastern Region by SEL . The installed PMUs are being used as measurement class,
reporting 12 phasors and 4 analogs with reporting rate of 25 frames/sec.
communication links are provided with a bandwidth of 2Mbps, offering good speed
for transfer of data between PMUs and PDC. The Synchrophasor data is transferred
from PMUs to PDC through various routers, firewall and LAN switches. The
received data from PMUs are not only presented to NERLDC Control room,
visualization is extended to RPC, SLDCs and NLDC
6. Eastern Region: PMUs with GPS system are installed at eight substations of
Eastern Region. The Phasor data from these locations will be monitored at ERLDC.
The critical PMUs are also integrated with the station PDC. The PDC at ERLDC
forward PMU data to PDC installed at NLDC and also to the visualization unit and
data archival server.in eastern region PMUs are located at: Patna, Biharsharif,
Sasaram, Binaguri , Durgapur, Rourkela ,Rengali ( installed by siemens) ,Ranchi
,Jamshedpur and farakka (installed by SEL).
7.REFERENCES:
1. A.G. Phadke • J.S. Thorp, Synchronized Phasor Measurements and Their
Applications, Springer Science+Business Media, New York, 2010